Publications

oral transmission of brugia pahangi to dogs.	oral transmission of brugia pahangi, already demonstrated in jirds, has now been accomplished in dogs. beagle puppies, four anesthetized and two unanesthetized, were exposed to b. pahangi by instilling third-stage larvae (l-3s) into the mouth. infections matured in all the dogs, and adult worms were recovered mainly from the mandibular, retropharyngeal, and axillary lymphatics. worms were relatively numerous and peripheral microfilaremia developed in the dogs exposed under anesthetic, while worm ...	1976	962002
observations on the basal follicle numbers developed per female of two strains of aedes aegypti after being fed on hosts with different levels of microfilariae of brugia pahangi.		1976	965782
effects of larval treatment with the insect development inhibitor ph60:40 on the vectorial capacity of aedes aegypti (l.) for brugia pahangi (buckley and edeson).	the effects of ph60:40, an insect development inhibitor, on fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti were investigated. apart from delayed lethal action, possible effects on the vectorial capacity of brugia pahangi were investigated. two strains of a. aegypti were used, one ddt-susceptible and a good filarial vector and the other ddt-resistant and a refractory vector. a baseline exposure was found which caused only low mortalities in both strains. the treatments did not have any appreciable effect ...	1976	971004
flight muscle ultrastructure of susceptible and refractory mosquitoes parasitized by larval brugia pahangi.	on parasitization with larval brugia pahangi the infected flight muscle fibres of "resistant" anopheles labranchiae atroparvus undergo the following ultrastructural changes. the fibres become almost totally devoid of glycogen, their sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes elongate and closely associated with muscle fibrils. these fibrils degenerate and vesicles appear both within the degenerate fibril and within elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. vesicles accumulate around the worm and degenerate to ...	1977	14324
chemotherapeutic effects of a nitrodiphenylaminoisothiocyanate (c9333-go/cgp4540) on jirds infected with brugia pahangi.		1977	869112
susceptibility to brugia pahangi of geographical strains of culex pipiens fatigans.	five strains of culex pipiens fatigans from kuala lumpur, tanga, bobo dioulasso, ibadan and maracay were tested for susceptibility to brugia pahangi. the mosquitoes were membrane-fed on infected blood in which the parasite density ranged from 1-3 to 20-4 mff/mm(3). the susceptibility rates were low, and were not directly related to the parasitaemia. if the susceptible individuals represent homozygotes for the gene sb (the gene controlling susceptibility to b pahangi in c. pipiens), the gene freq ...	1977	921367
the effect of anticoagulant on the early migration of brugia pahangi microfilariae in culex pipiens susceptible or refractory to b. pahangi.		1977	921368
the fate of ingested brugia pahangi microfilariae in susceptible and refractory strains of culex pipiens and aedes aegypti.	the uptake and migration of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in susceptible and refractory culex pipiens and aedes aegypti were compared after membrane-feeding the mosquitoes on infected blood and anti-coagulant. there was no difference between the strains within each species in the pattern of migration, but in c pipiens only 24% of the microfilariae reached the thorax whereas in a. aegypti 73-6% were successful. in both susceptible strains the filariae in the thorax developed normally to maturit ...	1977	921369
comparative activity and properties of lactate dehydrogenase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and dihydrofolate reductase in normal and brugia pagangi-infected aedes aegypti.	the amount of xanthine dehydrogenase (xdh), dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) in crude extracts of 4- to 5-day-old adult aedes aegypti was determined, and the properties of these enzymes were partially characterized. it was then found that the amount and other selected characteristics of xdh and ldh in extracts of female ae. aegypti processed 5 to 7 days and 12 to 14 days after they had fed upon either normal or brugia pahangi-infected jirds were indistinguishable f ...	1977	559068
the influence of the gene sb in culex pipiens on the development of sub-periodic brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti.	the gene sb (filarial susceptibility, brugia pahangi) in culex pipiens controls the development also of sub-periodic b. malayi, but has no influence on the development of periodic wuchereria bancrofti (ceylon strain). c.p. fatigans (kuala lumpur), c.p. molestus (london) and aedes aegypti (re fm strain) were all susceptible to the ceylon strain of w. bancrofti, with susceptibility rate of 90.3%, 92.9% and 52.6% respectively. however, a low proportion of the larvae in a. aegypti developed to matur ...	1977	596959
ultrastructure of the microfilaria of brugia pahangi (buckley and edeson, 1956) buckley, 1958.		1977	146402
the carbohydrate metabolism of brugia pahangi microfilariae.	evidence is presented that the microfilariae of litomosoides carinii, dipetalonema viteae and brugia pahangi have an aerobic requirement for motility, but possibly not for survival. in addition, the data suggest that in an in vitro anaerobic environment, b. pahangi microfilariae ferment glucose only as far as lactate. in an aerobic environment, however, the data are consistent with a portion of glucose being dissimilated via a one step oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate formed from glycolysis ...	1977	191584
