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enzootic angiostrongyliasis, guangdong, china, 2008-2009.to the editor: the nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis was discovered in pulmonary arteries and hearts of domestic rats in guangzhou (canton), china, by chen in 1935 (1). this parasite has a complex life cycle (2) and causes cerebral angiostrongyliasis after ingestion of infective larvae found in freshwater and terrestrial snails and slugs, paratenic hosts (such as freshwater fish, shrimp, frogs, and crabs), and contaminated vegetables (3).201121762614
endemic angiostrongyliasis, rio de janeiro, brazil.to the editor: the nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lung worm), a zoonotic parasite that can accidentally infect humans and cause eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, has the norway rat (rattus norvegicus) as one of its most frequent definitive vertebrate hosts (1). adult worms live in the pulmonary arteries of the definitive hosts, which excrete first-stage larvae in their feces. intermediate hosts, such as snails and slugs, are infected by first-stage larvae, which reach the infective th ...201121762612
neuroimmunological findings of angiostrongylus cantonensis meningitis in ecuadorian patients.meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis has recently been reported in patients resulting from the first outbreaks in subtropical regions of ecuador.201121755123
human angiostrongylus cantonensis: an update.angiostrongylus cantonensis was first discovered in 1935 and has become an important emerging pathogen causing human angiostrongyliasis. major outbreaks of human angiostrongyliasis have been reported in endemic regions. thousands of cases of human angiostrongyliasis have been documented worldwide. a. cantonensis has spread from its traditional endemic regions of the pacific islands and southeast asia to the american continent including the usa, caribbean islands and brazil. humans acquire a. can ...201121725905
[investigation on serology, risk factor and awareness of angiostrongylus cantonensis in hainan province].five survey sites were selected from hainan province and one village were randomly extracted in each site. a survey that covered knowledge and risk factor on angiostrongyliasis cantonensis was conducted and infection rate of angiostrongylus cantonensis tested by elisa. among 393 sampled people, the sero-positive igg rate was 20.6% and about 39.7% residents were found with a history of eating snails in recent half year, 12.5% from respondents had the habit of eating raw snails. questionnairing sh ...201121823332
development of a rapid dipstick with latex immunochromatographic assay (dlia) for diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica.abstract: background: schistosomiasis japonica (schistosomiasis) is a zoonosis that can seriously affect human health. at present, the immunodiagnostic assays for schistosomiasis detection are time-consuming and require well-trained personnel and special instruments, which can limit their use in the field. thus, there is a pressing need for a simple and rapid immunoassay to screen patients on a large scale. in this study, we developed a novel rapid dipstick with latex immunochromatographic assay ...201121824443
pcr assay for the cell-free copro-dna detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in rat faeces.to facilitate improved detection of the first stage larvae (l1) of angiostrongylus cantonensis from rat faeces, a taqman(-«) probe real-time pcr method for the detection in situ was developed targeting the second internal transcribed region of the ribosomal dna (its2) of a. cantonensis. the assay was capable of detecting a single l1 in a grain of fresh faeces (weight 320-¦125mg) from the experimental infected sprague-dawley rats, and the method can also detect cell-free copro-dna from positive f ...201121820808
survey of angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and giant african land snails in phitsanulok province, thailand.to survey the angiostrongylus cantonensis (a. cantonensis) or the rat lungworm in a rat, definitive host, and in a giant african land snail (achatina fulica), the intermediate host, in phitsanulok, thailand.201121914534
curcumin alleviates eosinophilic meningitis through reduction of eosinophil count following albendazole treatment against angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice.summaryangiostrongylus cantonensis (a. cantonensis) is the most common cause of parasitic eosinophilic meningitis worldwide. by using an animal model of balb/c mice infected with a. cantonensis, previous studies indicated that the anthelmintic drug, albendazole, could kill a. cantonensis larvae and prevent further infection. however, the dead larvae will induce severe immune responses targeting at brain tissues. to alleviate the detrimental effects caused by the dead larvae, we administered curc ...201122053741
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Eosinophilic Meningitis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection.Abstract Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasite endemic in the Southeast Asian and Pacific regions. Humans are incidentally infected either by eating uncooked intermediate hosts or by consuming vegetables containing the living third-stage larvae. Reports on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and how they correlate with clinical features are limited in the literature. In this retrospective study, we investigated the brain MR features of eosinophilic meningitis caused by human infe ...201121923262
[investigation on angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in rodents in guangdong province].to investigate the natural infection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in guangdong province, and to provide the scientific evidence for control measures.201121972605
eosinophilic meningitis attributable to angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in hawaii: clinical characteristics and potential exposures.the most common infectious cause of eosinophilic meningitis is angiostrongylus cantonensis, which is transmitted largely by consumption of snails/slugs. we previously identified cases of angiostrongyliasis that occurred in hawaii from 2001 to 2005; the highest incidence was on the island of hawaii. we now report symptoms, laboratory parameters, and exposures. eighteen patients were evaluated; 94% had headache, and 65% had sensory symptoms (paresthesia, hyperesthesia, and/or numbness). these symp ...201121976573
efficacy of albendazole combined with a marine fungal extract (m2-9) against angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced meningitis in mice.the pathogenesis of angiostrongyliasis, resulting from angiostrongylus cantonensis invasion of the human central nervous system, remains elusive. anthelmintics are usually used to kill worms, although dead worms in the brain may cause severe inflammation which will lead to central nervous system damage. therefore, combination therapy with anthelmintics and anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of human angiostrongyliasis needs further study. to evaluate the efficacy of albendazole combined wi ...201122050968
