Publications

expression of the filarial nematode phosphorylcholine-containing glycoprotein, es62, is stage specific.	es62, an immunomodulatory phosphorylcholine-containing glycoprotein secreted by the rodent filarial nematode acanthocheilonema viteae, has previously been shown to be produced by l4 larvae and adult worms only. however, homologous sequences to es62 have recently been found in l1 and l3 cdna libraries of certain human filarial nematodes. therefore, the various stages of a. viteae were re-examined and it was again found that only the post-l3 stages secreted es62. synthesis but not secretion by ear ...	2002	12211608
interleukin-4 influences the production of microfilariae in a mouse model of brugia infection.	sub-cutaneous infection of interleukin (il)-4-/- mice on the balb/c background with third stage larva (l3) of brugia pahangi revealed an altered cytokine profile consistent with the absence of the th2 promoting cytokine il-4. splenocytes from il-4-/- mice secreted significantly more antigen (ag)-specific il-2 and interferon-gamma and significantly less ag-specific il-5, compared to those from l3-infected wild-type mice. however, levels of ag-specific il-13 were similar between groups. despite th ...	2002	11856444
pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of oral moxidectin in beagle dogs.	to study the pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of moxidectin in beagle dogs experimentally infected with the filarial parasite brugia pahangi, and to evaluate and compare the results obtained from population pharmacokinetic analysis and individual compartmental analysis.	2002	12355577
infection with brugia microfilariae induces apoptosis of cd4(+) t lymphocytes: a mechanism of immune unresponsiveness in filariasis.	in humans infected with lymphatic filariasis, microfilaraemia [the presence of microfilariae (mf) in the blood] is generally associated with both poor antigen (ag)-specific proliferative responses and with protection from severe disease. clonal deletion has been suggested as one possible mechanism by which parasite-reactive lymphocytes, that may be capable of mediating resistance and/or immunopathology, are silenced in asymptomatic carriers. in this study we demonstrate that splenic lymphocytes ...	2002	11870630
cloning and expression analysis of two mucin-like genes encoding microfilarial sheath surface proteins of the parasitic nematodes brugia and litomosoides.	in several filarial genera the first stage larvae (microfilariae) are enclosed by an eggshell-derived sheath that provides a major interface between the parasite and the host immune system. analysis of the polypeptide constituents of the microfilarial sheath from the cotton rat filaria litomosoides sigmodontis identified two abundant surface glycoproteins: shp3a and shp3. the corresponding genes and the orthologues of the human parasite brugia malayi and the rodent filaria brugia pahangi were cl ...	2002	12356773
infection outcome and cytokine gene expression in brugia pahangi- infected gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) sensitized with brucella abortus.	filarial infections have been associated with the development of a strongly polarized th2 host immune response and a severe impairment of mitogen-driven proliferation and type 1 cytokine production in mice and humans. the role of this polarization in the development of the broad spectra of clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis is still unknown. recently, data gathered from humans as well as from immunocompromised mouse models suggest that filariasis elicits a complex host immune respon ...	2002	12379668
nitric oxide limits the expansion of antigen-specific t cells in mice infected with the microfilariae of brugia pahangi.	infection of balb/c mice with the microfilariae (mf) of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi results in an antigen-specific proliferative defect that is induced by high levels of no. using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimydl ester and cell surface labeling, it was possible to identify a population of antigen-specific t cells from mf-infected balb/c mice that expressed particularly high levels of cd4 (cd4(hi)). these cells proliferated in culture only when inducible no synthase was inhibited ...	2002	12379675
nk t cells are a source of early interleukin-4 following infection with third-stage larvae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.	infection of c57bl/6 mice with the third-stage larvae of brugia pahangi results in a rapid expansion of nk1.1(+) t cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes. nk t cells produced interleukin-4 in the spleen within 24 h of infection, and these cells were cd4(-).	2002	11895990
electrophysiological analysis of responses of adult females of brugia pahangi to some chemicals.	electrophysiological techniques were used to obtain recordings of extracellular electrical activity from the anterior end of live adult females of brugia pahangi. stimulation with 100 mm, 10 mm and 1 mm acetylcholine resulted in an increase in spike activity which was concentration dependent, whereas stimulation with phosphate-buffered saline and 0.1 mm acetylcholine gave no increase in activity. the delay in response was not concentration dependent. the action of possible host cues was investig ...	2001	11289071
heat shock and developmental expression of hsp83 in the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.	hsp83 was cloned from the filarial nematode brugia pahangi. the mrna was constitutively expressed at 37 degrees c in life cycle stages that live in the mammalian host (microfilariae and adult worms). heat shock resulted in only a minimal increase in levels of transcription. a genomic copy of hsp83 was isolated and was shown to contain 11 introns while sequencing of the 5' upstream region revealed several heat shock elements. using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter gene construct ...	2001	11722567
antibody responses of wuchereria bancrofti patients to recombinant brugia pahangi superoxide dismutase.	lymphatic filarial parasite brugia malayi contains significant amount of cu/zn superoxide dismutase (sod) activity in the extract of different life stages and in the excretory-secretory product of adults. in the present study recombinant sod from b. pahangi has been used to see the antibody response in wuchereria bancrofti infected patients. the recombinant sod from b. pahangi reacted specifically with w. bancrofti infected sera in elisa and immunoblotting. the reactivity of igm subclass was mor ...	2001	11349523
analysis of the sensory responses of parasitic nematodes using electrophysiology.	use of the electrophysiological technique to examine the sensory perception of live, intact nematodes has provided detailed analysis of responses to known concentrations of test chemicals. the use of larger nematodes, such as the animal-parasite syngamus trachea, enabled direct extracellular recordings from individual sensilla; with smaller nematodes, the recording electrode was inserted close to the cephalic region. extracellular recordings from the cephalic region of second-stage juveniles and ...	2001	11406140
