Publications

mongolian jirds (meriones unguiculatus) infected with brugia pahangi by the intraperitoneal route: a rich source of developing larvae, adult filariae, and microfilariae.		1973	4711663
differential development of brugia pahangi in laboratory strains of aedes aegypti.		1973	4707755
development of brugia pahangi in the flight muscles of aedes togoi. ultrastructural changes in the infected muscle fibers and the infecting filarial larvae.		1973	4688414
development of brugia pahangi in male mosquitoes.		1973	4687507
susceptibility to brugia pahangi in geographic strains of aedes aegypti.		1973	4684889
studies with brugia pahangi. ii. the effect of repeated infection on parasite levels in cats.		1972	4661475
differentiation between periodic and subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi on the basis of microfilarial sheath-casting in vitro.		1972	4656450
studies with brugia pahangi. i. parasitological observations on primary infections of cats (felis catus).		1972	4652610
studies with brugia pahangi. 4. antibodies against adult and microfilarial stages.		1974	4605180
oral transmission of brugia pahangi to jirds (meriones unguiculatus).		1972	4563025
fluorescent antibody studies in cats infected with brugia pahangi.		1972	4558674
the effect of infection with brugia pahangi and dirofilaria repens on the egg-production of aedes aegypti.		1974	4480018
letter: brugia pahangi in golden hamsters.		1974	4460303
studies with brugia pahangi 8. infections in macaca mulatta.		1974	4448889
effects of temperature on development of brugia pahangi in a susceptible strain of aedes aegypti.		1974	4436753
a simple method for isolation of brugia pahangi and brugia malayi microfilariae.		1974	4430538
differential uptake of tritiated thymidine and adenine by the mosquito aedes aegypti infected with the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.		1974	4420187
proceedings: xeroradiography - a new technique for the study of lymphatic pathology in cats infected with brugia pahangi.		1974	4419503
development of brugia pahangi in the jird, meriones unguiculatus, with notes on infections in other rodents.		1970	4396173
the distribution of larvae of brugia malayi and brugia pahangi in the flight muscle fibres of aedes aegypti and mansonia uniformis.		1970	4394923
mode of nutrition of the larvae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.		1970	4392389
observations on the survival rate of armigeres subalbatus after being fed on hosts with different levels of micro-filariae of brugia pahangi.		1968	4386489
an 18-month longitudinal lymphographic study of filarial diseases in dogs infected with brugia pahangi (buckley and edeson, 1956).		1973	4353079
abnormally long microfilariae found in brugia pahangi and sub-periodic b. malayi infections.		1968	4234373
the "innenkorper" in differentiation between the microfilanriae of brugia pahangi and b. malayi (sub-periodic form).		1966	4224563
proceedings: effects of pharyngeal armature of mosquitoes on microfilariae of brugia pahangi.		1974	4150464
1. the effect of heparin on the migration of brugia pahangi microfilariae culex pipiens. 2. the uptake of b. pahangi microfilariae in c. pipiens and the infectivity of c. pipiens in relation to microfilarial densities. 3. evidence of a sex-linked recessive gene, sb, controlling susceptibility c. pipiens to b. pahangi.		1973	4149674
chronic brugia pahangi and brugia malayi infections in meriones unguiculatus.		1973	4123106
brugia pahangi in small laboratory animals: the screening of infection rate.		1972	4119893
the susceptibility of golden hamsters to brugia pahangi.		1985	4095758
serum dependent cell-mediated immune reactions to brugia pahangi infective larvae.	fresh normal rat serum (fnrs) promoted adherence and cytotoxicity of albino rat neutrophils and macrophages to brugia pahangi infective larvae (l3) in vitro. edta and not egta abolished the adherence activity suggesting the involvement of complement components via the alternate pathway. c3 molecules were detected on the surface of the parasite by immunofluorescence. fnrs depleted of complement by treatment with zymosan a or of factor b by heating at 50 degrees c for 20 min, failed to promote cel ...	1985	4094785
the encapsulation of the sheaths of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in the haemocoel of mosquitoes.		1985	4093817
evidence of possible natural infections of man with brugia pahangi in south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia.	blood from 9 humans, 6 domestic cats (felis domesticus), and 5 silvered leaf monkeys (presbytis cristatus) from south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia, with known filarial infections was examined for determination ofacid phosphatase activity of the microfilarae (mff). the findings suggest 1) that brugia parasites from domestic cats and silvered leaf monkeys can be speciated by acid phosphatase activity and that speciation by acid phosphatase assay corresponds to that based upon adult worm morpholo ...	1985	4071646
