Publications

demonstration of antibodies to phosphoglucomutase of parasitic origin in brugia pahangi-infected cats.	antibodies inhibitory to the activity of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (pgm) ec 2.7.5.1. of brugia pahangi adult worm were demonstrated in sera from five rabbits immunized against this filarioid and from 5 of 27 cats infected with b. pahangi, by isoelectricfocusing and spectrophotometric techniques. this anti-pgm activity was species- and stage-specific. this raises the possibility of using species-specific isoenzymes of parasitic origin as antigens in serological tests.	1982	6214101
nondevelopment of wuchereria bancrofti in nude (congenitally athymic) mice.	infective larvae of wuchereria bancrofti (nematoda: filarioidea) were harvested from aedes aegypti mosquitoes fed in vitro on microfilaremic blood of haitian volunteers. larvae were inoculated either into the subcutaneous tissue (sc) or peritoneal cavity (ip) of congenitally athymic (nude) mice, c3h/hen (nu/nu). initially 15 male and two female mice received larval doses from 38-180, and necropsy was done between 11 and 75 days post-inoculation. no worms were found at necropsy. four additional m ...	1982	6751107
studies on the inheritance of susceptibility to infection with brugia pahangi and wuchereria bancrofti in the aedes scutellaris group of mosquitoes.		1982	6751252
detection of antibodies in brugia pahangi-infected cats by counter immunoelectrophoresis, indirect fluorescent antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	in cats infected with brugia pahangi, antibodies first appeared against the larvae (l3), then against the adults (l5) and the microfilariae (mf). homologous antigens were better than antigens prepared from heterologous species (dirofilaria immitis, dipetalonema viteae, litomosoides carinii and onchocerca gutturosa) in detecting antibodies to b. pahangi in the infected cats by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). metabolic products of l5, but not l3 or mf, of b. pahangi were antigenic and w ...	1982	6760573
scanning electron microscope study of adult brugia malayi.	the fine structures of the surface of brugia malayi obtained from mastomys natalensis are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. the head of the parasite is bulbous in shape. the amphidial openings lie beside small elevations. the surface structure of the inner papillae is smooth with a small elevation in the middle. the outer papillae are grooved. the cuticular annulation in the midbody region of the female worm is narrower than that of the male cuticle. in the posterior region of the fe ...	1982	7101437
effects of presensitization on the development of lymphatic lesions in brugia pahangi-infected jirds.	experiments were conducted to measure the degree of lymphatic pathology which develops in mongolian jirds (meriones unguiculatus) sensitized to brugia pahangi antigens prior to subcutaneous infections. two protocols were used to sensitize jirds. one group of animals received three intravenous (iv) inoculations of 5,000 frozen, washed, b. pahangi-microfilariae at 10-day intervals. a second group received three inoculations of 150 micrograms of soluble somatic adult b. pahangi antigen (ag) in freu ...	1982	7072891
seroepidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in the seychelles islands.	wuchereria bancrofti is the only human filarioid present in the seychelles archipelago. the last parasitological survey carried out in mahé revealed a microfilaraemia rate of 3.6%. serum samples from 417 native individuals living in mahé were tested for the presence of filarial antibodies by elisa method, using crude soluble extract of brugia pahangi adult worm as antigen. the results seem to show a proportion of the population (17%) has been exposed to w. bancrofti (with od values greater than ...	1982	7048670
the effects of common salt on aedes togoi and filarial infection.	the effects of salt on the development of aedes togoi and the infecton of brugia pahangi were studied. salt concentrations over 7.2% completely got rid of pupae and adults. the salt concentrations 0% to 3.6% reduced pupal development from 86.6% to 72.8% and adult from 70.3% to 53.3%. b. pahangi infestations and infection rates were also reduced in the mosquitoes reared at salt concentrations of 1.8% and 3.6%. trends of retardation in the filarial development were observed when the salt concentra ...	1982	12902695
effect of immune reconstitution on resistance to brugia pahangi in congenitally athymic nude mice.	the dichotomy of resistance to brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea) between nonsusceptible, euthymic c3h/hen mice, heterozygotic for the "nu" gene (+/nu), and susceptible, congenitally-athymic "nude" (nu/nu) c3h/hen mice, suggests that resistance is thymus-dependent. to test this hypothesis, the effect of syngeneic neonatal thymus grafts and neonatal thymus cell suspensions on recovery of worms at day 40 pi, and responses to concanavalin a (con a) were examined in reconstituted nudes. nude rec ...	1983	6605421
the resistance to re-infection of cats repeatedly inoculated with infective larvae of brugia pahangi.	seven microfilaraemic and five amicrofilaraemic cats which had been repeatedly infected with brugia pahangi were challenged along with normal cats 28, 14 and 1 day before autopsy. the lymphatics of the amicrofilaraemic cats contained no female adult worms originating from the repeat infections and only two adult males (both from the same cat). only 5.2% of the worms in the control cats were recovered from the amicrofilaraemic cats. most of the challenge worms were killed in the first 24 h. the m ...	1983	6835693
immunoregulation in experimental filariasis. i. in vitro suppression of mitogen-induced blastogenesis by adherent cells from jirds chronically infected with brugia pahangi.	nonspecific immunoregulatory events were examined in inbred jirds chronically infected with brugia pahangi. the responsiveness of spleen cells from infected animals to the t cell mitogens pha and con a and to the b cell mitogens, lps and pwm, was found to be suppressed by as much as 90% when compared with the reactivity of lymphocytes from normal animals. furthermore, spleen cells from infected jirds were capable of suppressing the mitogen reactivity of normal spleen cells. depletion of cells ad ...	1983	6822740
characterization of the exposed carbohydrates on the sheath surface of in vitro-derived brugia pahangi microfilariae by analysis of lectin binding.	adult female brugia pahangi were maintained metabolically active in vitro for up to 35 days in click's medium supplemented with 10% horse serum. for the first 14 to 18 days microfilariae were released into culture. although these in vitro-derived microfilariae were morphologically identical to in vivo-derived microfilariae, they could be differentiated by their characteristic of binding to a panel of fluorescein-conjugated lectins. the results suggest that maturation and release of microfilariae ...	1983	6674454