wolbachia in filarial nematodes: evolutionary aspects and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases.	the presence of intracellular bacteria in the body of various species of filarial nematodes, including important parasites such as brugia malayi, dirofilaria immitis, and onchocerca volvulus, was observed as early as the mid-1970s. these bacteria were shown to be transovarially transmitted (from the female worm to the offspring) and to be present in significant amounts in the body of the nematode. as highlighted by their discoverers, the potential importance of these bacteria is fairly obvious: ...	2001	11516587
real-time pcr for quantification of the bacterial endosymbionts (wolbachia) of filarial nematodes.	filarial nematodes harbour intracellular symbiotic bacteria belonging to the genus wolbachia. wolbachia is thought to play an important role in the biology of the nematode. moreover, wolbachia appears to be involved in the immunopathogenesis of filariasis and in the onset of the side-effects of antifilarial therapy. investigations in these research areas require reliable methods to quantify wolbachia both in nematodes and in vertebrate tissues. to this purpose, we designed a quantitative real-ti ...	2001	12402526
temperature is a cue for gene expression in the post-infective l3 of the parasitic nematode brugia pahangi.	the temporal expression pattern of two genes, bp-cdd and bp-s3, was studied at defined points throughout the life cycle of brugia pahangi. both mrnas were up-regulated to coincide with the transition of the l3 from the vector to the mammalian host. bp-cdd was expressed almost exclusively in the post-infective (p.i.) l3 and l4 stages of the life cycle while bp-s3 was also expressed in adult worms, but at a much lower level than in the larval stages. immunogold labelling with an antiserum raised t ...	2001	11166381
potential transition state phosphoramidate inhibitors of beta-tubulin as antifilarial agents.	transition state phosphoramidate inhibitors of beta-tubulin were designed as potential antifilarial agents. the reaction of 2-aminobenzimidazole with diisopropyl phosphite and carbon tetrachloride at a low temperature gave the unexpected 1-diisopropoxyphosphoryl-2-aminobenzimidazole, which on heating gave the novel benzimidazole derivative, 2-(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)aminobenzimidazole. both products were fully characterized and the synthetic procedure to both compounds was optimized. the procedu ...	2001	11206197
antibiotics and wolbachia in filarial nematodes: antifilarial activity of rifampicin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol against onchocerca gutturosa, onchocerca lienalis and brugia pahangi.	the activity against filarial parasites of the antibiotics rifampicin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol was examined. in addition, transmission electron microscopy was used to study the effects of rifampicin and oxytetracycline on filarial tissues and on the endosymbiont bacterium, wolbachia. when tested in vitro at a concentration of 50.0 microm, each of the three antibiotics significantly reduced the motility levels of male onchocerca gutturosa. rifampicin, however, was the most active, vir ...	2000	11214099
identification and localization of glutathione s-transferase as a potential target enzyme in brugia species.	brugia filarial nematodes are pathogenic lymphatic-dwelling parasites that, like other helminths, may modify the host's defense mechanisms by a major detoxification process involving glutathione-binding proteins such as glutathione s-transferases (gsts). in the present study, soluble extracts of third-stage larvae, adult male and female worms, microfilariae of either b. pahangi or b. malayi or the adult worm excretory-secretory products of b. malayi were used to determine gst activity. these ext ...	2000	11097299
tetracycline inhibits development of the infective-stage larvae of filarial nematodes in vitro.	in recent years, studies have linked tetracycline treatment of filaria-infected animals with reduced adult worm burdens and decreased levels of microfilaremia. these observations are believed to be attributable to clearance of wolbachia, intracellular rickettsial-like organisms found within filarial tissues. although maximal worm reductions were observed when treatment was initiated early in infection, it is not known whether tetracycline inhibits development of infective-stage larvae. to addres ...	2000	11038309
hmg-coa reductase inhibitor induces a transient activation of high affinity nerve growth factor receptor, trk, and morphological differentiation with fatal outcome in pc12 cells.	the present study was aimed at investigating the possible toxicity of simvastatin on a neuronal cell line, pc12 cells. simvastatin clearly induced a transient morphological differentiation as evidenced by the occurrence of neurite outgrowth with a transient activation of the high affinity nerve growth factor receptor, trk, but died at 36 h after its addition. tyrosine autophosphorylation of the trk protein also disappeared at 36 h after addition. during the morphological differentiation, ngf mrn ...	2000	10720627
pharmacokinetics of umf-078, a candidate antifilarial drug, in infected dogs.	the pharmacokinetics of the filaricidal benzimidazole compounds umf-078 and umf-289 were evaluated in beagle dogs experimentally infected with brugia pahangi. twenty-four infected microfilaremic beagles were selected and randomly allocated into 4 treatment groups of 6 dogs each: oral (po) umf-078, po umf-289 (the hcl salt form of umf-078), intramuscular (im) umf-078, and untreated controls. equivalent doses of 50 mg/kg of the free base were given twice a day for 3 days to the 3 groups of treated ...	2000	10761730
anticancer agents suppressive for adult parasites of filariasis in mongolian jirds.	eight chemical structures not previously reported to possess antifilarial activity have been identified. a total of 79 compounds with anticancer properties were evaluated for possible macrofilaricidal activity against brugia pahangi and acanthocheilonema viteae transplanted into male mongolian jirds (meriones unguiculatus). all eight active compounds were suppressive for the onchocerciasis type (acanthocheilonema viteae) of the disease. none was macrofilaricidal for the lymphatic form (brugia pa ...	2000	10782046
in vitro antifilarial activity of extracts of the medicinal plant cardiospermum halicacabum against brugia pahangi.	the in vitro effects of ethanol and aqueous extracts of the medicinal plant cardiospermum halicacabum on adult worms and microfilariae of brugia pahangi were investigated. with or without the plant extracts in culture medium, the motility of adult worms, microfilariae and microfilarial release from female worms were monitored daily. after 7 days of culture, viability or tissue damage of adult worms was assessed using the mtt assay. at > 500 microg ml-1, the aqueous extract significantly reduced ...	2000	10953224
differential susceptibility to brugia pahangi infection in mongolian gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) of different coat colour.	the influence of intraspecific host variables on the response to parasitic infections is an important aspect of host-parasite relationships, yet little is known about this aspect of filariasis for lack of a model. this study presents coat colour mutants of the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) as potential new models for research into the effects of host genetic variation on response to filarial infection. peak level of microfilaraemia, eosinophil response, body weight and degree of splen ...	2000	11037123
