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a taqman real-time pcr assay for the detection and quantitation of plasmodium knowlesi.the misdiagnosis of plasmodium knowlesi by microscopy has prompted a re-evaluation of the geographic distribution, prevalence and pathogenesis of this species using molecular diagnostic tools. in this report, a specific probe for p. knowlesi, that can be used in a previously described taqman real-time pcr assay for detection of plasmodium spp., and plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale, was designed and validated against clinical samples.201021114872
new imidazolidinedione derivatives as antimalarial agents.a series of new n-alky- and n-alkoxy-imidazolidinediones was prepared and assessed for prophylactic and radical curative activities in mouse and rhesus monkey models. new compounds are generally metabolically stable, weakly active in vitro against plasmodium falciparum clones (d6 and w2) and in mice infected with plasmodium berghei sporozoites. representative compounds 8e and 9c showed good causal prophylactic activity in rhesus monkeys dosed 30 mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days by im, delayed pa ...201021282058
antimalarial effects of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors in rhesus macaques.the antimalarial activity of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors indinavir and saquinavir was evaluated in rhesus macaques for the first time. indinavir effectively suppressed the growth of plasmodium cynomolgi and plasmodium knowlesi in vivo after a 7- or 3-day treatment, respectively, with clinically relevant doses, whereas saquinavir showed only weak activity against p. cynomolgi.201121486958
synthesis and antimalarial activity of 2-guanidino-4-oxoimidazoline derivatives.a series of 2-guanidino-4-oxoimidazoline (deoxo-iz) derivatives was prepared and showed potent antimalarial activities in rodent and rhesus models. compound 8e, the most potent analogues of this series, is the first non-8-aminoqinoline antimalarial that demonstrated radical curative activity in non-human primate by oral route and showed causal prophylactic activity comparable to that of the commonly used clinical drugs in rhesus monkeys infected with sporozoites of plasmodium cynomolgi. the meta ...201121627120
radical curative efficacy of tafenoquine combination regimens in plasmodium cynomolgi-infected rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).abstract: background: tafenoquine is an 8-aminoquinoline being developed for radical cure (blood and liver stage elimination) of plasmodium vivax. during monotherapy treatment, the compound exhibits slow parasite and fever clearance times, and toxicity in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) deficiency is a concern. combination with other antimalarials may mitigate these concerns. methods: in 2005, the radical curative efficacy of tafenoquine combinations was investigated in plasmodium cynom ...201121801400
characterization of peripheral blood t lymphocyte subsets in chinese rhesus macaques with repeated or long-term infection with plasmodium cynomolgi.t lymphocytes play a vital role in antimalaria immunity, but there is little information about the role of t cells in malaria infection. in order to explore the profile of t cells in malaria immunity, we infected chinese rhesus macaques with the malaria parasite (plasmodium cynomolgi) and examined the dynamics of t cell subsets. both repeated and long-term infections were involved. our results showed that the monkeys in the repeated infection group acquired protective immunity through primary in ...201121842385
Dormancy in mammalian malaria.This analysis principally concerns biological aspects of dormancy in mammalian malaria, with particular reference to the hypnozoite. Research is needed to reveal what happens to sporozoites of Plasmodium cynomolgi between the time of inoculation and when hypnozoites are first seen in the liver 36-40h later. It is likely that hypnozoites of relapsing malarial parasites will prove to be directly sporozoite-derived rather than merozoite-derived. There is indirect evidence that, contrary to what is ...201122118814
evolutionary analysis of circumsporozoite surface protein and merozoite surface protein-1 (csp and msp-1) sequences of malaria parasites.malaria, one of the world's most common diseases, is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite known as plasmodium. in this study, we have determined the evolutionary relationship of two single-copy proteins, circumsporozoite protein (csp) and merozoite surface protein-1 (msp-1), among plasmodium species using various bioinformatics tools and softwares. these two proteins are major blood stage antigens of plasmodium species. this study demonstrates that the circumsporozoite protein of plasm ...201121769195
a class of tricyclic compounds blocking malaria parasite oocyst development and transmission.malaria is a deadly infectious disease in many tropical and subtropical countries. previous efforts to eradicate malaria have failed, largely due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes and, in particular, the lack of drugs or vaccines to block parasite transmission. atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters are known to play a role in drug transport, metabolism, and resistance in many organisms, including malaria parasites. to investigate whether a plasmodiu ...201223129054