the use of albendazole and diammonium glycyrrhizinate in the treatment of eosinophilic meningitis in mice infected with angiostrongylus cantonensis.angiostrongylus cantonensis (a. cantonensis) infection causes eosinophilic meningitis in humans. eosinophilia and a th2-type immune response are the crucial immune mechanisms for eosinophilic meningitis. cd4+cd25+ regulatory t cells (treg) are involved in the pathogenesis of a. cantonensis. diammonium glycyrrhizinate (dg) is a compound related to glycyrrhizin (gl), a triterpene glycoside extracted from liquorice root. we investigated the curative effects and probable mechanisms of therapy involv ...201122152396
a case report on eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis.angiostrongylus cantonensis is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans. it is usually caused by ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked intermediate hosts or food contaminated with infective third-stage larvae. we describe a case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by a. cantonensis in a male chinese patient. the patient had a history of eating raw fish and snail. we describe the clinical features of the patient, the diagnostic process and treatments. we also provide a brief upd ...201121897764
a comparative study of neuroimaging features between human neuro-gnathostomiasis and angiostrongyliasis.gnathostoma spinigerum and angiostrongylus cantonensis are human parasites that can cause neurological symptoms. the human diseases produced by these parasites can usually be differentiated by clinical symptoms. the aim of this study was to report neuroimaging abnormalities detected with computed tomography (ct) and mr in patients with gnathostomiasis and angiostrongyliasis. we enrolled 15 and 12 patients with serologically proven gnathostomiasis and angiostrongyliasis, respectively, who had bra ...201122124854
cloning and characterization of a novel gene encoding 16 kda protein (ac16) from angiostrongylus cantonensis.angiostrongylus cantonensis is the most common infectious cause of eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis. a novel gene (ac16) was isolated from a cdna library of a. cantonensis fourth-stage larvae. the putative 16-kda protein has 149 amino acids and is homologous to an immunodominant hypodermal antigen (iha16) from ancylostoma caninum (identities = 57%). in this paper, we cloned the gene and purified the recombinant ac16 (rac16) protein. real-time quantitative pcr revealed that ac16 was ...201122146998
specificity of immunoblotting analyses in eosinophilic meningitis.angiostrongylus cantonensis and gnathostoma spinigerum are the two most common causative parasites of eosinophilic meningitis (eom). serological tests are helpful tools for confirming the identity of the pathogen. recent reports determined the specificity of such tests by using normal healthy controls. there have been limited studies done to rule out the cross-reactivity between these two causative parasites of eom. this study aims to assess the specificity of the serological test in eom by usin ...201121894378
matrix metalloproteinase-12 leads to elastin degradation in balb/c mice with eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis.the rat lugworm angiostrongylus cantonensis can cause eosinophilic meningitis. the purpose of this study was to determine whether matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-12 and its substrate elastin participate in this inflammatory response. we showed that the mmp-12/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ratio was significantly increased in the csf of a. cantonensis-infected mice from day 10 p.i., and reached high levels on days 20 and 25 p.i. mmp-12 production was correlated with elastin degradation, ...201121856305
First provincial survey of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Guangdong Province, China.The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a zoonotic nematode with a wide distribution. We report the first provincial survey of the prevalence of A. cantonensis infection among wild rodents and snails in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 2929 Pomacea canaliculata and 1354 Achatina fulica were collected from fields in 22 survey sites with a larval infection rates ranging from 0-26.6% to 0-45.4%. In addition, 114 Cipangopaludina sp and 252 Bellamya sp were bought from markets; larvae we ...201121906215
molecular cloning and characterization of a matrix metalloproteinase, from caenorhabditis elegans: employed to identify homologous protein from angiostrongylus cantonensis.matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are a class of zinc-binding endopeptidases mainly responsible for degrading extracellular matrix constituent components, which also serve as effectors of leukocyte recruitment, cytotoxicity, cytokine and chemokine processing, and defensin activation involved in multiple mechanisms of immunomodulation. mmps are a conserved proteolytic enzyme family participating in normal physiological function. in the present study, we have cloned a gene named cemmp62 from caenor ...201122167371
seroprevalence of angiostrongylus cantonensis in wild rodents from the canary islands.angiostrongylus cantonensis is a lungworm of rats (muridae) that is the causative agent of human cerebral angiostrongyliasis. the life cycle of a. cantonensis involves rats and mollusks as the definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. this study was designed to increase the knowledge about the occurrence and distribution of a. cantonensis in its definitive host in the canary islands, using parasitological and serological analysis in different areas and age groups.201122110752
[Cloning, expression and immunologic identification of C31B8.8 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans].To clone and express C31B8.8 gene of wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans, and study the immunological characteristic of the recombinant protein.201121972593
how can clinicians ensure the diagnosis of meningitic angiostrongyliasis?abstract meningitic angiostrongyliasis (ma), caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis, is often diagnosed by clinical criteria alone, because the confirmative serologic tests are not always available in the rural endemic areas. in this study, we evaluated the relationship between various clinical parameters of ma and the sero-positivity to sort out the predictive parameters to ensure the diagnosis. we enrolled consecutive adults in whom ma had been clinically diagnosed, who had serologic results ...201121923259
changes in the reproductive biology of biomphalaria glabrata experimentally infected with the nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis.this study showed for the first time changes in the reproductive biology of biomphalaria glabrata experimentally infected with angiostrongylus cantonensis. the values of all the parameters analyzed (total number of eggs, number of egg masses, number of eggs/mass, number of eggs/snail, percentage of viable eggs and galactogen content in albumen gland) changed with progressive infection. the results indicate the occurrence of partial parasitic castration of b. glabrata by a. cantonensis larvae, pr ...201121925506