immunofluorescent reactions with microfilariae: 1. diagnostic evaluation.	microfilariae have been evaluated as antigen for the indirect immunofluorescent test in the diagnosis of filariasis. sonicated, unlike whole, microfilariae present no problems in handling on a slide. the cytoplasmic antigen that is exposed by sonication, unlike the sheath or cuticular antigen, reacts with filariasis sera irrespective of whether or not there is a detectable microfilaraemia. the cytoplasmic antigen of microfilariae of various species was marginally superior to dirofilaria adult wo ...	1977	339419
brugia pahangi: effects of age and filarial infection on jird (meriones unguiculatus) lymphocyte function.		1977	891701
studies with brugia pahangi. 18. anthelmintic effects of stibocaptate.	stibocaptate (asiban, hoffman--la roche) killed third stage larvae of brugia pahangi in vitro at 50 p.p.m. but had no effect on microfilariae at 1 x 10(4) p.p.m no larvae developed in infected mosquitoes fed 1% stibocaptate in 10% sucrose. it was neither micro-nor macrofilaricidal in either jirds or cats but did affect embryogenesis.	1978	31379
studies with brugia pahangi 17. the anthelmintic effects of diethylcarbamazine.	diethylcarbamazine (dec) was active in vitro against infective larvae and microfilariae of brugia pahangi but only at high concentrations. when fed to mosquitoes which were infected with b. pahangi it had little or no activity. in jirds it was inactive against b. pahangi microfilariae and adults when administered at 300 mg/kg for 5 days either by the intraperitoneal or oral route. in cats given 25 or 50 mg dec/kg intraperitoneally on 3 or 5 occasions it was not microfilaricidal, but most of the ...	1978	26737
evidence that sulfisoxazole, an antibacterial sulfonamide, can adversely affect the development of brugia pahangi in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	the average number of infective larvae recovered from brugia pahangi-infected aedes aegypti was approximately one-half that recovered from the controls after the former group of infected mosquitoes had ingested a 1.0% solution of sulfisoxazole diolamine (sxz) in 10% sucrose-water for 4 consecutive days, beginning 4 days after infection. most of the filarial larvae from the sxz-treated mosquitoes were small and sluggish compared with those from the controls. there was no increased mortality of mo ...	1978	641660
the ultrastructural basis of abnormal development of brugia pahangi in refractory aedes aegypti.	cuticular abnormalities in larval brugia pahangi at c. 12 hours post blood meal are the first signs of abnormal worm development in refractory aedes aegypti. normally developing b. pahangi undertakes large scale cuticular reorganization during the first larval stage, screting new cuticle to nearly six times the original volume. the inability of the first stage larva to carry out this cuticular reorganization in refractory a. aegypti is the basis of developmental abnormality. it is concluded that ...	1978	666399
methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and reductase activity in normal and brugia pahangi-infected aedes aegypti.		1978	682069
serine transhydroxymethylase activity in normal and brugia pahangi-infected aedes aegypti.		1978	722452
studies with brugia pahangi. 20. an investigation of 23 anthelmintics using different screening techniques.	23 anthelmintics were tested against brugia pahangi microfilariae and infective larvae in vitro and in aedes aegypti infected with b. pahagi and jirds (meriones unguiculatus) infected with a b. pahangi/patei hybrid. there was little correlation between the results obtained in vitro and in infected insects and the results obtained in these tests gave no indication of the activity in jirds. three of the compounds were macrofilaricidal in jirds and these were tested in cats infected with b. pahangi ...	1978	734717
the first stage larva of brugia pahangi in aedes togoi: an ultrastructural study.		1978	748209
the exsheathment and migration of brugia pahangi microfilariae in mosquitoes of the aedes scutellaris species complex.	studies on the aedes scutellaris complex of mosquitoes showed that refractory and susceptible species can be distinguished by reference to the proportion of brugia pahangi microfilariae which reach the thorax within three hours of a feed. migration ceased approximately 1 1/2 hours after feeding in refractory species, in which only 50% of the ingested worms reached the thorax, in susceptible species over 95% of the ingested microfilariae reached the thorax, and migration lasted for three hours af ...	1978	736663
studies on the effects of tetracycline on brugia pahangi infection in aedes togoi.		1978	705417
studies with brugia pahangi. 16. precipitation antibody in infected cats detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.	in cats infected with normal, or irradiated, infective (l3) larvae of brugia pahangi counterimmunoelectrophoresis revealed the presence of antibody to soluble antigens derived from microfilariae, adults and infective larvae of the same parasite. infected cats with a persistently high to moderate microfilaraemia gave positive precipitin reactions to l3, microfilarial and adult worm antigens. cats which had become amicrofilaraemic had antibody to l3 and microfilarial antigens but not to adult worm ...	1978	670670
studies with brugia pahangi 19. anthelmintic effects of mebendazole.		1978	726004
the lethal effects of the cibarial and pharyngeal armatures of mosquitoes on microfilariae.	microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia pahangi were killed by the chewing action of the cibarial and pharyngeal armatures and other papillae and spines in the fore-gut of mosquitoes. the proportion of ingested microfilariae that were killed was largely dependent on the presence and shape of the cibarial armature. anopheles farauti no. 1 and anopheles gambiae species a and b have well developed cibarial armatures and killed 36 to 96% of the ingested microfilariae. culex pipiens fatigans ...	1978	30190