differential diagnosis of human lymphatic filariasis using pcr-rflp.	filariasis is still a public health problem in tropical countries. the most common causative agents of human filariasis are wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. traditional methods used to detect filarial parasites in human, animal and vector populations are tedious, time consuming, and confer little guarantee of sensitivity and species specificity. we have developed a rapid and specific method to detect filarial parasite dnas in blood and mosquito samples using the polymerase chain reaction ...	2000	10722791
comparative development of brugia pahangi and variation in acid hydrolase enzyme titers in.	the development of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi was monitored and compared in susceptible (black eye) and refractory (rock) strains of aedes aegypti. simultaneously, the activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-glucosidase, and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were measured. three- to five-day-old females of both strains were fed on infected and uninfected clawed jirds (meriones unguiculatus) then dissected or homogenized at 2 h, at 24-h intervals for 5 days, and at 8 and 1 ...	2000	11198915
b1 b lymphocytes play a critical role in host protection against lymphatic filarial parasites.	host defense against multicellular, extracellular pathogens such as nematode parasites is believed to be mediated largely, if not exclusively, by t lymphocytes. during our investigations into the course of brugia malayi and brugia pahangi infections in immunodeficient mouse models, we found that mice lacking b lymphocytes were permissive for brugian infections, whereas immunocompetent mice were uniformly resistant. mice bearing the btk(xid) mutation were as permissive as those lacking all b cell ...	2000	10684864
no contributes to proliferative suppression in a murine model of filariasis.	infection of balb/c mice with microfilariae (mf) of brugia pahangi leads to the suppression of antigen (ag)-specific proliferative responses in the spleen. the proliferative defect is dependent on inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) activity, since inhibition of inos with either l-n-monomethyl arginine (l-nmma) or aminoguanidine reversed defective proliferation. splenocytes from mf-infected animals produce high levels of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) upon in vitro restimulation with ag, and ex ...	2000	11035712
granulomatous inflammatory response to recombinant filarial proteins of brugia species.	the lymphatic inflammatory response in brugia-infected jirds peaks early during primary infections and then decreases in severity as judged by the numbers of lymph thrombi present within these vessels. antigen-specific hypersensitivity reactions in these animals was measured by a pulmonary granulomatous inflammatory response (pgrn) induced by somatic adult worm antigen (sawa)-coated beads, and by cellular proliferative responses of renal lymph node cells. the kinetics of these responses temporal ...	1999	10072145
the isolation of differentially expressed cdna clones from the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.	a cdna library constructed from 3 day post-infective l3 of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi was screened by differential hybridization with cdna probes prepared from different life-cycle stages. five cdna clones hybridizing selectively to the mosquito-derived l3 probe were isolated and characterized. northern blot analysis of 4 of the clones confirmed that each was most highly expressed in the mosquito-derived l3. the expression of each mrna during parasite development in the mosquito vector ...	1999	10466127
polyamines: agents with macrofilaricidal activity.	there is a need for effective macrofilaricidal drugs. the polyamine metabolism of filarial worms has been recognized as a possible target for effective drug action. in an attempt to identify agents that might provide leads in developing an effective macrofilaricide, 78 polyamine compounds were selected from among > 250,000 structures that have been amassed by the walter reed army institute of research, in the u.s.a. these thousands of agents have been chosen principally for drug-development prog ...	1999	10715679
effects of tetracycline on the filarial worms brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis and their bacterial endosymbionts wolbachia.	wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria have been shown to be widespread among filarial worms and could thus play some role in the biology of these nematodes. indeed, tetracycline has been shown to inhibit both the development of adult worms from third-stage larvae and the development of the microfilaraemia in jirds infected with brugia pahangi. the possibility that these effects are related to the bacteriostatic activity of tetracycline on wolbachia symbionts should be considered. here we show that te ...	1999	10221636
up-regulation of extracellular copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mrna after transmission of the filarial parasite acanthocheilonema viteae in the vertebrate host meriones unguiculatus.	the gene encoding the cytoplasmic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (avsod1) from the filarial parasite acanthocheilonema viteae was isolated from a genomic dna library using a degenerate oligonucleotide probe. additionally, cdnas of the avsod1 and the secreted extracellular sod (avsod2) were both cloned by rt-pcr, and the avsod2 was expressed at high levels in e. coli. the amino acid sequence of the avsod1 is 89.5 and 87.5% identical to that of the corresponding enzymes of brugia pahangi and onc ...	1999	10579430
development of a pcr- and probe-based test for the sensitive and specific detection of the dog heartworm, dirofilaria immitis, in its mosquito intermediate host.	the mosquito-borne filarial worm, dirofilaria immitis, causes heartworm disease in dogs. detection of this parasite in its mosquito intermediate host currently involves dissection and microscopic examination for larval stages. although this method is used commonly as a screening tool for epidemiological surveys, it lacks both sensitivity and specificity. in this study, a more efficient pcr- and probe-based diagnostic assay was developed. the target selected for this assay is a segment of the 16 ...	1999	10657147
interleukin-10 and antigen-presenting cells actively suppress th1 cells in balb/c mice infected with the filarial parasite brugia pahangi.	infection with the third-stage larvae (l3) of the filarial nematode brugia results in a th2-biased immune response in mice and humans. previously we have shown that the production of interleukin 4 (il-4) is critical for down-regulating polyclonal th1 responses in l3-infected mice. however, the in vitro neutralization of il-4 did not fully recover the defective polyclonal th1 responses, nor did it result in the production of any antigen (ag)-specific th1 cytokines, suggesting that perhaps infecti ...	1999	10084992
16s rdna phylogeny and ultrastructural characterization of wolbachia intracellular bacteria of the filarial nematodes brugia malayi, b. pahangi, and wuchereria bancrofti.		1999	10092480
identification of a molecular marker for the y chromosome of brugia malayi.	random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) was used to analyse genomic dna from virgin females and males of brugia malayi, with a view to identifying sex-specific differences predicted by an xx/xy system of chromosomal sex determination. a product of 2338 bp, amplified with the arbitrary primer 5' gttgcgatcc 3', was obtained exclusively from males. primers based on the sequence of this product amplified a dna fragment of the expected size from each of two independent isolates of b. malayi (f ...	1999	10215019
