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susceptibility of three strains of blue catfish, ictalurus furcatus (valenciennes), to ichthyophthirius multifiliis.this study compared the susceptibility of three blue catfish strains (d&b, usda 101 and usda 102) to the parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich). in trial i, a cohabitation study (all strains stocked communally) was conducted and fish were exposed to theronts at 0, 200, 1000, 5000 or 25 000 theronts fish(-1), respectively. all fish died when exposed to theronts at 5000 or 25 000 theronts fish(-1). when exposed to 1000 theronts fish(-1), usda 102 strain of blue catfish showed significantly lo ...201222913314
antiprotozoal activity of medicinal plants against ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (carassius auratus).ichthyophthiriasis is a widespread disease in aquaculture and causes mass mortalities of fish. the development of new antiprotozoal agents for the treatment of ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections is of increasing interest. the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of 30 medicinal plants against i. multifiliis. the results showed that the methanol extracts of magnolia officinalis and sophora alopecuroides displayed the highest antiprotozoal activity against theronts, with 4 ...201222864919
effect of ichthyophthirius multifiliis parasitism on the survival, hematology and bacterial load in channel catfish previously exposed to edwardsiella ictaluri.the effect of ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) parasitism on survival, hematology and bacterial load in channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus, previously exposed to edwardsiella ictaluri was studied. fish were exposed to e. ictaluri 1 day prior to ich in the following treatments: (1) infected by e. ictaluri and ich at 2,500 theronts/fish; (2) infected by e. ictaluri only; (3) infected by ich at 2,500 theronts/fish only; and (4) non infected control. mortality was significantly higher in fish pr ...201222699968
effects of aqueous extract of capsicum frutescens (solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis.ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important fish ectoparasite that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. the search of alternative substances to control infections of i. multifiliis became stringent after malachite green, an effective and widely used chemotherapeutant, is banned on fish farms because of its carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. in this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of capsicum frutescens, which is readily available and affordable, wer ...201222526288
chlorophyllin for the control of ichthyophthirius multifiliis (fouquet).tests were conducted to determine the efficiency of the photodynamic substance chlorophyllin to kill different life stages of the protozoan parasite ichthyophthirius mulftifiliis (fouquet) which causes the white spot disease in many freshwater fish species. this study has developed a new treatment for the control of ichthyophthiriosis, and demonstrated that non-toxic water-soluble chlorophyll (chlorophyllin) is a potential remedial agent at low concentrations for this serious parasitic disease.201222476598
enhanced susceptibility of channel catfish to the bacterium edwardsiella ictaluri after parasitism by ichthyophthirius multifiliis.bacterium edwardsiella ictaluri and parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) are two common pathogens of cultured fish. the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of channel catfish ictalurus punctatus to e. ictaluri and determine bacterial loads in different fish organs after parasitism by ich. fish received the following treatments: (1) infected by i. multifiliis at 5000 theronts/fish and exposed to e. ictaluri; (2) infected by i. multifiliis alone; (3) exposed to e. ict ...201222397934
the potential utility of the leopard pleco (glyptoperichthys gibbiceps) as a biological control of the ciliate protozoan ichthyophthirius multifiliis.infections of the ciliate protozoan ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet, 1876, can cause heavy mortalities in freshwater aquaculture systems. following the ban of malachite green on fish for human consumption, currently available chemical therapies are only partially efficacious even when repeatedly applied. there is, therefore, an urgent necessity to identify more efficient and environmentally friendly control strategies. in the present study, the use of a substrate algae feeder leopard pleco, ...201222311586
ichthyophthirius multifiliis as a potential vector of edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish.there is limited information on whether parasites act as vectors to transmit bacteria in fish. in this trial, we used ichthyophthirius multifiliis and fluorescent edwardsiella ictaluri as a model to study the interaction between parasite, bacterium, and fish. the percentage (23-39%) of theronts fluorescing after exposure to e. ictaluri was significantly higher than control theronts (~ 6%) using flow cytometry. theronts exposed to e. ictaluri at 4 × 10(7)  cfu ml(-1) showed a higher percentage (~ ...201222309484
Comparative effects of four feed types on white spot disease susceptibility and skin immune parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum).The effects on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), immune parameters by differently formulated fish feed types containing immunostimulants have been tested in a double-blind, duplicated and controlled study performed over 50 days. A total of 800 rainbow trout (10-12 g) were kept in eight duplicate fish tanks (each containing 100 fish) and fed at a daily feeding rate of 1.5% of the biomass. The feed types were (1) control feed (C) without additives, (2) feed containing beta-glucan, nucl ...201122175907
Effects of long duration, low dose bronopol exposure on the control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), parasitising rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum).Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 infections on intensively reared fish stocks can increase rapidly, which if left unmanaged, can result in the heavy loss of stock. The present study explores the efficacy of long duration, low dose (1, 2 and 5mgL(-1)) treatments of bronopol (marketed as Pyceze™, Novartis Ltd.) in reducing the number of trophonts establishing on juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss held under small scale culture conditions. The effect of bronopol on the colonisation success of i ...201122154252
The anti-protozoal activity of bronopol on the key life-stages of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 (Ciliophora).Pyceze™ (Novartis Animal Vaccines Ltd.) is licensed as a veterinary medicine to treat fungal infections in salmon, trout and their eggs. The active ingredient is bronopol, which due to its broad-spectrum activity has the potential to be an effective treatment against other important aquatic pathogens. In this study the efficacy of bronopol against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was tested both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro trials demonstrated a 30min exposure to 100mgL(-1) bronopol killed 51.7% o ...201122153260
an assessment of the use of drug and non-drug interventions in the treatment of ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet, 1876, a protozoan parasite of freshwater fish.summaryinfection by the ciliate protozoan ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet, 1876 causes significant economic losses in freshwater aquaculture worldwide. following the ban on the use of malachite green for treating food fish, there has been extensive research aimed at identifying suitable replacements. in this paper we critically assess drug and non-drug interventions, which have been tested for use or have been employed against this parasite and evaluate possibilities for their application i ...201122078025