studies with brugia pahangi. 15. cobalt 60 irradiation of the worm.	infective larvae of brugia pahangi were irradiated at 10, 25 or 45 krads by means of a cobalt 60 source. in cats, 10 krads caused the worms to be stunted and sterile but allowed them to become 5th stage, migrate posteriorly into the afferent lymphatic, and produce pathology. 25 krads prevented the worms from developing beyond the early fourth stage and from migrating away from the popliteal lymph node. no gross pathological reacions were evident. 45 krads produced the same effects as 25 krads bu ...	1978	670669
increased susceptibility to infection with brugia pahangi in aged female jirds (meriones unguiculatus).	female mongolian jirds, meriones unguiculatus, from 5 age groups of 2, 12, 16, 21, and 28 months, were infected with brugia pahangi. infections were followed for 125 days by weekly bleedings beginning 55 days postinoculation. jirds were then killed and adult parasites recovered. results showed a significant shortening of the prepatent period in the 12-, 21-, and 28-month-old groups. the proportion of gravid female worms did not vary significantly among the 5 groups. similarly, the ratio of femal ...	1978	627948
the development of exsheathed microfilariae of brugia pahangi and brugia malayi in mosquito cell lines.		1979	573990
the exsheathment of brugia pahangi microfilariae under controlled conditions in vitro.	two reproducible techniques for the exsheathment in vitro of microfilariae of brugia pahangi, and other sheathed microfilariae, are described. microfilariae were isolated from infected cat blood by filtration and suspended in hank's balanced salt solution. the first technique involved the incubation of isolated microfilariae for one hour in 20 mm cacl2 in a phosphate-free balanced salt solution, during which time approximately 90% of the microfilariae lost their sheaths. the second method of exs ...	1979	573989
comparative utilization of pyruvate by brugia pahangi, dipetalonema viteae, and litomosoides carinii.	the metabolism of pyruvate by the adult filarial parasites brugia pahangi, dipetalonema viteae, and litomosoides carinii has been compared. istopic carbon-balance studies indicate the presence of significant pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in l. carinii but little or no activity in either b. pahangi or d. viteae. in all 3 helminths, the quantities of pyruvate that were completely oxidized to co2 and water were very small. the activities of some of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes of b. pahan ...	1979	571909
successful vaccination of cats against brugia pahangi with larvae attenuated by irradiation with 10 krad cobalt 60.	cats were vaccinated by the inoculation on 10 occasions of approximately 300 larvae of brugia pahangi which had been irradiated with 10 krad cobalt 60. they were challenged on 3 occasions with normal larvae of either b. pahangior b. patei. the vaccinated cats were resistant to challenge as demonstrated by either longer pre-patent periods or failure to become microfilaraemic and by having fewer third, fourth or adult worms than normal controls. although the vaccination procedure was unpractically ...	1979	551378
the anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on brugia pahangi.	the anthelmintic effects of flubendazole (methyl [5-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1-h-benzimidazol-2-yl] carbamate) (janssen pharmaceutica) were evaluated in jirds (meriones unguiculatus) and cats (felis cattus) infected with brugia pahangi. flubendazole was macrofilaricidal at 5 x 2.5 mg/kg and 1 x 25 mg/kg in jirds and 1 x 100 mg/kg in cats when administered by subcutaneous injection. it also killed developing larvae in jirds. it was not microfilaricidal.	1979	538808
brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis: experimental infections in the ferret, mustela putorius furo.		1979	446585
10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity in normal and brugia pahangi-infected aedes aegypti.		1979	448608
thymidylate synthetase activity in normal and brugia pahangi-infected aedes aegypti.		1979	454454
the uptake in vitro of dyes, monosaccharides and amino acids by the filarial worm brugia pahangi.	the uptake in vitro of various substances by brugia pahangi was investigated using infective larvae obtained from aedes aegypti and worms removed from meriones unguiculatus at 2, 3, 10, 20 and 90 days post-infection. worms incubated in growth medium 199 containing 1% trypan blue possessed demonstrable dye in the oral orifice, the anterior oesophageal lumen and the external openings of the vulva and the cloaca or anus but the dye was not found in the gut lumen even after incubation for 24 h. no u ...	1979	481911
quantitative aspects of the development of mosquito transmitted brugia malayi and brugia pahangi and their distribution in jirds, meriones unguiculatus.	twenty-two jirds, meriones unguiculatus, were exposed to the bites of 2250 females of aedes aegypti carrying an estimated total of 2464 larvae of brugia malayi, and 13 jirds were offered for blood feeding to 1450 mosquitoes infected with about 4460 larvae of brugia pahangi. on necropsy of the jirds, four months after feeding of the mosquitoes, a total of 88 adult filariae of b. malayi and 143 of b. pahangi were recovered in 20 and 13 jirds respectively. the majority of the adult filariae was obt ...	1979	483379
non-development of brugia pahangi in a refractory mosquito aedes malayensis.		1979	496472