the domestic cat as a host for brugian filariasis in south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia.	three hundred and twenty-five domestic cats (felis catus) from six villages of the hulu sungai tengah and banjar regency of south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia, were examined for filarial nematodes. parasites were found in 66 cats, of which 61 (92.4%) had brugia pahangi, four (6.1%) has b. malayi and one (1.5%) had dirofilaria repens. infection rates ranged from 11% to 22% in cats from secondary forest/rice-field habitats, from 15% to 30% in open village/rice-field habitats, to 50% in an open c ...	1985	4067251
evidence for the occurrence of respiratory electron transport in adult brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae.	mixed-sex adult stages of brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae, in the absence of exogenous substrate, consumed oxygen at rates of 4.18 +/- 0.38 and 2.12 +/- 0.20 ngatoms o2 min-1 mg-1 dry wt. respectively. when calculated on a unit dry weight basis the endogenous o2 consumption rates (e-qo2) of mature adult male macrofilariae of b. pahangi and d. viteae were significantly greater than those of mature females, although the e-qo2 calculated per individual worm was essentially similar irrespecti ...	1985	4039407
an evaluation of different methods for labelling the surface of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi with 125iodine.	the specificity of a range of 125i labelling techniques (chloramine t, iodogen, bolton and hunter reagent, lactoperoxidase and iodosulfanilic acid) to the surface of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi was evaluated by autoradiography of sections of labelled worms and of dried sds-polyacrylamide gels following electrophoresis of homogenised worm extracts. it was concluded that bolton and hunter reagent was not surface specific but labelled proteins throughout the body of the worm. at the light ...	1985	4033690
an ultrastructural study on the encapsulation of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in the haemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus.		1985	4030213
surface antigens of a filarial nematode: analysis of adult brugia pahangi surface components and their use in monoclonal antibody production.	the surface antigens of adult worms of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi have been investigated further by surface radioiodination and detergent solubilisation techniques. in addition to yielding new information on the distribution of antigenic components of this stage, detergent-solubilised molecules were used in both radiometric and enzyme-linked assays for human and mouse antibody. these assays were subsequently used in screening for monoclonal antibodies from hybrid cells derived from ani ...	1985	4010706
sheathed and unsheathed microfilarial surfaces, interactions with host serum proteins in diethylcarbamazine.	there is no question that when a high titer of antibodies specific for microfilaria (mf) surfaces is present in assays of granulocyte adherence that cell binding is greater than in normal serum. it is also well documented that complement intact serum with or without surface specific antibody permits the deposition of c3 on mf, and surface bound c3b is known to facilitate adherence by granulocytes and especially eosinophils. how diethylcarbamazine enhances cell adherence to mf surfaces directly o ...	1985	4001770
the effect of different types of skin surfaces on the transmission of brugia pahangi infective larvae by the mosquito aedes aegypti.	the transmission of brugia pahangi from aedes aegypti into meriones unguiculatus was compared for four different skin surfaces (hairy, cloth, clean, greasy). unshaven jirds reduced the feeding avidity of infective mosquitoes. the loss of larvae from infective mosquitoes was greatest when these insects fed on "exposed" skin surfaces. significantly fewer infective larvae penetrated the host when infective mosquitoes fed on a jird through a thin layer of cloth.	1985	3992643
brugia pahangi: comparative susceptibility of the mongolian jird, meriones unguiculatus, and the pd4 inbred hamster, mesocricetus auratus.	the susceptibility of mongolian jirds, meriones unguiculatus, and pd4 hamsters, mesocricetus auratus, to brugia pahangi was compared based on the percentage adult worm recoveries, mean microfilaremia levels, and adult worm lengths. fourteen male jirds and seventeen male pd4 hamsters were each inoculated subcutaneously in the left inguinal region with 90-100 l3 of b. pahangi and necropsied 130-150 days after inoculation. there were no significant differences between jirds and hamsters in mean adu ...	1985	3967726
an investigation of the glucose metabolism of brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.	this study followed the metabolism of [13c]glucose under anaerobic and aerobic conditions in the adult filarial nematodes brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae using non-invasive 13c nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. adult b. pahangi and d. viteae showed a rapid uptake of labelled glucose which remained linear over at least 4 h. both species of worm removed significantly more glucose from the medium under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions. the principal product of metaboli ...	1986	3960053