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: rapid detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in Pomacea canaliculata.Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a zoonotic parasite that causes eosinophilic meningitis in humans. The most common source of infection with A. cantonensis is the consumption of raw or undercooked mollusks (e.g., snails and slugs) harbouring infectious third-stage larvae (L3). However, the parasite is difficult to identify in snails. The purpose of this study was to develop a quick, simple molecular method to survey for A. cantonensis in intermediate host snails.201122023992
[a survey of infection with angiostrongylus cantonensis around erhai lake in dali, yunnan province]. 201122991716
[investigation on outbreak of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis due to consumption of snail food in dali city].to investigate the potential cause of an outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis in dali city in march, 2011.201122379828
an outbreak of angiostrongyliasis in guanging, people's republic of china: migrants vulnerable to an emerging disease.angiostrongyliasis has been frequently reported from the people's republic of china during the last decade. an outbreak of angiostrongyliasis among migrant laborers in guangning, guangdong province is described here. a questionnaire was developed to collect epidemiological and clinical information about 17 migrant laborers from the bai ethnic group in dali, yunnan province. serum samples were collected and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. rats and mollusks from the same area where pa ...201122299428
degradation of human matrix metalloprotease-9 by secretory metalloproteases of angiostrongylus cantonensis infective stage.angiostrongylus cantonensis infection is the major cause of eosinophilic meningitis. successful migration and evasion of the immune system by infective-stage larvae (l3) rely heavily on secreted proteases, which activate human pro-matrix metalloprotease (mmp-9) into active mmp-9. this study showed that the proteases in excretory-secretory (es) products of a. cantonensis third stage larvae degraded recombinant and native human prommp-9 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. protease inhibitory ass ...201223431816
Characterization of Angiostrongylus cantonensis excretory-secretory proteins as potential diagnostic targets.Angiostrongyliasis results from infections with intra-arterial nematodes that accidentally infect humans. Specifically, infections with Angiostrongylus cantonensis cause eosinophilic meningitis and Angiostrongylus costaricensis infections result in eosinophilic enteritis. Immunological tests are the primary means of diagnosing infections with either pathogen since these parasites are usually not recoverable in fecal or cerebrospinal fluid. However, well-defined, purified antigens are not current ...201222019415
Monoclonal antibody 12D5 inhibits eosinophil infiltration in the brain of Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected BALB/c mice.Each of BALB/c mice was infected with 50 Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae. One group of mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 50µg 12D5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a 98kDa antigen of adult worms at 10 days post-infection (dpi), with a booster injection of 25µg at 12dpi. Five mice from each group were sacrificed at 14dpi for pathological examination and RNA extraction. The infiltration of eosinophils and severity of eosinophilic meningitis were reduced in 12D5 mAb-treated mice com ...201222074686
frontiers of parasitology research in the people's republic of china: infection, diagnosis, protection and surveillance.control and eventual elimination of human parasitic diseases in the people's republic of china (p.r. china) requires novel approaches, particularly in the areas of diagnostics, mathematical modelling, monitoring, evaluation, surveillance and public health response. a comprehensive effort, involving the collaboration of 188 scientists (>85% from p.r. china) from 48 different institutions and universities (80% from p.r. china), covers this collection of 29 articles published in parasites & vectors ...201223036110
molecular characterization and immunolocalization of a protein disulfide isomerase from angiostrongylus cantonensis.protein disulfide isomerases (pdis), belonging to the thioredoxin superfamily, are oxidoreductases that catalyze the formation, reduction, and isomerization of disulfide bonds among cysteine residues of proteins. in this study, we report the cloning and characterization of a cdna encoding a protein disulfide isomerase (acpdi) from a cdna library of fourth-stage larvae of angiostrongylus cantonensis. the deduced amino acid sequence contains two thioredoxin domains and exhibits high identity to th ...201222218922
the complete mitochondrial genome of the rodent intra-arterial nematodes angiostrongylus cantonensis and angiostrongylus costaricensis.the two rodent intra-arterial nematodes, angiostrongylus cantonensis and angiostrongylus costaricensis, can cause human ill-health. the present study aimed to characterize and compare the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of these two species, and clarify their phylogenetic relationship and the position in the phylum nematoda. the complete mt genomes of a. cantonensis and a. costaricensis are 13,497 and 13,585 bp in length, respectively. hence, they are the smallest in the class of chromadorea characte ...201222246368
cloning and characterization of a novel cathepsin b-like cysteine proteinase from angiostrongylus cantonensis.cysteine protease plays a key role in host-parasite interactions. in this study, we identified a novel gene encoding a cathepsin b-like cysteine protease (accbl1) from the cdna library of angiostrongysus cantonensis fourth-stage larvae (l4) and characterized its biological role in the parasite. sequence and phylogeny analysis showed that accbl1 is related to other cathepsin b family members with the conserved catalytic triad (cys, his, asn) and diagnostic occluding loop. in addition, the sequenc ...201222215189
loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp): early detection of toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.abstract: background: toxoplasmosis is a widespread zoonotic parasitic disease that occurs in both animals and humans. traditional molecular assays are often difficult to perform, especially for the early diagnosis of toxoplasma gondii infections. here, we established a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting the 529 bp repeat element (529 bp-lamp) to detect t. gondii dna in blood samples of experimental mice infected with tachyzoites of the rh strain. findings: the assay was pe ...201222214421
[investigation on spread and hazards of human parasites in qushui village, suixi county, zhanjiang city].to understand the transmission of human parasites in qushui village, yangqing town, suixi county, zhanjing city, guangdong province.201223236799