de novo synthesis of methionine in normal and brugia-infected aedes aegypti.	crude extracts of normal, adult aedes aegypti were able to form methionine from homocysteine in the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (mefh4) but not betaine. the requirements for the reaction, including a need for vitamin b12, s-adenosylmethionine (sam), and a reducing system, indicated that it was catalyzed by mefh4:homocysteine transmethylase (methionine synthetase). the general properties of a. aegypti methionine synthetase were found to be similar to those of the analogous enzyme from ba ...	1979	512751
greater susceptibility of pd-4 inbred hamsters to brugia pahangi.		1979	555082
the in vitro cultivation of the infective larvae and the early mammalian stages of the filarial worm, brugia pahangi.		1979	43116
brugia pahangi: uptake and incorporation of adenosine and thymidine.		1979	437017
[diaplacental transmission of microfilaria of the species, brugia pahangi, in the cat].	eight kittens born of two brugia pahangi infected cats have been studied for transplacental passed microfilariae. in the peripheral blood microfilariae could not be demonstrated at any time. however, in the lung of a young cat killed two days post partum ca. 30 microfilariae have been found (microfilaremia of the mother 90 mf/20 mm3). histological studies suggested two possibilities of transplacental passage--by blood and by secretion of the uterus glands.	1979	433386
glycolytic end products of the adult dog heartworm, dirofilaria immitis.	1. adult dog heartworms remained alive and motile for 24 hr without oxygen present and with only glucose available as a substrate. 2. lactate accounted for 55% of the carbon from the 1-14c-glucose utilized in 1 hr and 14co2 for 1.9%. 3. only traces of 14c were found in glycogen and no net accumulation of acetate was demonstrated. 4. dirofilaria immitis resembles litomosoides carinii in the percent of utilized glucose appearing as lactate but is more akin to brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae ...	1979	122581
infections of brugia pahangi in conventional and nude (athymic) mice.	akr, balb/c and cba/ca and t.o. mice were completely resistant to infection with third stage infective larvae of brugia pahangi. third, fourth and fifth stage worms transplanted from the peritoneal cavity of jirds into the peritoneal cavity of mice continued to develop. balb/c mice were the most susceptible of the strains tested and adult worms were obtained after each type of transplanted infection. congenitally athymic nude mice were much less resistant to transplanted worms and infective larv ...	1980	6110323
folate metabolism in filariae: enzymes associated with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.	adult brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis were found to possess the following four enzymes that are associated with the cofactor 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (ch2fh4): serine hydroxymethyltransferase, thymidylate synthetase, ch2fh4 dehydrogenase, and ch2fh4 reductase. the properties of the isoenzymes from the two filariae were virtually indistinguishable, except that diethylcarbamazine inhibited ch2fh4 reductase from b. pahangi 50% at 10 mum, but did not not affect the isoenzyme from d. imm ...	1980	6988563
on the longevity and behaviour of microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis transfused to laboratory rodents.	microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia pahangi, which were inoculated into meriones unguiculatus and mastomys natalensis respectively, were found in the peripheral blood of the rodents until the ninth day after infection, but no microfilarial periodicity was observed. microfilariae of w. bancrofti disappeared much faster from the peripheral blood of jirds after reinfection than after the first inoculation. microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis inoculated into m. natalensis and laborator ...	1980	7003830
folate metabolism in filariae. enzymes associated with 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.	adult dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi were found to possess the following folate-related enzymes that catalyze the formation of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (methenylfh4) or 10-formylfh4 (f10fh4): f10fh4 synthetase, methenylfh4 cyclohydrolase, f5fh4 cyclodehydrase, and a bifunctional complex composed of formiminoglutamate: fh4 formiminotransferase and 5-fomiminofh4 cyclodeaminase. the properties of these filarial enzymes were generally similar to those of their counterparts from inverteb ...	1980	6967110
development of brugia pahangi in normal and nude mice.		1980	6967111
circulating immune complexes in experimental filariasis.	circulating immune complexes have been investigated in jirds (meriones unguiculatus) infected with the filarial nematode brugia pahangi. two-month-old male jirds were inoculated with seventy-five b. pahangi infective larvae into the left groin. at 8 months post-infection, sera of individual animals from a group of seventeen infecteds and seventeen age-matched controls were analysed for immune complexes by (1) a solid-phase c1q binding assay (clq-sp) and (2) precipitation with 3.5% polyethylene g ...	1980	7438540
evidence for increased susceptibility of brugia pahangi-infected jirds (meriones unguiculatus) to subsequent homologous infections.	the effect of existing brugia pahangi infections on the establishment of a subsequent population was studied using jirds which had pre-challenge infections of 4 and 8 months duration. necropsies were performed 28 days post-challenge inoculation in order to separate challenge and initial worm populations. the results indicate that existing infections of 4 or 8 months duration increase the susceptibility to subsequent homologous infections. the location of challenge population worms in tissue site ...	1980	7217644