diethylcarbamazine-mediated clearance of brugia pahangi microfilariae in immunodeficient nude mice.	congenitally athymic nude c3h/hen mice, microfilaremic with brugia pahangi, were treated with diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec). a single oral dose (100 mg/kg body weight) of dec resulted in the rapid reduction of numbers of circulating microfilariae in nude, thymus-grafted nude and complement-depleted nude mice. antibodies of the igm and igg isotypes were not detected in the serum of microfilaremic nudes or on the microfilarial surface. these results suggest that dec-mediated clearance of microf ...	1985	3890576
lectin-binding characteristics of brugia pahangi microfilariae.	the binding of fitc-con-a, sba, dba, wga, pna and rca120 to microfilariae of b. pahangi and d. immitis was investigated. sheathed uterine, peritoneal or blood microfilariae of b. pahangi bound only wga on the surface of the sheath. the cuticle of d. immitis microfilariae and of artificially exsheathed b. pahangi microfilariae failed to bind any of the lectins tested. binding of wga to the sheath surface was specific and was inhibited in the presence of the complementary saccharide, n-acetyl gluc ...	1985	3890118
brugia pahangi: labelling of secreted antigens with 35s-methionine in vitro.		1985	3843377
brugia pahangi in the balb/c mouse: a model for testing filaricidal compounds.	the balb/c mouse infected with brugia pahangi has been evaluated as a model for the selection of filaricidal compounds with activity against immature worms. mice were infected by the intraperitoneal inoculation of 50 infective larvae and candidate compounds were administered by the intraperitoneal (i.p.), subcutaneous or oral route once daily from day 4 to day 8 post infection. animals were examined on days 29 to 32 post infection. variation in the larval recoveries from undrugged mice within an ...	1985	3843374
surface changes on brugia pahangi microfilariae and their association with immune evasion in aedes aegypti.		1987	3794383
prophylactic activity of flubendazole-medicated feed on brugia pahangi infection of multimammate rats.		1986	3789846
development of brugia pahangi infections and lymphatic lesions in male offspring of female jirds with homologous infections.	the development of brugia pahangi infections and associated gross lymphatic lesions were compared in male offspring from b. pahangi-infected and uninfected female jirds. the numbers of adult worms recovered did not differ between groups but a greater number of offspring of infected females (92%) developed circulating microfilaraemias than did individuals from uninfected females (50%). intralymphatic granulomatous thrombi, lymphatic dilatations and lymphatic lesion scores were significantly reduc ...	1986	3787681
micromotility meter: an instrument designed to evaluate the action of drugs on motility of larval and adult nematodes.	an instrument for measuring the motility of larval and adult nematodes is described along with an analysis of its use as a tool to analyse drug action on these parasites. motility was detected from larval parasites of nippostrongylus brasiliensis and ascaris suum in the absence and presence of various anti-nematodal drugs. these agents produced, within 48 h, a significant decrease in larval parasite motility. the instrument was also capable of detecting the motility of caenorhabditis elegans, ad ...	1986	3785972
carbohydrate metabolism in brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea).		1986	3781730
glutathione s-transferase in adult dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi.	glutathione s-transferase (ec 2.5.1.18) was detected in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of adult dirofilaria immitis females at respective levels of 30 nmol and 3 nmol min-1 (mg protein)-1 activity with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (cdnb). the transferase activity in the cytosolic fraction of adult brugia pahangi females was 10 nmol min-1 mg-1 with cdnb; determination of its activity in the microsomal fraction of this filariid was not attempted. these filarial glutathione s-t ...	1986	3748071
the antifilarial activity of a novel group of organic arsenicals upon brugia pahangi.	mel w is a second generation anionic organic arsenical which is filaricidal but has sporadic and unacceptable lethal side effects. eight new cationic derivatives have now been synthesized in an attempt to avoid the side effects and have been examined for their effects upon adult brugia pahangi in meriones unguiculatus. they were all shown to be potent filaricides and the two best compounds, mel ga and mel cy, were at least 95% effective in killing adult b. pahangi at 5 x 3.13 mg/kg when injected ...	1986	3745871
the ability of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to survive and transmit infective larvae of brugia pahangi over successive blood meals.	the mortality of aedes aegypti mosquitoes increased; immediately following a blood meal containing microfilariae of brugia pahangi, when infective larvae began to migrate out of the flight muscles and when infective larvae were lost from the mosquitoes during a blood meal. when infective mosquitoes took a second blood meal 86.2% of the infective larvae escaped from their bodies. however, only 50.3% escaped when mosquitoes fed through a thin layer of cotton. infective larvae in the abdomen of the ...	1986	3745870