cut-1-like genes are present in the filarial nematodes, brugia pahangi and brugia malayi, and, as in other nematodes, code for components of the cuticle.	a fragment of a cut-1 like gene from the filarial nematode brugia pahangi (designated bp-cut-1) was isolated by pcr from genomic dna. the sequence was used to design primers for use in rt-pcr and resulted in the isolation of a cdna fragment from larvae in the process of the l3-l4 moult. screening of a b. malayi genomic library identified a single clone, bm-cut-1. using primers designed from the brugia sequences, semi-quantitative rt-pcr was carried out on 11 different life cycle stages chosen to ...	1999	10413052
cloning and characterization of two nuclear receptors from the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.	nuclear receptors (nrs) encompass a superfamily of cytoplasmic/nuclear localized receptors that on ligand binding (or by phosphorylation) directly regulate the transcription of target genes. nrs are involved in many developmental processes, including moulting in insects and dauer larva formation in caenorhabditis elegans. here we report the isolation of two genes related to nrs from the filarial nematode brugia pahangi. bp-nhr-1 is a member of the ngf1-b subfamily of nrs and is expressed at very ...	1999	10548557
brugia pahangi: quantitative analysis of infection in several inbred rat strains.	we report a comprehensive study of the infectivity of brugia pahangi in male and female rats of eight different inbred strains. a single infection of any inbred rat strain will produce rats that become microfilaremic, have occult infection, or clear the primary infection. the proportion belonging to any category is determined by the basic susceptibility level of that strain. patency rates (blood microfilaria+) ranged from 24% (ao rats) to 73% (wka rats). the period for which microfilaria were in ...	1999	10366537
[achievements in the research on filariasis in china in the past 50 years].		1999	12563852
formation of basement membrane-like structure terminates the cellular encapsulation of microfilariae in the haemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus.	the encapsulation of microfilariae in the haemocoels of mosquitoes combines both humoral and cellular reactions: the microfilariae are first encased in an acellular layer of melanin, followed by a cellular encapsulation by plasmatocytes. in this study, we demonstrated that cellular encapsulation of brugia pahangi microfilariae in the haemocoel of the mosquito anopheles quadrimaculatus was terminated by the formation of a basement membrane-like structure on the outermost surface of the cellular c ...	1998	9651933
bis-cationic heteroaromatics as macrofilaricides: synthesis of bis-amidine and bis-guanylhydrazone derivatives of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.	a series of guanylhydrazone, amidine, and hydrazone derivatives of 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine have been prepared and evaluated for macrofilarial activity against acanthocheilonema viteae and brugia pahangi in jirds. compounds with 4',6-bis-substitution by cyclic guanylhydrazone groups show activity. 4',6-bis-amidines show some activity but are more toxic; 4'- or 6-monosubstituted compounds are inactive. 2,6-bis-substituted compounds lacking the phenyl ring are inactive. 4',6-bis-substituted ...	1998	9784107
rapid purification and characterization of l-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase (macrophage-migration-inhibitory factor) from trichinella spiralis, trichuris muris and brugia pahangi.	macrophage-migration-inhibition factor (mif) is an essential stimulator of mammalian t-lymphocyte-dependent adaptive immunity, hence mif orthologues might be expressed by infectious organisms as an immunosubversive stratagem. since mif actively catalyses the tautomerization of the methyl ester of l-dopachrome (using dopachrome tautomerase), the occurrence of mif orthologues in several parasitic helminths was investigated by assaying and characterizing such activity. evidence of mif orthologues ( ...	1998	9794786
the l3 of brugia induces a th2-polarized response following activation of an il-4-producing cd4-cd8- alphabeta t cell population.	lymphatic filariasis in man is characterized by a profound bias in the immune response. parasite-specific th1 responses are dramatically down-regulated while th2 responses dominate. we have used the infective larval stage of the nematode parasite brugia pahangi, a potent th2 inducer in naive mice, to examine cytokine production during the initiation phase of the response. for comparative purposes, the early cytokine transcription pattern elicited by microfilariae (mf), another life cycle stage o ...	1998	9796925
cloning and characterization of cdnas encoding beta-tubulin from dirofilaria immitis and onchocerca volvulus.	beta-tubulin is the target for the benzimidazole anthelmintics. unfortunately, none of these drugs is clinically useful against adult filariae. however, beta-tubulin has been shown to be a target for antibody-based toxicity to brugia pahangi. we cloned and characterized cdnas encoding beta-tubulin from 2 filariae, dirofilaria immitis and onchocerca volvulus, to explore possible explanations for benzimidazole insensitivity among adult filariae and the likelihood that epitopes of beta-tubulin coul ...	1998	9576511
characterisation of tc-cpl-1, a cathepsin l-like cysteine protease from toxocara canis infective larvae.	cysteine proteases play vital biological roles in both intracellular and extracellular environments. a cysteine protease migrating at 30 kda was identified in somatic extracts of toxocara canis larvae (tex), by its binding to the biotinylated inhibitor phe-ala-ch2f. tex proteases readily cleaved the cathepsin l- and b-specific peptide substrate z-phe-arg-amc and to a lesser extent, the cathepsin b-specific peptide z-arg-arg-amc. excretory/secretory (tes) products of t. canis larvae did not cleav ...	1998	9657332
dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi: filarial parasites make nitric oxide.		1998	9709039
in vitro antifilarial activity of organometallic complexes against infective larvae of molinema dessetae and adult females of brugia pahangi.	new organometallic complexes having protozoocidal properties were evaluated for their in vitro antifilarial activity using two models: infective larvae of molinema dessetae and adult females of brugia pahangi. the compound most active on the m. dessetae model was ir(i)-cod-pentamidine tetraphenylborate with an ec50 = 6 +/- 1 microm after 7-day-incubation. in the 2-aminobenzothiazole series, ruthenium was more potent than iridium for antifilarial activity. a dithiocarbamate function significantly ...	1998	9762575
preliminary results on the effect of tetracycline on the embryogenesis and symbiotic bacteria (wolbachia) of dirofilaria immitis. an update and discussion.	the distribution and phylogeny of wolbachia in filarial species suggests that these endosymbiotic bacteria may be important in the biology of their filarial hosts. an experiment to falsify this hypothesis would be to treat filarial worms with antibiotics which are active against intracellular bacteria. indeed, it has already been shown that tetracycline treatment inhibits development in a model filarial species (brugia pahangi) at different stages of the life cycle, in both mosquito and mammalia ...	1998	10376278