generation of quinolone antimalarials targeting the plasmodium falciparum mitochondrial respiratory chain for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria.there is an urgent need for new antimalarial drugs with novel mechanisms of action to deliver effective control and eradication programs. parasite resistance to all existing antimalarial classes, including the artemisinins, has been reported during their clinical use. a failure to generate new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action that circumvent the current resistance challenges will contribute to a resurgence in the disease which would represent a global health emergency. here we prese ...201222566611
genomic insights into the other malaria.plasmodium vivax has received less attention and study than plasmodium falciparum, due in part to difficulties in culturing this pathogen. whole-genome sequencing of both p. vivax and plasmodium cynomolgi and characterization of genetic variation in these species provide a genetic toolbox for tertian malaria and new insights into the monkey malaria clade.201222932497
plasmodium cynomolgi genome sequences provide insight into plasmodium vivax and the monkey malaria clade.p. cynomolgi, a malaria-causing parasite of asian old world monkeys, is the sister taxon of p. vivax, the most prevalent malaria-causing species in humans outside of africa. because p. cynomolgi shares many phenotypic, biological and genetic characteristics with p. vivax, we generated draft genome sequences for three p. cynomolgi strains and performed genomic analysis comparing them with the p. vivax genome, as well as with the genome of a third previously sequenced simian parasite, plasmodium k ...201222863735
strain-specific protective effect of the immunity induced by live malarial sporozoites under chloroquine cover.the efficacy of a whole-sporozoite malaria vaccine would partly be determined by the strain-specificity of the protective responses against malarial sporozoites and liver-stage parasites. evidence from previous reports were inconsistent, where some studies have shown that the protective immunity induced by irradiated or live sporozoites in rodents or humans were cross-protective and in others strain-specific. in the present work, we have studied the strain-specificity of live sporozoite-induced ...201223029282
[stabilities of two kinds of plasmodium antigen substrate slides under different storage temperatures and time].to observe and compare the inspection effects of antigen substrate slides of plasmodium cynomolgi (p. c) and plasmodium falciparum (p. f) on the malaria antibody titer under different storage temperatures and time.201223012960
ex vivo culture of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium cynomolgi and in vitro culture of plasmodium knowlesi blood stages.long-term in vitro cultures of blood-stage parasites are so far feasible only for plasmodium falciparum and p. knowlesi. in this chapter, we describe short-term ex vivo culturing of p. cynomolgi and p. vivax. we also describe long-term in vitro culturing of p. knowlesi as well as some techniques for synchronizing parasites. cultured parasites can be used for a variety of purposes, e.g., for in vitro drug assays and antibody-mediated growth inhibition assays.201322990770
the evolution and diversity of a low complexity vaccine candidate, merozoite surface protein 9 (msp-9), in plasmodium vivax and closely related species.the merozoite surface protein-9 (msp-9) has been considered a target for an anti-malarial vaccine since it is one of many proteins involved in the erythrocyte invasion, a critical step in the parasite life cycle. orthologs encoding this antigen have been found in all known species of plasmodium parasitic to primates. in order to characterize and investigate the extent and maintenance of msp-9 genetic diversity, we analyzed dna sequences of the following malaria parasite species: plasmodium falci ...201324044894
triangular test design to evaluate tinidazole in the prevention of plasmodium vivax relapse.there are very few drugs that prevent the relapse of plasmodium vivax malaria in man. tinidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole approved in the usa for the treatment of indications including amoebiasis and giardiasis. in the non-human primate relapsing plasmodium cynomolgi/macaque malaria model, tinidazole cured one of six macaques studied with an apparent mild delay to relapse in the other five of 14-28 days compared to 11-12 days in controls. one study has demonstrated activity against p. vivax in man. ...201323718705
plasmodium vivax: modern strategies to study a persistent parasite's life cycle.plasmodium vivax has unique attributes to support its survival in varying ecologies and climates. these include hypnozoite forms in the liver, an invasion preference for reticulocytes, caveola-vesicle complex structures in the infected erythrocyte membrane and rapidly forming and circulating gametocytes. these characteristics make this species very different from p. falciparum. plasmodium cynomolgi and other related simian species have identical biology and can serve as informative models of p. ...201323384620