parameters influencing the susceptibility of neonate mice to infection with brugia pahangi.	a total of 307 young mice between less than 1 day (neonate) and 4 wk after birth were inoculated either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with infective larvae of brugia pahangi to determine the best protocol for the establishment of patent infections. for both male and female neonates, i.p. infection produced higher adult worm burdens than did s.c. infection. although the numbers of adult worms harbored by male and female mice were not statistically different, male mice were more prone to dev ...	1983	6674453
the mode of action of suramin on the filarial worm brugia pahangi.	the mode of action of suramin upon brugia pahangi has been investigated in vivo and in vitro. the drug was without effect on the glycolytic activity of worms in vitro at 2 x 10(-4) m. the lack of effect was correlated with the failure of [14c]suramin to penetrate the worms in vitro. suramin bound to the surface of worms in vitro presumably by virtue of its polyanionic nature. b. pahangi adults ingested [14c]suramin in vivo but no reduction in the rate of lactate production, of glucose utilizatio ...	1983	6622063
n2-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-n4-phenyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamines and n2-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-n4-phenyl-2,4-quinazolinediamines as potential antifilarial agents.	a series of n2-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-n4-phenyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamines and n2-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-n4-phenyl-2,4-quinazolinediamines (xi) was synthesized for antifilarial evaluation. condensation of the requisite beta-keto ester (vi) with n-cyanoguanidine afforded 2-pyrimidinylcyanamides (viia,b) and (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-2-quinazolinyl)cyanamide (viic). reaction of vii with a substituted o-phenylenediamine gave 2-(1h-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)-4-pyrimidinols and 2-[(5,6-di ...	1983	6887206
infections of brugia pahangi in neonate mice.		1983	6854483
brugia malayi and b. pahangi: cultivation in vitro of infective larvae to the fourth and fifth stages.	cultivation of fourth stage brugia pahangi and b. malayi larvae from infective larvae (stage 3) were obtained in culture medium rpmi 1640 supplemented with 10% human ab serum and an lcc-mk2 rhesus monkey kidney continuous cell line feeder layer. this culture system kept larvae alive in excess of 7 weeks, and served as a source for collection of the worms' secretory, excretory, and moulting antigens.	1983	6832282
the filaricidal activity of some derivatives of n-[2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]benzamide against brugia pahangi adults.	a series of analogues of n-[2-(4-thiazolyl)benzamidazol-5-yl]benzamide with halogen substituents on the benzamide ring was tested for activity against adult brugia pahangi in the peritoneal cavities of jirds. none of the chloro, bromo or iodo analogues was active at 5 x 100 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection. the 2-fluoro, 3-fluoro and 4-fluoro analogues showed greater activity than the parent compound and the 2,5-difluoro analogue had the same activity as the parent. the 3-fluoro, 4-fluoro and 2,5 ...	1983	6855343
the mechanisms of amino acid uptake by brugia pahangi in vitro.	the transcuticular uptake of l-glycine and l-arginine by adult female brugia pahangi has been shown to involve both a saturable carrier transport system and diffusion. the uptake of l-glycine was competitive with regard to l-methionine, l-valine, and l-phenylalanine but noncompetitive with l-arginine. it is suggested that at least two distinct loci are involved in the transcuticular movement of amino acids in this filarial nematode.	1983	6858312
synthesis and antifilarial activity of n-[4-[[4-alkoxy-3-[(dialkylamino)methyl]phenyl]amino]- 2-pyrimidinyl]-n'-phenylguanidines.	a series of n-[4-[[4-alkoxy-3-[(dialkylamino)methyl]phenyl]amino]- 2-pyrimidinyl]-n'-phenylguanidines have been synthesized for antifilarial evaluation. reaction of the appropriate benzenamines with n-cyanoguanidine, followed by condensation of the resultant n-phenylimidodicarbonimidic diamides (v) with ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate provided the intermediate n-(4-hydroxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-n'-phenylguanidines via. alternatively, compounds via were synthesized by reaction of the requisite beta ...	1983	6887202
comparative isoenzyme analysis of various stages of brugia malayi and brugia pahangi.		1983	6231360
effect of immunosuppressive or inflammatory agents on lymphatic dilatation in cats infected with brugia pahangi.	cats infected with brugia pahangi were immunosuppressed and the development of lymphatic pathology, as measured xeroradiographically by dilatation of the vessels, in these animals was compared with that of normally infected cats. individual cats showed wide variations in response. niridazole and antilymphocyte serum both reduced dilatation, niridazole being particularly effective in the early stages of infection. when silica, used as an inflammatory agent, was injected subcutaneously in conjunct ...	1983	6302626
immunoregulation in experimental filariasis. ii. responses to parasite and nonparasite antigens in jirds with brugia pahangi.	chronic b. pahangi infection (greater than or equal to 5 mo) in the jird, meriones unguiculatus, leads to the induction of adherent nonspecific suppressor cells that are capable of modulating the in vitro mitogen responsiveness of spleen cells. in the present studies, a correlation between suppression of mitogen responsiveness and lack of reactivity to b. pahangi antigens was observed in vitro with splenic lymphocytes from chronically infected animals. however, the ability of jirds with a chroni ...	1983	6337217
brugia pahangi: antibodies and microfilaremias in lewis rats.	male and female lewis rats were inoculated subcutaneously in the left groin with 75 infective larvae of brugia pahangi and microfilaremias were followed for as long as 420 days postinoculation. patent infections developed in 64% of the female rats and 95% of the male rats. mean prepatent periods were similar (65.9 and 63.9 days, respectively), but mean microfilaremias in males rose much higher, to a mean of 218 mf/0.25 ml blood at 270 days postinoculation. igg titers, as measured by enzyme-linke ...	1983	6605877