a case of double infection with brugia pahangi buckley and edeson 1956, and dirofilaria immitis leidy 1856, in a malaysian clouded leopard, neofelis nebulosa.	a case of double infection with brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis in a clouded leopard, neofelis nebulosa, is presented. a brief review of filarial infections in both man and wild animals, and their medical importance is discussed.	1986	3739206
phylogeny of helminths determined by rrna sequence comparison.	the nucleotide sequence of the 5' ends of the 28s-like rrna molecules of five species of helminths was determined directly, using a variation on the dideoxynucleotide chain-termination method which requires only 10 micrograms of total cellular rna for analysis. nucleotide sequence comparisons over 208 bases allowed the phylogeny of these organisms to be determined. the data show that the rrna sequence of nematospiroides dubius, a nematode, is as divergent from that of two platyhelminths, hymenol ...	1986	3736598
an nmr study on the effect of glucose availability on carbohydrate metabolism in dipetalonema viteae and brugia pahangi.	adult brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae utilise a percentage of absorbed glucose (ca. 15%) in the formation of the disaccharide trehalose [8]. this paper reports an investigation, employing 13c-nmr techniques, of the utilisation of trehalose by these nematodes and also the effect of glucose availability on metabolic product composition. the metabolism of [1-13c]trehalose in d. viteae differed dramatically from that of [1-13c]glucose under normal experimental conditions. a succinate/lactate ...	1986	3736595
influence of developing brugia pahangi on spontaneous flight activity of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).		1986	3735352
parasite-induced suppression of the immune response in aedes aegypti by brugia pahangi.	the melanization response against intrathoracically inoculated brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) isolated from vertebrate host blood was evaluated in both uninfected aedes aegypti black-eyed liverpool strain and in mosquitoes harboring a developing b. pahangi infection. the immune response against inoculated mff of either species was significantly reduced by 28-47% in infected as compared with uninfected mosquitoes. attempts to passively transfer this suppression factor( ...	1986	3734990
attempted vaccination of jirds (meriones unguiculatus) against brugia pahangi with radiation attenuated infective larvae.	jirds were vaccinated by three to five subcutaneous (sc) injections of infective larvae of brugia pahangi which had been irradiated at 25, 45 or 90 krads from a 60co source. they were challenged either sc or intraperitoneally. vaccination with four doses of 50 larvae irradiated with 25 krads produced 49.3% resistance to ip challenge worms and 39.8% against sc challenge worms. five doses of larvae irradiated with 45 krads produced 62% resistance to sc challenge. three doses of larvae irradiated w ...	1986	3734400
the migration of infective larvae of brugia pahangi within the mosquito, aedes aegypti.	the course of the migration of infective larvae of brugia pahangi within the mosquito, aedes aegypti, is described. the presence of blood or eggs in the abdomens of mosquitoes at a time when the infective larvae are beginning their migration out of the thorax leads to a significant increase in the proportion of larvae accumulating in the abdomen. the evidence supports the hypothesis that infective larvae may accumulate in the labium as a direct consequence of the insect's internal anatomy i.e. i ...	1986	3714302
laboratory transmission of lymphatic filariasis by vector mosquitoes.	aedes togoi and ae. aegypti were used to examine the transmission potential of brugia pahangi to one of its natural hosts, the domestic cat. although a larger proportion of microfilariae taken in by ae. togoi developed into infective larvae, the total number of b. pahangi larvae recovered from a cat exposed to ae. aegypti was larger than from a cat exposed to ae. togoi. factors influencing the transmission dynamics included: development of microfilariae to infective larvae; survival of mosquitoe ...	1987	3660071
brugia pahangi: inhibition of protein synthesis.	the effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis and electron transport on the incorporation of [14c]leucine and [35s]methionine into protein by the filarial worm brugia pahangi have been investigated. cycloheximide inhibits the accumulation of both [14c]leucine and [35s]methionine by the worms and their incorporation into protein. in addition, inhibitors of electron transport and some anti-parasitic compounds also significantly inhibit filarial protein synthesis. antimycin a and cyanide inhibit [ ...	1987	3653337
human in vitro immune reactions to animal filariids.	infective third stage larvae of animal filariids brugia pahangi and breinlia booliati incubated in vitro in the presence of normal human peripheral leucocytes and sera from human filariasis subjects resulted in decrease in motility, cell adherence, and formation of precipitates around the larvae. strongest immune reactions were seen with sera from amicrofilaraemic symptomatic subjects, normal exposed individuals, and patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome (tpe). weaker reactions ...	1987	3602834