parasitism by protozoan ichthyophthirius multifiliis enhanced invasion of aeromonas hydrophila in tissues of channel catfish.protozoan ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet (ich) and bacterium aeromonas hydrophila are two common pathogens of cultured fish, which cause high fish mortality. currently there is no information available for the effect of parasitism by ich on survival of channel catfish and invasion of a. hydrophila in fish tissues following exposure to a. hydrophila. a trial was conducted in this study to: (1) determine whether a. hydrophila increased fish mortality in ich-parasitized channel catfish; and ( ...201122033433
A Comparative Study of the Common Protozoan Parasites of Clarias gariepinus from the Wild and Cultured Environments in Benue State, Nigeria.A total of one hundred and twenty Clarias gariepinus comprising 30 dead and 30 live fishes were examined for protozoan parasites infestation, sixty each from the wild and a pond (cultured environment) over a period of six months. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was the most common protozoan parasites found in C. gariepinus from the wild (River Benue) and cultured (pond) environments. These protozoan parasites constitute 37.08% of the total parasites encountered for fishes in the pond and 42.51% of ...201122028952
comparative genomics of the pathogenic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis, its free-living relatives and a host species provide insights into adoption of a parasitic lifestyle and prospects for disease control.abstract: background: ichthyophthirius multifiliis, commonly known as ich, is a highly pathogenic ciliate responsible for "white spot", a disease causing significant economic losses to the global aquaculture industry. options for disease control are extremely limited, and ich's obligate parasitic lifestyle makes experimental studies challenging. unlike most well-studied protozoan parasites, ich belongs to a phylum comprised primarily of free-living members. indeed, it is closely related to t ...201122004680
consequent effects of the great cormorant (phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) predation on parasite infection and body condition of common carp (cyprinus carpio).lesions ranging from surface wounds to deep tissue wounds caused by cormorant predation were observed on several species of the farmed fish in pohořelice, czech republic. two-year-old stocked common carp cyprinus carpio harvested in late march were examined for ectoparasites and endoparasites, injuries extent, and lysozyme concentration in skin mucus. additionally, three body condition indices were measured. endoparasite infection occurred only scarcely. wounded fish were more susceptible to the ...201121979786
efficacy of quinine against ichthyophthiriasis in common carp cyprinus carpio.ichthyophthiriasis, caused by ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is an economically important worldwide parasitic disease that infects all freshwater fish. since the banning of malachite green for use in food fish, there has been a great need for alternative therapeutants. the goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of quinine against i. multifiliis. parasite developmental stages from our laboratory-established life cycle in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to quinine in vitr ...201121932533
experimental evidence for direct in situ binding of igm and igt to early trophonts of ichthyophthirius multifiliis (fouquet) in the gills of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).freshwater fish are able to mount a protective immune response against the parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) following a non-lethal exposure. factors involved in immunity comprise cellular and humoral factors, but antibodies have been suggested to play a prominent role in protection. however, host antibodies have not yet been demonstrated to bind to the parasite in situ. by the use of immunohistochemical techniques, this study demonstrated that igt and igm bind to surface structures, i ...201121916900
gene expression profiling of a fish parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis: insights into development and senescence-associated avirulence.the ciliate parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) infects many freshwater fish, causing white spot disease that leads to heavy economic losses to aquaculture and ornamental industries. despite its economic importance, molecular studies examining fundamental processes such as life stage regulation and infectivity have been scarce. in this study, we developed an oligo microarray platform using all available i. multifiliis expressed sequence tag (est) information as well as probes designed th ...201121890440
parasite diversity in oxydoras niger (osteichthyes: doradidae) from the basin of solimões river, amazonas state, brazil, and the relationship between monogenoidean and condition factor.this study describes the parasitic fauna of oxydoras niger from the coari lake, tributary of the medium solimões river, state of amazonas, brazil, and the relationship between the number of monogenoidea and the condition factor. from a total of 27 examined fish, 70.3% were parasitised by at least one parasite species as follows: ichthyophthirius multifiliis (protozoa), chilodonella sp. (protozoa), cosmetocleithrum gussevi, c. confusus, c. parvum and cosmetocleithrum sp. (monogenoidea), paracavis ...201121881805
in vitro assessment of the chemotherapeutic action of a specific hydrogen peroxide, peracetic, acetic, and peroctanoic acid-based formulation against the free-living stages of ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ciliophora).traditionally, malachite green administrated as in-bath treatment was the most effective and common strategy used in freshwater aquaculture systems to control infections of the ciliate protozoan parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet, 1876. after the ban of malachite green in the usa and europe to be used in fish for human consumption, there has been extensive research destined to find efficacious replacements. recently, peracetic acid-based compounds have demonstrated a strong cytotoxic ...201121826488
antiparasitic efficacy of dihydrosanguinarine and dihydrochelerythrine from macleaya microcarpa against ichthyophthirius multifiliis in richadsin (squaliobarbus curriculus).ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a holotrichous protozoan that invades the gills and skin surfaces of fish and can cause morbidity and high mortality in most species of freshwater fish worldwide. the present study was undertaken to investigate the antiparasitic activity of crude extracts and pure compounds from the leaves of macleaya microcarpa. the chloroform extract showed a promising antiparasitic activity against i. multifiliis. based on these finding, the chloroform extract was fractionated ...201121813242
temperature effects on immune response and hematological parameters of channel catfish ictalurus punctatus vaccinated with live theronts of ichthyophthirius multifiliis.this study evaluated the influence of temperature on the immune responses and hematological parameters in channel catfish ictalurus punctatus immunized via intraperitoneal injection with live theronts of ichthyophthirius multifiliis. fish were distributed in 18 aquaria and received 9 treatments: 4 groups of fish were vaccinated with live theronts and maintained at constant temperature 15 °c, 20 °c, 25 °c and 30 °c; 3 groups of fish vaccinated and subjected to cycling temperature regime from 15-2 ...201121791246
transcriptional profiling of stage specific gene expression in the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis.the parasitic ciliate, ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich), is among the most important protozoan pathogens of freshwater fish. ichthyophthirius cannot be grown in cell culture, and the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatments has been hampered by a lack of information regarding genes involved in virulence, differentiation and growth. to help address this issue, we have generated est libraries from the two major stages of the parasite life cycle that infect and develop wit ...201121524669