infection of inbred and nude (athymic) rats with brugia spp.	infective larvae of brugia pahangi were injected subcutaneously into inbred pvg (-rtic) rats, and 'nude' (pvg-rnu/rnu) (athymic) rats. adult worms or circulating microfilariae were recovered from 20/34 (59%) of pvg-rtic rats and from 30/30 (100%) of 'nude' rats. fertile worms were regularly found in the lumbar lymphatics and hearts of both strains of rat. blood eosinophilia first developed in pvg-rtic rats about 17 days, and in all such animals by 6 weeks. high circulating eosinophil counts pers ...	1983	6606795
improvement of in vitro culture conditions of brugia pahangi four day old developing larvae for use in an antifilarial drug assay.	four day old third stage larvae of brugia pahangi were cultured in the presence of differing concentrations of early passage dog kidney cells and inactivated foetal calf serum. after a six day culture period worm length, number of moults and worm mortality were determined. analysis of the length data demonstrated a significant interactive relationship between cell and serum concentration. the greatest increases in length were obtained using an initial cell density of dog kidney cells of 40 x 10( ...	1983	6636298
the moulting process and the phenomenon of intermoult growth in the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.	the larvae of brugia pahangi recovered from the jird have been shown to grow continuously between moults, their length increasing at least 5-fold during the 4th instar. this intermoult growth is achieved without an increase in the surface area of larvae. the cuticle of very early 4th and 5th-stage worms is highly folded and intermoult growth is accommodated by an expansion of surface annular folds. the major increases in the surface area of larvae occur only through ecdysis, with an 8-fold incre ...	1983	6657306
studies on brugia pahangi in inbred hamsters. 1. susceptibility of inbred gn and apg hamsters.	the susceptibility of inbred gn and apg hamsters to brugia pahangi infection was studied. male gn hamsters infected subcutaneously with 100 infective larvae showed 100% patency with the average prepatent period of 69 days. the average microfilarial density was 148/40 c.mm at 26 weeks and reached 1,000/40 c.mm at days 280. the rate of adult recovery was as high as 36%. most worms were recovered from the heart and lungs (46%) and testes (40%). the male gn hamster-b. pahangi model could be a good s ...	1983	6658511
successful cryopreservation of brugia pahangi third-stage larvae in liquid nitrogen.	experiments are described which lead to the retention of infectivity of brugia pahangi third-stage larvae after cooling to -196 degrees c. methanol, a well documented cryoprotectant was used at a concentration of 20% (v/v). the schedule consisted of a 5 degrees c min-1 cool to an intermediate temperature of -21 degrees c and a subsequent rapid cool into liquid nitrogen. a rapid thaw of the parasites led to approximately 34% of motile cryopreserved larvae developing in multimammate rats (mastomys ...	1983	6665835
comparative efficacy of some benzimidazoles and amoscanate (go.9333) against experimental filarial infections.	the comparative efficacy of mebendazole, fenbendazole, oxibendazole, oxfendazole, albendazole, flubendazole and micronized amoscanate (particle size 5-8 micron) against litomosoides carinii and brugia pahangi infections in mastomys natalensis was studied on administration of the compounds per os (150 mg/kg/day for 5 days) and subcutaneous (100 mg/kg/day for 5 days) routes. it was found that benzimidazoles when given by the oral route had no effect on adults of l. carinii and b. pahangi. with mos ...	1983	6665868
karyotypes of brugia pahangi and brugia malayi (nematoda: filarioidea).	using air-dried preparations of the testis and ovary, karyotypes were analyzed and compared to each other in two species of filarial parasites, brugia pahangi and b. malayi. both species had a diploid number of 10 chromosomes and were karyotypically very similar. c-banding analyses disclosed that the sex-determining mechanism of these species was of the xy-xx type, where the x chromosome was the largest, and the y chromosome was of medium-size.	1983	6674460
the conversion of exogenous retinol and related compounds into retinyl phosphate mannose by adult brugia pahangi in vitro.	adult brugia pahangi took up and incorporated beta-carotene and free retinol in vitro. the uptake of retinol was 50 times greater than that of beta-carotene under similar incubation conditions. beta-carotene was almost entirely metabolized, primarily to retinol. the metabolism of retinol by b. pahangi in vitro was less extensive, with a variety of retinoids tentatively identified, including retinyl phosphate (ret-p), retinyl phosphate mannose (ret-p-man) and anhydroretinol as minor metabolites. ...	1983	6193781
analysis of brugia pahangi microfilariae surface carbohydrates: comparison of the binding of a panel of fluoresceinated lectins to mature in vivo-derived and immature in utero-derived microfilariae.	a fluoresceinated lectin binding assay was employed to detect carbohydrates on the sheath and cuticle of mature in vivo-derived, and immature in utero-derived brugia pahangi microfilariae. the sheath of mature microfilariae bound concanavalin a and wheat germ agglutinin, indicating the presence of n-acetylglucosamine and glucose or mannose. in addition to binding concanavalin a and wheat germ agglutinin, the sheath of in utero-derived microfilariae also bound limulus polyphemus agglutinin, peanu ...	1983	6134452
the susceptibility of balb/c and other inbred mouse strains to brugia pahangi.	the susceptibility of several strains of inbred mice to infection with the filarial worm brugia pahangi has been examined. balb/c, c57bl/10, c3h/he, 101, cba/ca mice, congenitally asplenic (dh/+) mice and their normal litter-mates (+/+) were each challenged by the intraperitoneal inoculation of 50 infective larvae. during the first four weeks of infection high (19-42%) larval recoveries were obtained from the cba/ca, balb/c and dh/+ mice but fewer than 10% of inoculated larvae were recovered fro ...	1983	6142632
[preliminary report on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to brugia pahangi].	a comparative study on the susceptibility of eight species of four genera of mosquitoes to brugia pahangi was carried out. aedes aegypti (liverpool strain), aedes togoi, armigeres subalbatus and mansonia uniformis (taiwan strains) were found with the third-stage larvae 14 days after feeding on infected rats (sprague-dawley). the remaining of aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes pseudoalbopictus, culex p. fatigans and culex annutus (taiwan strains) were found refractory to infection. to determi ...	1984	6150813