the anthelmintic effects of albendazole on brugia pahangi.		1980	7217649
chemoprophylactic activity of flubendazole against adult brugia pahangi transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of jirds.	jirds were treated by the subcutaneous injection of 100 mg flubendazole per kilogram. they were infected subsequently by the implantation of adult brugia pahangi intraperitoneally at different times. no adult worms survived in jirds treated 9 wk before infection. thereafter, increasing numbers of adult worms survived so tht by 21 wk there were almost as many worms in the treated jirds as in untreated controls.	1980	7218115
studies on the liverpool and malaysian strans of aedes (finlaya) togoi.	comparative studies of vector efficiency were done with the liverpool and malaysian strains of aedes (finlaya) togoi for subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi. the malaysian strain of a. togoi was found to take in fewer microfilariae under the same experimental conditions than the liverpool strain. also, for various microfilarial densities in the host's peripheral blood, the malaysian strain had less mean infective larvae per fed mosquito than the liverpool strain. the microfilarial intak ...	1980	7221700
scanning electron microscopy of third- and fourth-stage larvae and adults of brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea).		1980	7391888
brugia pahangi infections in normal kittens (felis cattus) and kittens born to brugia spp. infected mothers.	kittens mothered by normal cats challenged within 14 days of birth were as susceptible to infection with brugia pahangi as more mature cats. when kittens mothered by cats which were infected with brugia spp. were challenged very variable results were observed. several of the kittens were resistant to infection, but this did not appear to be related to the degree of resistance shown by their mothers.	1980	7411677
the lymphatic pathology of brugia pahangi in the mongolian jird.	we studied the sequence of histopathologic changes associated with brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea) infections in lymphatic vessels in the spermatic cord of the mongolian jird (gerbil), meriones unguiculatus. intravascular granulomas caused mainly by disintegrating worms were seen in 67% of jirds necropsied on, or after, 35 days postinoculation, whereas none of 20 jirds examined before this day showed dying larvae. these granulomas usually evolved without vascular occlusion. other granulom ...	1980	7420243
changing proteins on the surface of a parasitic nematode.	most of the organisms of the phylum nematoda are free living, but some are animal or plant parasites of major importance to man. during their life cycle all nematodes undergo a series of moults in which they shed an external cuticle, consisting of an outermost membrane-like layer of unknown composition and a series of fibrillar layers similar to collagens. because of this structure, the cuticle has been viewed as an acellular exoskeleton with rather inert molecular components. however, observati ...	1980	7422005
the degree of susceptibility and levels of infection in ten different strains of aedes polynesiensis marks infected with subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi.	ten strains of aedes polynesiensis were infected with subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi. susceptibility to b. malayi ranged from 92.1--100%, and susceptibility to b. pahangi from 97.5--100%. further analysis showed significant differences in the numbers of third-stage larvae both between parasites and between strains within parasites. because of the high levels of susceptibility, it appears that ae. polynesiensis provides an even better laboratory model for vector-parasite studies tha ...	1980	7435786
transplacentral transmission of microfilaria of brugia pahangi in a white rat.		1980	7444584
brugia pahangi: feeding and nutrient uptake in vitro and in vivo.		1981	7461090
non-mendelian inheritance of mosquito susceptibility to infection with brugia malayi and brugia pahangi.	the mode of inheritance of susceptibility or refractoriness of insect vectors to medically important pathogens such as those causing malaria or filariasis is usually believed to follow normal mendelian laws and to involve a single pair of alleles. in this report, experiments are described that demonstrate another mode of inheritance of mosquito susceptibility to filarial parasites. crosses were made between susceptibile and refractory species of the aedes scutellaris complex, and the hybrid and ...	1981	7466401
serum-mediated adherence of feline granulocytes to microfilariae of brugia pahangi in vitro: variations with parasite maturation.	feline eosinophils and neutrophils readily adhered in vitro to the sheaths of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in the presence of suitable serum. both cell types flattened along the surface of the parasite undergoing cytoplasmic changes which included degranulation. adherence was dependent on properties of both the serum and the history of the microfilaria used. two types of serum factor were found to mediate adherence. heat labile factors were present in sera from infected and uninfected cats as ...	1981	7194469
susceptibility of the autogenous group of the aedes scutellaris complex of mosquitoes to infection with brugia malayi and brugia pahangi.	four species of mosquitoes which represent the tonga group of the aedes scutellaris complex (ae. cooki, ae. kesseli, ae. tongae tabu and an undescribed aedes sp. nuaofo'ou) were tested for susceptibility to infection with brugia malayi and b. pahangi. all tested strains were genetically fully (100%) susceptible to infection with both parasitic helminths. higher survival of females harboring low quantities of infective larvae (1-9 l3/male) indicates a weak adaptation of the host to the parasite. ...	1981	7345683