effect of potassium ferrate(vi) on survival and reproduction of ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts.ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important freshwater teleost pathogen that can infect most species of freshwater fish worldwide and often leads to significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. potassium ferrate(vi), as a potential therapeutic agent for external protozoan parasite infections, has been proven to kill i. multifiliis theronts effectively; however, no information is available on effects of potassium ferrate(vi) exposure to i. multifiliis tomonts. this study evaluated th ...201121519866
an infection of gyrodactylus anguillae ergens, 1960 (monogenea) associated with the mortality of glass eels (anguilla anguilla l.) on the north-western mediterranean sea board of spain.the association of gyrodactylus anguillae ergens, 1960 with the glass eel stage of anguilla anguilla (l.) (total body length 61.4±4.9mm; range 55-70) is reported from the north-western mediterranean coast of spain for the first time. a sample of 12,600 glass eels, caught by professional fishermen operating in the mouth of the rivers fluvià, la muga and ter (north-east spain), was subject to mortalities of ∼1.75% of stock/day following transfer to a research facility. subsequent losses over a 31- ...201121482028
structure-activity relationships of piscidin 4, a piscine antimicrobial peptide.piscidin 4, an antimicrobial peptide recently isolated from mast cells of hybrid striped bass (morone chrysops female × morone saxatilis male), is unusual in that it is twice as long (44 amino acids) as the typical members of the piscidin family. we previously showed that native piscidin 4 had a modified amino acid at position 20, but synthetic piscidin 4 (having an unmodified trp at position 20) had similar potent activity against a number of both human and fish bacterial pathogens. in this stu ...201121355570
the serum of rabbitfish (siganus oramin) has antimicrobial activity to some pathogenic organisms and a novel serum l-amino acid oxidase is isolated.the serum of rabbitfish (siganus oramin) has been confirmed previously to have killing effect to cryptocaryon irritans, an important marine ciliate protozoan that causes a disease referred to as "marine white spot disease". herein, we find the serum of the rabbitfish also shows antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and has killing effect on two other parasites: trypanosoma brucei brucei, ichthyophthirius multifiliis. results of scanning electron microscopy ...201121333741
expression, secretion and surface display of a human alkaline phosphatase by the ciliate tetrahymena thermophila.tetrahymena thermophila possesses many attributes that render it an attractive host for the expression of recombinant proteins. surface proteins from the parasites ichthyophthirius multifiliis and plasmodium falciparum and avian influenza virus antigen h5n1 were displayed on the cell membrane of this ciliate. furthermore, it has been demonstrated that t. thermophila is also able to produce a functional human dnase i. the present study investigates the heterologous expression of the functional hu ...201121281462
cellular and humoral factors involved in the response of rainbow trout gills to ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections: molecular and immunohistochemical studies.the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis infecting skin, fins and gills of fish induces a protective immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) surviving the infection and a similar protection can be conferred by i.p. injection of live theronts. a combined molecular and immunohistochemical approach has been used in this work for pinpointing cellular and humoral immune factors in gill tissue involved in the response and indicating interactions between the systemic and local ...201121272651
oxidative stress parameters in silver catfish (rhamdia quelen) juveniles infected with ichthyophthirius multifiliis and maintained at different levels of water ph.the aim of this study was to determine oxidative stress parameters in the liver, gill and muscle of silver catfish juveniles infected with ichthyophthirius multifiliis and maintained at ph 5.0 or 7.0 for three days. juveniles were infected by adding one i. multifiliis-infected juvenile and water containing theronts to tanks. after the appearance of white spots on the skin, infected juveniles exposed to ph 5.0 and 7.0 showed significantly higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars) lev ...201121255934
the parasite community of the nase chondrostoma nasus (l. 1758) from austrian rivers.between april 2003 and november 2006 a total of 191 individuals of the predominantly herbivorous fish species nase chondrostoma nasus (l. 1758) were examined for parasites from six river sites in austria. the following parasite taxa were recovered - ciliata: trichodina sp., chilodonella piscicola, ichthyophthirius multifiliis; myxozoa: myxobolus muelleri (cysts) and myxobolus sp. (cysts); monogenea: dactylogyrus vistulae, d. chondrostomi and dactylogyrus spp., gyrodactylus sp., diplozoon paradox ...201020831848
effect of sanguinarine from the leaves of macleaya cordata against ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).the ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis is one of the most pathogenic parasites of fish maintained in captivity. in this study, effects of crude extracts, fractions, and compounds from the leaves of macleaya cordata against i. multifiliis were investigated under in vitro conditions by bioactivity-guided isolation method. the dried ethanol extract of m. cordata was extracted successively in a separating funnel with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform and n-butanol. among them, only the ch ...201020625767
parasitic fauna of eight species of ornamental freshwater fish species from the middle negro river in the brazilian amazon region.twenty-seven specimens of cardinal tetra paracheirodon axelrodi, 33 rosy tetra hyphessobrycon copelandi (characidae), 28 marbled hatchetfish carnegiella strigata, 26 blackwing hatchetfish carnegiella martae (gasteropelecidae), 27 bodó ancistrus hoplogenys (loricariidae), 31 brown pencilfish nannostomus eques, 38 oneline pencilfish nannostomus unifasciatus (lebiasinidae) and 13 angelfish pterophyllum scalare (cichlidae) were collected from the middle negro river, state of amazonas, brazil, for pa ...201020624347
increasing water temperature and disease risks in aquatic systems: climate change increases the risk of some, but not all, diseases.global warming may impose severe risks for aquatic animal health if increasing water temperature leads to an increase in the incidence of parasitic diseases. essentially, this could take place through a temperature-driven effect on the epidemiology of the disease. for example, higher temperature may boost the rate of disease spread through positive effects on parasite fitness in a weakened host. increased temperature may also lengthen the transmission season leading to higher total prevalence of ...201020580904
antiparasitic activity of the antimicrobial peptide hbbetap-1, a member of the beta-haemoglobin peptide family.a family of antimicrobial peptides (amps) derived from the beta-subunit of haemoglobin was recently isolated from channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus, infected with ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich), an important freshwater fish parasite that causes ichthyophthiriosis. we previously discovered that one of these amps, hbbetap-1, had strong cidal activity against ich as well as another ectoparasite, tetrahymena pyriformis. hbbetap-1 toxicity was specific, primarily affecting the trophozoite (tro ...201020561143