the cat infected with brugia pahangi as a model of human filariasis.	the responses of cats to brugia pahangi, which parasitizes them in nature, mimic those of humans to brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti in many important respects. it is likely that many of the features of the relationship between host and parasite that can be studied in cats infected with b. pahangi also apply to humans, but for a variety of practical reasons cannot be demonstrated in humans. both immunologically and parasitologically there is a profound difference between b. pahangi-infecte ...	1987	3595322
clinical and xeroradiographic lymphangiography studies of acute and chronic brugia pahangi infections in dogs.	xeroradiographic lymphangiography was carried out at approximately monthly intervals on five dogs during the first 18 weeks following infection with 400 brugia pahangi infective larvae in the left rear paw. clinical signs, body temperatures and microfilaria counts were also monitored during this time. similar observations were made on nine dogs with chronic infections (one to five years duration) of 200 infective larvae in unilateral inguinal sites. standard thoracic radiography was conducted on ...	1986	3593469
induction of lymphatic lesions by brugia pahangi in jirds with large and small preexisting homologous intraperitoneal infections.	the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) infections induced by inoculations of 30 or 150 brugia pahangi third-stage larvae (l3) on the development of infections and lymphatic lesions induced by subsequent homologous subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculations were compared in the present study. lymphatic lesion severity, as judged by the numbers of lymph thrombi present, and lymphatic lesion scores were significantly reduced in both groups of jirds with existing i.p. infections. the numbers of adult worms that ...	1987	3585623
a comparison of the response of dipetalonema viteae and brugia pahangi adult worms to antifilarial agents in vitro.	the drug response of dipetalonema viteae and b. pahangi under various culture conditions have been evaluated. b. pahangi female worms proved to be more susceptible to cgp 6140 (4-nitro-4'-(n-methyl)piperazinyl thiocarbonylido-diphenylamine), cgp 20376 (n-(2-tert-butyl-5-methoxy-benzothiazol-6-yl)dithiocarbonic acid 5-(1-carboxyethyl)-ether) and amoscanate when glucose availability was restricted. this increased potency may be related to effects on glycogen metabolism by cgp 20376 and amoscanate. ...	1986	3563317
brugia pahangi infections in cats: antibody responses which correlate with the change from the microfilaraemic to the amicrofilaraemic state.	the humoral responses of eight cats infected with brugia pahangi to somatic antigens from all life-cycle stages were examined quantitatively by elisa and qualitatively by immunoblotting for almost a year post infection. six cats spontaneously became amicrofilaraemic: their production of igg antibodies against somatic antigens of microfilariae, adults, and infective larvae was not statistically higher than that of the two cats which remained microfilaraemic. however, immunoblotting revealed that ...	1986	3528990
mansonella ozzardi in haiti. iv. evaluation of antibody reactivity to heterologous antigens.	sera from individuals in an area of haiti endemic for mansonella ozzardi were analyzed for reactivity to antigens of brugia pahangi, dirofilaria immitis, mansonella llewellyni or ascaris lumbricoides using either an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. igm and igg reactivity to all antigens was observed with sera from both microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic individuals when compared to reactivity of sera from individuals from nonendemic areas. antibod ...	1986	3513647
brugia pahangi in nude mice: protective immunity to infective larvae is thy 1.2+ cell dependent and cyclosporin a resistant.	mechanisms of protective immunity to larvae of brugia pahangi were studied in congenitally athymic nude c3h/hen mice and their syngeneic heterozygous littermates. an average 11% of subcutaneous larval inocula was recovered from control nudes 28 days after inoculation. no worms were recovered from nude recipients of viable splenic thy 1.2+ t lymphocytes from heterozygotes which had killed a priming dose of b. pahangi larvae. primed t lymphocytes, depleted of either lyt 1.1+ or lyt 2.1+ cells or i ...	1987	3494759
exsheathment of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in anopheles quadrimaculatus and culex quinquefasciatus.	in order to determine whether the exsheathment patterns described in our previous study occurred in other microfilaria-mosquito systems, exsheathment of microfilariae of brugia pahangi was studied in two species of mosquitoes. the results of the quantitative observation revealed that the microfilariae of brugia pahangi tend to carry their sheaths into the haemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus and culex quinquefasciatus within 4 hr after infected blood meals. the percentage of the sheathed micro ...	1987	3448778
