Publications

pancreatic necrosis following treatment of leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate.		1995	8527590
detection by western blot of four antigens characterizing acute clinical leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum.	western blot analysis of sera from 32 patients with acute clinical leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum showed the simultaneous presence of antibodies against 4 antigens with molecular masses of 18, 21, 23, 31 kda. the simultaneous presence of these 4 antigens was specific to the clinical disease and it was not detected in 47 sera from asymptomatic individuals living in the leishmaniasis endemic area of alpes-maritimes (southern france) or in 37 sera from patients with other protozoan infect ...	1995	8594698
atypical cutaneous histological features of visceral leishmaniasis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	cutaneous lesions in mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis (vl) are very unusual, except for the presence of leishmania organisms in cutaneous kaposi's sarcoma in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we have identified two unusual cutaneous histological features of vl in three patients with aids not described previously; two had "silent leishmaniasis," and in the third, leishmania organisms were present in sweat ducts, suggesting transepithelial elimination through eccrine swe ...	1995	8600779
developmental changes in the expression of leishmania chagasi gp63 and heat shock protein in a human macrophage cell line.	the ability of the protozoan leishmania chagasi to infect a vertebrate host depends on its ability to survive intracellularly in a mammalian macrophage. novel patterns of gene expression are probably important for conversion from the extracellular promastigote to the obligate intracellular amastigote parasite form. we found that the human macrophage-like cell line u937 provided an in vitro model of phagocytosis of l. chagasi promastigotes and intracellular conversion to amastigotes, allowing exa ...	1996	8613395
antibody response in dogs experimentally infected with leishmania infantum: infection course antigen markers.	five-month-old beagle dogs were experimentally infected with amastigotes of leishmania infantum and kept for 14 months. infection course was monitored by clinical examination, serum protein variations, and levels of specific antibodies against leishmania estimated by indirect immunofluorescence test and western blotting (wb). infected animals developed notable changes in serum protein levels reaching maximum protein concentrations 2-3 months postinfection (p.i.) related to the gamma-globulin fra ...	1996	8617340
leishmania chagasi: a gene encoding a protein kinase with a catalytic domain structurally related to map kinase kinase.	the gene for a serine/threonine protein kinase was isolated from leishmania chagasi. the deduced amino acid sequence encoded by this leishmania protein kinase (lpk-1) gene possesses all of the 11 conserved subdomains found in most other serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domains. sequence alignment with other known protein kinases demonstrates that the 42-kda lpk-1 is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family involved in the signal-transduction pathways in yeast and m ...	1996	8617352
kaposi's sarcoma with an intense parasitization by leishmania.	visceral leishmaniasis has been reported as a complication in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) who live in areas where leishmaniasis is endemic or in patients who have traveled to these areas. kaposi's sarcoma has been found frequently in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we report a hiv-infected patient having visceral leishmaniasis associated with kaposi's sarcoma in which a biopsy specimen obtained from a pigmented cutaneous lesion revealed the ...	1996	8646853
interleukin-12 restores interferon-gamma production and cytotoxic responses in visceral leishmaniasis.	american visceral leishmaniasis (avl) is associated with the absence of lymphocyte proliferative responses and interleukin (il)-2 and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) production upon stimulation with leishmania antigen. in contrast, cure of avl is associated with restoration of these t cell functions. in the present study, the ability of il-12, a cytokine that acts on nk and t cells to restore cellular immune responses in avl, was evaluated. participants of the study included 12 patients with avl an ...	1996	8648233
bionomics of lutzomyia evansi (diptera: psychodidae) vector of visceral leishmaniasis in northern columbia.	the feeding behavior, seasonality, and natural infection rate of lutzomyia evansi (nuñez-tovar) with leishmania chagasi (cuna & chagas) was studied during a 12-mo period at 2 hamlets, el contento and vidales. sand fly abundance in extra-, peri-, and intradomestic habitats was evaluated with sticky traps and cdc light traps, whereas human bait and shannon trap collections were made only in peridomestic habitats. all trapping methods showed a clear predominance of l. evansi throughout the year. sa ...	1996	8667372
comparative study of infectivity caused by promastigotes of leishmania infantum mon-1, l. infantum mon-24 and l. donovani mon-18.	the mechanisms which permit leishmania to survive inside macrophages are not totally understood although it is known that prolonged culture in vitro results in loss of virulence. one of the cell surface molecules often implicated in virulence mechanisms is the glycoprotein of 63 kda (gp63). in this work we studied changes in infectivity of l. infantum promastigotes maintained in vitro by subcultures, correlated with the proteolytic activity of gp63. it was observed that l. infantum mon-1 promast ...	1996	8682411