modelling variability in lymphatic filariasis: macrofilarial dynamics in the brugia pahangi--cat model.	a striking feature of lymphatic filariasis is the considerable heterogeneity in infection burden observed between hosts, which greatly complicates the analysis of the population dynamics of the disease. here, we describe the first application of the moment closure equation approach to model the sources and the impact of this heterogeneity for macrofilarial population dynamics. the analysis is based on the closest laboratory equivalent of the life cycle and immunology of infection in humans--cats ...	1998	9474798
variability among tunisian populations of culex pipiens: genetic structure and susceptibility to a filarial parasite, brugia pahangi.	culex pipiens pipiens is a common mosquito found in north africa and is the primary vector of bancroftian filariasis in egypt. experimental infections with c. p. pipiens have demonstrated that this species supports brugia pahangi development (parasitic yield 6.3%). in addition, the genetic variation among c. p. pipiens populations from ben arrous (in the suburb of tunis) estimated from isoenzyme polymorphism of five neutral genes (pgm, gpi, hk1, got-1, and got-2) was slight (fst = +0.083). c. p. ...	1998	9493214
dirofilaria immitis: molecular cloning and expression of a cdna encoding a selenium-independent secreted glutathione peroxidase.	a cdna clone, di29, encoding a homolog of glutathione peroxidase, was isolated from a dirofilaria immitis adult female cdna expression library by a combination of polymerase chain reaction amplification with primers designed from the brugia pahangi glutathione peroxidase gene sequence and hybridization screening of d. immitis cdna libraries. the di29 nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were very similar to those described for lymphatic filariae and predicted a secreted form of glutathion ...	1998	9501847
a novel member of the transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) superfamily from the filarial nematodes brugia malayi and b. pahangi.	transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) superfamily genes encode products controlling pattern formation, cell differentiation, and immune-mediated inflammation. members of this superfamily are known in multicellular organisms from mammals to the model nematode caenorhabditis elegans. using pcr with oligonucleotides complementary to highly conserved motifs in the tgf-beta superfamily, we first isolated a genomic clone from the filarial nematode brugia malayi. this gene, termed bm-tgh-1 (tgf-be ...	1998	9562423
association of elevated lymph node cell release of histamine and tumor necrosis factor with genetic predisposition to limb edema formation in dogs infected with brugia pahangi.	brugia pahangi infection in the canine rear limb results in marked lymphatic duct and popliteal lymph node pathologic changes. limb edema is variably associated with infection and does not correlate well with duct or node lesions. to understand the mechanisms of limb edema, lymph node cells were collected by sequential biopsy following infection and examined for production of inflammatory mediators. lymph node cells from a litter of dogs selectively bred with a high incidence of edema formation ...	1998	9660448
down regulation of macrophage activation in brugia pahangi-infected jirds (meriones unguiculatus).	the macrophage is a major component of the inflammatory response induced by lymphatic tissue-dwelling filariae. intraperitoneal (i.p.) infections with brugia pahangi in mongolian gerbils, or jirds (meriones unguiculatus), induce a peritoneal inflammatory response characterized by accumulation of numerous macrophages and fewer eosinophils. this inflammatory response is associated with the release of microfilariae by female worms. the aim of this study was to investigate the activation state of th ...	1998	9488396
characteristics of nucleotide sequences flanking the trans-spliced leader sl1 exon in dirofilaria immitis, brugia malayi, and brugia pahangi.	nucleotide sequences surrounding the trans-spliced leader sl1 exon in the 5s rrna gene spacer regions of dirofilaria immitis, brugia malayi, and b. pahangi were determined after pcr amplification, aligned with the genus onchocerca for comparison, and used for the prediction of secondary structures. the nucleotide sequence of this region in b. pahangi was first shown in the present study. hypothetical secondary structures of the spacer region suggested that the sl1 transcript is capable to form a ...	1997	9450246
suppression of mitogen-induced il-2r alpha expression in pbl by serum from microfilaraemic rats chronically infected with brugia pahangi.	to study immunological responses in filarial infections, interleukin-2 receptor alpha (il-2r alpha) expression in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) of lewis rats infected with brugia pahangi was observed by flow cytometry. during infection, no increase in il-2r alpha was observed in either microfilaraemic or amicrofilaraemic rats. the pbl of rats were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (pha) and the frequency of il-2r alpha-positivity was examined. after microfilariae appeared, the increas ...	1997	9011075
expression of the microfilarial sheath protein 2 (shp2) of the filarial parasites litomosoides sigmodontis and brugia malayi.	the microfilarial sheaths of the filarial parasites brugia malayi, brugia pahangi, and litomosoides sigmodontis consist of several parasite proteins, probably ranging between 7 and 10. the gene encoding sheath protein 2 (shp2), which is the object of this study, is transcribed in embryos and in the uterine epithelium; at least in b. malayi, it is translated in both tissues. apparently, shp2 is synthesized as a monomer, exported by the respective cells, and integrated into the microfilarial sheat ...	1997	9085921
down-regulation of murine susceptibility to cerebral malaria by inoculation with third-stage larvae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.	in areas where malaria is endemic, helminthic infections, caused by intestinal or filarial parasites, commonly coexist with malaria in the same individual. this study investigates the course of plasmodium berghei malaria infection in cba/j mice inoculated with irradiated attenuated 3rd-stage larvae (l3) of brugia pahangi. peripheral eosinophil counts, serum ige levels and cytokine production revealed that the filarial antigen induced t-helper type 2 (th2) cell predominance in these mice, which p ...	1997	9107020
differentially expressed, abundant trans-spliced cdnas from larval brugia malayi.	isolation and cloning of abundant reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) products from the filarial nematode brugia malayi using the conserved nematode spliced leader sequence and poly a as amplification targets has allowed us to identify abundant, stage specific transcripts from infective and post-infective larvae. the predicted protein products of the most prominent full-length transcripts from mosquito-derived l3 parasites are: (i) bm-alt-1, a homologue of a dirofilaria immi ...	1997	9233676