[investigation on food contamination with parasites in shanghai market].to understand the contamination status of food with parasites in shanghai market, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the surveillance strategy in parasitic diseases and provide the technical support in the food safety.201223236784
a protein microarray for the rapid screening of patients suspected of infection with various food-borne helminthiases.food-borne helminthiases (fbhs) have become increasingly important due to frequent occurrence and worldwide distribution. there is increasing demand for developing more sensitive, high-throughput techniques for the simultaneous detection of multiple parasitic diseases due to limitations in differential clinical diagnosis of fbhs with similar symptoms. these infections are difficult to diagnose correctly by conventional diagnostic approaches including serological approaches.201223209851
first report of angiostrongylus cantonensis in the giant african land snail achatina fulica in french polynesia detected using the ssu rrna gene.the 5' end of the small subunit ribosomal rna gene was used to determine whether 3rd larval stage angiostrongylus cantonensis are present in populations of the giant african land snail achatina fulica from french polynesia. two populations, one from moaroa valley, tahiti (n=5) and the other from haapiti valley, moorea (n=10), were examined. all snails from tahiti were infected with nematodes, with parasite load ranging from 12 to 28. a total of 92 nematodes were found, of which 91 were positivel ...201223202611
phylogenetic relationship of the brazilian isolates of the rat lungworm angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda: metastrongylidae) employing mitochondrial coi gene sequence data.the rat lungworm angiostrongylus cantonensis can cause eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. this nematode's main definitive hosts are rodents and its intermediate hosts are snails. this parasite was first described in china and currently is dispersed across several pacific islands, asia, australia, africa, some caribbean islands and most recently in the americas. here, we report the genetic variability among a. cantonensis isolates from different geographical locations in brazil using mit ...201223130987
population structure of angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda: metastrongylidae) in thailand based on pcr-rapd markers.angiostrongylus cantonensis is the causative agent of angiostrongyliasis, which is widely distributed throughout the world. it can specifically infect many species of intermediate and definitive hosts. this study examined the genetic differentiation and population structure using the rapd-pcr method of parasites obtained from 8 different geographical areas of thailand. based on 8 primers, high levels of genetic diversity and low levels of gene flow among populations were found. using genetic dis ...201223077835
corticosteroids for parasitic eosinophilic meningitis.angiostrongylus cantonensis (a. cantonensis) is the major cause of infectious eosinophilic meningitis. dead larvae of this parasite cause inflammation and exacerbate symptoms of meningitis. corticosteroids are drugs used to reduce inflammation caused by this parasite.201223076953
[application of pcr and pcr-derived technologies in the detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis].angiostrongyliasis is a zoonotic disease and has become one of the potentially threatening food-borne parasitic infections in china. this article reviews the advances in the application of pcr and pcr-derived techniques in detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis.201223072167
differential proteomics analysis of female and male adults of angiostrongylus cantonensis.in this study, we identified the differentially expressed proteins of female and male adults of angiostrongylus cantonensis through differential proteomics. we extracted and purified total proteins from male and female adults, separated proteins by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2d-dige) in ph 4-7, analyzed the gel images by decyder 7.0 software, and sacrificed the infected rats to count the number of male and female adults. it was found 28 protein spots that were differentially ...201222504144
twenty two cases of canine neural angiostronglyosis in eastern australia (2002-2005) and a review of the literature.cases of canine neural angiostrongylosis (na) with cerebrospinal fluid (csf) evaluations in the peer-reviewed literature were tabulated. all cases were from australia. a retrospective cohort of 59 dogs was contrasted with a series of 22 new cases where na was diagnosed by the presence of both eosinophilic pleocytosis and anti-angiostrongylus cantonensis immunloglobulins (igg) in csf, determined by elisa or western blot. both cohorts were drawn from south east queensland and sydney. the retrospec ...201222480148
effects of infection by larvae of angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda, metastrongylidae) on the metabolism of the experimental intermediate host biomphalaria glabrata.the effect of infection by angiostrongylus cantonensis on the activity of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and the concentration of total proteins, uric acid and urea in the hemolymph of biomphalaria glabrata were investigated. the snails were dissected after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of infection to collect the hemolymph. the infection by a. cantonensis induced severe changes in the host snail's metabolism, triggering physiological mechanisms to minimize th ...201222429660
in vitro study of the effects of angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae extracts on apoptosis and dysfunction in the blood-brain barrier (bbb).it has been hypothesized that blood-brain barrier (bbb) dysfunction in angiostrongylus cantonensis infection might be due to the apoptosis of the hosts' bbb cells. here, we evaluated this hypothesis through several methods, all based on an in vitro mouse bbb model consisting of primary culture brain microvascular endothelial cells (bmecs) and brain astrocytic cells (bacs). in the present study, a four-hour percolation and hrp permeability experiment showed that a. cantonensis larvae extracts can ...201222393387
phylogenetic relationships of rat lungworm, angiostrongylus cantonensis, isolated from different geographical regions revealed widespread multiple lineages.we conducted a pilot survey of genetic variation of a. cantonensis using small subunit (ssu) ribosomal (r) rna and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coxi) gene sequences. two distinct ssu genotypes (g1 and g2) were identified among 17 individual a. cantonensis worms from 17 different geographical localities in japan, mainland china, taiwan, and thailand. the partial coxi sequences were determined for 83 worms from 18 different geographical localities from japan, mainland china, taiwa ...201222387862