transcriptomic profiling of ichthyophthirius multifiliis reveals polyadenylation of the large subunit ribosomal rna.polyadenylation of eukaryotic transcripts is usually restricted to mrna, providing transcripts with stability from degradation by nucleases. conversely, an rna degradation pathway can be signaled through poly (a) tailing in prokaryotic, archeal, and organellar biology. recently polyadenylated transcripts have also been discovered in rrna in some eukaryotes including humans and yeast. here we report the discovery of polyadenylated rrnas in the ciliate teleost parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis ...200920403762
outbreaks of ichthyophthirius multifiliis in redtail barbs barbus haasi in a mediterranean stream during drought.in 2008, inland waterways in catalonia (northeast iberian peninsula, spain) experienced one of the worst droughts recorded in this region in recent decades. during this period, an epizootic of ichthyophthirius multifiliis was detected for the first time in a mediterranean stream, with 21% prevalence in a population of redtail barbs barbus haasi. environmental features and the fish population in this stream were compared during 2007-2009. fish density and the average fish size were reduced signif ...200920043406
prevention of ichthyophthirius multifiliis infestation in goldfish (carassius auratus) by potassium ferrate(vi) treatment.ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important freshwater teleost pathogen that often leads to significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. the purpose of this study was to assess the acute toxicity of potassium ferrate(vi) to i. multifiliis theront and the concentration needed to prevent i. multifiliis infestation in goldfish, carassius auratus. five hundred theronts were exposed to concentrations of potassium ferrate(vi) in each well of a 96-well microtiter plate and observed for 4h ...201020006444
evaluation of continuous 4-day exposure to peracetic acid as a treatment for ichthyophthirius multifiliis.the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis infests all species of freshwater fish and can cause severe economic losses in fish breeding. the most effective treatment, malachite green, has been banned in europe and north america for use in food fish production. peracetic acid (paa) was found to be toxic to i. multifiliis theronts at low concentrations. i. multifiliis-infested carp were exposed to 1 mg/l paa in a dynamic exposure by means of peristaltic pumps. five days after infestation, ...201019902253
toxicity of peracetic acid (paa) to tomonts of iichthyophthirius multifiliis.the free-living infective theront of ichthyophthirius multifiliis historically has been thought to be the only stage susceptible to treatment. here we introduce a technique to determine the toxicity of compounds to the newly released tomont, the encysted tomont and the developing tomites within the tomont that emerge as theronts. the toxicity of wofasteril e400 (40% peracetic acid, paa) to free-living forms of i. multifiliis was determined shortly after tomonts were physically removed from the s ...200919899349
endosymbiotic bacteria in the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis.endosymbiotic bacteria were identified in the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a common pathogen of freshwater fish. pcr amplification of dna prepared from two isolates of i. multifiliis, using primers that bind conserved sequences in bacterial 16s rrna genes, generated an approximately 1,460-bp dna product, which was cloned and sequenced. sequence analysis demonstrated that 16s rrna gene sequences from three classes of bacteria were present in the pcr product. these included alph ...200919820157
ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection induces apoptosis in different species of tilapia.the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) is one of the most important protozoan pathogens of freshwater fish worldwide. examination of 4 species of tilapia from the river nile recorded highest rate infection in oreochromis niloticus, followed by oreochromis aureus, sarotherodon galilaeus and tilapia zilli. by electron microscopy, apoptotic cells collected from tilapia species infected with "ich" showed an aggregation on the apical and basal parts of the ciliated and non-ciliated ...200919795773
enhanced mortality in nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus following coinfections with ichthyophthiriasis and streptococcosis.ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet (ich) and streptococcus iniae are 2 major pathogens of cultured nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus (l). currently there is no information available for the effect of coinfection by ich and s. iniae on fish. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of parasite load and ich development size on fish mortality following s. iniae infection. low mortality (< or =20%) was observed in tilapia exposed to ich or s. iniae alone. mortalities increased fro ...200919750806
functional characterization of the 5'-upstream region of mtt5 metallothionein gene from tetrahymena thermophila.metallothioneins are ubiquitous small, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins that play important roles in intracellular metal homeostasis and detoxification. very few data are available on the promoter region and the mechanism of metallothionein transcription in protozoa. in this study, we focused on tetrahymena thermophila mtt5 5'-flanking region. to define the sequence elements underlying the metal-responsiveness of this promoter, we constructed a series of deletions and mutations starting wit ...201019674934
parasites of apollonia melanostoma (pallas 1814) and neogobius kessleri (guenther 1861) (osteichthyes, gobiidae) from the danube river in austria.two invasive fish species, the round goby apollonia melanostoma syn. neogobius melanostomus (pallas 1814) and the bighead goby neogobius kessleri (günther, 1861), have established a firm population in austrian waters during the past 15 years. as there have been no records of the parasite fauna from these populations, a total of 79 specimens of a. melanostoma and 12 specimens of n. kessleri were examined for parasites between may and october 2007 from three different sampling sites from the danub ...201019627624
copper sulfate toxicity to two isolates of ichthyophthirius multifiliis relative to alkalinity.theronts from 2 different strains of ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ar1 and ar5) were exposed to copper sulfate (cuso4) in waters of different total alkalinities and observed for 4 h to determine relative toxicity and kinetics of parasite mortality. consistent with the known solubility properties of the metal, cu was significantly more toxic to cells maintained under low (48 mg l(-1)) compared with high (243 mg l(-1)) total alkaliniity conditions. this was reflected in both the median lethal conc ...200919301634
acute toxicity of peracetic acid (paa) formulations to ichthyophthirius multifiliis theronts.peracetic acid (paa) is an antimicrobial disinfectant used in agriculture, food processing, and medical facilities. it has recently been suggested as a means to control infestations of ichthyophthirius multifiliis. the purpose of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of two products containing 4.5% and 40% paa to i. multifiliis theronts from two geographically separate isolates. theronts were exposed to concentrations of paa in 96-well plates containing groundwater at 23 degrees c. acut ...200919221794
effect of immunization of channel catfish with inactivated trophonts on serum and cutaneous antibody titers and survival against ichthyophthirius multifiliis.two trials were conducted to determine the effect of immunization of channel catfish with inactivated trophonts on serum and cutaneous antibody titers and survival against ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet (ich). in trial i, catfish were immunized intraperitoneally (ip) with: 1) 1% formalin-inactivated trophonts, 2) 3% formalin-inactivated trophonts and 3) freeze-thawed trophonts. positive and negative control catfish were immunized with live theronts and 5% bovine serum albumin (bsa), respec ...200918973816