kai407, a potent non-8-aminoquinoline compound that kills plasmodium cynomolgi early dormant liver stage parasites in vitro.preventing relapses of plasmodium vivax malaria through a radical cure depends on use of the 8-aminoquinoline primaquine, which is associated with safety and compliance issues. for future malaria eradication strategies, new, safer radical curative compounds that efficiently kill dormant liver stages (hypnozoites) will be essential. a new compound with potential radical cure activity was identified using a low-throughput assay of in vitro-cultured hypnozoite forms of plasmodium cynomolgi (an exce ...201324366744
transgenic fluorescent plasmodium cynomolgi liver stages enable live imaging and purification of malaria hypnozoite-forms.a major challenge for strategies to combat the human malaria parasite plasmodium vivax is the presence of hypnozoites in the liver. these dormant forms can cause renewed clinical disease after reactivation through unknown mechanisms. the closely related non-human primate malaria p. cynomolgi is a frequently used model for studying hypnozoite-induced relapses. here we report the generation of the first transgenic p. cynomolgi parasites that stably express fluorescent markers in liver stages by tr ...201323359816
efficacy of intravenous methylene blue, intravenous artesunate, and their combination in preclinical models of malaria.intravenous artesunate (iv as) is the present treatment of choice for severe malaria, but development of artemisinin resistance indicates that a further agent will be needed. methylene blue (mb) is an approved human agent for iv and oral use, and is already being investigated for oral treatment of uncomplicated malaria. to initiate investigation of iv mb for severe malaria, the efficacy of iv mb was compared to iv as and to their combination in rat and non-human primate malaria models.201425336091
zoonotic malaria - global overview and research and policy needs.the four main plasmodium species that cause human malaria, plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, and plasmodium ovale, are transmitted between humans by mosquito vectors belonging to the genus anopheles. it has recently become evident that plasmodium knowlesi, a parasite that typically infects forest macaque monkeys, can be transmitted by anophelines to cause malaria in humans in southeast asia. plasmodium knowlesi infections are frequently misdiagnosed microscopically as ...201425184118
first case of a naturally acquired human infection with plasmodium cynomolgi.since 1960, a total of seven species of monkey malaria have been reported as transmissible to man by mosquito bite: plasmodium cynomolgi, plasmodium brasilianum, plasmodium eylesi, plasmodium knowlesi, plasmodium inui, plasmodium schwetzi and plasmodium simium. with the exception of p. knowlesi, none of the other species has been found to infect humans in nature. in this report, it is described the first known case of a naturally acquired p. cynomolgi malaria in humans.the patient was a 39-year- ...201424564912
genome-wide patterns of genetic polymorphism and signatures of selection in plasmodium vivax.plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent human malaria parasite outside of africa. yet, studies aimed to identify genes with signatures consistent with natural selection are rare. here, we present a comparative analysis of the pattern of genetic variation of five sequenced isolates of p. vivax and its divergence with two closely related species, plasmodium cynomolgi and plasmodium knowlesi, using a set of orthologous genes. in contrast to plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes the most le ...201425523904
anti-relapse activity of mirincamycin in the plasmodium cynomolgi sporozoite-infected rhesus monkey model.mirincamycin is a close analog of the drug clindamycin used to treat plasmodium falciparum blood stages. the clinical need to treat plasmodium vivax dormant liver stages and prevent relapse with a drug other than primaquine led to the evaluation of mirinicamycin against liver stages in animals.201425326032
heterogeneous genetic diversity pattern in plasmodium vivax genes encoding merozoite surface proteins (msp) -7e, -7f and -7l.the msp-7 gene has become differentially expanded in the plasmodium genus; plasmodium vivax has the highest copy number of this gene, several of which encode antigenic proteins in merozoites.201425496322
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (+)-primaquine and (-)-primaquine enantiomers in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).primaquine (pq) remains the sole available drug to prevent relapse of plasmodium vivax malaria more than 60 years after licensure. while this drug was administered as a racemic mixture, prior studies suggested a pharmacodynamic advantage based on differential antirelapse activity and/or toxicities of its enantiomers. oral primaquine enantiomers prepared using a novel, easily scalable method were given for 7 days to healthy rhesus macaques in a dose-rising fashion to evaluate their effects on the ...201425267666