activation of jird (meriones unguiculatus) macrophages by the filarial parasite brugia pahangi.	peritoneal macrophages from mongolian jirds (meriones unguiculatus) with either lymphatic or intraperitoneal infections of brugia pahangi were studied to determine the effects of infection on macrophage function and morphology. macrophages were collected at 40, 90, 140, and 200 days after inoculation of infective third-stage larvae and assayed for phagocytic and bactericidal activity by the acridine orange method and for morphological changes by light and electron microscopy. significant increas ...	1984	6690414
effect of cyclophosphamide on the immune responsiveness of jirds infected with brugia pahangi.	the in vitro immune responsiveness of lymphocytes from brugia pahangi-infected jirds was examined after serial administration of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg). cyclophosphamide had no effect on parasite burdens, anti-b. pahangi antibody titers, or suppressed spleen cell reactivity to b. pahangi antigens. cyclophosphamide restored cellular responsiveness to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin a, and pokeweed mitogen.	1984	6693175
serosuppression in experimental filariasis.	both antigen specific and non-specific immunoregulation by cells have been described in jirds infected with brugia pahangi, but the contribution of serum factors to immunoregulatory phenomena in this infection has not been examined. the present study determined the effect of serum from normal or b. pahangi infected jirds on the mitogen responsiveness of spleen cells from uninfected animals and on the antigen responsiveness of lymph node cells (lnc) from infected jirds. addition of heat-inactivat ...	1984	6705270
the effect of humidity on the transmission of brugia pahangi infective larvae to mammalian hosts by aedes aegypti.	the transmission of brugia pahangi by aedes aegypti to the mammalian host was compared at low and high humidity. there was no statistical difference between the number of infected mosquitoes feeding or the egress of infective larvae from these mosquitoes at high or low humidity. the penetration of the host by the infective larvae was however significantly greater (p less than 0.05) at high than at a low humidity.	1984	6710572
parasitological observations on meriones unguiculatus singly or multiply infected with brugia pahangi.	when jirds were infected with a single inoculum of 25-50 infective larvae of brugia pahangi an overall mean recovery of adult worms of 44.5% (n = 41) was obtained. there was no difference in recoveries between male and female jirds. if jirds were repeatedly inoculated with larvae into the peritoneal cavity yields were only slightly reduced. yields were 30.5% for 5 infections (n = 10), 26.7% for 10 infections (n = 8), 34.4% for 15 infections (n = 10) and 28.5% for 20 infections (n = 7). twice as ...	1984	6718056
chemoprophylactic activity of flubendazole against brugia pahangi in jirds.		1984	6737168
effects of amoscanate on the utilization of glucose by brugia pahangi and litomosoides carinii.		1984	6737169
the lymphatic pathology of brugia pahangi in nude (athymic) and thymic mice c3h/hen.	the nude (congenitally athymic) mouse, c3h/hen is highly susceptible to infection with brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea). normal, hairy mice show a strong thymus-dependent resistance and usually terminate the infection in the larval stages. the present study examined chronological histopathologic changes in the lumbar lymph nodes and adjacent lymphatic vessels of both hosts. in thymic mice, lymphangitis and perilymphangitis reached a maximum 14 to 17 days pi, about the time of disappearance ...	1984	6737173
synthesis of potential antifilarial agents. 1-(5-benzoylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-3-alkyl- and -arylureas.	a series of 1-(5-benzoylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-3-substituted ureas have been synthesized by reacting an appropriate isocyanate with 2-amino-5-benzoylbenzimidazole or by reacting methyl (5-benzoylbenzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate with various amines. several of the compounds have demonstrated antifilarial activity against brugia pahangi and litomosoides carinii.	1984	6737434
increased activity of macrophages from mice infected with brugia pahangi: in vitro adherence to microfilariae.	after the inoculation of infective larvae of brugia pahangi into the peritoneal cavities of cba/ca mice adult worms developed, but by 12 weeks post-infection the parasites were usually dead and surrounded by granulomatous tissue. macrophages were the most common cell type in these granulomas and were also found in increasing numbers free in the peritoneal cavity. we have investigated the ability of macrophages to damage microfilariae in vitro, in a system where microfilariae were cultured togeth ...	1984	6371669
brugia pahangi: serum-dependent cell-mediated reactions to sheathed and exsheathed microfilariae.	the immune mechanisms operating on the sheath and the cuticle of the brugia pahangi microfilariae have been studied in vitro. the intact and exsheathed parasites were used for this purpose with serum from albino rats immunized with sonicated homogenates of the parasites as the source of antibodies. the igg component of the serum was found to promote adherence of rat leucocytes and death of the sheathed and exsheathed parasites in presence of fresh normal serum. edta and egta abolished the adhere ...	1984	6490092
effect of diethylcarbamazine on serum-dependent cell-mediated immune reactions to microfilariae in vitro.	the effect of diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec) on serum-dependent cellular adherence and cytotoxicity to sheathed and exsheathed microfilariae of litomosoides carinii and brugia pahangi in vitro has been investigated. dec at 5 micrograms/ml promoted antibody-mediated neutrophil adherence and cytotoxicity with sheathed l. carinii microfilariae. with exsheathed parasites, the drug promoted significantly complement-and antibody-mediated cellular adherence and cytotoxicity. in the case of b. pahangi ...	1984	6495386
induction of host resistance to brugia pahangi in jirds (meriones unguiculatus) protected by chemoprophylaxis.	jirds were given a chemoprophylactic inoculation of flubendazole (fmbz) and then five injections of infective larvae of brugia pahangi whilst still protected by the fmbz. when the drug was thought to be non-effective the jirds (and controls) were given a challenge infection of b. pahangi larvae. by comparison with control jirds the treated-infected-challenged jirds had 40% fewer adult worms. the control treated-challenged jirds contained mostly sterile female worms showing that they were still p ...	1984	6501858