pathological changes in kidneys, livers and spleens of brugia pahangi-infected jirds (meriones unguiculatus).	the major organs, other than lymphatics, of jirds (meriones unguiculatus) with prepatent and chronic patent infections of brugia pahangi were studied by standard histological, electron microscopical and fluorescent antibody techniques. changes observed and not previously described in detail or in large numbers of animals are reported. multifocal non-suppurative interstitial nephritis was observed in 4% on animals with patent infections of 163 days duration and in 69% of animals with patent infec ...	1981	7264273
sequential determination of circulating immune complexes in experimental filariasis.	levels of circulating immune complexes were measured in jirds (meriones unguiculatus) infected with the filarial nematode brugia pahangi during an 11-month infection. using 16 infected and 8 control animals, we found three general trends, which correspond to events in the life cycle of the filarial worm in the host, in all individually infected jirds. these were (i) an initial peak of immune complexes at 2 weeks postinfection, (ii) a drop to a minimum postinfection value near the beginning of pa ...	1981	7298177
isoprenoid biosynthesis in adult brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis.	the ability of adult b. pahangi and d. immitis to utilize [14c]-mevalonate for the biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds was investigated. both filariae appeared to be unable to synthesize squalene and sterols de novo. they did, however, synthesize ubiquinone 9, a family of dolichol isoprenologs, and predominantly, the short-chain isoprenoid alcohol, geranyl geraniol. in addition, b. pahangi and d. immitis apparently were unable to synthesize a menaquinone (vitamin k2) from [14c]-menadione.	1981	7299575
hemolytic complement and its components in syrian hamsters: a study of five strains uninfected and infected with brugia pahangi.	complement profiles were tested in outbred (lvg) syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) and compared to the mha, lhc, pd4, and cb inbred strains. the total c and c component concentrations in the sera varied among the strains and were in the following ranges in untreated animals (in ch50 units per ml): total c, 140-260 (undetectable in pd4 and cb); cl, 14,000-25,000; c2, 200-800 (except pd 4 and cb); c3, 40,000 and 80,000; c4, 2,000-2,800 (except pd4 and cb); c4, 40,000-80,000; c6, 3,600-6,000 ( ...	1981	7223531
anthelmintic effects of oxibendazole on brugia pahangi.		1981	7229811
involvement of tetrahydrofolate cofactors in de novo purine ribonucleotide synthesis by adult brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis.	adult brugia pahangi in vitro, unlike mouse leukemia l1210 cells, converted 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (ch3fh4) directly to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and thence to other fh4 cofactors. the excreted co2 that was derived from ch3fh4 was due to the presence within the filariae of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (ec 1.5.1.6) which catalyzes the deformylation of 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate. adult b. pahangi and dirofilaria immitis, incubated in a purine-free medium containing [5-14c]ch3fh4 ...	1981	7242566
brugia pahangi: development in aedes aegypti reared axenically on a defined synthetic diet.		1981	7202630
synthesis of ubiquinone 9 by adult brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis: evidence against its involvement in the oxidation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.	among various ubiquinone (q) isoprenologues tested, only q7 was more efficient than menadione in promoting the oxidation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (ch3fh4) by 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase isolated from adult brugia pahangi, whereas q10 was the best cofactor in the same reaction catalysed by the analogous enzyme from adult dirofilaria immitis. menoctone (3-[1-cyclohexyloctyl] -2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) was a strong competitive inhibitor of both these ubiquinone isoprenologues in ...	1981	7242567
the use of aceto-orcein-stained squash preparations for enumeration of nuclei in microfilariae of various filarial parasites.	the nuclear numbers of situated between the cephalic space and the nerve ring (cs-nr) in the microfilariae of six filarial species were examined. for the counting of nuclei, aceto-orcein squashing preparations were used. this procedure revealed nuclei clearly visible under the phase-contrast microscope. the mean number of nuclei in the cs-nr region was very similar between brugia pahangi and b. malayi, but was statistically different between onchocerca volvulus and o. gutturosa. in the microfila ...	1981	7258480
brugia pahangi: uptake and incorporation of nuclei acid precursors by microfilariae and macrofilariae in vitro.		1981	6970680
brugia pahangi: immunologic evaluation of the differential susceptibility of filarial infection in inbred lewis rats.		1981	6972325
laboratory transmission of brugia pahangi by nulliparous aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).		1981	7299793
infection of aedes aegypti with brugia pahangi administered by enema: results of quantitative infection and loss of infective larvae during blood feeding.	a technique for infecting mosquitoes with known numbers of brugia pahangi microfilariae by enema is described. virtually all mosquitoes receiving three microfilariae or more by this route contained infective larvae 10 days later. within a range of 1 to 40 microfilariae, numbers of infective larvae recovered (y) were related to the numbers of microfilariae administered (x) by the equation log10y=0.04 + 0.84 log10x. mosquitoes feeding on sugar for up to 20 days did not lose a significant number of ...	1981	7324102
