Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| infection of a canine macrophage cell line with leishmania infantum: determination of nitric oxide production and anti-leishmanial activity. | we have previously shown that resistance to leishmania infantum in dogs is associated with a th1 type of immune response. in this study, we use a canine macrophage cell line (030-d) that can readily be infected with this protozoan parasite. our aim is to further characterize the effector mechanisms involved in killing of leishmania parasite in dogs. we observed that activation of 030-d cells by incubation with a supernatant derived from a leishmania-specific t cell line containing ifn-gamma, tnf ... | 2000 | 10962155 |
| leishmania infantum: stage-specific activity of pentavalent antimony related with the assay conditions. | the determination of the intrinsic sensitivity of leishmania strains to pentavalent antimonials in clinical trials, before treatment is begun, is essential in order to avoid failures and to allow alternative drugs to be chosen. a comparative study of sbv activity on promastigotes, axenic amastigote-like cells, and intracellular amastigotes of leishmania infantum, when administered in the form of meglumine antimoniate and free, in hydrochloric solution, was performed. results indicate that the co ... | 2000 | 10964649 |
| hiv--leishmania infantum co-infection: humoral and cellular immune responses to the parasite after chemotherapy. | specific serum antibodies, peripheral blood t-cell subsets, cellular response in vitro to soluble leishmania antigens, phenotype of stimulated cells, and serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta 1 were studied in spain in 17 patients co-infected with hiv and leishmania infantum who had been previously treated with pentavalent antimony. both humoral and cellular responses to leishmania sp. appeared diminished, 8 out of 17 patients were positive ... | 2000 | 10975014 |
| identification of a putative regulatory element in the 3'-untranslated region that controls expression of hsp70 in leishmania infantum. | the regulation of hsp70 gene expression in leishmania infantum, in contrast to most eukaryotes, occurs by mechanisms that operate exclusively at the post-transcriptional level. during the normal growth of l. infantum promastigotes at 26 degrees c the mrnas derived from the sixth gene of the hsp70 locus are more abundant than the mrnas derived from the other five hsp70 genes, but only the latter transcripts accumulate after incubation at 37 degrees c. here, it was found that the full-length 3'unt ... | 2000 | 10989147 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis in an italian woman. | 2000 | 10991740 | |
| infectivity of promastigotes and amastigotes of leishmania infantum in a canine model for leishmaniosis. | seven dogs experimentally infected with amastigotes or culture promastigotes of leishmania infantum mon-1 were observed for a period of up to 38 months. the course of infection was monitored by clinical and parasitological examinations, haematological and serum protein analysis, and by anti-leishmania antibody levels. two of the three amastigote-inoculated dogs developed a symptomatic infection with haematological and protein alterations, and a strong humoral immune response. the third dog was a ... | 2000 | 10996738 |
| evidence for determining parasitic factors in addition to host genetics and immune status in the outcome of murine leishmania infantum visceral leishmaniasis. | c.b-17 scid and congenic balb/c mice were used to examine leishmania infantum strain pathogenicity independently of host genetic factors. while parasite loads were significantly higher in immunodeficient mice than in immunocompetent mice, the kinetics of infection during a long-term follow-up were similar, suggesting that intrinsic parasitic factors also influence the outcome of l. infantum infection. | 2000 | 11012977 |
| flow cytometric detection of leishmania parasites in human monocyte-derived macrophages: application to antileishmanial-drug testing. | a flow cytometric technique was developed for detection of amastigotes of the protozoan leishmania infantum in human nonadherent monocyte-derived macrophages. the cells were fixed and permeabilized with paraformaldehyde-ethanol, and intracellular amastigotes were labeled with leishmania lipophosphoglycan-specific monoclonal antibody. results showed that flow cytometry provided accurate quantification of the infection rates in human macrophages compared to the rates obtained by the conventional m ... | 2000 | 11036025 |
| immune and clinical parameters associated with leishmania infantum infection in the golden hamster model. | for experimental infections with viscerotropic strains of leishmania, a suitable animal model is not yet defined. in the present work, we have reappraised the use of golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) as an experimental model for infection with leishmania infantum. groups of hamsters were challenged by the intracardial route with doses ranging from 10(3) to 10(5) infectious promastigotes and the animals were monitored for 1-year follow-up period. the outcome of the infection was assessed by c ... | 2000 | 11044559 |
| leishmania infantum: gene cloning of the grp94 homologue, its expression as recombinant protein, and analysis of antigenicity. | the complete nucleotide sequence for the leishmania infantum homologue to the glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) gene was determined from the isolation and characterization of a genomic clone. like the mammalian and plant grp94s, the l. infantum grp94 sequence possesses both an n-terminal signal peptide and a putative endoplasmic reticulum retention signal, consisting of the c-terminal tetrapeptide eddl. thus, l. infantum is the first protozoan organism in which grp94 has been identified. sout ... | 2000 | 11052869 |
| episomal and stable expression of the luciferase reporter gene for quantifying leishmania spp. infections in macrophages and in animal models. | we have expressed the reporter firefly luciferase gene (luc) in leishmania donovani and leishmania major either as part of episomal vectors or integrated into the parasite genome under the control of their respective ribosomal promoter regions. an excellent linear correlation between parasite number and luciferase activity was observed with all the transfectants. luc-expressing recombinant parasites were useful to monitor leishmania spp. infections in macrophages or in animal models. for prolong ... | 2000 | 11071276 |
| visceral leishmaniasis during childhood in southern greece. | records were reviewed of 82 immunocompetent children (median age, 2. 5 years) from southern greece who were diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis from 1986 through 1998. forty-nine (58%) patients originated from the city of athens; of them, 46 (94%) lived by hills bordering the city. the median interval from the onset of symptoms to admission was 10 days. fever and splenomegaly were observed in >95% of the patients. thrombocytopenia was the most frequent hematological finding (80%). all patients ... | 2000 | 11073742 |