immunoglobulin interactions with surfaces of sheathed and unsheathed microfilariae.	the sheath surface of brugia pahangi microfilariae (mf) and the cuticle surface of dirofilaria immitis mf were compared with regard to the ultrastructural arrangement of neutral and charged polysaccharides and binding of immunoglobulins from dog sera. brugia pahangi: mf demonstrated large amounts of neutral sugar and negatively charged sugars just above the sheath surface, projecting some distance from the surface, in addition to a dense layer of sulphated material on the sheath surface. microfi ...	1984	6504556
hybridization between brugia malayi and brugia pahangi from south kalimantan, indonesia.	hybridization experiments were carried out between sub-periodic brugia malayi and b. pahangi recovered from cats originating from the same area in south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia. five to six week-old immature males and females of both species from mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) intraperitoneal infections were inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of other gerbils. mating occurred between the species and microfilariae developed into infective third-stage larvae in mosquitoes. larv ...	1984	6505786
immunity to brugia pahangi in athymic nude and normal mice: eosinophilia, antibody and hypersensitivity responses.	congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice, immunologically reconstituted by thymus grafting before inoculation with infective larvae, and mice heterozygous for the nu gene (nu/+), mounted potent protective humoral and cellular immune responses to brugia pahangi. although responses were not identical, both groups of mice produced igm, igg and ige antibodies specific for adult worm antigen (s-ag) present in a crude aqueous extract, made immediate and delayed hypersensitivity footpad swelling response ...	1984	6522098
intra-testicular inoculation of brugia pahangi infective larvae into inbred gn hamsters.		1984	6527182
separation of viable microfilariae free of blood cells on percoll gradients.	a consistent and reproducible method is described for isolating pure populations of microfilariae of litomosoides carinii, brugia pahangi, b. malayi and dipetalonema viteae, free of cells, from blood, by density gradient centrifugation on percoll in 0.25 m sucrose. the recovery of the microfilariae was 85 to 97%.	1984	6538892
immunoregulation in experimental filariasis. iv. induction of non-specific suppression following in vitro exposure of spleen cells from infected jirds to brugia pahangi antigen.	studies with inbred jirds chronically infected (greater than 5 months) with brugia pahangi have demonstrated splenic suppressor cells which modulate in vitro responsiveness to mitogens and parasite antigens. the stimuli which induce suppression were characterized by analysing the effect of activated cells from inbred normal or b. pahangi-infected jirds on the pha and pwm responsiveness of cultures on normal cells. regulatory cells were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin a (con a; 5 micrograms ...	1984	6234227
the microfilaricidal activity of ivermectin in vitro and in vivo.	ivermectin has been tested against the microfilariae of onchocerca lienalis, brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis in vitro and in vivo. all in vitro tests were performed on larvae incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees c in hepes buffered medium 199 containing 20% serum, benzylpenicillin and streptomycin. in vivo tests were performed on larvae in female balb/c mice dosed with ivermectin, 5 mg/kg, orally. the microfilariae of b. pahangi in vitro were insensitive to ivermectin at concentrations to ...	1984	6546818
microfilarial periodicity in mastomys natalensis.	the microfilarial level in the peripheral blood of mastomys natalensis infected with the filarial parasites, litomosoides carinii, brugia pahangi, b. malayi and dipetalonema viteae was monitored at two-hour intervals for 24 hours. the microfilariae of b. pahangi and b. malayi exhibited nocturnal and diurnal subperiodicity, respectively; no such periodicity was seen in l. carinii and d. viteae infections. the level of b. pahangi and d. viteae microfilariae in peripheral blood was significantly in ...	1984	6540281
biochemical surface components of brugia pahangi microfilariae.	the sheath and cuticle of microfilariae of brugia pahangi were examined by electron microscopy and the presence of various proteins, carbohydrate and enzymes sought. the epicuticle of microfilariae consists of a pentalaminate structure (24.0 +/- 1.4 nm), a cortex (13.7 +/- 3.6 nm) and a basal zone (27.8 +/- 4.8 nm) which is often banded in appearance. the pentalaminate layers are not continuous at the base of the interannular grooves. the sheath and the epicuticle of b. pahangi stained positivel ...	1984	6240012
defense reaction of mosquitoes to filarial worms: role of the microfilarial sheath in the response of mosquitoes to inoculated brugia pahangi microfilariae.		1984	6501920
defense reactions of mosquitoes to filarial worms: comparative studies on the response of three different mosquitoes to inoculated brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis microfilariae.		1984	6501919
immunoregulation in experimental filariasis. iii. demonstration and characterization of antigen-specific suppressor cells in the spleen of brugia pahangi-infected jirds.	antigen specific immunoregulatory phenomena in both human and experimental filariasis are correlated with the presence of circulating microfilariae. previous studies of inbred jirds infected with brugia pahangi have demonstrated that the onset of microfilaremia (8-10 weeks post-infection) is associated with a loss of responsiveness to parasite antigens in the spleen, but not the lymph nodes of infected animals. the present experiments defined immunoregulatory phenomena responsible for altered an ...	1984	6203831
an evaluation of different methods for labelling the surface of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi with 125iodine.	the specificity of a range of 125i labelling techniques (chloramine t, iodogen, bolton and hunter reagent, lactoperoxidase and iodosulfanilic acid) to the surface of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi was evaluated by autoradiography of sections of labelled worms and of dried sds-polyacrylamide gels following electrophoresis of homogenised worm extracts. it was concluded that bolton and hunter reagent was not surface specific but labelled proteins throughout the body of the worm. at the light ...	1985	4033690