local suppression of ifn-gamma in hepatic granulomas correlates with tissue-specific replication of leishmania chagasi.	balb/c mice are susceptible to infection with the visceralizing species of leishmania, leishmania chagasi. the parasite load initially rises in the liver and spontaneously subsides, whereas parasite multiplication begins later and remains lower in the spleen. to investigate whether this organ-specific multiplication of l. chagasi correlates with localized immune responses, we compared cytokine production by splenic vs hepatic immune cells. livers from infected mice contained granulomas harboring ...	1996	8690913
rk39: a cloned antigen of leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis.	the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), a serious and often fatal parasitic disease caused by members of the leishmania donovani complex, remains problematic. current methods rely on clinical criteria, parasite identification in aspirate material, and serology. the latter methods use crude antigen preparations lacking in specificity. a previously described cloned antigen, rk39, of leishmania specific for all members of the l. donovani complex (l. chagasi, l. donovani, l. infantum) was very ...	1996	8627048
the leishmania genome comprises 36 chromosomes conserved across widely divergent human pathogenic species.	all the physical linkage groups constituting the genome of leishmania infantum have been identified for the first time by hybridization of specific dna probes to pulsed field gradient-separated chromosomes. the numerous co-migrating chromosomes were individualised using the distinctive size polymorphisms which occur among strains of the l. infantum/l. donovani complex as a tool. a total of 244 probes, consisting of 41 known genes, 66 expressed sequence tags (ests) and 137 anonymous dna sequences ...	1996	8649987
serological diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a dot-enzyme immunoassay for the detection of a leishmania donovani-related circulating antigen.	field medicine in tropical areas needs laboratory assays which are inexpensive and easy to perform. to meet this need a semi-quantitative dot-enzyme immunoassay (eia) was developed for the detection of an l. donovani-related circulating antigen and tested for clinical relevance in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). the dot-eia probes serum spotted on nitrocellulose for the presence of the antigen using a monoclonal antibody raised against l. donovani promastigotes, a peroxidase-conjug ...	1996	8690934
leishmaniasis presenting as a dermatomyositis-like eruption in aids.	three patients are described with leishmaniasis and aids, with cutaneous lesions mimicking dermatomyositis. leishmania organisms were observed in great numbers in the dermis of lesional skin biopsy specimens. they were also present inside keratinocytes in all layers of the epidermis in one patient. skin cultures from all patients and bone marrow culture in patients 1 and 3 revealed leishmania infantum. leishmania organisms were also found in nonlesional skin. the absence of proximal symmetric mu ...	1996	8698915
water wells as a habitat of sand fly (diptera: psychodidae) vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in greece.	overall, 37 of 79 water wells in 3 diverse geographic areas of greece were found to harbor sand flies. the predominant species were phlebotomus tobbi adler, theodor & lourie and p. neglectus tonnoir, species implicated in the transmission of leishmania infantum nicolle. three additional species of phlebotomus and 2 sergentomyia spp. also encountered. wells appear to be resting and possibly breeding habitat for sand flies in greece.	1996	8742534
[the epidemiological determinant aspects in the maintenance of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of maranhão, brazil].	the authors analysed the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) aspects in the state of maranhão, brazil, from 1982 to 1993. the disease happens to occur predominantly in são luís island (ma) and during the epidemic period, town of são luís was pointed out as the main endemic area. the greatest frequency of cases occurred in 1993, despite the use of insecticide and dogs control. there was predominance of age between 0- to 4-year-old population with 58.04% of cases. neither the human disease nor the rainfal ...	1996	8701042
a cross-sectional serodiagnostic survey of canine leishmaniasis due to leishmania chagasi.	jequie, a community of about 144,500 inhabitants located in the state of bahia, brazil, is endemic for both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases. in the present epidemiologic study, the urban and inhabited periurban areas of the town were divided into 140 clusters of 0.25 km2 each. the seroprevalence of canine leishmania antibodies was investigated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a screening test since its sensitivity was significantly higher than that of an indirect immunofluoresc ...	1996	8702020
hiv co-infection with a currently non-pathogenic flagellate.		1996	8551910
leishmania infantum: infection of macrophages in vitro with promastigotes.	leishmania infantum promastigotes in axenic culture exhibit limited infectivity for mouse peritoneal macrophages (m phi) in vitro using standard culture conditions (37 degrees c; 95% air/5% co2) compared to leishmania donovani promastigotes which induce notable infections. the infectivity of logarithmic (log) and stationary (stat) phase promastigotes of l. infantum was enhanced by the addition of fresh homologous serum, but no amastigotes were observed after 4 days. prolonged infections, includi ...	1996	8875306