genetic diversity and natural selection of three blood-stage 6-cys proteins in plasmodium vivax populations from the china-myanmar endemic border.pv12, pv38 and pv41, the three 6-cys family proteins which are expressed in the blood-stage of vivax malaria, might be involved in merozoite invasion activity and thus be potential vaccine candidate antigens of plasmodium vivax. however, little information is available concerning the genetic diversity and natural selection of these three proteins. in the present study, we analyzed the amino acid sequences of p. vivax blood-stage 6-cys family proteins in comparison with the homologue proteins of ...201425266249
causal prophylactic efficacy of primaquine, tafenoquine, and atovaquone-proguanil against plasmodium cynomolgi in a rhesus monkey model.since the 1940s, the large animal model to assess novel causal prophylactic antimalarial agents has been the plasmodium cynomolgi sporozoite-infected indian-origin rhesus monkey. in 2009 the model was reassessed with 3 clinical standards: primaquine (pq), tafenoquine (tq), and atovaquone-proguanil. both control monkeys were parasitemic on day 8 post-sporozoite inoculation on day 0. primaquine at 1.78 mg base/kg/day on days (-1) to 8 protected 1 monkey and delayed parasitemia patency of the other ...201424780070
persistence and activation of malaria hypnozoites in long-term primary hepatocyte cultures.malaria relapses, resulting from the activation of quiescent hepatic hypnozoites of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale, hinder global efforts to control and eliminate malaria. as primaquine, the only drug capable of eliminating hypnozoites, is unsuitable for mass administration, an alternative drug is needed urgently. currently, analyses of hypnozoites, including screening of compounds that would eliminate them, can only be made using common macaque models, principally macaca rhesus and macac ...201424509527
identification of a vir-orthologous immune evasion gene family from primate malaria parasites.the immune evasion gene family of malaria parasites encodes variant surface proteins that are expressed at the surface of infected erythrocytes and help the parasite in evading the host immune response by means of antigenic variation. the identification of plasmodium vivax vir orthologous immune evasion gene family from primate malaria parasites would provide new insight into the evolution of virulence and pathogenesis. three vir subfamilies viz. vir-b, vir-d and vir-g were successfully pcr ampl ...201424477117
neither the hiv protease inhibitor lopinavir-ritonavir nor the antimicrobial trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prevent malaria relapse in plasmodium cynomolgi-infected non-human primates.plasmodium vivax malaria causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and only one drug is in clinical use that can kill the hypnozoites that cause p. vivax relapses. hiv and p. vivax malaria geographically overlap in many areas of the world, including south america and asia. despite the increasing body of knowledge regarding hiv protease inhibitors (hiv pis) on p. falciparum malaria, there are no data regarding the effects of these treatments on p. vivax's hypnozoite form and clinical ...201425541998
cloning, expression and functional characterization of heme detoxification protein (hdp) from the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium vinckei.malaria parasite resides within the host red blood cells, where it degrades vast amount of haemoglobin. during haemoglobin degradation, toxic free heme is liberated which subsequently gets converted into hemozoin. this process is facilitated by action of various proteins viz. heme detoxification protein (hdp), and histidine rich proteins ii and iii (hrp ii & iii). out of these, hdp is the most potent in hemozoin formation and plays indispensible role for parasite survival. despite this, the deta ...201525891072
contrasting infection susceptibility of the japanese macaques and cynomolgus macaques to closely related malaria parasites, plasmodium vivax and plasmodium cynomolgi.although the human malaria parasite plasmodium vivax is closely related to asian old world monkey malaria parasites, there are no reports of p. vivax infections in macaques. in this study, we compared the infectivity of p. vivax and plasmodium cynomolgi in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) and in cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis). the japanese macaques were highly susceptible to p. cynomolgi but not to p. vivax, whereas cynomolgus macaques showed mild/limited p. cynomolgi infection and ...201525316604
simian malaria in wild macaques: first report from hulu selangor district, selangor, malaysia.malaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease which is prevalent in many developing countries. recently, it has been found that plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite can be life-threatening to humans. long-tailed macaques, which are widely distributed in malaysia, are the natural hosts for simian malaria, including p. knowlesi. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of simian malaria parasites in long-tailed macaques in the district of hulu selangor, selangor, malays ...201526437652