| experimental infection of phlebotomus perniciosus and determination of the natural infection rates of leishmania infantum in dogs. | direct xenodiagnosis has been used to determine the infection rates in sand flies of 12 dogs parasitized by leishmania infantum and classified in function of clinical signs. the dogs were divided into three clinical groups and no statistically significant differences in the infection rates of female sand flies were observed among them. this result indicates the epidemiological importance of asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic dogs. indirect xenodiagnosis uses sand flies fed on the blood of dogs ex ... | 2000 | 11080511 |
| the leishmania infantum acidic ribosomal protein lip2a induces a prominent humoral response in vivo and stimulates cell proliferation in vitro and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) production by murine splenocytes. | the acidic ribosomal proteins of the protozoan parasite leishmania infantum have been described as prominent antigens during both human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. in this study we present data showing that the intraperitoneal administration in balb/c mice of the leishmania lip2a protein, in the absence of any added adjuvants, elicited a strong humoral response as an indication that the protein is a potent immunogen. despite the evolutionary conservation of the acidic ribosomal proteins, ... | 2000 | 11091277 |
| canine leishmaniasis transmission: higher infectivity amongst naturally infected dogs to sand flies is associated with lower proportions of t helper cells. | the dog is the main reservoir of leishmania infantum, which is a parasite spread among canine hosts by the bite of sand flies. phlebotomus perniciosus is the sand fly acting as a major vector in the mediterranean basin. as a consequence, the dog will suffer from leishmaniasis. in this work the infective capacity of infected dogs, established by direct xenodiagnosis, has been investigated in relation to their immunological status by determining the lymphocyte percentages present in peripheral blo ... | 2000 | 11124096 |
| investigation of the spread of human visceral leishmaniasis in central tunisia. | the epidemiology, clinical patterns, and spatial spread of mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis were retrospectively studied in central tunisia. the clinical profile of the disease was typical of the mediterranean infantile form. malnutrition and associated infectious diseases were observed in 62.5% and 55% of cases, respectively. the case-fatality rate was 6.2% and resistance to meglumine antimonate was observed in 1.6% of patients. the annual incidence of cases increased from approximately 10 ... | 2000 | 11127239 |
| multi-site dna polymorphism analyses of leishmania isolates define their genotypes predicting clinical epidemiology of leishmaniasis in a specific region. | leishmania isolates from 57 cases of human cutaneous (cl), human visceral (vl), and canine visceral (cvl) leishmaniasis in turkey were grouped by multi-site dna polymorphism analyses into five genotypes. the initial grouping was based on dna heterogeneity of the faster-evolving mitochondrion (kinetoplast) minicircles and the intergenic regions of two nuclear repetitive genes. taxonomic affiliation and phylogenetic relationships of the five genotypes were inferred by comparing them with reference ... | 2000 | 11128706 |
| bcg expressing lcr1 of leishmania chagasi induces protective immunity in susceptible mice. | cellular immune responses are required for protective immunity against leishmania chagasi. immunization strategies using live intracellular bacteria (e.g., bacille-calmette guerin strain of mycobacterium bovis) expressing recombinant antigens can induce cellular immune responses to these antigens. previous studies demonstrated that the l. chagasi antigen lcr1 stimulates ifn-gamma production from t cells of infected balb/c mice, and immunization with recombinant lcr1 partially protects against l. ... | 2000 | 10631078 |
| the rna interacting domain but not the protein interacting domain is highly conserved in ribosomal protein p0. | protein p0 interacts with proteins p1alpha, p1beta, p2alpha, and p2beta, and forms the saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal stalk. the capacity of rpp0 genes from aspergillus fumigatus, dictyostelium discoideum, rattus norvegicus, homo sapiens, and leishmania infantum to complement the absence of the homologous gene has been tested. in s. cerevisiae w303dgp0, a strain containing standard amounts of the four p1/p2 protein types, all heterologous genes were functional except the one from l. infantum ... | 2000 | 10636918 |
| a novel leishmania infantum recombinant antigen which elicits interleukin 10 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. | we report here the characterization of a novel leishmania infantum protein termed paple22 (22-kda potentially aggravating protein of leishmania). a positive clone from a cdna library was identified by serum of a visceral leishmaniasis (vl) patient. full-length cdna obtained using rapid amplification of cdna ends-pcr codes for a 22-kda protein. in l. infantum promastigotes an endogenous nuclear protein of 14-kda electrophoretic mobility was found by using an antiserum prepared against the fusion ... | 2000 | 10639426 |
| a survey on canine leishmaniasis in western turkey by parasite, dna and antibody detection assays. | human visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by leishmania infantum is found throughout the mediterranean region, including turkey, where dogs are considered to be the main reservoir host for this parasite. in the district of manisa, western turkey, 37 human vl cases were reported from june 1993-august 1997. twenty-four villages in this district were chosen for a survey of disease prevalence in dogs. the dogs, 490 in total, were examined using either the indirect immunofluoresence assay (ifat) or di ... | 2000 | 10643901 |
| efficacy of second line drugs on antimonyl-resistant amastigotes of leishmania infantum. | in a previous paper we have demonstrated that the induction, by direct drug pressure, of a resistance to sb(iii) antimony at physiological concentration in the amastigote stage of the parasite, led to a high cross-resistance to sb(v) species in the form of glucantime. in this paper, further chemoresistant clones were characterized. axenic amastigotes of leishmania infantum were adapted to survive in culture medium containing 4, 20, 30 and 120 microg/ml of potassium antimonyl tartrate sb(ii). the ... | 2000 | 10643904 |
| detection of specific antibody isotypes and subtypes before and after treatment of american visceral leishmaniasis. | sera from patients with american visceral leishmaniasis (avl) were studied before and after treatment based on their antibody isotypes and subtypes. the study was comprised of 33 brazilian patients with well-defined diagnosis of avl and 39 clinically healthy individuals. antileishmanial antibody isotypes and subtypes were observed in almost all patients, except iga that was detected in about 63% of them. the sensitivity and specificity of the immunofluorescence assay in the detection of antibody ... | 2000 | 10645978 |