cytogenetic observations after meglumine antimoniate therapy for visceral leishmaniasis.	few data are available concerning the genotoxic effects of antimonial salts therapy in humans. a patient suffering from visceral leishmaniasis was treated for 15 days with a cumulative dose meglumine antimoniate 42.5 g. peripheral blood lymphocytes sampled before treatment, 7 days later, and at the end of therapy (day 15) were examined for the presence of structural chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges (sces), and micronuclei in binucleated cells. the treatment resulted in an incre ...	1996	8888081
aids and leishmania infantum. new approaches for a new epidemiological problem.		1996	8889333
[multiple digestive involvement in visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with hiv infection: favourable course with itraconazole].	we report a case of visceral leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum in a 35 year-old patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who complained of chronic diarrhea. biopsy specimens of gastric and duodenal mucosa and bone marrow aspirate led to the diagnosis. enterocytozoon bieneusi, fortuitously found in the duodenal mucosa, did not seem to be the causative agent of diarrhea in this case, but its association with visceral leishmaniasis is rare. a treatment with itraconazole brought about ...	1996	8734146
specific serodiagnosis of human leishmaniasis with recombinant leishmania p2 acidic ribosomal proteins.	the leishmania p2 proteins have been analyzed as potential tools for the immunodiagnosis of human mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. two recombinant leishmania infantum proteins, rlip2a and rlip2b, were used. the analysis indicated that the rlip2a and rlip2b proteins are recognized by 76% (16 of 21) and 42% (9 of 21), respectively, of sera from patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and by 50% (5 of 10) and 40% (4 of 10), respectively, of sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. ...	1996	8807201
organization, transcription and regulation of the leishmania infantum histone h3 genes.	the genomic organization and transcription of the genes encoding the histone h3 of the protozoan parasite leishmania infantum have been studied. it was found that there are multiple copies of the histone h3 genes distributed in chromosomal bands xix and xiv. the nucleotide sequence of two of the l. infantum h3 genes, each one located in a different chromosome, is reported. although the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of both genes is identical, the sequence of the 3' untranslated region ...	1996	8836124
effect of mitonafide analogs on topoisomerase ii of leishmania chagasi.	mitonafide (4-nitro-benzoisoquinolinedione) and a number of structural analogs were synthesized and studied in order to determine the structural requirements for inhibition of leishmanial nuclear and kinetoplast topoisomerase ii and human topoisomerase ii. the structure-activity relationship studies with the mitonafide analogs demonstrated that there was selective targeting of leishmanial nuclear topoisomerase ii and human topoisomerase ii and differential targeting of kinetoplast over nuclear t ...	1996	8851597
pathological study of visceral leishmaniasis in a jackal (canis aureus).		1996	8890465
conservation of low-copy gene loci in old world leishmanias identifies mechanisms of parasite evolution and diagnostic markers.	genome plasticity has been hypothesized to be a driving force behind parasite speciation. we have evaluated divergence in single and low-copy genes in terms of locus organization, chromosomal localization and gene expression in leishmania infantum, l. major, l. tropica and three widely divergent geographic isolates of l. donovani. seventeen genes of low to moderate copy number (1-4 copies/haploid genome) were analyzed to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) providing herita ...	1996	8892303
detection of leishmania infantum amastigotes in canine choroid plexus.		1996	8903015
mapping of the linear antigenic determinants of the leishmania infantum hsp70 recognized by leishmaniasis sera.	mapping of antigenic determinants of the leishmania infantum hsp70 was studied by analysis of the reactivity of sera from dogs with natural visceral leishmaniasis against a collection of peptides representing overlapping sequences of the hsp70. despite the considerable variation in the immune response among individuals three immunodominant regions were revealed encompassing residues 241 to 260 (region i), 435 to 469 (region ii) and from amino acid 601 to the carboxyl-terminal end of the protein ...	1996	8905399
the outcome of the parasitic process initiated by leishmania infantum in laboratory mice: a tissue-dependent pattern controlled by the lsh and mhc loci.	human visceral leishmaniasis is mainly due to intracellular protozoan parasites of the leishmania donovani complex, i.e., l. donovani and l. infantum (or l. chagasi). a mouse model has been established to monitor 1) the parasitic process initiated by l. infantum in three tissues they invade, and 2) parameters of the acquired immune response they trigger. mice congenic at the lsh locus and mice of inbred strains differing at the mhc locus have been inoculated by the i.v. route with l. infantum. t ...	1996	8906832