[physiological response of experimental challenge of ichthyophthirius multifiliis (fouquet, 1876) in jundiá (rhamdia quelen quoy and gaimard, 1824) fingerlings rather fed with different lipid sources].a limiting factor in the early stage of the jundiá (rhamdia quelen quoy; gaimard, 1824) culture is the presence of diseases such as ichthyophthiriasis or "ich". dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas) have a potent immunomodulatory activity; and this activity depend of the fish species, quantity/quality of the dietary pufas. the aim of this study was evaluate the physiologic response of jundiá, rather fed diets with different sources of fatty acids when challenge to ich disease. fingerlings ...200818823575
immune-relevant genes expressed in rainbow trout following immunisation with a live vaccine against ichthyophthirius multifiliis.rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were immunised by intra-peritoneal injection using a live vaccine based on ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) theronts, which previously has shown protection against white spot disease. samples were taken pre-vaccination and on day 1, 7, 21 and 28 post-immunisation (p.i.). expression of immune relevant genes in the liver, spleen and head kidney was monitored by qpcr. to describe the immune reaction following this immunisation, a series of genes encoding cytokine ...200818814544
fish immunity and parasite infections: from innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects.the increasing economic importance of fish parasitoses for aquaculture and fisheries has enhanced the interest in the defence mechanisms against these infections. both innate and adaptive immune responses are mounted by fish to control parasite infections, and several mechanisms described for mammalian parasitoses have also been demonstrated in teleosts. innate immune initiation relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) by pathogen recognizing receptors (prrs). ...200818783835
effect of tricaine methanesulfonate on survival and reproduction of the fish ectoparasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis.the fish extoparasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis was subjected to tricaine methanesulfonate (tm) exposure while fish were anesthetized for parasite collection. no information is available on the effects of tm exposure to i. multifiliis. this study evaluated the effects of tm on the survival and reproduction of i. multifiliis. significant differences were not observed in survival and reproduction of tomonts collected from fish anesthetized using unbuffered or buffered tm or in control fish not ...200818553189
antimicrobial peptides derived from hemoglobin are expressed in epithelium of channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus, rafinesque).the beta-chain of the respiratory protein hemoglobin (hbbeta), has recently been identified in novel sites, including mammalian macrophages and alveolar epithelium, as well as in gill microsomes of fish. however, the functional significance of extra-erythrocytically expressed hemoglobin has been unclear. here we show inducible expression and upregulation of antimicrobial peptides (amps) homologous to hbbeta in the gill epithelium of channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) in response to parasitic ...200818538841
activity of the antimicrobial polypeptide piscidin 2 against fish ectoparasites.abstract the antiparasitic effects of piscidin 2, an antimicrobial polypeptide (ampp) first isolated from mast cells of hybrid striped bass, were tested against three protistan ectoparasites of marine fish (the ciliates cryptocaryon irritans and trichodina sp., and the dinoflagellate amyloodinium ocellatum) and one ciliate ectoparasite of freshwater fish (ichthyophthirius multifiliis). i. multifiliis was the most susceptible parasite, with all theronts killed at 6.3 microg ml(-1) piscidin 2. the ...200818471098
development of specific pcr assays for the detection of cryptocaryon irritans.cryptocaryon irritans is one of the most important protozoan pathogens of marine fish, causing the "white spot" disease and posing a significant problem to marine aquaculture. in the present study, a c. irritans-specific reverse primer (s15) was designed based on the published sequence of the second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) of ribosomal dna (rdna) of c. irritans and used together with the conserved forward primer p1 to develop a specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for direc ...200818463896
protective immunity of nile tilapia against ichthyophthirius multifiliis post-immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts.two immunization trials were conducted to evaluate host protection of nile tilapia, oreochromis niloticus against ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich). immunizations were done with live theronts or sonicated trophonts by bath immersion and intraperitoneal (ip) injection. the immunized fish were challenged with theronts 21 days post-immunization in trial i and 180 days post-immunization in trial ii. the serum anti-ich antibody and cumulative mortalities of tilapia were determined after theront chal ...200818442922
efficacy of in-feed probiotics against aeromonas bestiarum and ichthyophthirius multifiliis skin infections in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum).the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of in-feed probiotics as a preventive measure against skin infections caused by aeromonas bestiarum and ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) in rainbow trout.200818422955
protective immunity in fish against protozoan diseases.the demand for and costs of producing land-based animal protein continues to escalate as the world population increases. fish is an excellent protein, but the catch-fishery is stagnant or in decline. intensive cage culture of fish is a viable option especially in countries with lakes/rivers and/or a long coastline; however, disease outbreaks will likely occur more frequently with cage culture. hence protective strategies are needed, and one approach is to exploit the piscine immune system. this ...200718410078
treatment of ichthyophthiriasis in rainbow trout and common carp with common and alternative therapeutics.the goal of this laboratory study was to provide better knowledge about the treatment of ichthyophthiriasis (causative agent: ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliate bacteria) in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp cyprinus carpio. the following questions were investigated: (1) the effectiveness of different chemicals (formalin, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, perotan, virkon, aquahumin, baycox, and ivomec) and at different concentrations and durations of application, (2) the n ...200718201060
mtt2, a copper-inducible metallothionein gene from tetrahymena thermophila.metallothioneins (mts) are ubiquitous, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins whose transcriptional activation is induced by a variety of stimuli, in particular heavy metals such as cadmium, copper and zinc. here we describe the sequence and organization of a novel copper-inducible metallothionein gene (mtt2) from tetrahymena thermophila. based on its deduced sequence, the gene encodes a protein 108 amino acids, containing 29 cysteine residues (30%) arranged in motifs characteristic of vertebrate ...200818068524
cutaneous antibody-secreting cells and b cells in a teleost fish.antibodies in cutaneous mucus and skin of teleosts play a critical role in the protective immune response against infection. we demonstrate by elispot that antibody-secreting cells (asc), which include lps-inducible b cells (plasmablasts) and non-replicating plasma cells, reside in low numbers in the skin of channel catfish. following immunization against the protozoan parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis, which infects skin and gills, the number of asc in skin increased 20-fold, indicating tha ...200818045689