| leishmania, trypanosoma and monoxenous trypanosomatids as emerging opportunistic agents. | immunosuppression is associated with the occurrence of a large variety of infections, several of them due to opportunistic protozoa. the parasitic protozoa of the family trypanosomatidae vary greatly in their importance as potential opportunistic pathogens. african trypanosomiasis is no more common nor severe during aids. the situation with chagas' disease, however, is much different. although the process is not clearly understood, there appears to be a reactivation of trypanosoma cruzi infectio ... | 2000 | 10651294 |
| leucine rich repeats are the main epitopes in leishmania infantum psa during canine and human visceral leishmaniasis. | the psa protein is one of the major antigens of the surface of the leishmania infantum parasite membrane. we describe the immune humoral response against the psa in dogs and human patients with visceral leishmaniasis caused by l. infantum. the immunodominant region of the psa was determined by subcloning, expression and purification of three fragments covering the complete protein. the analysis revealed that the antibodies are mostly directed against the central region, which is formed exclusive ... | 2000 | 10652117 |
| organ-specific immune responses associated with infectious disease. | the immune response to infection can vary markedly in different organs of the same animal. in some organs, the infection can resolve with subsequent immunity to re-infection, whereas in other organs, pathogens can persist. here, christian engwerda and paul kaye highlight the importance of defining organ-specific immune mechanisms for developing strategies that deal effectively with infectious diseases and their associated pathologies. | 2000 | 10652464 |
| establishment and characterization of a new continuous cell line from lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) and its susceptibility to infections with arboviruses and leishmania chagasi. | embryonic tissue explants of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva 1912) the main vector of leishmania chagasi (cunha and chagas), were used to obtain a continuous cell line (lulo). the tissues were seeded in mm/vp12 medium and these were incubated at 28 masculinec. the first subculture was obtained 45 days after explanting and 96 passages have been made to date. lulo is composed of epithelioid cells, showed a 0.04 generations/hour exponential growth rate and population doubling time ... | 2000 | 10656714 |
| histone synthesis in leishmania infantum is tightly linked to dna replication by a translational control. | we have analysed the regulation of histone synthesis in leishmania infantum following inhibition of dna replication. run-on experiments indicated that transcription rates of the genes coding for the four core histones (h2a, h2b, h3 and h4) were not affected by the inhibition with hydroxyurea of dna synthesis. however, a dramatic decrease was observed in the newly synthesized histones after inhibition of dna synthesis. furthermore, the synthesis of both the histones and dna resumed in promastigot ... | 2000 | 10657245 |
| tgf-beta mediates ctla-4 suppression of cellular immunity in murine kalaazar. | recent studies indicate important roles for ctla-4 engagement in t cells, and for tgf-beta production in the immunopathogenesis of murine kalaazar or visceral leishmaniasis, but a functional link between these two pathways in helping intracellular parasite growth is unknown. here we report that ag or anti-cd3 activation of splenic cd4+ t cells from visceral leishmaniasis leads to intense ctla-4-mediated tgf-beta1 production, as assessed either by ctla-4 blockade or by direct ctla-4 cross-linkage ... | 2000 | 10657651 |
| canine visceral leishmaniasis in sicily. | the sicilian province of catania is an active foci for human visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the mediterranean area. approximately 10 to 15 cases of vl are diagnosed via hospital admissions each year in this community. recently, an increase in vl case reporting by sicilian physicians was noted, with 38 and 37 vl cases in 1996 and 1997, respectively. before 1995, there were no reported vl cases among u.s. military personnel or their family members living in sicily. however, since 1996, there have ... | 2000 | 10658425 |
| the histological spectrum of visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum mon-1 in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) due to leishmania infantum is endemic in southern france and can be considered as an opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). co-infection with leishmania sp. and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is emerging, but pathological findings of leishmaniasis in aids have been poorly documented, and scattered case reports have include morphological descriptions. the clinicopathologic analysis of 16 patients with hiv and vl were eva ... | 2000 | 10665917 |
| differential protein kinase c phosphorylation sites in the l17 ribosomal protein from leishmania infantum. | leishmania infantum, the protozoan parasite responsible for leishmaniasis in europe, is capable of undergoing developmental changes in vitro and provides an excellent model for the study of cell differentiation processes. we have cloned the gene encoding the l17 ribosomal protein. the lil17 protein family belongs to the macrolide binding site, related to the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome. its comparison with other members of the protein family shows several structural differences t ... | 2000 | 10669134 |
| infectious diseases. has leishmaniasis become endemic in the u.s.? | believed to be all but absent from united states, the leishmania parasite has infected more than 1000 hunting dogs in 21 u.s. states and the canadian province of ontario. nobody is claiming that the disease is about to run riot among the u.s. population. but the widespread outbreak in dogs has experts wondering whether visceral leishmaniasis--which sickens over half a million people yearly in south america, africa, the mediterranean, and india--has become an endemic disease in north america. | 2000 | 11187042 |
| isoenzyme characterization of leishmania isolates from lebanon and syria. | leishmania parasites were isolated from 22 lebanese and 5 syrian patients with active skin lesions for whom the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. the isolates were characterized by starch gel electrophoresis and analysis of 13 enzyme systems. eight old-world reference strains were used for comparison. one syrian isolate belonged to leishmania major, and four syrian and two lebanese to leishmania tropica. contrary to expectations, the majority of lebanese isolates were rel ... | 2000 | 11357993 |
| discontinuation of secondary anti-leishmania prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients who have responded to highly active antiretroviral therapy. | 2000 | 11153679 | |
| a sensitive method for assaying chemotaxic responses of leishmania promastigotes. | this article describes a sensitive, cheap, and easy method for assaying chemotaxic responses of leishmania promastigotes. a gradient of the substance to be assayed was produced inside a series of commercially available capillary tubes submerged in a promastigote suspension. after an incubation period, the attractiveness of the substance under test was measured by counting the number of parasites in the capillaries in a neubauer chamber. different responses were detected in two strains of leishma ... | 2000 | 11162370 |