trichinella spiralis: monoclonal antibody against the muscular larvae for the detection of circulating and fecal antigens in experimentally infected rats.in this work we search for antigens of trichinella spiralis in sera and stool of rats experimentally infected. the kinetic of antibodies to excretory and secretory (es) antigens of muscle larvae (ml) was also determined. wistar rats were infected with 15 ml per gram of body weight and blood samples were collected weekly for 10 weeks. antibodies were studied using an indirect elisa. for detection of circulating antigens and coproantigens, a sandwich elisa was developed with the use of polyclonal ...201223026455
[investigation on snails achatina fulica and pomacea canaliculata infected with angiostrongylus cantonensis in panyu region of guangzhou city].to understand the natural infection status of angiostrongylus cantonensis in snails achatina fulica and pomacea canaliculata from panyu region of guangzhou city.201223012963
angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematode: metastrongyloidea) in molluscs from harbour areas in brazil.angiostrongylus cantonensis is the most common aetiological agent of human eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. following a report indicating the presence of this parasite in brazil in 2007, the present study was undertaken to investigate the presence of a. cantonensis in the surrounding brazilian port areas. in total, 30 ports were investigated and the following molluscs were identified: achatina fulica, belocaulus sp., bradybaena similaris sp., cyclodontina sp., helix sp., leptinaria sp., melampu ...201222990962
the 31-kda antigen of angiostrongylus cantonensis comprises distinct antigenic glycoproteins.human angiostrongyliasis results from accidental infection with angiostrongylus, an intra-arterial nematode. angiostrongylus cantonensis infections result in eosinophilic meningitis, and a. costaricensis infections cause eosinophilic enteritis. immunological methodologies are critical to the diagnosis of both infections, since these parasites cannot be isolated from fecal matter and are rarely found in cerebrospinal fluid samples. a. costaricensis and a. cantonensis share common antigenic epitop ...201222925026
[magnetic resonance imaging expression of central nervous system due to angiostrongyliasis cantonensis].to analyze the mri characteristics of the central nervous system (cns) due to infection of angiostrongylus cantonensis.201222913191
quantitative pcr estimates angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) infection levels in semi-slugs (parmarion martensi).the life cycle of the nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis involves rats as the definitive host and slugs and snails as intermediate hosts. humans can become infected upon ingestion of intermediate or paratenic (passive carrier) hosts containing stage l3 a. cantonensis larvae. here, we report a quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay that provides a reliable, relative measure of parasite load in intermediate hosts. quantification of the levels of infection of intermediate hosts is critical for determining ...201222902292
[a review of researches on angiostrongylus cantonensis and angiostrongyliasis cantonensis: analysis of related literatures].angiostrongylus cantonensis is a lung worm of rat (definitive host). human, an abnormal host, can acquire the infection by ingesting food containing the infective larvae of this worm (third-stage larvae). although the larvae cannot develop into adult worm in human body, it moves to human brain and eyes, causing eosinophilic meningitis (em), meningoencephalitis, or ocular angiostrongyliasis (oa). here we review papers related to angiostrongylus cantonensis and angiostrongyliasis cantonensis which ...201222799177
differences of larval development and pathological changes in permissive and nonpermissive rodent hosts for angiostrongylus cantonensis infection.angiostrongylus cantonensis is a neurotrophic and pulmonary parasite which causes severe neuropathological damages by invading and developing in the central nervous system (cns). nonpermissive host with a. cantonensis infection appeared to have more serious neurologic symptoms, and there is still not much knowledge about the host-parasite interrelationship in different hosts. we investigated and compared the larval size, recovery rate, distribution, and the severity of pathologic injuries in the ...201222777701
different intrathecal immunoglobulins synthesis patterns in human host indicate different strains of angiostrongylus cantonensis.eosinophilic meningitis is an emerging disease in western hemisphere produced by angiostrongylus cantonensis. it was first reported in cuba in 1981, later was spreading for the caribbean basin and recently in ecuador. ecuadorians have typical intrathecal major immunoglobulins synthesis patterns that are different to cuban ones. there is a molecular differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of three a. cantonensis geographical isolates. differentiation in the neuroimmunological patterns foun ...201222683444
cathepsin b-like and hemoglobin-type cysteine proteases: stage-specific gene expression in angiostrongy cantonensis.three cysteine protease genes, cathepsin b-like enzyme gene 1, 2 (ac-cathb-1, ac-cathb-2) and hemoglobin-type cysteine protease gene (ac-hem) were isolated and described from angiostrongylus cantonensis adult. the deduced amino acid sequence of ac-cathb-1 and ac-cathb-2 contain all of the conserved regions of cathepsin b. ac-cathb-2 is similar to a host intrusion-related cysteine protease b from parelaphostrongylus tenuis, and the ac-hem shares high similarity to legumain from haemonchus contort ...201222668746
enzootic angiostrongyliasis in guangzhou, china, 2008-2010.this study was conducted to gain an understanding of the angiostrongylus cantonensis infection status of rodent definitive host, snail intermediate host, and local residents in guangzhou, china. a total of 430 rats were captured and 23 rats, from two species, were infected, with an average infection rate of 5.35%. a total of 795 achatina fulica snails and 734 pomacea canaliculata snails were collected. the average infection rates of these two species were 13.96% (111 of 795) and 1.50% (11 of 734 ...201222556086
[analysis of larval excretory-secretory antigen and its immunodiagnosis of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis infection].to analyze the diagnostic value of larval excretory-secretory antigen in angiostrongylus cantonensis (lesa) infection.201222543125
effects of age and splenectomy on heavy infection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats.this study was designed to determine the effects of age and the role of spleen in rats with heavy angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. young rats (8 weeks) infected with 100 larvae were found to have significantly higher worm recovery rate (75.0±6.6%) than the adult (6 months) (55.7±1.5%) and the aging ones (13 months) (57.6±4.0%). moreover, the recovery rate in adult rats with 400 larvae (33.6±10.67%) was significantly lower than those with 100 larvae (55.7±1.53%) or 200 larvae (53.3±5.4%). t ...201222542800