[antiparasitic effects of peracetic acid (paa) against infective stages (theronts) of white spot disease, ichthyophthirius multifiliis in vitro].white spot disease, caused by the protozoan parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis (i. multifiliis), invades nearly all fresh water fish species and causes huge economic losses. in germany no protocide substance is legal for the treatment of i. multifilis. as an alternative substance the peracetic acid (paa) was tested to treat the free invasive stage (theront) of the parasite. paa concentrations of 0.3 ppm were able to kill all theronts in 120 min in our investigations. as a result of these inve ...200717970337
[application of peracetic acid for the treatment of juvenile sander (sander lucioperca) during ichthyophthirius multifiliis infestation].white spot disease caused by the ciliate protozoan parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis (i. m.), is one of the most dangerous diseases in aquaculture and ornamental fish breeding worldwide. the parasite is characterized by three developmental stages: a reproductive tomont, an infective theront and a parasitic trophont. in sander (sander lucioperca) breeding i. m. causes serious economic losses. after banning of the traditional therapeutic agent malachite green we have to face a state of emergen ...200717724932
differential transcription of multiple forms of alpha-2-macroglobulin in carp (cyprinus carpio) infected with parasites.alpha-2-macroglobulin (a2m) is a non-specific protease inhibitor involved in host defense mechanisms, inhibiting both endogenous and exogenous proteases. it is unique among the plasma anti-proteases with respect to the diversity of proteases that it can inactivate. carp a2m consists of an alpha and beta chain of which the first includes the bioactive regions. previously, three a2m alpha chain sequences were reported for east-asian common carp. we studied a2m alpha chain variability in european c ...200817662386
generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the ciliate protozoan parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis.the ciliate protozoan ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) is an important parasite of freshwater fish that causes 'white spot disease' leading to significant losses. a genomic resource for large-scale studies of this parasite has been lacking. to study gene expression involved in ich pathogenesis and virulence, our goal was to generate expressed sequence tags (ests) for the development of a powerful microarray platform for the analysis of global gene expression in this species. here, we initiated ...200717577414
evaluation of a cohabitation challenge model in immunization trials for channel catfish ictalurus punctatus against ichthyophthirius multifiliis.calcein marking and cohabitation challenges have not been investigated in fish parasite research. this study evaluated a cohabitation challenge method in immunization trials against ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) using calcein, a fluorescent dye, to mark channel catfish ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque). fish were marked by calcein immersion at 0, 500, and 1500 mg l(-1), and then challenged with 15 000 theronts fish(-1). no difference was noted in fish infection levels, mortality, and mean da ...200717425263
cross-immunity and antibody responses to different immobilisation serotypes of ichthyophthirius multifiliis.vaccination of channel catfish with either of two serotypes of the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis conferred protection against challenge infection by either serotype. fish were vaccinated by intracoelomic injection with live theronts of isolate g5 (serotype d) or isolate g12 (a new serotype), which express different surface immobilisation antigens. vaccination with live g12 theronts conferred complete protection against subsequent challenge by both serotypes while vaccination wit ...200717227714
differential expression of cysteine proteases in developmental stages of the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis.an expressed sequence tag database of the freshwater fish parasite, ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ciliophora) was analyzed to seek for proteases potentially involved in the invasion and degradation of host tissues during infection. the translation of the database revealed two cathepsin l cysteine proteases (icp1 and icp2) of the c1a peptidase subfamily. the analysis of icp1 and icp2 sequences suggested that both proteases would be synthesized as preproproteins, with a mature domain of 27.9 and 2 ...200717227460
temperature-dependent protection against ichthyophthirius multifiliis following immunisation of rainbow trout using live theronts.rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum, 1792 fingerlings were vaccinated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection using live theronts of the skin parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet, 1876 at 2 temperatures (12 and 20 degrees c), and protection against challenge infections was subsequently evaluated by bath exposure to live theronts. vaccination conferred a relative protection (evaluated as the decrease in the number of established theronts) at 12 degrees c and almost complete im ...200617190205
complement expression in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) during infection with ichthyophthirius multifiliis.a real-time pcr assay for determination of the complement response to infection with the ectoparasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis in carp is presented. specific primers were designed for selected genes representing the three pathways of the carp complement system. the investigated complement molecules were c1r/s, c3, c4, c5, factor i, factor b/c2-a (bf/c2-a), mannose-binding lectin (mbl) and mbl-associated serine protease (masp). the expression of the selected genes was analyzed on rna extracts ...200717107712
ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection induces massive up-regulation of serum amyloid a in carp (cyprinus carpio).a real time quantitative pcr (rq-pcr) assay was developed for measurement of differential expression of the genes encoding the acute phase reactant serum amyloid a (saa), transferrin (tf) and a c-type lectin molecule (cl) in skin, blood and liver from cyprinus carpio following infection with the ectoparasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis. serum amyloid a and cl were constitutively expressed in all organs evaluated while tf transcripts were only detected in the liver. a dramatic up-regulation (160 ...200717095098
cutaneous immune responses in the common carp detected using transcript analysis.in order to detect new immune-related genes in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) challenged by an ectoparasitic infection, two cdna libraries were constructed from carp skin sampled at 3 and 72h after infection with ichthyophthirius multifiliis. in a total of 3500 expressed sequence tags (ests) we identified 82 orthologues of genes of immune relevance previously described in other organisms. of these, 61 have never been described before in c. carpio, thus shedding light on some key components of ...200717049603
real-time gene expression analysis in carp (cyprinus carpio l.) skin: inflammatory responses caused by the ectoparasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis.real time quantitative pcr (rq-pcr) assays were developed for the measurement of differential real-time expression of immune-related genes in skin and whole blood from cyprinus carpio during an infection with the ectoparasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis. the target genes included the chemokines cxca and cxcb, the chemokine receptors cxcr1 and cxcr2, the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (il-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and the enzymes inducible nitric oxide sy ...200717046281