detection of circulating antigens and immune complexes in feline and human lymphatic filariasis.	circulating worm antigens were detected in 61% to 81% of sera from brugia pahangi -infected cats and in 0-93% of sera from humans with malayan of bancroftian filariasis by counter immunoelectrophoresis and a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using rabbit antisera to b. pahangi adult worms. in some situations, both antigen tests were as sensitive as antibody tests. however, elisa was likely to be affected by the presence of antiglobulins, such as rheumatoid factor, in th ...	1981	7046073
brugia pahangi: growth improvement with lecithin in the diet of axenically reared hosts, aedes aegypti.		1981	6894428
specific hypo-responsive granulomatous tissue reactions in brugia pahangi-infected jirds.	two types of experiments were used to study the degree of tissue responsiveness which occurred in brugia pahangi-infected jirds. in experiment 1, the severity of lymphatic lesions which developed following subcutaneous infection of jirds which has existing intraperitoneal infections was compared to the severity of lymphatic lesions that developed following subcutaneous infection of jirds without previous infections. in experiment 2, comparisons were made of the sizes of granulomas which formed i ...	1981	6118035
filarial infections of mastomys natalensis and their relevance for experimental chemotherapy.	experimental filarial infections of mastomys natalensis, strain gra giessen, with litomosoides carinii, dipetalonema viteae, brugia malayi (subperiodic), and brugia pahangi were compared. mean prepatent periods of 52, 57, 107, and 73 days p.i. were observed after subcutaneous inoculation of 40, 50, 85, and 70 infective larvae of l. carinii, d. viteae, b. malayi, and b. pahangi, respectively, in the neck region. all of the l. carinii, d. viteae, and b. pahangi infected mastomys showed a regularly ...	1981	6118036
the effect of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorocytosine on the development of the filarial nematodes brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis.	5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine at 30 mg/kg body weight daily for four days inhibit microfilarial production in brugia pahangi in the jird. disruption of intrauterine embryogenesis was observed in treated female worms but the compounds were not macrofilaricidal or microfilaricidal under the conditions employed. 5-fluorocytosine possessed no filaricidal or embryostatic activity. the inhibition of microfilaria production by 5-fluorouracil was temporary and larval production was resumed wit ...	1981	6118037
successful development of brugia pahangi in t-cell deprived cba mice.	cba mice were thymectomized and treated with anti-thymocyte serum. seven such mice were given 90--100 infective larvae of brugia pahangi each by intraperitoneal (ip) injection and 5 given 99-100 larvae each by subcutaneous (sc) injection. from 62 days after infection 6 of 7 mice infected ip had microfilariae in their peritoneal cavities. only one mouse infected by sc injection showed microfilariae in peripheral blood and this not until 98 days. at autopsy 5-45 adult worms were recovered from the ...	1981	6118038
the number and distribution of brugia pahangi in cats at different times after a primary infection.	the number of larvae and adults of brugia pahangi and their distribution throughout the lymphatics and extra-lymphatic tissue were studied in cats infected by subcutaneous injection of larvae into their hind feet. for the first 20 days approximately 55% of the inoculum is recovered as living worms. after 25 days the recovery falls by a half. it is suggested that this loss of worms may be due to either the developing immunological response or the moult from the 4th to the 5th stage. larvae penetr ...	1982	6126097
demonstration of antibodies to phosphoglucomutase of parasitic origin in brugia pahangi-infected cats.	antibodies inhibitory to the activity of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (pgm) ec 2.7.5.1. of brugia pahangi adult worm were demonstrated in sera from five rabbits immunized against this filarioid and from 5 of 27 cats infected with b. pahangi, by isoelectricfocusing and spectrophotometric techniques. this anti-pgm activity was species- and stage-specific. this raises the possibility of using species-specific isoenzymes of parasitic origin as antigens in serological tests.	1982	6214101
nondevelopment of wuchereria bancrofti in nude (congenitally athymic) mice.	infective larvae of wuchereria bancrofti (nematoda: filarioidea) were harvested from aedes aegypti mosquitoes fed in vitro on microfilaremic blood of haitian volunteers. larvae were inoculated either into the subcutaneous tissue (sc) or peritoneal cavity (ip) of congenitally athymic (nude) mice, c3h/hen (nu/nu). initially 15 male and two female mice received larval doses from 38-180, and necropsy was done between 11 and 75 days post-inoculation. no worms were found at necropsy. four additional m ...	1982	6751107
the infectivity of microfilariae of brugia pahangi of different ages to aedes aegypti.	by transferring microfilariae of brugia pahangi which had been born over a 24-hour period in the peritoneal cavities of jirds (meriones unguiculatus) to the blood circulation of other jirds, infections of known age were tested for their ability to develop into third-stage larvae (l3) in mosquitoes aedes aegypti. microfilariae less than three days old were not able to develop to l3. microfilariae which had been in circulation for three days to six months were capable of developing if ingested.	1982	7096971