| chromosome structure and sequence organization between pathogenic and non-pathogenic leishmania spp. | we have used a chromosome fragmentation strategy based on systematic genomic insertions of the rare cutting yeast i-scei endonuclease to assess structure and sequence organization of homologous chromosomes between evolutionary divergent pathogenic and non-pathogenic leishmania species. this method was combined to physical mapping and hybridization studies using a number of specific chromosomal markers as probes. our studies have concentrated on two different chromosomes of leishmania major (l. m ... | 2000 | 11163446 |
| immunisation with dna encoding leishmania infantum protein paple22 decreases the frequency of parasitemic episodes in infected hamsters. | we tested in outbred golden hamsters the protective potential of highly immunogenic leishmania infantum protein paple22 which we recently identified. immunisation was performed using paple22 cdna, administered as a single intramuscular injection. the level of antibodies directed against total leishmanial antigens was significantly decreased in the vaccinated hamsters as compared with the controls, indicating that the administration of paple22 cdna downregulated the th2 type response and suggesti ... | 2001 | 11166894 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in a german child who had never entered a known endemic area: case report and review of the literature. | we describe a case of visceral leishmaniasis in a 15-month-old german child. diagnosis was significantly delayed because the patient had no history of travel to known endemic areas. congenital or blood transfusion-associated leishmaniasis was ruled out. possible modes of transmission (including a potential new autochthonous focus of the disease in central europe) are discussed. | 2001 | 11170923 |
| prevalence of leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine leishmaniasis endemicity using pcr on several tissues and serology. | we studied and compared the prevalence of leishmania infection and the seroprevalence and the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in an area where canine leishmaniasis is endemic. one hundred dogs living on the island of mallorca (spain) were studied. in this study, we clinically examined each dog for the presence of symptoms compatible with leishmaniasis, determined the titer of anti-leishmania antibodies, and investigated the presence of leishmania dna by pcr in skin, conjunctiva, and bone marr ... | 2001 | 11158106 |
| comparison of various sample preparation methods for pcr diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using peripheral blood. | we have compared various sample preparation methods for the pcr diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) using peripheral blood samples and tested the influence of these protocols upon sensitivity. four methods of lysis-dna extraction were used with two types of blood samples: whole blood (wb) and buffy coat (bc). comparisons were first carried out with seeded samples at various parasite concentrations. at high concentrations (> or = 1,000 parasites/ml), there were no significant differences in ... | 2001 | 11158116 |
| protective immunity against the protozoan leishmania chagasi is induced by subclinical cutaneous infection with virulent but not avirulent organisms. | protective immunity against leishmania major is provided by s.c. immunization with a low dose of l. major promastigotes or with dihydrofolate-thymidylate synthase gene locus (dhfr-ts) gene knockout l. major organisms. whether these vaccine strategies will protect against infection with other leishmania species that elicit distinct immune responses and clinical syndromes is not known. therefore, we investigated protective immunity to leishmania chagasi, a cause of visceral leishmaniasis. in contr ... | 2001 | 11160240 |
| experimental studies on the evolution of antimony-resistant phenotype during the in vitro life cycle of leishmania infantum: implications for the spread of chemoresistance in endemic areas. | pentavalent antimonial unresponsiveness is an emerging problem in endemic areas and information on factors which could modulate the transmission of drug-resistant phenotypes and parasites during life cycle are warranted. using axenic amastigotes resistant to potassium antimonyl tartrate (sb(iii)) we investigated the modulation of antimonyl resistance during the in vitro life cycle. we assessed: (i) the stability of the drug-resistant phenotype during the in vitro life cycle; (ii) the transmissio ... | 2001 | 11700176 |
| epidemiological and entomological survey in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in pap district (fergana valley) of namangan region, uzbekistan. | an active focus of human visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is present in uzbekistan, namangan region, pap district, situated along the fergana valley at an altitude of 900-1300 m a.s.l. an overall total of 19 vl cases, all recorded in children less than 14 years of age, have been reported during the period of 1987-99 in three villages, namely oltinkon (9 cases), chodak (7 cases) and guliston (3 cases). clinical and epidemiological features suggest that the disease is zoonotic in nature and that it is ... | 2001 | 11700179 |
| leishmania infantum and neospora caninum simultaneous skin infection in a young dog in italy. | leishmania infantum, the agent of canine leishmaniasis in mediterranean countries, and neospora caninum, a recently recognized protozoal pathogen in dogs, were diagnosed in a 9-month-old argentine dogo dog. both skin lesions and neurological signs were present. histopathology of cutaneous lesions revealed a suppurative, diffuse dermatitis with numerous intracellular protozoa. serology was positive for both l. infantum (1:640) and n. caninum (1:800). double-label immunohistochemical staining of s ... | 2001 | 11705654 |
| virulence of leishmania infantum is expressed as a clonal and dominant phenotype in experimental infections. | human leishmania infantum infection results in a spectrum of clinical expressions ranging from cutaneous to either asymptomatic or fatal visceral disease. in this context, characterization of parasite virulence appears to be relevant as a biological marker of intrinsic parasitic factors that can affect the pathology of leishmaniasis. since parasite populations in naturally infected hosts are likely to be composed of multiclonal associations, we first explored the biodiversity of parasite virulen ... | 2001 | 11705909 |
| expression of green fluorescent protein as a marker for effects of antileishmanial compounds in vitro. | transgenic leishmania infantum promastigotes, which constitutively express green fluorescent protein (gfp) in their cytoplasm, were used to monitor the effects of antileishmanial compounds in real time. the gfp-based assay provided a reliable measure of drug-induced inhibitory effects on protein expression, resulting in a dynamic picture of the responses of leishmanial promastigotes to the compounds tested. | 2001 | 11709363 |