differences in virulence between two serotypes of ichthyophthirius multifiliis.naive channel catfish ictalurus punctatus were infected by 2 isolates of the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis that differed in virulence. the isolates, ny1 and g5, serotypes a and d, respectively, express different surface immobilization-antigens. the virulence of the 2 isolates was compared using tail-fin infections to quantitate parasite numbers and by analysis of the survival of infected fish. although ny1 infected fish at a lower level than g5, all ny1-infected fish died, but 5 ...200616724566
apoptosis in ichthyophthirius multifiliis is associated with expression of the fas receptor of theronts.the expression of type i membrane fas receptors on the surface of ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) theronts and the possible association between fas expression and theront apoptosis induced by the immune antibody was examined. fas receptors were detected on the theront surface using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated mouse monoclonal antibody against fas. fas-positive theronts significantly increased with time during in vitro incubation and with increasing theront concentration. furthermore ...200616635062
secretion of functional human enzymes by tetrahymena thermophila.the non-pathogenic ciliate tetrahymena thermophila is one of the best-characterized unicellular eucaryotes used in various research fields. previous work has shown that this unicellular organism provides many biological features to become a high-quality expression system, like multiplying to high cell densities with short generation times in bioreactors. in addition, the expression of surface antigens from the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum and the ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis su ...200616542419
induced cross-protection in channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), against different immobilization serotypes of ichthyophthirius multifiliis.abstract channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), were immunized with ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) theronts and trophonts, and the immune response and host protection against both homologous and heterologous serotypes of ich were evaluated. immunizations were done with two immobilization serotypes (ars4 and ars6) of live theronts by bath immersion (trial i) and with sonicated trophonts by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (trial ii). cutaneous and serum antibody titres against ich ...200616533298
characterization of cryptocaryon irritans isolates from marine fishes in mainland china by its ribosomal dna sequences.seven isolates of cryptocaryon irritans from different host species and geographical locations in mainland china were characterized by the first (its-1) and second (its-2) internal transcribed spacers (its) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) using two isolates of ichthyophthirius multifiliis for comparative purposes. the rdna region including the its-1, 5.8s, its-2, and flanking 18s and 28s sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the amplicons were sequenced directly. the its-1, 5 ...200616523350
ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet and ichthyophthiriosis in freshwater teleosts.the ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important pathogen of freshwater teleosts occurring in both temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. the disease, ichthyophthiriosis, accounts for significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry, including the ornamental fish trade, and epizootics in wild fish populations can result in mass kills. this review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the biology of the parasite, covering the free-living and parasitic stages ...200516182866
treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. ii. earth ponds at salmonid farms.we tested formalin, chloramine-t-formalin and desirox-formalin, for use against white spot disease (ichthyophthiriasis) caused by ichthyophthirius multifiliis at 3 salmonid farms (salmo salar and s. trutta smolt reared in earth ponds). i. multifiliis disappeared from most individuals 4 to 5 wk after the first treatment (and after the first i. multifiliis were found) with all chemicals, indicating that combinations of these chemicals, and even formalin alone, can be used to lower the parasite bur ...200516175963
non-invasive detection and quantification of the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis by real-time pcr.the main parasitic threat to freshwater fish is the ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis. we developed a real-time pcr assay using sybr green intercalating fluorescent dye for rapid detection and quantification of i. multifiliis. this non-invasive assay was based on the quantification of i. multifiliis free-swimming stages from filtered water samples, and thus made it possible to preserve host individuals. an alignment of 18s rdna sequences of i. multifiliis and related species of the ciliate or ...200516119894
treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. i. concrete tanks at salmonid farms.since the use of malachite green was banned in many european countries, new alternative treatments have been tested to prevent white spot disease caused by ichthyophthirius multifiliis. we tested formalin, potassium permanganate (kmno4), chloramine-t, hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and per aqua or desirox alone or in combinations of 2 chemicals, one of which was always formalin, in 50 m2 concrete tanks at 2 farms producing salmon salmo salar smolt in 2001 and 2002. both per aqua and desirox are combin ...200515900690
cutaneous antibodies from channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), immune to ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) may induce apoptosis of ich theronts.this study explored the existence of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet (ich) theronts and determined the effect of cutaneous antibodies in skin culture fluid from fish immune to ich on theront apoptosis. apoptosis was detected in theronts and was clearly distinguished by fluorescent microscopy after staining with acridine orange and propidium iodide. the apoptotic theronts showed characteristic chromatin condensation and nuclear fragments containing chroma ...200515813863
invasion and development strategies of ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a parasitic ciliate of fish.like many other parasites, ichthyophthirius multifliis faces critical changes when moving between free-living and parasitic phases. this ciliate alternates between feeding in the epithelium of freshwater fishes and swimming and encysting in fresh water. several organelles appear to play key roles in successful negotiation o f these changes. margaret ewing and katherine kocan discuss a variety of cellular components important in host invasion and development of the parasite, with particular atten ...199215463617
influence of anguillicola crassus (nematoda) and ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ciliophora) on swimming activity of european eel anguilla anguilla.we investigated the swimming activity of 70 european eels anguilla anguilla in relation to natural infection with 2 parasite species: the eel-specific swimbladder nematode anguillicola crassus and the non-specific skin and gill protozoan ichthyophthirius multifiliis. we measured how long individual eels exposed to a water current in a swimming channel with a steady-stream profile could withstand the water current. the parasites affected the swimming behaviour of eels in different ways. the maxim ...200415460857