effects of presensitization on the development of lymphatic lesions in brugia pahangi-infected jirds.	experiments were conducted to measure the degree of lymphatic pathology which develops in mongolian jirds (meriones unguiculatus) sensitized to brugia pahangi antigens prior to subcutaneous infections. two protocols were used to sensitize jirds. one group of animals received three intravenous (iv) inoculations of 5,000 frozen, washed, b. pahangi-microfilariae at 10-day intervals. a second group received three inoculations of 150 micrograms of soluble somatic adult b. pahangi antigen (ag) in freu ...	1982	7072891
studies on the inheritance of susceptibility to infection with brugia pahangi and wuchereria bancrofti in the aedes scutellaris group of mosquitoes.		1982	6751252
detection of antibodies in brugia pahangi-infected cats by counter immunoelectrophoresis, indirect fluorescent antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	in cats infected with brugia pahangi, antibodies first appeared against the larvae (l3), then against the adults (l5) and the microfilariae (mf). homologous antigens were better than antigens prepared from heterologous species (dirofilaria immitis, dipetalonema viteae, litomosoides carinii and onchocerca gutturosa) in detecting antibodies to b. pahangi in the infected cats by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). metabolic products of l5, but not l3 or mf, of b. pahangi were antigenic and w ...	1982	6760573
the effects of some avermectins on the growth of brugia pahangi.	the effects of 10 different avermectins upon the development of brugia pahangi in jirds was studied. three of these were shown to inhibit the development of the worm to the adult form but this appeared to be at least partially reversible. the females were more severely affected than males. the commercially available compound ivermectin had no effect under these conditions.	1982	7121142
in vitro cultures of infective-stage larvae of dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi.		1982	7092377
scanning electron microscope study of adult brugia malayi.	the fine structures of the surface of brugia malayi obtained from mastomys natalensis are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. the head of the parasite is bulbous in shape. the amphidial openings lie beside small elevations. the surface structure of the inner papillae is smooth with a small elevation in the middle. the outer papillae are grooved. the cuticular annulation in the midbody region of the female worm is narrower than that of the male cuticle. in the posterior region of the fe ...	1982	7101437
vaccination of jirds, meriones unguiculatus, against litomosoides carinii and brugia pahangi using irradiate larvae of l. carinii.	this study has shown tht exposure of jirds to radiation-attenuated larvae of one filarial species confers resistance to another species and thus indicates the potential for developing zooprophylactic regimens for the control of human filariasis. 13 and 8 meriones unguiculatus were vaccinated with infective 3rd stage larvae of litomosoides carinii attenuated by 40 krad cobalt 60 irradiation and challenged with either l. carinii or brugia pahangi respectively. vaccinated jirds showed a 98% reducti ...	1982	7101438
the ferret (mustela putorius furo) as an experimental host for brugia malayi and brugia pahangi.	ferrets inoculated subcutaneously with 150--200 infective larvae of brugia malayi (subperiodic strain) usually developed patent infection during the 3rd month post inoculation. microfilaremia was transient, and most animals became amicrofilaremic after the 6th month of infection. ferrets developed a persistent eosinophilia at the time of patency. at necropsy, 5--8 months post infection, adult worms were recovered principally from lymphatic vessels and recovery ranged from 0.5--13% of the inocula ...	1982	7102908
seroepidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in the seychelles islands.	wuchereria bancrofti is the only human filarioid present in the seychelles archipelago. the last parasitological survey carried out in mahé revealed a microfilaraemia rate of 3.6%. serum samples from 417 native individuals living in mahé were tested for the presence of filarial antibodies by elisa method, using crude soluble extract of brugia pahangi adult worm as antigen. the results seem to show a proportion of the population (17%) has been exposed to w. bancrofti (with od values greater than ...	1982	7048670
detection of filarial antibodies in malayan and bancroftian filariasis by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, using different filarial antigens.	indirect fluorescent antibody tests (ifat) using wuchereria bancrofti infective larvae as antigen had the highest positivity rates in detecting malayan and bancroftian filariasis as compared to ifat using antigens prepared from 5 other animal filarial species, brugia pahangi, dirofilaria immitis, dipetalonema viteae, litomosoides carinii and onchocerca gutturosa. this study also recommends the use of human filarioids as the source of antigen in serological tests. however, before b. malayi and es ...	1982	7051338
efficacy of the avermectins against filarial parasites: a short review.	the avermectins are macrocyclic lactones produced by streptomyces avermitilis. one of them has been chemically modified and given the non-proprietary name ivermectin. the compounds have shown efficacy against various stages of filarial parasites. with respect to pre-adult stages in the mammalian host, activity has been observed against dirofilaria immitis in ferrets and dogs, and dipetalonema viteae and litomosoides carinii in jirds (meriones); but activity has not been observed against the deve ...	1982	7051527