| genetic heterogeneity and phylogenetic status of leishmania (leishmania) infantum zymodeme mon-1: epidemiological implications. | leishinania (leishmania) infantum zymodeme mon-1 is responsible for the majority of visceral leishmaniasis cases around the mediterranean basin, albeit that it causes also cutaneous forms. the mon classification is based on starch gel multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) typing. the aim of this work was to explore further the genetic diversity and phytogenetic status of this zymodeme by alternative typing techniques. fourteen l. (l.) infantum/l. (l.) chagasi stocks identified as mon-1 by mle ... | 2001 | 11719952 |
| characterisation of a monoclonal antibody recognising specifically the hsp70 from leishmania. | heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) is ubiquitously distributed along the evolutionary scale and has such an amino acid sequence conservation that it is considered the most evolutionarily conserved protein. in order to obtain immunological tools specific against leishmania infantum hsp70, hybridomas were established that secreted monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against recombinant l. infantum hsp70. one of them, named mab 2b8d2, specifically reacted with the leishmania protein and did not recognise hsp70 ... | 2001 | 11728013 |
| [circumscribed and confluent papular rash in the trunk and hands in a male patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus]. | 2001 | 11747792 | |
| [visceral leishmaniasis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection]. | 2001 | 11747803 | |
| development and application of 'simple' diagnostic tools for visceral leishmaniasis. | the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is difficult. due to the limitations of direct methods to detect parasites, indirect immunological methods are widely employed. the simple affordable and sensitive/specific direct agglutination test (dat) is perhaps the most important diagnostic tool under field conditions. a significant improvement of this test is the use of a freeze-dried antigen, which is heat-stable and has a long shelf-live even under harsh conditions. the performance of this antigen ... | 2001 | 11770114 |
| role of peroxynitrite in macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo revealed by protein nitration and hydroxylation. | the cytotoxins produced by phagocytic cells lacking peroxidases such as macrophages remain elusive. to elucidate macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo, we compared the lesion tissue responses of resistant (c57bl/6) and susceptible (balb/c) mice to leishmania amazonensis infection. this comparison demonstrated that parasite control relied on lesion macrophage activation with inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (inos), nitric oxide synthesis, and extensive nitration of parasites inside ... | 2001 | 11368921 |
| in vitro activity of pentavalent antimony derivatives on promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of leishmania infantum strains from humans and dogs in spain. | 2001 | 11369311 | |
| cell mediated immunity and specific igg1 and igg2 antibody response in natural and experimental canine leishmaniosis. | in the present study, we have followed up leishmania infantum infection in dogs: (1) naturally infected; (2) experimentally infected with amastigotes; and (3) experimentally infected with culture promastigotes. the main objective was to evaluate the differences of the humoral and cellular immune responses of each group. sera from 12 beagle dogs were analysed for total anti-leishmanial antibodies and igg1 and igg2 subclasses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). lymphoproliferation to l. ... | 2001 | 11389961 |
| sustained parasite burden in the spleen of leishmania infantum-infected balb/c mice is accompanied by expression of mcp-1 transcripts and lack of protection against challenge. | we analyzed differential responses of spleen and liver, major organ targets for viscerotropic leishmania species, to experimental infection and examined if resistance to challenge was organ-specific. in liver, parasites were spontaneously cleared and inos trancripts expression paralleled that of amastigote load. in the spleen, amastigote multiplication was only partly controlled, and inos transcripts expression was transient. total numbers of spleen cells, b cells, and t cells were decreased, wh ... | 2001 | 11399524 |
| antimonial-mediated dna fragmentation in leishmania infantum amastigotes. | the basic treatment of leishmaniasis consists in the administration of pentavalent antimonials. the mechanisms that contribute to pentavalent antimonial toxicity against the intracellular stage of the parasite (i.e., amastigote) are still unknown. in this study, the combined use of several techniques including dna fragmentation assay and in situ and cytofluorometry terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dutp-biotin nick end labeling methods and yopro-1 staining allowed us to demonstrate t ... | 2001 | 11408224 |
| antibodies to selected canine pathogens and infestation with intestinal helminths in golden jackals (canis aureus) in israel. | blood and fecal samples, collected from 46 healthy adult free-ranging golden jackals captured in two different locations in israel, were examined. a serological study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of circulating antibodies reacting with four common canine pathogens: canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), ehrlichia canis and leishmania infantum. faecal flotation and haematological tests were also performed. the seroprevalence of cpv, e. canis, cdv, and l. infantum we ... | 2001 | 11409931 |
| [a pediatric case of lupoid leishmaniasis diagnosed by pcr]. | the purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical features of lupoid leishmaniasis in a child and to underline the use of prc as a necessary and reliable tool in controversial diagnosis. lupoid leishmaniasis, also known as chronic or relapsing leishmaniasis, is mainly widespread in the middle east, where it represents up to 5% of all cutaneous leishmaniasis. it strongly resembles lupus vulgaris, both clinically and histologically, and is therefore not usually diagnosed immediately but after ... | 2001 | 11419394 |
| real-time pcr as a new tool for quantifying leishmania infantum in liver in infected mice. | the parasitic loads of mouse livers experimentally infected with leishmania infantum were determined using a double real-time quantitative pcr test targeted to the parasite dna polymerase gene and to the mouse brain-derived neutrophic factor gene. the leishmania dna copy number was normalized to the number of mouse gene copies in order to quantify the former independently of liver weight. the correlation coefficient with the microtitration method was 0.66. this pcr assay can be considered for ex ... | 2001 | 11427436 |
| nitric oxide production by macrophages of dogs vaccinated with killed leishmania infantum promastigotes. | human visceral leishmaniosis is endemic in southern italy, where the dog is the main reservoir of viscerotropic strains of leishmania infantum. the release of nitric oxide (no) by interferon (ifn)-gamma-activated macrophages is an important leishmanicidal mechanism in several animal species. in this work no production, phagocytosis and killing capacity of monocyte-derived dog macrophages were evaluated in vitro before and after administration of a vaccine composed of killed leishmania infantum p ... | 2001 | 11440191 |