adoptive transfer of granulomatous inflammation to brugia antigens in jirds.	brugia pahangi infections of jirds (meriones unguiculatus) produce a granulomatous inflammatory response within the lymphatic vessels. granulomas that form around beads coated with soluble adult antigens embolized in the lungs have been used to measure this response. similar lesions were observed in naive jirds receiving lymph node cells and splenocytes from animals with acute infections. this was not the case with cells from chronically infected jirds that were hyporesponsive to implanted antig ...	1997	9267402
variation in the nature of attachment of phosphorylcholine to excretory-secretory products of adult brugia pahangi.	the mechanism of linkage of phosphorylcholine (pc) to excretory-secretory products (es) of adult brugia pahangi has been investigated. biosynthetic radio-isotope labelling of es with [3h]choline followed by sds-page/fluorography revealed a smear of molecular weight approximately 40-100 kda which loses its radiolabel following exposure to n-glycosidase f, but not mild alkali. pc is thus attached to this smear of molecules via n-type glycans, a mechanism of linkage previously observed with respect ...	1997	9139257
a cytidine deaminase expressed in the post-infective l3 stage of the filarial nematode, brugia pahangi, has a novel rna-binding activity.	a number of genes have been identified that are highly expressed in the post-infective l3 stage of the filarial parasite, brugia pahangi. amongst these was a cdna with homology to the cytidine deaminase (cdd) gene family. phylogenetic analysis of the various cytosine nucleoside deaminases suggest that brugia pahangi cdd evolved with significant divergence from the rna editing family. in order to characterize its function, we have expressed brugia pahangi cdd in bacteria as a chimera with maltose ...	1997	9274872
brugia pahangi: differential induction and regulation of jird inflammatory responses by life-cycle stages.	it has been hypothesized that different life-cycle stages of filarial nematodes induce different host responses. this concept was examined in the brugia pahangi-jird model of lymphatic filariasis by measuring the kinetics of inflammatory responses to parasite antigens following intraperitoneal inoculation of different life-cycle stages. for this purpose, viable female or male worms, l3, l4, or microfilarial stage, were used. dead worms served as controls. worm and microfilarial burdens, pulmonar ...	1997	9287954
the use of inhibitors of n-linked glycosylation and oligosaccharide processing to produce monoclonal antibodies against non-phosphorylcholine epitopes of brugia pahangi excretory-secretory products.	adult brugia pahangi were cultured with [3h]-choline in both the absence and the presence of either tunicamycin or 1-deoxymannojirimycin (dmm), inhibitors of n-linked glycosylation and n-linked oligosaccharide processing, respectively. excretory-secretory products (es) were recovered from the spent medium and examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/fluorography. both inhibitors were found to prevent radiolabeling of es, a result consistent with blockage of the addit ...	1997	9342749
a member of the tgf-beta receptor gene family in the parasitic nematode brugia pahangi.	the full length cdna sequence of a type i transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) receptor has been isolated from the filarial parasitic nematode brugia pahangi. this new gene, designated bp-trk-1, encodes a predicted 645 amino acid sequence with an n-terminal hydrophobic stretch which may act as a signal peptide. the extracellular portion (residues 15-187) is cysteine-rich and has three potential n-glycosylation sites. at positions 250-255 the protein contains the glycine-serine rich motif c ...	1997	9358045
plasma levels of diethylcarbamazine and their effects on implanted microfilariae of brugia pahangi in rats.	plasma level of diethylcarbamazine (dec) was measured by using gas chromatography and was compared to the changes of microfilaremia after an intraperitoneal injection with 200 mg/kg of dec in rats. the microfilaremia was induced artificially by an intravenous implantation with 2 x 10(5) brugia pahangi microfilariae (mf) 1 day before dec treatment. the rats treated with dec showed a rapid and significant decrease in mf number in the circulation within 30 min, continued for 4 hr, and then increase ...	1997	9362054
effect of gamma radiation on brugia l3 development in vivo and the kinetics of granulomatous inflammation induced by these parasites.	previous studies have shown that the downregulation of parasite-specific cellular immune response in brugia-infected jirds requires viable worms but is not dependent on microfilariae (mf) for either induction or maintenance of this phenomenon. to clarify further which life cycle stages induce filarial hyporesponsiveness, jirds were infected intraperitoneally with third stage larvae (l3) exposed to 0, 15, 25, 35, 45, or 90 krad of gamma radiation to differentially alter l3 development. necropsies ...	1997	9406789
stage specific gene expression in the post-infective l3 of the filarial nematode, brugia pahangi.		1996	8844678
cellular immune responses of jirds to extracts of life cycle stages and adult excretory secretory products during the early development of brugia pahangi.	the brugia-jird model of lymphatic filariasis was used to examine the induction of cellular immune responses during the early premicrofilaremic phases of the infection. the intensity of the pulmonary granulomatous inflammatory response (pgrn) was determined by measuring granuloma areas around sepharose beads coated with parasite extracts which were embolized in the lungs of jirds prior to necropsy. necropsies were performed at 7, 14, 28, 56, and 150 days postinfection (dpi). these time points co ...	1996	8631377
discrete transcripts encode multiple chitinase isoforms in brugian microfilariae.	the blood-borne microfilariae of the brugian nematodes produce multiple isoforms of chitinase, whose expression is coincident with the onset of microfilarial infectivity for mosquitoes. a single cdna sequence was previously obtained by screening a brugia malayi microfilarial cdna library, yet two chitinase isozymes are readily distinguished in this species. in this paper, we present evidence for the existence of multiple transcripts encoding brugian microfilarial chitinases. using primers based ...	1996	8892292
brugia pahangi in cats: the passive transfer of anti-microfilarial immunity from immune to non-immune cats.	serum from cats (felis catus) that were repeatedly infected with brugia pahangi and had become amicrofilaraemic (mf-ve) was injected intravenously into microfilaraemic (mf+ve) cats. if more than 1 microliter of immune serum per 1000 mf was injected, microfilarial counts fell dramatically within minutes and, in some cats, mf completely disappeared. in most cases mf reappeared 21-44 days later. however, in two experiments mf never reappeared and circulating antigen (indicative of the presence of l ...	1996	9223160
anti-interleukin-4 modulation of the th2 polarized response to the parasitic nematode brugia pahangi.	lymphatic filariasis is a chronic disease characterized by a pronounced th2 bias in the immune response and impaired antigen (ag)-specific th1 responses. we have used a mouse model of filariasis to investigate the role of the infective form (the third-stage larvae [l3]) in modulating the immune response. subcutaneous infection of balb/c mice with l3 of brugia pahangi has a profound effect on th cell function. by day 12 post-infection, spleen cells from these mice exhibited a dramatic reduction i ...	1996	8751885