interface molecules of angiostrongylus cantonensis: their role in parasite survival and modulation of host defenses.angiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode parasite that causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. disease presents following the ingestion of third-stage larvae residing in the intermediate mollusk host and disease manifests as an acute inflammation of the meninges characterized by eosinophil infiltrates which release a battery of proinflammatory and cytotoxic agents in response to the pathogen. as a mechanism of neutralizing these host defenses, a. cantonensis expresses different molec ...201222536544
study of the endoparasitic fauna of commensal rats and shrews caught in traditional wet markets in taichung city, taiwan.rats live in close proximity to human populations. feral rodents are known to transmit diseases and act as reservoir hosts to many zoonotic parasites that pose health risks to humans. the aim of this study is to investigate endoparasitic infections in commensal rats and shrews caught in traditional wet markets in taichung city, taiwan.201322516746
parasitoses of the human central nervous system.cerebral involvement in parasitoses is an important clinical manifestation of most of the human parasitoses. parasites that have been described to affect the central nervous system (cns), either as the dominant or as a collateral feature, include cestodes (taenia solium (neurocysticerciasis), echinococcus granulosus (cerebral cystic echinococcosis), e. multilocularis (cerebral alveolar echinococcosis), spirometra mansoni (neurosparganosis)), nematodes (toxocara canis and t. cati (neurotoxocarias ...201323046708
development-specific differences in the proteomics of angiostrongylus cantonensis.angiostrongyliasis is an emerging communicable disease. several different hosts are required to complete the life cycle of angiostrongylus cantonensis. however, we lack a complete understanding of variability of proteins across different developmental stages and their contribution to parasite survival and progression. in this study, we extracted soluble proteins from various stages of the a. cantonensis life cycle [female adults, male adults, the fifth-stage female larvae (fl5), the fifth-stage ...201324204717
differences in microglia activation between rats-derived cell and mice-derived cell after stimulating by soluble antigen of iv larva from angiostrongylus cantonensis in vitro.angiostrongylus cantonensis is a rodent nematode. adult worms of a. cantonensis live in the pulmonary arteries of rats. humans and mice are accidental hosts or named nonpermissive hosts. the larva cannot develop into an adult worm and only causes serious eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis if humans or mice eat food containing larva of a. cantonensis in the third stage. the differing consequences largely depend on differing immune responses of the host to parasite during a. cantonensi ...201323073569
endemic angiostrongyliasis in the brazilian amazon: natural parasitism of angiostrongylus cantonensis in rattus rattus and r. norvegicus, and sympatric giant african land snails, achatina fulica.angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is one etiological agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. this zoonosis is frequently found in asia and, more recently, in north america, caribbean island and northeastern of south america. until now, research of a. cantonensis in southern, southeastern and northeastern regions of brazil has been found natural infections only terrestrial and freshwater intermediate snail hosts (achatina fulica, sarasinula marginata, subulina octona, br ...201323072946
molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a putative activation-associated secreted protein from angiostrongylus cantonensis.activation-associated secreted protein (asp) had been found in many helminthes, which was associated with pathogenesis and stage transition. a complementary dna (cdna) sequence encoding a putative two-domain asp was obtained from an angiostrongylus cantonensis fourth-stage larvae cdna library, which we designated as agasp. the cdna of agasp contains an open reading frame encoding 424 amino acids, the first 19 residues being a putative secretion signal. the expression pattern of this protein was ...201323192529
interleukin 33 mediates type 2 immunity and inflammation in the central nervous system of mice infected with angiostrongylus cantonensis.angiostrongylus cantonensis can induce central nervous system (cns) injury and cause human eosinophilic meningitis. the cns has been found to have high expression of interleukin 33 (il-33), which promotes the pathogenesis of t-helper 2 (th2)-related disease. given the predominantly type 2 response induced by a. cantonensis-infected mice and human, it is likely that il-33 may play a role in aiding this process. we report here that il-33 protein and st2l messenger rna (mrna) transcripts in the bra ...201323148283
the mrna level of the galectin-10 of angiostrongylus cantonensis induced by reactive oxygen stress.galectin plays an important role in host-parasite interactions. in this study, we identified a novel gene encoding galectin-10 (acgal-10) from the cdna library of angiostrongylus cantonensis and characterized its biological role in the parasite. sequence and phylogeny analysis showed that acgal-10 is related to other galectin family members with the conserved loci (h(84)-d(86)-r(88)-v(96)-n(98)-w(105)-e(108)-r(110)). the mrna level of acgal-10 was expressed in reactive oxygen stress radicals. we ...201323224730
tawny frogmouths and brushtail possums as sentinels for angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm.the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of angiostrongylosis in tawny frogmouths (podargus strigoides) and brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) with signs of neurological disease, and to describe the clinicopathological features of angiostrongylosis in both species. tawny frogmouths and brushtail possums with signs of neurological disease were sampled from the sydney metropolitan area between october 1998 and june 2010. samples from 100 tawny frogmouths and 31 brushtail ...201323218219
neuroangiostrongyliasis due to angiostrongylus cantonensis in gang-gang cockatoos (callocephalon fimbriatum).four gang-gang cockatoos from an aviary in sydney displayed severe neurological signs. three were necropsied and histopathology of the brains and spinal cords revealed migrating nematodes, which were identified as angiostrongylus cantonensis. the migrating larval nematodes created tracts of malacia in the brain, but elicited little inflammatory cell infiltration. however, adult nematodes that had emerged onto the meningeal surface of the spinal cord evoked a marked non-suppurative reaction. deta ...201324571304
clinical manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis due to infection with angiostrongylus cantonensis in children.eosinophilic meningitis, caused by the nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis, is prevalent in northeastern thailand, most commonly in adults. data regarding clinical manifestations of this condition in children is limited and may be different those in adults. a chart review was done on 19 eosinophilic meningitis patients aged less than 15 years in srinagarind hospital, faculty of medicine, khon kaen university, thailand. clinical manifestations and outcomes were reported using descriptive statist ...201324516281