| oxidative responses of human and murine macrophages during phagocytosis of leishmania chagasi. | leishmania chagasi, the cause of south american visceral leishmaniasis, must survive antimicrobial responses of host macrophages to establish infection. macrophage oxidative responses have been shown to diminish in the presence of intracellular leishmania. however, using electron spin resonance we demonstrated that murine and human macrophages produce o2-during phagocytosis of opsonized promastigotes. addition of the o2- scavenger 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-n-oxyl to cultures result ... | 2001 | 11441096 |
| diagnosis of infections with leishmania infantum using pcr-elisa. | on the basis of partial amplification of a cloned fragment of kdna of leishmania infantum which is specific for this species, we developed a pcr-elisa technique which avoids the problems associated with classical diagnostic techniques. this technique was tested on 33 l. infantum strains from 19 different zymodemes, which were recognized equally. it was also used on human and canine clinical samples. pcr-elisa has a higher sensitivity than the other techniques used (ifat, parasite cultures, optic ... | 2001 | 11444613 |
| [thirty-six year old male patient with dysphonia refractory to conventional medical treatment]. | 2001 | 11446913 | |
| mannan-binding lectin enhances susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis. | levels of the serum opsonin mannan-binding lectin (mbl) were directly correlated with the probability of developing visceral leishmaniasis. monocytes infected with mbl-opsonized leishmania chagasi promastigotes secreted higher levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 than cells infected with nonopsonized parasites. our findings indicate that mbl can modulate the clinical outcome of infection with l. chagasi and the function of infected macrophages. | 2001 | 11447210 |
| evidence of increased risk for leishmania infantum infection among hiv-seronegative intravenous drug users from southern spain. | to assess the prevalence of markers of leishmania infection, 93 intravenous drug users and 77 nonusers of intravenous drugs underwent a leishmania skin test and a serum leishmania antibody search. all participants were human immunodeficiency virus seronegative. the leishmania skin test was positive in 24 intravenous drug users and in 10 non-users of intravenous drugs (p=0.038). leishmania seropositivity was detected in 3 of 11 active intravenous drug users and in 3 of 82 former drug injectors (p ... | 2001 | 11453599 |
| nested pcr for diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis in peripheral blood, lymph node and bone marrow aspirates. | a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed using primers selected from the genomic dna of leishmania infantum and applied to the diagnosis of leishmaniosis in peripheral blood in dogs. blood of 39 dogs of different breeds, all sampled in catalonia (spain), were tested for leishmaniosis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), western blotting (wb) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) culture and nested pcr. twenty negative controls (healthy dogs less than 1-year-ol ... | 2001 | 11470178 |
| quantitation of leishmania infantum in tissues of infected balb/c mouse by sandwich elisa. | in this report, a sandwhich elisa was developed to quantify spleen and liver burdens from l. infantum-infected balb/c mice. amastigote antigens obtained following nonidet p40 extraction of parasite-harbouring tissues were captured by anti-l. infantum human igg insolubilized onto microtiter plate and subsequently revealed with anti-l. infantum f(ab)' fragments labelled with peroxidase. the method was easy to perform, precise and capable to specifically and accurately detect 5 x 10(4) amastigotes/ ... | 2001 | 11486813 |
| protective immune response against cutaneous leishmaniasis by prime/booster immunization regimens with vaccinia virus recombinants expressing leishmania infantum p36/lack and il-12 in combination with purified p36. | in susceptible mice leishmania infection triggers a cd4(+) th2 response that has been correlated with evasion of the host immune system. to develop approaches that might trigger a th1 response leading to protection against leishmania we generated vaccinia virus recombinants (vvr) expressing the relevant p36/lack protein of leishmania infantum (vvp36) or co-expressing p36/lack and interleukin-12 (vvp36il12). susceptible balb/c mice were immunized with the vvr in various prime/booster protocols th ... | 2001 | 11489418 |
| the life-cycle of leishmania infantum mon-77 in the priorat (catalonia, spain) involves humans, dogs and sandflies; also literature review of distribution and hosts of l. infantum zymodemes in the old world. | 2001 | 11490994 | |
| fatal visceral leishmaniasis in a heart transplant recipient. | 2001 | 11502416 | |
| an update on antileishmanial vaccine candidates and prospects for a canine leishmania vaccine. | dogs are the domestic reservoir for leishmania infantum, the parasite causing zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in both the old and new worlds. since the available methods for canine leishmaniasis treatment and control have limited efficacy, the development of a canine leishmania vaccine is highly desirable. mechanisms of antileishmanial immune responses in murine, human, and canine infections are briefly presented. vaccine candidates, including live or killed parasites, leishmania purified f ... | 2001 | 11522409 |
| nuclear dna polymerase beta from leishmania infantum. cloning, molecular analysis and developmental regulation. | we have identified a novel polymerase beta (pol beta)-like enzyme from leishmania infantum, a parasite protozoon causing disease in humans. this protein, named li pol beta, shows a nuclear localization that contrasts with the mitochondrial localization of pol beta from crithidia fasciculata, a closely related parasite, the only polymerase beta described so far in trypanosomatidae. li pol beta, that belongs to the dna polymerase x family, displays an evolutionarily conserved pol beta-type dna pol ... | 2001 | 11557814 |
| inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in leishmania-infected dog macrophages. | nitric oxide (no) production by the inducible no synthase (inos or nos2) represents one of the main microbicidal mechanisms of murine macrophages, but its role in other animal models is poorly investigated. therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate nos2 expression in dog macrophages infected with leishmania infantum. macrophages obtained from peripheral blood of healthy dogs were activated with recombinant human interferon (rhifn)-gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) and then infec ... | 2001 | 11561959 |
| meningeal leishmaniosis induced by leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs. | we report two cases of meningitis caused by leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs. in both of these dogs the typical phenotypic features of granulomatous meningitis were observed with important lympho-plasma-cellular infiltrates and the presence of large numbers of parasites inside and outside macrophages. the immunological study of the cerebrospinal fluid of both animals showed that a large number of protein bands were recognized by those fluids and that they were similar to the ones r ... | 2001 | 11587830 |