brugia pahangi: comparative susceptibility of the mongolian jird, meriones unguiculatus, and the pd4 inbred hamster, mesocricetus auratus.	the susceptibility of mongolian jirds, meriones unguiculatus, and pd4 hamsters, mesocricetus auratus, to brugia pahangi was compared based on the percentage adult worm recoveries, mean microfilaremia levels, and adult worm lengths. fourteen male jirds and seventeen male pd4 hamsters were each inoculated subcutaneously in the left inguinal region with 90-100 l3 of b. pahangi and necropsied 130-150 days after inoculation. there were no significant differences between jirds and hamsters in mean adu ...	1985	3967726
evidence for the occurrence of respiratory electron transport in adult brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae.	mixed-sex adult stages of brugia pahangi and dipetalonema viteae, in the absence of exogenous substrate, consumed oxygen at rates of 4.18 +/- 0.38 and 2.12 +/- 0.20 ngatoms o2 min-1 mg-1 dry wt. respectively. when calculated on a unit dry weight basis the endogenous o2 consumption rates (e-qo2) of mature adult male macrofilariae of b. pahangi and d. viteae were significantly greater than those of mature females, although the e-qo2 calculated per individual worm was essentially similar irrespecti ...	1985	4039407
brugia pahangi: labelling of secreted antigens with 35s-methionine in vitro.		1985	3843377
brugia pahangi in the balb/c mouse: a model for testing filaricidal compounds.	the balb/c mouse infected with brugia pahangi has been evaluated as a model for the selection of filaricidal compounds with activity against immature worms. mice were infected by the intraperitoneal inoculation of 50 infective larvae and candidate compounds were administered by the intraperitoneal (i.p.), subcutaneous or oral route once daily from day 4 to day 8 post infection. animals were examined on days 29 to 32 post infection. variation in the larval recoveries from undrugged mice within an ...	1985	3843374
the domestic cat as a host for brugian filariasis in south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia.	three hundred and twenty-five domestic cats (felis catus) from six villages of the hulu sungai tengah and banjar regency of south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia, were examined for filarial nematodes. parasites were found in 66 cats, of which 61 (92.4%) had brugia pahangi, four (6.1%) has b. malayi and one (1.5%) had dirofilaria repens. infection rates ranged from 11% to 22% in cats from secondary forest/rice-field habitats, from 15% to 30% in open village/rice-field habitats, to 50% in an open c ...	1985	4067251
evidence of possible natural infections of man with brugia pahangi in south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia.	blood from 9 humans, 6 domestic cats (felis domesticus), and 5 silvered leaf monkeys (presbytis cristatus) from south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia, with known filarial infections was examined for determination ofacid phosphatase activity of the microfilarae (mff). the findings suggest 1) that brugia parasites from domestic cats and silvered leaf monkeys can be speciated by acid phosphatase activity and that speciation by acid phosphatase assay corresponds to that based upon adult worm morpholo ...	1985	4071646
the encapsulation of the sheaths of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in the haemocoel of mosquitoes.		1985	4093817
serum dependent cell-mediated immune reactions to brugia pahangi infective larvae.	fresh normal rat serum (fnrs) promoted adherence and cytotoxicity of albino rat neutrophils and macrophages to brugia pahangi infective larvae (l3) in vitro. edta and not egta abolished the adherence activity suggesting the involvement of complement components via the alternate pathway. c3 molecules were detected on the surface of the parasite by immunofluorescence. fnrs depleted of complement by treatment with zymosan a or of factor b by heating at 50 degrees c for 20 min, failed to promote cel ...	1985	4094785
the susceptibility of golden hamsters to brugia pahangi.		1985	4095758
lectin-binding characteristics of brugia pahangi microfilariae.	the binding of fitc-con-a, sba, dba, wga, pna and rca120 to microfilariae of b. pahangi and d. immitis was investigated. sheathed uterine, peritoneal or blood microfilariae of b. pahangi bound only wga on the surface of the sheath. the cuticle of d. immitis microfilariae and of artificially exsheathed b. pahangi microfilariae failed to bind any of the lectins tested. binding of wga to the sheath surface was specific and was inhibited in the presence of the complementary saccharide, n-acetyl gluc ...	1985	3890118
diethylcarbamazine-mediated clearance of brugia pahangi microfilariae in immunodeficient nude mice.	congenitally athymic nude c3h/hen mice, microfilaremic with brugia pahangi, were treated with diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec). a single oral dose (100 mg/kg body weight) of dec resulted in the rapid reduction of numbers of circulating microfilariae in nude, thymus-grafted nude and complement-depleted nude mice. antibodies of the igm and igg isotypes were not detected in the serum of microfilaremic nudes or on the microfilarial surface. these results suggest that dec-mediated clearance of microf ...	1985	3890576
the induction of functional mononuclear and multinuclear macrophages in murine brugian filariasis: morphological and immunological properties.	this present study describes the ontogeny and morphology of mononuclear and multinuclear macrophages in murine brugia pahangi infections. intraperitoneal infection with l 3 resulted in the development of adult worms and the production of microfilariae in many mice; however, all worms were usually removed by 100 days post infection (p.i.). the infection induced predominantly mononuclear and multinuclear macrophage responses in the peritoneal cavity, with maximum numbers of peritoneal cells being ...	1985	2934789
the effect of different types of skin surfaces on the transmission of brugia pahangi infective larvae by the mosquito aedes aegypti.	the transmission of brugia pahangi from aedes aegypti into meriones unguiculatus was compared for four different skin surfaces (hairy, cloth, clean, greasy). unshaven jirds reduced the feeding avidity of infective mosquitoes. the loss of larvae from infective mosquitoes was greatest when these insects fed on "exposed" skin surfaces. significantly fewer infective larvae penetrated the host when infective mosquitoes fed on a jird through a thin layer of cloth.	1985	3992643