angiostrongylus cantonensis: scanning electron microscopic observations on the cuticle of moulting larvae.angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode that needs to develop in different hosts in different larval stages. freshwater snails, such as pomacea canaliculata, are the intermediate host, and rats are the definitive host. periodic shedding of the cuticle (moulting) is an important biological process for the survival and development of the parasite in the intermediate and definitive hosts. however, there are few studies on the cuticle alterations between different stages of this parasite ...201324516266
comprehensive review of ocular angiostrongyliasis with special reference to optic neuritis.angiostrongyliasis, caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis infection, is a food-borne parasitic disease. its larvae evoke eosinophilic inflammation in the central nervous system, but can also cause pathological changes in the eyes. among ocular angiostrongyliasis cases, the incidence of optic neuritis is low and only few sporadic reports exist. some patients with optic neuritis developed obvious hypopsia or even vision loss, which would seriously influence the quality of life of patients. prompt ...201324516263
eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis in an orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis. 201324512524
angiostrongylus meningitis associated with intraparenchymal cerebral haemorrhage.angiostrongylus cantonensis (a. cantonensis) is a nematode parasite found in southeast asia, australia and the pacific that is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis. we report a case of intraparenchymal cerebral haemorrhage associated with a. cantonensis meningitis. this complication has not previously been reported in the literature.201324316997
first report of angiostrongylus cantonensis in porto alegre, state of rio grande do sul, southern brazil. 201324270262
australia's gardens, slugs and snails: the risks of pica and rat-lungworm infection. 201324235163
il-33 mediates the expressions of il-5 and il-13 in angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected mice.angiostrongylus cantonensis is the major cause of human eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. c57bl/6 mice were experimentally infected with 35 infectious larvae. two groups of infected mice received intraperitoneal injections of mouse il-33 (1μg) or anti-il-33 monoclonal antibody (mab) (10μg) 3days post infection (dpi) and subsequent booster shots of the same dose at 5day intervals. blood samples from each group were collected weekly for assays. ige levels were significantly increased in all infect ...201324076431
ym1, an eosinophilic chemotactic factor, participates in the brain inflammation induced by angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice.angiostrongylus cantonensis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that has caused hundreds of cases of human angiostrongyliasis worldwide. the larva in nonpermissive hosts cannot develop into an adult worm and can cause eosinophilic meningitis and ocular angiostrongyliasis. the mechanism of brain inflammation caused by the worm remains poorly defined. according to previous data of genechip, ym1 in the brain of mice 21 days after infection with a. cantonensis was highly upregulated to over 7,300 times ...201323703548
first report of the activity of predatory fungi on angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda: angiostrongylidae) first-stage larvae.the nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans and thus alternative methods of control should be studied. the objective of this work was to evaluate the predatory capacity of eight fungal isolates of the species duddingtonia flagrans (ac001, cg768 and cg722), monacrosporium thaumasium (nf34), m. sinense (sf53) and arthrobotrys robusta (i31), a. cladodes (cg719) and a. conoides (i40) on first-stage larvae (l₁) of a. cantonensis under laboratory conditio ...201323664843
rats, cities, people, and pathogens: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of literature regarding the ecology of rat-associated zoonoses in urban centers.urban norway and black rats (rattus norvegicus and rattus rattus) are the source of a number of pathogens responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality in cities around the world. these pathogens include zoonotic bacteria (leptospira interrogans, yersina pestis, rickettsia typhi, bartonella spp., streptobacillus moniliformis), viruses (seoul hantavirus), and parasites (angiostrongylus cantonensis). a more complete understanding of the ecology of these pathogens in people and rats is ...201323590323
matrix metalloproteinase-9 leads to claudin-5 degradation via the nf-κb pathway in balb/c mice with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis.the epithelial barrier regulates the movement of ions, macromolecules, immune cells and pathogens. the objective of this study was to investigate the role of the matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-9 in the degradation of tight junction protein during infection with rat nematode lungworm angiostrongylus cantonensis. the results showed that phosphorylation of iκb and nf-κb was increased in mice with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. treatment with mg132 reduced the phosphorylation of nf-κb and the act ...201323505411
a rab family antigen of angiostrongylus cantonensis induces a th1-type immune response in vitro and in vivo.a cdna library was constructed from an angiostrongylus cantonensis young adult and the encoded proteins were expressed in escherichia coli. one reactive antigen, a rab-2 protein, was selected using an immunoscreening technique. the expression of the th1-type cytokine ifn-γ was elicited in mouse splenic cells that were co-cultured with the recombinant rab-2 protein and in the sera of mice that were immunised with this protein and adjuvant (50 μg at 2-week intervals). in the a. cantonensis-infecte ...201323458235
eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis in an adolescent with mental retardation and pica disorder.eosinophilic meningitis or encephalitis is a rare disorder and is most commonly caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis. humans are accidentally infected when they ingest raw snails or vegetables contaminated with the parasite larvae. because of the improvement in sanitary food handling practices, the occurrence of a. cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis has been decreasing in taiwan in recent decades. the common symptoms and signs of eosinophilic meningitis are severe headache, neck stiffness, par ...201323445744