evaluation of dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) for the serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniosis as compared with indirect immunofluorescence assay.	a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) was developed and compared with a standard indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) for the rapid serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniosis. the two tests were used to examine sera from leishmania infantum-infected and control dogs. using the dot-elisa, 137 of 149 sera (91.9%) from infected animals gave a clearly positive reaction, whereas in the standard ifa technique 147 (98.7%) were positive at a reciprocal titer of 40 or over (titer range 40-10, ...	1996	8916395
lipid formulations of amphotericin b in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum.	despite significant antileishmanial activity of amphotericin b (amb) in vitro, the use of the deoxycholate formulation (fungizone) is limited because of serious side effects. lipid formulations of amb have been proposed to reduce this toxicity. we compared the tolerance and efficacy of the conventional amb prepared with deoxycholate, amb emulsified in intralipid 20%, amphotericin b lipid complex (abelcet), and liposomal amb (ambisome) in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis induced by leishm ...	1996	8944278
therapy of visceral leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum: experimental assessment of efficacy of ambisome.	the tolerance and efficacy of amphotericin b (amb) deoxycholate (fungizone) were compared with those of liposomal amb (ambisome) in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis induced by leishmania infantum. control groups consisted of untreated mice and mice treated with a pentavalent antimonial (glucantime). balb/c mice were infected intravenously on day 0 with 10(7) promastigotes of l. infantum and then treated from day 7 to 17 (early treatment group) or from day 60 to 70 (delayed treatment grou ...	1996	8723469
during canine viscero-cutaneous leishmaniasis the anti-hsp70 antibodies are specifically elicited by the parasite protein.	a leishmania infantum cdna library was screened with sera from dogs with viscero-cutaneous leishmaniasis. sequence analysis of a positive clone isolated from the library revealed that it coded for the carboxyl-terminal region of a member of the 70-kda heat-shock protein family. the full-length sequence of the l. infantum hsp70 gene was determined after isolation of genomic clones. this protein shows a high degree of sequence conservation with the homologous protein from other organisms. to test ...	1996	8728991
recrudescence of visceral leishmaniasis unrelated to hiv infection in the campania region of italy.		1996	8758059
early efficacy of liposomal amphotericin b in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.	the rapidity and efficacy of a short course of liposomal amphotericin b was evaluated in 29 children affected by visceral leishmaniasis (leishmania infantum). their overall health status was assessed using the prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index (pini), and their haematological status by the reticulocyte count and haemoglobin blood levels. all these quantities were measured on day 0, and 3 and 10 d after starting therapy. a significant decrease of inflammatory signs, associated with an ...	1996	8758092
therapeutic effect of reference antileishmanial agents in murine visceral leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum.	a sensitive, culture-based, microtitration technique has recently been developed for determining parasite burdens in organs recovered from balb/c mice infected with leishmania infantum. in the present study, this technique was used to examine the efficacy of three, first-line, antileishmanial agents in reducing parasite burdens and eradicating parasites from target organs in mice. treatment with meglumine antimoniate (50 mg sbv/kg.day) significantly reduced the parasite burdens in the livers and ...	1996	8758143
presumed vectors of leishmaniasis in the principality of monaco.		1996	8761564
[resistance of leishmania infantum to glucantime: risk factors and therapeutic management].	resistance to antimonial drugs is rarely observed in immunocompetent patients.	1996	8762958
cloning and characterization of a ribosomal p protein from taenia solium, the aetiological agent of human cysticercosis.	a cdna encoding the complete open reading frame of the taenia solium acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein p2 has been cloned. the 417 bp cdna (arpp2) was isolated from a t. solium cdna expression library by pcr using p protein specific pimers. the orf encodes a protein of 121 amino acids exhibiting 40-55% identity to mammalian, fungal, insect, and parasite p2 proteins. the inferred molecular mass of the protein is 12,592 daltons, similar to that reported for other ribosomal p2 proteins. after subclon ...	1996	8619813
canine visceral leishmaniasis: successful chemotherapy induces macrophage antileishmanial activity via the l-arginine nitric oxide pathway.	following successful chemotherapy in canine visceral leishmaniasis, monocyte-derived macrophages can induce antileishmanial activity via a gamma interferon-dependent mechanism in the presence of autologous lymphocytes. the killing of leishmania correlated with the induction of the no synthase pathway, because it correlated with the generation of nitrogen derivative production and was abrogated in the presence of ng-monomethyl-l-arginine, a competitive inhibitor of the no synthase pathway. the le ...	1996	8787918
[the true significance of serological exams in the diagnosis of endemic diseases].		1996	8768590