| in vivo involvement of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in leishmania infantum infection. | the role of lymphocytes in the specific defence against l. infantum has been well established, but the part played by polynuclear neutrophil (pn) cells in controlling visceral leishmaniasis was much less studied. in this report we examine in vivo the participation of pn in early and late phases of infection by l. infantum. | 2001 | 11591218 |
| [ecological characteristics of subgenera larroussius and adelius (diptera, phlebotominae) sandflies--vectors for pathogens of visceral leishmaniasis]. | the spiracle indices were determined in 1153 specimens from 5 species of the subgenus larroussius (diptera, phlebotominae): phlebotomus neglectus, p. perfiliewi, p. tobbi, p. kandelakii, and p. smirnovi) and 2 species of the subgenus adlerius: p. brevis and p. longiductus. these species are all documented or potential vectors of leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. the spiracle index is related to the rate of its evaporization and it is an important ecological inde ... | 2001 | 11680367 |
| isolation of leishmania infantum, zymodeme mon-1 from canine and human visceral leishmaniasis on margarita island, venezuela. | an increase in the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis (hvl) has been detected in recent years on margarita island, located off the ne coast of venezuela. recent studies have revealed reactivity to rk39 antigen (leishmania chagasi) in 20% of 541 sera from domestic dogs in endemic communities; pcr reactions were positive using primers for the l. donovani complex. here we report that isolates from human and canine infection, identified by isoenzyme analysis, correspond to l. infantum, zymode ... | 2001 | 11685252 |
| [imported cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum confirmed with immunoassay]. | localized cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in france is rarely reported. diagnosis usually relies on detection of leishmania on smears or by culture. | 2001 | 11907968 |
| nitric oxide production by leishmania-infected macrophages and modulation by cytokines and prostaglandins. | nitric oxide (no) produced by an inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos or nos2) plays a major microbicidal role in murine macrophages and its importance is now emerging also in the dog and human models. in dogs we demonstrated that macrophages in vitro infected with leishmania infantum produced no, after stimulation with cytokine-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernatants. in addition, parasite killing was reduced by the nos inhibitor l-ng monomethylarginine. on the contrary, canine ... | 2001 | 12078472 |
| calcium-induced conformational changes in leishmania infantum kinetoplastid membrane protein-11. | total-reflection x-ray fluorescence has been used to study whether the leishmania infantum kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 is a ca2+-binding protein. the 108 amino acid helix-loop-helix protein has the loop region located between residues 45 and 57, having similarity to the ef-hand motifs. in particular, the sequence alignment of the putative motif revealed the existence of 67% similarity and 33% identity with the ef-hand of the plasmodia-specific 40-kda protein from physarum polycephalum. to ... | 2001 | 11191218 |
| gp63 gene polymorphism and population structure of leishmania donovani complex: influence of the host selection pressure? | the gp63 encoding genes were characterized by pcr-rflp in 35 isolates representative of the leishmania donovani complex (l. infantum, l. donovani, l. archibaldi and l. chagasi), with special attention to mediterranean l. infantum from different geographical origins, and in separate groups from old world leishmania (l. major, l. tropica and l. aethiopica). the aim was to evaluate how the possible selective pressure by the host on these important surface proteins would influence structuring of our ... | 2001 | 11197761 |
| assessment of leishmania promastigote growth in vitro by means of nucleoside hydrolase activity determination. | nucleoside hydrolases (nh) are involved in the purine salvage pathway of protozoan cells for the biosynthesis of nucleic acids. we developed a simple and reliable microassay based on n-ribohydrolase dosage using 4-nitrophenyl-beta-d-ribofuranoside (npr) substrate for the quantification of leishmania infantum. the free promastigote stage of l. infantum contains high amounts of nh capable of cleaving npr, but the parasitic amastigote does not. the method allows reliable quantification of viable pa ... | 2001 | 11206112 |
| leishmanicidal activity of stearylamine-bearing liposomes in vitro. | liposomes consisting of stearylamine (sa) and egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (pc) were studied for their cytotoxic activity against freshly transformed promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. more than 99% of the parasites of strain ag83 were killed within 60 min by treatment with 22 mol% sa-pc liposomes (132 microg/ml total lipids). this was further confirmed by incubating the liposome-treated promastigotes at 22 c for 96 ... | 2001 | 11227889 |
| more panantigens in leishmania. | 2001 | 11228007 | |
| pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in austria: diagnostic difficulties in a non-endemic region. | visceral leishmaniasis is usually fatal if left untreated. in europe it is mainly caused by leishmania infantum which is endemic in the whole mediterranean region. while visceral leishmaniasis classically affects children, adults increasingly suffer infections in regions which are known to be endemic for hiv. nowadays up to 70% of the patients with visceral leishmaniasis in southern europe are hiv-infected adults. the diagnosis is known to be especially difficult to establish in this group of pa ... | 2001 | 11253734 |
| dna transformation of leishmania infantum axenic amastigotes and their use in drug screening. | protocols for dna electroporation in leishmania promastigote cells are well established. more recently, in vitro culture of axenic leishmania amastigotes became possible. we have established conditions for dna transformation of axenically grown leishmania infantum amastigotes. parameters for dna electroporation of leishmania axenic amastigotes were systematically studied using luciferase-mediated transient transfection. cell lines expressing stable luciferase activity were then selected, and the ... | 2001 | 11257031 |
| the inhibition of arginase by n(omega)-hydroxy-l-arginine controls the growth of leishmania inside macrophages. | polyamine synthesis from l-ornithine is essential for leishmania growth. we have investigated the dependence of leishmania infection on arginase, which generates l-ornithine, in macrophages from balb/c, c57bl/6, and nitric oxide synthase ii (nos ii)-deficient mouse strains. we have found that n(omega)-hydroxy-l-arginine (loha), a physiological inhibitor of arginase, controls cellular infection and also specifically inhibits arginase activity from leishmania major and leishmania infantum parasite ... | 2001 | 11257143 |