molecular diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda: metastrongyloidea) by polymerase chain reaction-dna sequencing of cerebrospinal fluids of patients.cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from clinically diagnosed patients with detectable angiostrongylus cantonensis-specific antibodies (n = 10), patients with clinically suspected cases that tested negative for a. cantonensis-antibodies (n = 5) and patients with cerebral gnathostomiasis (n = 2) and neurocysticercosis (n = 2) were examined by a single-step polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method using the ac primers for the 66-kda native protein gene. the pcr method detected a. cantonensis dna in cs ...201323440126
intrathecal activation as a typical immune response within the central nervous system in angiostrongyliasis.angiostrongylus cantonensis is a zoonotic pathogen that occasionally causes human angiostrongyliasis; its main clinical manifestation is eosinophilic meningitis. this report defines the concept of intrathecal activation of complement as evidence of intrathecal synthesis of major immunoglobulins during this disease. details are presented of the activation of complement system components in cerebrospinal fluid, and their application to our understanding of this tropical disease, which is emerging ...201323390222
efficacy of tribendimidine against angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in the mice.angiostrongyliasis, also known as eosinophils meningitis, is caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis parasites in the human central nervous system. currently, the drug of choice for treatment of angiostrongyliasis is albendazole, but dead worm lysis causes severe inflammatory response, which leads to central nervous system damage. tribendimidine, a broad-spectrum anti-helmintic drug developed in china, is a derivative of amidantel. this study was designed to test the efficacy of tribendimidine aga ...201323377146
effects of infection by larvae of angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda, metastrongylidae) on the lipid metabolism of the experimental intermediate host biomphalaria glabrata (mollusca: gastropoda).experimental infection of biomphalaria glabrata by angiostrongylus cantonensis induces significant changes in the concentrations of triacylglycerol and cholesterol in the hemolymph and of neutral lipids in the digestive gonad-gland (dgg) complex of the host snail. in this study, snails were dissected after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of infection to collect the hemolymph and dgg and to measure the levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerol in the hemolymph and neutral lipid fractions in the tissues. the re ...201323377121
alteration of t cell subtypes in spleen and antibodies of serum in mice infected with angiostrongylus cantonensis.the immune responses of angiostrongylus cantonensis infection are closely relevant to the host's self-protection and the nematode's pathogenesis. in the present study, balb/c mice were randomly divided into uninfected control group, infection group 1, and infection group 2. the infection group 1 and infection group 2 were infected with 20 and 40 third-stage larvae of a. cantonensis per mouse, respectively. the splenocytes from the mice were collected and cultured on the 19th and 25th days post-i ...201323322326
[prevalence of angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in snails for sale in fuzhou and xiamen].to investigate the prevalence of angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in snails for sale from fuzhou and xiamen of fujian province.201324818414
severe form of radiculo - myelo - neuropathy with meningo - encephalitis secondary to angiostrongylus cantonensis infection: unusual corpus callosal lesions and serial magnetic resonance imaging findings.a 43-year-old man presented with the symptoms of recurrent lower abdominal pain, malaise and loss of appetite of 3-week duration, followed by acute onset of generalized paresthesias, fever and headache which progressed over few days to quadriparesis, altered sensorium, urinary and fecal incontinence. he had consumed raw tongue, liver, gall bladder and testicles of monitor lizard (varanus bengalensis). blood picture showed eosinophilia and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysis revealed elevated prot ...201324005735
patent angiostrongylus mackerrasae infection in a black flying fox (pteropus alecto).a wild adult male black flying fox (pteropus alecto) was presented unable to fly or hang strongly.201323980828
angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematode: metastrongiloidea): in vitro cultivation of infective third-stage larvae to fourth-stage larvae.the present study to attempt to cultivate angiostrongylus cantonensis from third-stage larvae (acl3) to fourth-stage larvae (acl4) in vitro in defined complete culture medium that contained with minimum essential medium eagle (mem), supplemented amino acid (aa), amine (am), fatty acid (fa), carbohydrate (ca) and 20% fetal calf serum (fcs) was successful. when acl3 were cultured in the defined complete culture medium at 37°c in a 5% co2 atmosphere, the larvae began to develop to acl4 after 30 day ...201323977214
first report of angiostrongylus cantonensis (nematoda: angiostrongylidae) infections in invasive rodents from five islands of the ogasawara archipelago, japan.angiostrongylus cantonensis (chen, 1935) is a parasite of murid rodents and causative agent of human neuro-angiostrongyliasis. in 2011, the ogasawara islands in the western north pacific were assigned a world natural heritage site status. the occurrence of a. cantonensis is well documented in the chichijima, hahajima, and anijima islands. however, the occurrence of a. cantonensis in the other islands of the ogasawara islands has not been reported.201323950989
effects of washing produce contaminated with the snail and slug hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis with three common household solutions.the emerging infectious disease angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm disease) is caused by ingesting snails and slugs infected by the nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis. the definitive hosts of a. cantonensis are rats and the obligatory intermediate hosts are slugs and snails. many cases result from accidentally ingesting infected snails or slugs on produce (eg, lettuce). this study assessed three readily available household products as washing solutions for removing snails and slugs from produce ...201323901391
control measures for slug and snail hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis, with special reference to the semi-slug parmarion martensi.slugs and snails (class gastropoda) are the obligate intermediate hosts of the rat lungworm, angiostrongylus cantonensis. this nematode is the causative agent of human angiostrongyliasis and the most common cause of human eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. humans can become infected by accidental consumption of slugs or snails and possibly flatworms (or a portion of one of these animals) in fresh produce, but the slime from these animals can contain nematodes and may also constitute a disease ris ...201323901389
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