phenotypic segregation of aedes aegypti for immune antibacterial activity and resistance to filariae.	we report the phenotypic selection of two lines of aedes aegypti, from a filariae susceptible parental stock (refm). this selection was based upon the level of inducible anti-gram negative escherichia coli activity within the haemolymph following e. coli infection. these lines, denoted 'high' and 'low', demonstrated significant differences in anti-e. coli responses throughout. however no difference was observed in the anti-gram positive micrococcus luteus response following e. coli challenge. f4 ...	1996	8858873
in vivo effect of a natural aedes aegypti defensin on brugia pahangi development.		1996	8994145
identification and sequence comparison of a cuticular collagen of brugia pahangi.	the cuticle of filarial nematodes is a specialized extracellular matrix that covers the parasite and protects it from adverse conditions of the environment. as a surface structure it is in direct contact with the host defence mechanisms and therefore plays an important role in the molecular host-parasite relationship. using polyclonal antisera raised against the insoluble components of the cuticle of the adult filarial parasite brugia pahangi, we have isolated cdna clones encoding collagen molec ...	1996	8760314
brugia pahangi: characterisation of a small heat shock protein cdna clone.	microfilariae of brugia pahangi undergo a transition in their life cycle from the homeothermic mammalian host to the poikilothermic mosquito vector. coincident with this switch, the developmental cycle of the microfilaria is reinitiated. when cultured at mammalian temperatures (37 degrees c), microfilariae express a complex of small heat shock proteins. in order to further characterise this group of proteins a cdna library was constructed from heat-shocked microfilariae by reverse-transcriptase ...	1996	8823242
expression of recombinant microfilarial chitinase and analysis of domain function.	a family of chitinase isozymes was previously characterized from the microfilariae of brugia malayi and brugia pahangi. the expression of these enzymes correlates with the onset of microfilarial infectivity for the mosquito vector. to study the role of chitinase activity in filarial transmission, the p70 chitinase from brugia malayi was cloned and expressed in two forms: a full-length product of approximately 62 kda and a truncated product of 43 kda containing only the n-terminal catalytic domai ...	1996	8813685
stage-specific gene expression in lymphatic filarial nematodes.	lymphatic filarial nematodes remain a significant cause of morbidity throughout much of the tropics. one approach to the development of rational control methods is an improved understanding of the basic biology of these organisms in relation to the mechanisms used to complete their life cycles. in this article, eileen devaney, sam martin and fiona thompson review new approaches to defining stage-specific molecules in filarial nematodes, and discuss their recent work on the isolation and characte ...	1996	15275274
brugia pahangi-induced contractility of bovine mesenteric lymphatics studied in vitro: a role for filarial factors in the development of lymphedema?	products generated by filarial nematodes depress vascular reactivity by mechanisms involving endothelial cells. we hypothesized that comparable filarial-induced alterations might occur in lymph vessels. experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that spontaneous contractions of bovine mesenteric lymphatics studied in vitro are altered by the filarial parasite brugia pahangi. rings of bovine mesenteric lymphatics were suspended in tissue baths and spontaneous contractions were evaluated for ...	1996	8615452
brugia pahangi: the cuticular glutathione peroxidase (gp29) protects heterologous membranes from lipid peroxidation.		1996	8631385
brugia spp. and litomosoides carinii: identification of a covalently cross-linked microfilarial sheath matrix protein (shp2).	a microfilarial sheath protein gene (shp2) coding for the major constituent of the insoluble, cross-linked sheath remnant (sr) from brugia malayi, brugia pahangi and litomosoides carinii has been cloned and sequenced, based on peptide partial amino-acid sequences. all three closely related single-copy shp2 genes in the two genera carry a single intron in identical position; shp2 mrnas are post-transcriptionally modified by both cis-splicing and trans-splicing. in accordance with their extracellu ...	1995	7637719
extensive diversity in repeat unit sequences of the cdna encoding the polyprotein antigen/allergen from the bovine lungworm dictyocaulus viviparus.	the complete sequence of the cdna encoding the nematode polyprotein allergen/antigen (npa) of the bovine lungworm dictyocaulus viviparus was obtained by immunoscreening of cdna expression libraries and by 5' race (rapid amplification of cdna ends). the encoded polypeptide is similar in sequence to the aba-1 allergen of ascaris, the gp15/400 'ladder' protein of brugia malayi, brugia pahangi and wuchereria bancrofti, and a 15-kda antigen of dirofilaria immitis. as with these, the predicted amino-a ...	1995	8538702
brugia pahangi: effects of melanization on the uptake of nutrients by microfilariae in vitro.	the effects of melanization on nutrient uptake by the microfilariae of brugia pahangi were investigated by using in vitro melanization and autoradiographic techniques. it was found that the melanotic capsules which formed around the microfilariae in vitro completely inhibited the uptake of the following radiolabeled nutrients into microfilarial tissues: d-[6-3h]glucose, l-[4,5-3h]leucine, [2-3h]glycine, [1-14c]linoleic acid, [5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3h]arachidonic acid, [2,8-3h]adenine, [8-14c]guani ...	1995	7628569
heterologous expression and enzymatic properties of a selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase from the parasitic nematode brugia pahangi.	a full-length cdna from the parasitic nematode brugia pahangi encoding a secreted homolog of glutathione peroxidase in which the codon for the active site selenocysteine is substituted naturally by a cysteine codon has been expressed in spodoptera frugiperda (insect) cells via autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (baculovirus). the recombinant protein was glycosylated and secreted from the cells in tetrameric form. the purified protein showed glutathione peroxidase activity with a r ...	1995	7629152
the gp15/400 polyprotein antigen of brugia malayi binds fatty acids and retinoids.	gp15/400 is a surface-proximal antigen of the filarial nematode brugia malayi, produced as a large polyprotein precursor comprising an array of polypeptide units of approx. 14.5 kda. here we describe a biochemical function for gp15/400. a single 14.5-kda unit of gp15/400 has been expressed in escherichia coli, and found to dimerise spontaneously. this protein (designated p-rung) has high-affinity fatty acid and retinoid binding activity, suggesting that the parent polypeptide itself has these pr ...	1995	7630382
the construction of spliced leader cdna libraries from the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.		1995	7637712