the biology of plasmodium vivax explored through genomics.malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the plasmodium parasite. of the four plasmodium species that routinely cause human malaria, plasmodium vivax is the most widespread species outside africa, causing ∼18.9 million cases in 2012. p. vivax cannot be cultured continuously in vitro, which severely hampers research in nonendemic and endemic countries alike. consequently, whole-genome sequencing has become an effective means to interrogate the biology of the p. vivax parasite. our comparativ ...201525693446
humans frequently exposed to a range of non-human primate malaria parasite species through the bites of anopheles dirus mosquitoes in south-central vietnam.recent studies have described natural human infections of the non-human primate parasites plasmodium knowlesi and plasmodium cynomolgi. in southeast asia, mosquitoes of the anopheles leucosphyrus group bite both humans and monkeys in the forest and thus offer a possible route for plasmodium species to bridge the species barrier. in this study we analysed the species composition of malarial sporozoites infecting the salivary glands of anopheles dirus in order to determine their potential role as ...201526178324
evolution of the transmission-blocking vaccine candidates pvs28 and pvs25 in plasmodium vivax: geographic differentiation and evidence of positive selection.transmission-blocking (tb) vaccines are considered an important tool for malaria control and elimination. among all the antigens characterized as tb vaccines against plasmodium vivax, the ookinete surface proteins pvs28 and pvs25 are leading candidates. these proteins likely originated by a gene duplication event that took place before the radiation of the known plasmodium species to primates. we report an evolutionary genetic analysis of a worldwide sample of pvs28 and pvs25 alleles. our result ...201627347876
plasmodium cynomolgi infections in rhesus macaques display clinical and parasitological features pertinent to modelling vivax malaria pathology and relapse infections.plasmodium vivax infections in humans or in new world monkeys pose research challenges that necessitate the use of alternative model systems. plasmodium cynomolgi is a closely related species that shares genetic and biological characteristics with p. vivax, including relapses. here, the haematological dynamics and clinical presentation of sporozoite-initiated p. cynomolgi infections in macaca mulatta (rhesus macaques) are evaluated over a 100-day period.201627590312
characterizing the genetic diversity of the monkey malaria parasite plasmodium cynomolgi.plasmodium cynomolgi is a malaria parasite that typically infects asian macaque monkeys, and humans on rare occasions. p. cynomolgi serves as a model system for the human malaria parasite plasmodium vivax, with which it shares such important biological characteristics as formation of a dormant liver stage and a preference to invade reticulocytes. while genomes of three p. cynomolgi strains have been sequenced, genetic diversity of p. cynomolgi has not been widely investigated. to address this we ...201626980604
pi4 kinase is a prophylactic but not radical curative target in plasmodium vivax-type malaria parasites.two plasmodium pi4 kinase (pi4k) inhibitors, kdu691 and lmv599, were selected for in vivo testing as causal prophylactic and radical-cure agents for plasmodium cynomolgi sporozoite-infected rhesus macaques, based on their in vitro activity against liver stages. animals were infected with p. cynomolgi sporozoites, and compounds were dosed orally. both the kdu691 and lmv599 compounds were fully protective when administered prophylactically, and the more potent compound lmv599 achieved protection a ...201626926645
characterization of caveola-vesicle complexes (cvcs) protein, phist/cvc-8195 in plasmodium vivax.plasmodium vivax produces numerous caveola-vesicle complex (cvc) structures beneath the membrane of infected erythrocytes. recently, a member helical interspersed subtelomeric (phist) superfamily protein, pcyphist/cvc-8195, was identified as cvcs-associated protein in plasmodium cynomolgi and essential for survival of this parasite. very little information has been documented to date about phist/cvc-8195 protein in p. vivax. in this study, the recombinant pvphist/cvc-8195 n and c termini were ex ...201628095657
non-human primate malaria parasites: out of the forest and into the laboratory.the study of malaria in the laboratory relies on either the in vitro culture of human parasites, or the use of non-human malaria parasites in laboratory animals. in this review, we address the use of non-human primate malaria parasite species (nhpmps) in laboratory research. we describe the features of the most commonly used nhpmps, review their contribution to our understanding of malaria to date, and discuss their potential contribution to future studies.201627748213