detection of circulating and urinary antigens in mastomys natalensis experimentally infected with brugia malayi, brugia pahangi, or litomosoides carinii.	the time-course of the detection of circulating and urinary filarial antigens was followed with a 2s-irma assay, using a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against brugia malayi larvae, in mastomys natalensis experimentally infected with brugia malayi, brugia pahangi, or litomosoides carinii. in the prepatent phase of the infections, filarial antigen was detected 4-7 weeks before microfilariae appeared in the peripheral blood. moreover, the sensitivity of the test was greater with urine than with ...	1987	3438300
the granulomatous inflammatory response in jirds, meriones unguiculatus, to brugia pahangi: an ultrastructural and histochemical comparison of the reaction in the lymphatics and peritoneal cavity.	a granulomatous inflammatory response develops in jirds with lymphatic or intraperitoneal infections of brugia pahangi. light, histochemical, and ultrastructural microscopy were used for comparative studies of the reactions in these 2 locations. the reactions observed were categorized into 3 types: (1) an initial response in which lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils were present; (2) an intermediate one which consisted of macrophages, epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, ...	1987	3437358
drug activity against onchocerca gutturosa males in vitro: a model for chemotherapeutic research on onchocerciasis.	an in vitro system for chemotherapeutic research using adult male onchocerca gutturosa has been developed as a model for o. volvulus. using a culture system consisting of medium mem + 10% heat inactivated foetal calf serum (ifcs) + llcmk2 (monkey kidney) feeder cells in an atmosphere of 5% co2 in air, we examined the effects of a range of antiparasitic drugs on worm motility. ivermectin, levamisole, furapyrimidone, mel w, chloroquine, metrifonate, flubendazole, amoscanate and the ciba-geigy comp ...	1987	3437107
synthetic pathways of glycerophospholipids in adult brugia pahangi and brugia patei.		1987	3429123
microfilarial surface carbohydrates as a function of developmental stage and ensheathment status in six species of filariids.	the lectin-binding properties of microfilariae of onchocerca volvulus, o. lienalis, brugia pahangi, wuchereria bancrofti, dirofilaria immitis, and monanema (= ackertia) marmotae share a number of characteristics. carbohydrates specific for lectins are associated with the egg shell or sheath. n-acetyl-d-glucosamine is the predominant carbohydrate associated with the ensheathed forms with lesser quantities of d-galactose and/or alpha-lactose and d-galactosamine. the density of these carbohydrates ...	1988	3418456
degenerative changes in lymphatic endothelium of jirds infected with brugia pahangi.	the quantitative changes of cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles in lymphatic endothelial cells of the mongolian jirds associated with brugia pahangi infections were observed by transmission electron microscopy. the present study revealed a decrease in the proportion of cytoplasm occupied by vesicles and in the number of cytoplasmic vesicles in endothelial cells from lymphatic vessels harboring b. pahangi at 3, 4, and 10 mo after infection (3.55, 3.36, and 2.55 vesicles/micron 2, respectively) when ...	1988	3397836
the potential of mice as animal models for antifilarial screening.	transplanted infections of brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae in male balb/c and cdi mice were investigated as models for evaluating potential antifilarial compounds. the physiology and genetics of the above mouse strains are better defined than any of the rodent species currently used for primary in vivo screening, facilitating a more reproducible means for predicting the filaricidal activity of compounds. the recoveries of b. pahangi macrofilariae, implanted intraperitoneally were greater ...	1988	3387823
dipetalonema viteae and brugia pahangi transplant infections in gerbils for use in antifilarial screening.	transplanted infections of dipetalonema viteae and brugia pahangi have been evaluated as tools for experimental chemotherapy. attempts were made to establish these filariae in similar pharmacokinetic sites within the same host, so that direct comparisons of in vivo drug susceptibilities could be made. unfortunately, it was not possible to establish b. pahangi in the subcutaneous tissues, the preferred site of d. viteae. therefore, intraperitoneal b. pahangi and subcutaneously implanted d. viteae ...	1988	3372973
species-specific oligonucleotide probes for the identification of human filarial parasites.	species-specific oligonucleotide probes have been constructed for the filarial parasites brugia malayi and brugia pahangi. both parasites contain a 322 base pair repeated dna sequence that is cleaved once by the restriction endonuclease hhai. a consensus repeat sequence was determined from the dna sequence of 15 cloned isolates of each species. although the two repeats have an average homology of 89%, half the differences are clustered in a region of 66 nucleotides that has a homology of only 72 ...	1988	3367934