bancroftian filariasis in kwale district of kenya. iii. quantification of the ige response in selected individuals from an endemic community.	one hundred and sixty-two individuals from a community in kwale district, kenya, endemic for bancroftian filariasis, were selected for a study on the ige response to filarial antigen (prepared from adult brugia pahangi). following clinical and parasitological examination, the individuals were grouped into different categories, based on the presence/absence of microfilaraemia, the presence/absence of acute or chronic (hydrocele or elephantiasis) clinical manifestations, and age. the total and fil ...	1995	7668920
structure and function of a family of chitinase isozymes from brugian microfilariae.	a family of chitinase isozymes, consisting of three proteins from the microfilariae of brugia pahangi and two previously described chitinases from the microfilariae of b. malayi, has been characterized. the five members of this family display closely related chitin-degrading activities, characterized by strong endo- rather than exochitinase activity. all five proteins have highly conserved sequences at their amino-termini and appear to share a two-domain tertiary structure, as demonstrated by pr ...	1995	7758548
brugia pahangi: differential granulomatous reactivity of infected jirds (meriones unguiculatus) to fractions of adult worm extract.	soluble extracts of adult brugia pahangi (sse) were fractionated by lectin affinity chromatography, followed by reversed phase hplc. the immunologic and in vivo inflammatory reactivity of the resulting fractions were compared in jirds with acute and chronic infections of b. pahangi. when separated by sds-page, all fractions possessed bands which were recognized in western blots by antibodies from jirds with both acute and chronic infections. fractions were coupled to sized sepharose beads that w ...	1995	7821412
impact of microfilaremia on maintenance of a hyporesponsive cellular immune response in brugia-infected gerbils (meriones unguiculatus).	the purpose of these experiments was to define the significance of the microfilarial stage to the hyporesponsive condition seen in lymphatic filariasis. two types of experiments were conducted with brugia pahangi-infected gerbils. in one, in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis and in vivo granuloma formation in response to parasite antigen were correlated to microfilaremia in chronically infected individuals. in a second set of experiments, the level of in vivo granuloma formation was assessed follow ...	1995	7868266
comparison of the patterns of codon usage and bias between brugia, echinococcus, onchocerca and schistosoma species.	patterns of codon usage and bias were compared among taxa of the genera brugia, echinococcus, onchocerca and schistosoma by metric multidimensional scaling and three commonly used indices of bias: nc, gc3s and b. the overall codon usage for each taxon was compared, as was the codon usage for each individual gene within the taxa. differences in the patterns of codon usage observed between taxa were dependent on the overall base composition of the genes analysed. the codon usage of echinococcus wa ...	1995	7501637
loa loa: structural diversity of a 15-kda repetitive antigen.	a ladder antigen of loa loa was identified on western blots of all life cycle stages probed with loaisis sera. the smallest subunit has a relative m(r) of about 15 kda and larger subunits represent size increments of 15.0 kda. an 1800-bp genomic clone encoding this antigen was characterized further by restriction mapping. southern blot analysis, and nucleotide sequencing. the antigen is encoded by multiple copies of a gene, linked in tandem repeats of 396 bp, each of which encodes 132 amino acid ...	1995	7556556
canine ige monoclonal antibody specific for a filarial antigen: production by a canine x murine heterohybridoma using b cells from a clinically affected lymph node.	canine popliteal lymph node cells taken at the onset of clinical disease from a rear limb infected with the filarial nematode brugia pahangi were fused with mouse myeloma cell line p3x63.ag8.653 cells. of the several canine immunoglobulin-producing clones from this fusion, one was found to produce canine ige specific for a filarial nematode antigen. the cell line has undergone limiting dilution cloning six times over the past 3 years and continues to produce monoclonal antibody of the ige subcla ...	1995	7558131
fine specificity of the genetically controlled immune response to native and recombinant gp15/400 (polyprotein allergen) of brugia malayi.	polyprotein allergens are a family of structurally homologous molecules from parasitic nematodes which induce specific immunoglobulin e in infected individuals. we show here that both h-2 and non-h-2 factors determine the ability of mice to generate t- and b-cell responses to the filarial polyprotein allergen (brugia malayi gp15/400). further, h-2 and non-h-2 genes can complement one another to overcome nonresponsiveness to this molecule. however, these genetic restrictions govern only responses ...	1995	7622210
absence of protective resistance to homologous challenge infections in jirds with chronic, amicrofilaremic infections of brugia pahangi.	most jirds (meriones unguiculatus) with chronic brugia pahangi infections remain microfilaremic, develop a hyporesponsive state, and are susceptible to reinfection. although few, some jirds become amicrofilaremic or fail to develop a microfilaremia. the hypothesis that chronically infected, amicrofilaremic jirds may be resistant to reinfection was tested. twenty-four chronically infected amicrofilaremic jirds, with or without circulating antigen, were inoculated subcutaneously with 75 b. pahangi ...	1995	7623212
studies on the isolation and characterisation of a reaginic antibody in a cat.	a reaginic antibody has been demonstrated, by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (pca), in the serum of a cat infected with the microfilariae of brugia pahangi. recipient cats and pigs were challenged with an extract of ascaris suum after either a four-hour or a 72-hour period of sensitisation. when the serum was heat treated at 56 degrees c it lost its pca activity. gel filtration of the serum revealed a pattern of positive pca fractions similar to that observed in other species. attempts to purify ...	1995	7709065
brugia pahangi: the effects of cecropins on microfilariae in vitro and in aedes aegypti.	synthetic cecropins, antibacterial peptides from insect haemolymph, have been tested for their ability to attenuate the motility of microfilariae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi in an in vitro assay. fifty micromolar concentrations of these peptides, equivalent to physiological concentrations in immune-stimulated insects, cause significant attenuation of motility compared with untreated microfilariae. similar results were obtained with cecropins a and b. this is the lowest concentration ...	1995	7729475
concomitant malaria (plasmodium gallinaceum) and filaria (brugia pahangi) infections in aedes aegypti: effect on parasite development.	mixed infections with malarial (plasmodium gallinaceum) and filarial (brugia pahangi) parasites were carried out in 8 trials with filaria susceptible (refm) and filaria refractory (rep-rr) aedes aegypti strains. a secondary infection with b. pahangi microfilariae (mff) by intrathoracic inoculation, reduced the development rate of a pre-existing p. gallinaceum infection. the level of reduction ranged from 9.5 to 49% in refm and from 50 to 90% in rep-rr. an immune response against oocysts was seen ...	1995	7845706