role of ichthyophthirius multifiliis in the infection of aeromonas hydrophila.aeromonas hydrophila and ichthyophthirius multifiliis are important fish pathogens. to clarify their relationship, two host models, goldfish with trauma and those infected with i. multifiliis, were used to study infection kinetics of a. hydrophila 4332 tagged with plasmid pgfpuv (ah4332(gfp)). the results showed that in fish suffering from ichthyophthiriosis, the bacterial infection process was accelerated and more persistent than in the other groups. it is suggested that i. multifiliis plays an ...200415330981
localized cellular responses to ichthyophthirius multifiliis: protection or pathogenesis?the ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an economically important parasite in aquaculture as well as in the ornamental fish trade. the parasite has been well studied and details of life cycle, host response and pathogenesis have been characterized. parasite development within host epithelial tissues initiates localized leukocytic infiltrations, although the relationship between these responses and host resistance is uncertain, and whether or not leukocyte responses play a role in protective ...199415275420
antibody-mediated effects on parasite behavior: evidence of a novel mechanism of immunity against a parasitic protist.the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis is well known in commercial aquaculture as the etiological agent of 'white spot', a disease that afflicts a wide range of fresh-water fish. while ichthyophthirius is highly pathogenic, animals exposed to controlled infections develop a strong acquired resistance to the parasite. recent studies suggest host resistance involves a novel mechanism of humoral immunity affecting parasite behavior. rather than being killed, parasites are forced to exit ...199715275136
the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis induces expression of immune relevant genes in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).abstract during an infection with the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis, expression of genes encoding complement factor c3, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), immunoglobulin (igm) and major histocompatibility complex (mhc-ii) was examined in the skin, head kidney and spleen of rainbow trout using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. induction of c3 transcription levels was evident in the skin and spleen showing extra-hepatic production of c3. mhc-i ...200415228610
two year study on the infectivity of ichthyophthirius multifiliis in channel catfish ictalurus punctatus.ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet (ich) is a fish parasite that causes serious economic loss for aquaculture. a major difficulty in the maintenance of single isolates of ich for research purposes is the loss of infectivity. after an unknown number of passages or infection cycles the ich isolate loses its infectivity. this study determined the infectivity of an ich isolate during 105 infection cycles in channel catfish ictalurus punctatus over a 2 yr period. the mean percentage of fish infecte ...200415212279
expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) during an infection with ichthyophthirius multifiliis.inflammatory processes are known to take place in the skin of fish during an infection with the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis. the present study shows that the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (il-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), the chemokine interleukin 8 (il-8) and the type ii il-1 receptor (il-1rii) are expressed in rainbow trout during an infection. in the skin an up to 17.8 times increase in the expression level of il-1beta relative to uninf ...200415145419
immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), against ichthyophthirius multifiliis after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts.the humoral immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), against ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) were determined after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts. immunizations with live theronts or sonicated trophonts were carried out by both bath immersion and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. cutaneous and serum immunoglobulin (ig) levels and anti-ich antibodies were measured 12 and 21 days post-immunization. the level of ich infec ...200415009239
[new data on biology and ecology of ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet]. 195214926624
effects of crude extracts of mucuna pruriens (fabaceae) and carica papaya (caricaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis.the ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis is among the most pathogenic parasites of fish maintained in captivity. in the present study, the effects of the crude methanolic extract of leaves of mucuna pruriens and the petroleum-ether extract of seeds of carica papaya against i. multifiliis were investigated under in vivo and in vitro conditions. goldfish (carassius auratus auratus) infected with the parasites were immersed for 72 h in baths with m. pruriens extract, and for 96 h in baths with c. p ...200414735356
cadmium effects on ichthyophthirius: evidence for metal-sequestration in fish tissues following administration of recombinant vaccines.we are developing tetrahymena thermophila as a delivery system for recombinant vaccines against parasitic protozoa, including the common fish parasite, ichthyophthirius multifiliis. t. thermophila cell lines expressing i. multifiliis genes under the control of a cadmium-inducible metallothionein gene promoter conferred strong protection against a lethal parasite challenge when administered parenterally to naive fish. nevertheless, given that heavy metals can be toxic to parasites, a question aro ...200314667175
parasite communities as indicators of recovery from pollution: parasites of roach (rutilus rutilus) and perch (perca fuviatilis) in central finland.we compared parasite communities in fish taken from a polluted lake (l. vatia) and two control lakes before (1986) and after (1995) nine years of markedly reduced chemical and nutrient loading from a pulpmill in central finland. discriminant analyses of the 1995 data, using a function based on the 1986 data, showed that the parasite communities in the fish from the two control lakes had changed relatively little, whereas those from l. vatia had converged on those from the mesotrophic control lak ...200314667171
[immunity of fish to ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet infection]. 195313116925
systemic and cutaneous mucus antibody responses of channel catfish immunized against the protozoan parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis.fish acquire protective immunity against the ciliated protozoan parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis following sublethal infection or inoculation with i. multifiliis immobilization antigens (i-antigens). in both cases, parasite-immobilizing antibodies have been identified in sera and mucosal secretions. to investigate the kinetics of this immune response, antibody levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in the sera and cutaneous mucus of channel catfish (ictalurus pu ...200312965920
protective effect of cutaneous antibody produced by channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), immune to ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet on cohabited non-immune catfish.fish which survive a sublethal ichthyophthiriasis acquire protective immunity against ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet (ich). this study evaluated the protective effect of cutaneous antibody secreted by channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), immune to ich on cohabited non-immune catfish. non-immune and immune fish controls were separately maintained and infected with theronts. the ich infection was assessed by scoring 0, < 50, 50-100, and > 100 trophonts fish(-1) at 5 days post-i ...200312962237
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