sheathed and unsheathed microfilarial surfaces, interactions with host serum proteins in diethylcarbamazine.	there is no question that when a high titer of antibodies specific for microfilaria (mf) surfaces is present in assays of granulocyte adherence that cell binding is greater than in normal serum. it is also well documented that complement intact serum with or without surface specific antibody permits the deposition of c3 on mf, and surface bound c3b is known to facilitate adherence by granulocytes and especially eosinophils. how diethylcarbamazine enhances cell adherence to mf surfaces directly o ...	1985	4001770
surface antigens of a filarial nematode: analysis of adult brugia pahangi surface components and their use in monoclonal antibody production.	the surface antigens of adult worms of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi have been investigated further by surface radioiodination and detergent solubilisation techniques. in addition to yielding new information on the distribution of antigenic components of this stage, detergent-solubilised molecules were used in both radiometric and enzyme-linked assays for human and mouse antibody. these assays were subsequently used in screening for monoclonal antibodies from hybrid cells derived from ani ...	1985	4010706
an ultrastructural study on the encapsulation of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in the haemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus.		1985	4030213
novel retinoid-binding proteins from filarial parasites.	the present study deals with the discovery and partial characterization of specific binding proteins for retinol and retinoic acid from filarial parasites (worms of the superfamily filarioidea), including those from two species of onchocerca. these binding proteins, which are distinct in their physicochemical properties and in the mode of ligand interactions from the host-tissue retinoid-binding proteins, may be involved in the mediation of the putative biological roles of retinoids in the contr ...	1985	3004410
secreted and circulating antigens of the filarial parasite brugia pahangi: analysis of in vitro released components and detection of parasite products in vivo.	a range of excretory-secretory (es) antigens have been characterised following in vitro culture of adult brugia pahangi filarial nematodes in serum-free medium. analysis by radioiodination, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoprecipitation of purified macromolecules with antibodies from human and experimental animal infections reveals both host and parasite components. two host molecules appear by molecular weight and immunoprecipitation analysis to be immunoglob ...	1985	2417115
defense reactions of mosquitoes to filarial worms: potential mechanism for avoidance of the response by brugia pahangi microfilariae.		1985	2863311
susceptibility of mansonia mosquitoes to subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi.		1986	2874613
[humoral immune responses to stages of brugia pahangi in experimentally infected rats].	in the present experiment, sprague-dawley rats were inoculated with brugia pahangi, a lymphatic dwelling filarial parasite. each rat received 100 third stage larvae (l3) of b. pahangi freshly harvested from aedes togoi. rats in the control group were injected with saline. after inoculation, tail vein blood was collected from each rat at 2-week intervals. the immune responses of the infected rats to b. pahangi were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). four types of antigen w ...	1986	2880695
brugia pahangi: stage-specific antigens on microfilariae detected by serum from infected jirds or by monoclonal antibodies.	experiments were carried out to determine whether there are stage-specific antigens on microfilariae of brugia pahangi, using sera from mongolian jirds infected with b. pahangi and monoclonal antibodies against microfilariae of b. pahangi. these studies showed that microfilariae have both stage-specific and nonspecific antigens. the nonspecific antigens were also present on adult worms and on infective larvae. among monoclonal antibodies, 6 out of 14 clones produced antibodies against the microf ...	1986	2417880
expression of cross-reactive surface antigens by microfilariae and adult worms of brugia pahangi during infections in cats.	microfilariae of brugia pahangi were labelled with 125-iodine using the reagent iodogen. electron microscope autoradiographs of sections of iodinated microfilariae showed that the label was strictly confined to their sheath. adult worms were also iodinated by the same procedure. sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) analysis of detergent extracts of radio-labelled parasites revealed components of molecular weights 113, 81-71, 46 and 33 kda in microfilariae, and of ...	1986	2432704
a comparison of the response of dipetalonema viteae and brugia pahangi adult worms to antifilarial agents in vitro.	the drug response of dipetalonema viteae and b. pahangi under various culture conditions have been evaluated. b. pahangi female worms proved to be more susceptible to cgp 6140 (4-nitro-4'-(n-methyl)piperazinyl thiocarbonylido-diphenylamine), cgp 20376 (n-(2-tert-butyl-5-methoxy-benzothiazol-6-yl)dithiocarbonic acid 5-(1-carboxyethyl)-ether) and amoscanate when glucose availability was restricted. this increased potency may be related to effects on glycogen metabolism by cgp 20376 and amoscanate. ...	1986	3563317
the migration of infective larvae of brugia pahangi within the mosquito, aedes aegypti.	the course of the migration of infective larvae of brugia pahangi within the mosquito, aedes aegypti, is described. the presence of blood or eggs in the abdomens of mosquitoes at a time when the infective larvae are beginning their migration out of the thorax leads to a significant increase in the proportion of larvae accumulating in the abdomen. the evidence supports the hypothesis that infective larvae may accumulate in the labium as a direct consequence of the insect's internal anatomy i.e. i ...	1986	3714302
attempted vaccination of jirds (meriones unguiculatus) against brugia pahangi with radiation attenuated infective larvae.	jirds were vaccinated by three to five subcutaneous (sc) injections of infective larvae of brugia pahangi which had been irradiated at 25, 45 or 90 krads from a 60co source. they were challenged either sc or intraperitoneally. vaccination with four doses of 50 larvae irradiated with 25 krads produced 49.3% resistance to ip challenge worms and 39.8% against sc challenge worms. five doses of larvae irradiated with 45 krads produced 62% resistance to sc challenge. three doses of larvae irradiated w ...	1986	3734400