brugia pahangi: granulomatous lesion development in jirds following single and multiple infections.	the development of adult worm burdens and microfilaremias were determined in jirds which received 2, 3, or 4 subcutaneous inoculations of 50 brugia pahangi infective larvae. parasite burdens in multiply inoculated jirds were compared to those in four different groups of jirds which received single inoculations of 50 infective larvae. one of each of these singly inoculated groups was infected on the same day that one of the inoculations was given to the multiply infected jirds. thus, the duration ...	1988	3366211
dec-inhibited development of third-stage brugia pahangi in vitro.	the effect of diethylcarbamazine (dec) on infective larvae and immature worms of brugia pahangi was studied in vitro. the in vitro culture of larvae was done using the technique of mak et al. (1983). in control cultures, most larvae remained alive for 14 days; over 50% survived until day 22 of cultivation. the addition of dec did not affect the life span of the larvae. among those which survived for 22 days in control cultures, 77.8% reached the fourth stage, their length being 2908.2 +/- 453.2 ...	1988	3362835
the effect of sera from cats infected with brugia pahangi and subsequently treated with levamisole on the infectivity of third-stage larvae of b. pahangi.	cats were treated with levamisole and the infective (l3) stage of brugia pahangi. serum from infected cats was subsequently tested for its ability to infect jirds. jirds autopsied at 33 days postmortem showed significant levels of parasitemia. this is contrary to reports of a previous study wherein serum from humans infected with b. malayi was found to induce cell adherence and death of the l3.	1988	3357102
physicochemical characteristics of non-electrolytes and their uptake by brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae.	the uptake of a diverse set of 14c-labelled non-electrolytes by brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae was measured relative to the free diffusion of tritiated water. inulin was used as a non-absorbable surface marker to account for non-electrolyte adherent to the surface of the parasite which had not crossed the cuticle. b. pahangi and d. viteae took up the non-electrolytes to a similar degree; a comparison of tissue uptake indices gave a correlation coefficient of 0.99. worm uptake could not b ...	1988	3344002
the biochemical and immunochemical characterisation of the 30 kilodalton surface antigen of brugia pahangi.	the major surface antigen (30 kda) of brugia pahangi has been characterised by a number of biochemical and immunochemical means. the 30 kda polypeptide is a glycoprotein which can be extracted from the worm surface by homogenization in the absence of detergents. the 30 kda polypeptide can be metabolically labelled with [35s]methionine in adult male and female parasites. in addition small amounts of the 35s-labelled 30 kda antigen can be detected in the medium of worms cultured in vitro. 125i lab ...	1988	3344000
cloned antigen genes of brugia filarial parasites.	human lymphatic filariasis is a chronic, potentially debilitating disease caused by brugia and wuchereria species of parasitic nematodes. the spectrum of clinical manifestations appears to be related to the immune response of individuals to invasive larvae, adult worms and circulating first-stage larvae (microfilariae). potential immunopathological outcomes place constraints on vaccine development, emphasizing the need to understand the basis of immunity and pathology. clones coding for a number ...	1987	3332770
complement activation by eggs and microfilariae of filarial parasites.	the complement of fresh normal rat serum was activated by filarial eggs and microfilariae (mf). c3 was deposited on the surface of litomosoides carinii, brugia pahangi, brugia malayi and dipetalonema viteae as seen by immunofluorescence. intra-uterine and in vitro-derived mf did not bind c3. in contrast, c3 bound to the blood-derived mf of b. pahangi and b. malayi as well as exsheathed mf of l. carinii and b. malayi. significant consumption of complement was observed with eggs of all filarial sp ...	1987	3325408
macrofilaricidal activity of oral flubendazole on brugia pahangi.	the macrofilaricidal effect of orally administered flubendazole on brugia pahangi was studied in the multimammate rat, mastomys natalensis. a micronized formulation was incorporated in the routine feed for 2 weeks, starting 16 weeks after infection. in the treated rats the microfilarial density dropped to zero 20 weeks after infection, whereas it remained high in untreated animals. when killed between 40 and 41 weeks after infection, the treated group yielded a mean of 2 male and 0.16 female wor ...	1988	3256991
pathologic changes and immunologic responses in brugia pahangi infected dogs.		1988	3236903
comparative effects of anthelmintics on motility in vitro of onchocerca gutturosa, brugia pahangi and acanthocheilonema viteae.	the effects of standard anthelmintics on the motor activity in vitro of adult onchocerca gutturosa, brugia pahangi and acanthocheilonema viteae were determined using a micromotility meter. fresh adult males dissected from bovine tissues were the best source for observations on o. gutturosa. parasites liber-ated by collagenase digestion showed poor viability and motility. only segments of o. gutturosa females were obtainable by dissection and these were not able to sustain motility in vitro. adul ...	1988	3227249