sequence diversity and positive selection at the duffy-binding protein genes of plasmodium knowlesi and p. cynomolgi: analysis of the complete coding sequences of thai isolates.plasmodium knowlesi and p. cynomolgi are simian malaria parasites capable of causing symptomatic human infections. the interaction between the duffy binding protein alpha on p. knowlesi merozoite and the duffy-antigen receptor for chemokine (darc) on human and macaque erythrocyte membrane is prerequisite for establishment of blood stage infection whereas darc is not required for erythrocyte invasion by p. cynomolgi. to gain insights into the evolution of the pkdbp gene family comprising pkdbpα, ...201627480919
distribution and prevalence of malaria parasites among long-tailed macaques (macaca fascicularis) in regional populations across southeast asia.plasmodium knowlesi and plasmodium cynomolgi are two malaria parasites naturally transmissible between humans and wild macaque through mosquito vectors, while plasmodium inui can be experimentally transmitted from macaques to humans. one of their major natural hosts, the long-tailed macaque (macaca fascicularis), is host to two other species of plasmodium (plasmodium fieldi and plasmodium coatneyi) and is widely distributed in southeast asia. this study aims to determine the distribution of wild ...201627590474
malaria eradication and the hidden parasite reservoir.accumulation of erythrocytic parasites in bone marrow and the spleen has been reported in cases of plasmodium vivax malaria. if this occurs commonly, these stages represent a possible source of early, relapse-like homologous recurrences. moreover, they might hinder the elimination of malaria from human populations. pertinent research suggestions have been made.201728366603
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium cynomolgi.18s ribosomal rna gene sequences of different species of plasmodium were aligned and analyzed to determine the molecular diversity among different species of plasmodium. at content of p. cynomolgi, p. ovale, p. falciparum, p. vivax and p. malariae ranged from 62.30 to 63.15, 63.90 to 65.29, 66.67 to 68.40, 61.66 to 63.25 and 64.09 to 76.36 in case respectively. gc content of p. cynomolgi, p. ovale, p. falciparum, p. vivaxand p. malariae ranged from 36.85 to 37.70, 34.71 to 36.43, 31.60 to 33.27, ...201728316417
ancestry, plasmodium cynomolgi prevalence and rhesus macaque admixture in cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) bred for export in chinese breeding farms.most cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) used in the united states as animal models are imported from chinese breeding farms without documented ancestry. cynomolgus macaques with varying rhesus macaque ancestry proportions may exhibit differences, such as susceptibility to malaria, that affect their suitability as a research model.201728266719
laser capture microdissection enables transcriptomic analysis of dividing and quiescent liver stages of plasmodium relapsing species.dormant liver stage forms (hypnozoites) of the malaria parasite plasmodium vivax present major hurdles to control and eradicate infection. despite major research efforts, the molecular composition of hypnozoites remains ill defined. here, we applied a combination of state-of-the-art technologies to generate the first transcriptome of hypnozoites. we developed a robust laser dissection microscopy protocol to isolate individual plasmodium cynomolgi hypnozoites and schizonts from infected monkey he ...201728256794
case report: severe and complicated cynomolgi malaria in a rhesus macaque resulted in similar histopathological changes as those seen in human malaria.histopathological data collected from patients with severe malaria have been instrumental for studying malaria pathogenesis. animal models of malaria are critical to complement such studies. here, the histopathological changes observed in a rhesus macaque with severe and complicated plasmodium cynomolgi malaria are reported. the animal presented with thrombocytopenia, severe anemia, and hyperparasitemia during the acute infection. the macaque was given subcurative antimalarial treatment, fluid s ...201728829738
an improved plasmodium cynomolgi genome assembly reveals an unexpected methyltransferase gene expansion.plasmodium cynomolgi, a non-human primate malaria parasite species, has been an important model parasite since its discovery in 1907. similarities in the biology of p. cynomolgi to the closely related, but less tractable, human malaria parasite p. vivax make it the model parasite of choice for liver biology and vaccine studies pertinent to p. vivax malaria. molecular and genome-scale studies of p. cynomolgi have relied on the current reference genome sequence, which remains highly fragmented wit ...201728748222
antimalarial efficacy of mmv390048, an inhibitor of plasmodium phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.as part of the global effort toward malaria eradication, phenotypic whole-cell screening revealed the 2-aminopyridine class of small molecules as a good starting point to develop new antimalarial drugs. stemming from this series, we found that the derivative, mmv390048, lacked cross-resistance with current drugs used to treat malaria. this compound was efficacious against all plasmodium life cycle stages, apart from late hypnozoites in the liver. efficacy was shown in the humanized plasmodium fa ...201728446690
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