parasite-induced suppression of the immune response in aedes aegypti by brugia pahangi.	the melanization response against intrathoracically inoculated brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) isolated from vertebrate host blood was evaluated in both uninfected aedes aegypti black-eyed liverpool strain and in mosquitoes harboring a developing b. pahangi infection. the immune response against inoculated mff of either species was significantly reduced by 28-47% in infected as compared with uninfected mosquitoes. attempts to passively transfer this suppression factor( ...	1986	3734990
influence of developing brugia pahangi on spontaneous flight activity of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).		1986	3735352
turnover of the surface proteins of adult and third and fourth stage larval brugia pahangi.	the turnover of surface proteins in adults, fourth-stage and third-stage larvae of brugia pahangi was measured using [125i]iodosulfanilic acid. groups of worms (n = 10 adult, 20 l4, 50 l3) were labelled and surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavity of naive jirds. the amount of radioactivity remaining on worms recovered over a 7-8 day period was determined. adult females showed no significant loss of label during a 7 day period. the recovery of fourth-stage larvae was low but the counts pe ...	1986	2870432
phylogeny of helminths determined by rrna sequence comparison.	the nucleotide sequence of the 5' ends of the 28s-like rrna molecules of five species of helminths was determined directly, using a variation on the dideoxynucleotide chain-termination method which requires only 10 micrograms of total cellular rna for analysis. nucleotide sequence comparisons over 208 bases allowed the phylogeny of these organisms to be determined. the data show that the rrna sequence of nematospiroides dubius, a nematode, is as divergent from that of two platyhelminths, hymenol ...	1986	3736598
a case of double infection with brugia pahangi buckley and edeson 1956, and dirofilaria immitis leidy 1856, in a malaysian clouded leopard, neofelis nebulosa.	a case of double infection with brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis in a clouded leopard, neofelis nebulosa, is presented. a brief review of filarial infections in both man and wild animals, and their medical importance is discussed.	1986	3739206
the ability of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to survive and transmit infective larvae of brugia pahangi over successive blood meals.	the mortality of aedes aegypti mosquitoes increased; immediately following a blood meal containing microfilariae of brugia pahangi, when infective larvae began to migrate out of the flight muscles and when infective larvae were lost from the mosquitoes during a blood meal. when infective mosquitoes took a second blood meal 86.2% of the infective larvae escaped from their bodies. however, only 50.3% escaped when mosquitoes fed through a thin layer of cotton. infective larvae in the abdomen of the ...	1986	3745870
the antifilarial activity of a novel group of organic arsenicals upon brugia pahangi.	mel w is a second generation anionic organic arsenical which is filaricidal but has sporadic and unacceptable lethal side effects. eight new cationic derivatives have now been synthesized in an attempt to avoid the side effects and have been examined for their effects upon adult brugia pahangi in meriones unguiculatus. they were all shown to be potent filaricides and the two best compounds, mel ga and mel cy, were at least 95% effective in killing adult b. pahangi at 5 x 3.13 mg/kg when injected ...	1986	3745871
glutathione s-transferase in adult dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi.	glutathione s-transferase (ec 2.5.1.18) was detected in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of adult dirofilaria immitis females at respective levels of 30 nmol and 3 nmol min-1 (mg protein)-1 activity with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (cdnb). the transferase activity in the cytosolic fraction of adult brugia pahangi females was 10 nmol min-1 mg-1 with cdnb; determination of its activity in the microsomal fraction of this filariid was not attempted. these filarial glutathione s-t ...	1986	3748071
carbohydrate metabolism in brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea).		1986	3781730
micromotility meter: an instrument designed to evaluate the action of drugs on motility of larval and adult nematodes.	an instrument for measuring the motility of larval and adult nematodes is described along with an analysis of its use as a tool to analyse drug action on these parasites. motility was detected from larval parasites of nippostrongylus brasiliensis and ascaris suum in the absence and presence of various anti-nematodal drugs. these agents produced, within 48 h, a significant decrease in larval parasite motility. the instrument was also capable of detecting the motility of caenorhabditis elegans, ad ...	1986	3785972
characterization of a ribosomal dna clone of brugia malayi.	the structure of ribosomal dna (rdna) clone pbmr7 from microfilariae of the human parasite brugia malayi has been examined in detail by southern blot analysis and s-1 mapping techniques. the results demonstrate that this clone contains regions homologous to 28s, 18s and 5.8s rdnas. a noncoding or 'spacer' region lies between the 3' end of 28s rdna and the 5' end of 18s rdna. an acci-sau3ai fragment of approximately 900 bp from this spacer region cross-hybridizes to genomic dna fragments of diffe ...	1986	3012333
cloning and comparison of repeated dna sequences from the human filarial parasite brugia malayi and the animal parasite brugia pahangi.	a 320-base-pair repeated sequence was observed when dna samples from the filarial parasites brugia malayi and brugia pahangi were digested with the restriction endonuclease hha i. a 640-base-pair dimer of the repeated sequence from b. malayi was inserted into the plasmid pbr322. when dot hybridization was used, the copy number of the repeat in b. malayi was found to be about 30,000. the 320-base-pair hha i repeated sequences are arranged in direct tandem arrays and comprise about 12% of the geno ...	1986	3003750
mansonella ozzardi in haiti. iv. evaluation of antibody reactivity to heterologous antigens.	sera from individuals in an area of haiti endemic for mansonella ozzardi were analyzed for reactivity to antigens of brugia pahangi, dirofilaria immitis, mansonella llewellyni or ascaris lumbricoides using either an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. igm and igg reactivity to all antigens was observed with sera from both microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic individuals when compared to reactivity of sera from individuals from nonendemic areas. antibod ...	1986	3513647