| leishmania infantum-specific igg, igg1 and igg2 antibody responses in healthy and ill dogs from endemic areas. evolution in the course of infection and after treatment. | the expression of igg, igg1 and igg2 specific antibodies for leishmania infantum was studied in five groups of dogs in catalonia (spain): i, 99 asymptomatic dogs (infected and uninfected) from a highly endemic area for leishmaniosis; ii, 139 untreated dogs with clinically patent leishmaniosis; iii, 11 naturally infected asymptomatic dogs monitored for up to 5 years since they were found seropositive to leishmania antigen and without treatment; iv, 25 naturally infected dogs with clinically paten ... | 2001 | 11267753 |
| analysis of the adjuvant effect of recombinant leishmania infantum hsp83 protein as a tool for vaccination. | the properties of leishmania infantum hsp83 (lihsp83) to elicit an immune response against a fused reporter antigen, maltose binding protein (mbp), was studied. cf1 mice were immunized with different purified recombinant proteins: mbp, lihsp83 and mbp fused to lihsp83 (mbp-lihsp83). serum samples were obtained at days 0, 21, 28, 60, 90, 120 and 150 post-immunization. mbp-lihsp83 fusion protein elicited a strong humoral response against mbp, higher than that one obtained in mice immunized with mb ... | 2001 | 11274727 |
| molecular tracking of infections by leishmania infantum. | leishmania infantum is a major opportunistic parasite in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and is very variable in these subjects. isoenzyme characterization is not able to explain this variability, since half of the stocks isolated from patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and leishmania belong to zymodeme mon-1. amplification of l. infantum minicircles by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and digestion of the amplified product to reveal restriction fragment ... | 2001 | 11280053 |
| interleukin-13 in iranian patients with visceral leishmaniasis: relationship to other th2 and th1 cytokines. | the role of interleukin (il)-13, a th2 cytokine sharing many of the features of il-4, has not previously been examined in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (vl). we examined sera from iranian patients with vl caused by leishmania infantum. serum il-13 was detected in 50% (22/44) of patients with active primary disease. in comparison, il-10 was detected in 79.5% (35/44), interferon gamma (ifn gamma) in 38.5% (17/44), and il-4 in only 5% (2/44) of these patients. with few exceptions all 3 cytok ... | 2001 | 11280075 |
| detection of leishmania infantum by pcr, serology and cellular immune response in a cohort study of brazilian dogs. | the sensitivity and specificity of pcr, serology (elisa) and lymphoproliferative response to leishmania antigen for the detection of leishmania infantum infection were evaluated in a cohort of 126 dogs exposed to natural infection in brazil. for pcr, leishmania dna from bone-marrow was amplified with both minicircle and ribosomal primers. the infection status and time of infection of each dog were estimated from longitudinal data. the sensitivity of pcr in parasite-positive samples was 98%. howe ... | 2001 | 11289062 |
| flow cytometry analysis of the effect of allopurinol and the dinitroaniline compound (chloralin) on the viability and proliferation of leishmania infantum promastigotes. | leishmaniasis is a major parasitic disease in the tropical regions. however, leishmania infantum has recently emerged as a very important cause of opportunistic infections for individuals positive for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). however, there is a lack of in vitro tests for assessing the effect of anti-parasitic drugs on the viability and proliferation of leishmania infantum. the aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of anti-parasitic drugs like allopurinol and chloralin on the vi ... | 2001 | 11299045 |
| [phlebotomines of the isle of cyprus. iii. species inventory ]. | three surveys on canine leishmaniasis were carried out in cyprus (1993, 1998 and 1999) emphasise the presence of eleven species of phlebotomine sandflies: phlebotomus (phlebotomus) papatasi, p. (paraphlebotomus) alexandri, p. (pa.) jacusieli (first mention in cyprus), p. (pa.) sergenti, p. (larroussius) galilaeus, p. (l.) tobbi, p. (transphlebotomus) economidesi, p. (t.) mascittii, sergentomyia (sergentomyia) azizi (its specific statute is validated by the authors), s. (s.) fallax et s. (s.) min ... | 2001 | 11304945 |
| synthesis of 2-substituted trifluoromethylquinolines for the evaluation of leishmanicidal activity. | the synthesis of 2-substituted-trifluoromethylquinolines from aniline, trifluoromethylanilines, 3-aminoquinoline and trifluoromethylquinaldines is reported. in vitro antileishmanial evaluation of 2-alkyl, 2-alkenyl and 2-epoxypropyl-trifluoromethylquinolines is presented. | 2001 | 11310679 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in the metropolitan region of belo horizonte, state of minas gerais, brazil. | in the last few years the number of human cases of american visceral leishmaniasis in the metropolitan region of belo horizonte (mrbh), minas gerais, brazil has increased, indicating an elevation in the transmission rate of the disease. the total number of notified human cases in the mrbh since 1994, when the first case was identified, up to 1999 was 345 of which 223 (65%) were from the city itself, indicating an urbanization of the disease in this region of minas gerais. the age distribution of ... | 2001 | 11313633 |
| activity of amphotericin b in lipid emulsion in the initial treatment of canine leishmaniasis. | amphotericin b was given to 19 dogs with leishmaniasis. the drug was diluted in an emulsion prepared by mixing 50 mg of amphotericin b desoxycholate with 40 ml of sterile water and 10 ml of soya bean oil solution. the dogs were infused over nearly one hour with 50 ml/kg of normal saline followed by 10 ml/kg of mannitol 20 per cent. the mixture was then loaded over 30 to 60 minutes using a syringe pump. the emulsion was given twice weekly, at an increasing dosage (from 1 to 2.5 mg/kg bodyweight), ... | 2001 | 11327663 |
| association analysis of hla-class ii and class iii gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. | hla-drb1, -dqb1, tnfalpha, tnfbeta, hsp70-2 and hsp70-hom genetic polymorphisms were analyzed in 156 unrelated patients who developed mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis (mvl) due to leishmania infantum, and 154 unrelated healthy controls, who have got asymptomatic infection with this parasite and were selected on the basis of a positive leishmanin skin test (lst). a significantly reduced frequency of hla-dr2 was observed among mvl patients (16.1%), compared with controls (26.3%) (relative risk ... | 2001 | 11334675 |
| long term improvement in the treatment of canine leishmaniosis using an antimony liposomal formulation. | pharmacokinetic and clinical effectiveness of liposome-encapsulated n-methylglucamine antimoniate (lma) was performed in dogs suffering from experimental leishmaniosis. lma was compared with n-methylglucamine antimoniate (mga), the same drug in its free form. sb plasma concentrations for lma were always higher than those for mga. mean residence time (mrt), half-life time (t(1/2)) and clearance (cl) showed that sb was eliminated slower after liposome administration. the high volume of distributio ... | 2001 | 11337123 |