the effect of diethylcarbamazine on the in vitro serum-mediated adherence of feline granulocytes to microfilariae of brugia pahangi.	the effect of the antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine (dec) on immunologically mediated destruction of the microfilariae (mf) of brugia pahangi in vitro is addressed by studying the drug's influence on the granulocyte adherence to the surface of mf and the subsequent death of these parasites. dec enhanced the adherence of cat blood-derived granulocytes to the surface of mf through the meditation of cuticle direct antibodies but not that mediated by complement alone; the parasites became immobil ...	1988	3227233
clearance of brugia pahangi microfilariae in immunized mice.	active brugia pahangi microfilariae (mf) were injected into naive male balb/c mice intraperitoneally. microfilaraemia was studied for 28 days; and mf circulated in blood in optimum numbers from 3 to 14 days. anti-mf response was assessed by the rate of disappearance of mf from blood as well as their absence from visceral organs. sonicated antigens of mf (mfe) and whole worm extract of adults (wwe) induced absolute protection against the establishment of mf in mice. this potent anti-mf response e ...	1988	3224990
failure of the h2 antagonist cimetidine to reverse parasite antigen-specific lymphocyte unresponsiveness in experimental filariasis.	histamine is known to mediate potent immunosuppressive effects on lymphocyte function. in jirds infected with brugia pahangi decreased mitogen and parasite antigen responsiveness are associated with the presence of histamine binding regulatory cells. the present study was thus designed to investigate the immunoregulatory role of histamine in experimental filariasis. spleen cells from normal or b. pahangi infected jirds were incubated with bsa or histamine coupled sepharose beads and the degree o ...	1988	3219801
further evidence of both humoral and cellular encapsulations of sheathed microfilariae of brugia pahangi in anopheles quadrimaculatus.		1988	3192354
cloning and characterization of a species-specific repetitive dna sequence from onchocerca armillata.	two clones, poa1 and poa5, have been isolated from a genomic dna library prepared from pools of onchocerca armillata adults in the plasmid vector puc12. in dot-blot hybridisations, these two clones do not cross-hybridise significantly with total genomic dna from o. volvulus, o. gutturosa, o. ochengi, o. gibsoni, o. lienalis, bovine, human, culicoides nubeculosus, simulium species or brugia pahangi, but do hybridise with as little as 100 pg of dna from two separate geographic isolates of o. armil ...	1988	3185612
differential regulation of in vitro humoral and cellular immune responsiveness in brugia pahangi-infected jirds.	patent filarial infection is associated with the downregulation of parasite-specific immune reactivity. in the present study, the relationship between in vitro parasite antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responsiveness was investigated in brugia pahangi-infected jirds and in jirds immunized with soluble antigens. spleen cells from b. pahangi-immunized jirds or from jirds with prepatent infections mounted significant in vitro proliferative and antibody responses to b. pahangi. the antig ...	1988	3182070
exsheathment of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in the susceptible and refractory strains of aedes aegypti.	exsheathment of microfilariae of brugia pahangi was studied in susceptible (liverpool) and refractory (bora-bora) strains of aedes aegypti. it was found that the microfilariae tend to carry their sheaths into the haemocoel of both strains of ae. aegypti within two hours after the engorgement of mosquitoes from a rat parasitized by filariae. the percentage of sheathed microfilariae in the haemocoel then progressively decreased to 0% at eight hours and to 1% at 24 hours post-ingestion in the bora- ...	1988	3178339
dna base composition of filarial nematodes.	we have determined the molar content of guanine + cytosine (gc content) of dna of the filarial nematode (brugia malayi, brugia pahangi and dirofilaria imitis) and of the free-living soil nematodes caenorhabditis elegans and have analysed the dna for the presence of methylcytosine. two independent methods, thermal denaturation and direct analysis of base content by hplc following enzymatic hydrolysis, reveal that the gc content of filarial nematodes is 26-28%. we have been unable to find methylcy ...	1988	3174240
comparisons of glucose and amino acid use in adults and microfilariae of brugia pahangi.	with [u-14c]glucose we confirmed that essentially all of the glucose carbon used aerobically by intact brugia pahangi adults was accounted for in the recovered lactate, in spite of the presence of cristate mitochondria in these parasites. approximately 0.2% of the glucose carbon that disappeared was recovered in co2. however, aerobiosis was required for the incorporation of alanine, proline, and glutamate into both respiratory co2 and protein, but the glucose was used on the order of 1000 times ...	1988	3144711