medium-range restriction maps of five chromosomes of leishmania infantum and localization of size-variable regions.	the chromosomes of the human protozoan parasite leishmania exhibit striking size polymorphisms among different strains. to define the structural basis for these variations, we have constructed full-length restriction maps of five chromosomes of 370 to 490 kb in leishmania infantum clone lem1317. rare-cutting sites for the enzymes asei, drai, xbai, sspi, spei, and sfii were mapped by partial and complete digestion of either gel-purified chromosomes or total dna. sixty-eight anonymous dna probes w ...	1996	8812485
the promoter for the ribosomal rna genes of leishmania chagasi.	a promoter for the rrna genes of leishmania chagasi was found to be located about 1 kb upstream of the 18s rrna coding region and immediately downstream of 64 bp tandem repeats. its approximate boundaries and corresponding transcription start site were determined by transient transfections and primer extension assays. this promoter for rna polymerase i has differing activities when transfected into various leishmania species and no activity in trypanosoma cruzi. its sequence has no obvious simil ...	1996	8813665
isolation and characterization of leishmania parasites imported into switzerland--a retrospective study.	cases of leishmaniasis imported into switzerland were diagnosed by culture and/or giemsa-stained smears. the cultures proved to be positive in 61 of 64 confirmed cases, whereas only 49% of giemsa-stained smears were positive. promastigotes were detected on average after 3.6 +/- 2.2 days. a total of 33 different isolates were characterized by isoenzyme analysis and typed as leishmania infantum (10 cases, mainly from europe), l. chagasi (1 case, central america), l. major (12 cases, mainly from af ...	1996	8832739
dermonodular and visceral leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum with a new isoenzyme pattern: report of a case involving a patient with aids.		1996	8838204
the role of complement in the acute inflammatory process in the skin and in host-parasite interaction in hamsters inoculated with leishmania (leishmania) chagasi.	tecidual reaction at the inoculation site of l. (l.)chagasi promastigotes in hamsters depleted and non-depleted of complement was studied within 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of infection. the inflammatory reaction was characterized by early predominance of polymorphonuclear cells (pmn) at 2, 6 and 12 hours of infection, mixed infiltrate of pmn and mononuclear cells (mn) at 24 hours, followed by predominance of mn at 48 and 72 hours after infection. the group depleted of complement showed a high ...	1996	8664142
effects of cationic diamidines on polyamine content and uptake on leishmania infantum in in vitro cultures.	the effect of a series of cationic diamidines recently synthesized by ciba geigy, bearing diarylic (cgp040215a and cgp039937a) or monoarylic moieties (cgp033829a, cgp035537a and cgp036958a), was analyzed on some metabolic targets and cell proliferation of in vitro cultures of leishmania infantum promastigotes (insect form). the action of these compounds on intracellular polyamine pools and putrescine transport suggests that diarylic structures were more effective than their monoarylic counterpar ...	1996	8781500
short-course treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome).	we evaluated liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome; vestar, san dimas, ca) administered to 88 immunocompetent patients (56 children) with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by leishmania infantum. thirteen patients received 4 mg/kg on days 1-5 and 10 (total dose, 24 mg/kg), and all were cured; 42 received 3 mg/kg on days 1-5 and 10 (18 mg/kg), and 41 were cured; 32 received 3 mg/kg on days 1-4 and 10 (15 mg/kg), and 29 were cured (amastigotes were not cleared from 1 child, and 2 relapsed). one adul ...	1996	8783690
leishmaniasis eco-epidemiology in the alpujarra region (granada province, southern spain).	an eco-epidemiological study was carried out in the region of the alpujarras (southern spain, granada province). nine villages were chosen at random in 5 bioclimatic zones. a study of leishmaniasis in the canine and human populations, was carried out concentrating especially upon schoolchildren. a total of 615 dogs were screened, which represents almost 100% of the canine census. of the screened dogs, 33 showed an antibody titer > or = 1/160 when tested by ifa (seroprevalence of 5.3%). age, sex, ...	1996	8786221
antigenic components of partially purified antigens of leishmania donovani infantum recognized by sera from dogs with asymptomatic or active visceral leishmaniasis.	the antigenic components of a semipurified fraction of leishmania donovani infantum were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis using 14 serum samples from dogs with symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis and 11 serum samples from apparently healthy dogs collected in an area endemic for canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl). it was found that these antigens were composed of many polypeptides, among which seven components recognized by symptoma ...	1996	8940982
evaluation of polymorphonuclear cell and monocyte functions in leishmania infantum-infected dogs.	leishmania infantum is the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis in the mediterranean area. the aspects of the canine immune response which may explain the chronic severe disease in these animals have not been well investigated. therefore, in this work we have evaluated the parasite killing ability by circulating polymorphonuclear (pmn) cells and monocytes in dogs with spontaneous leishmaniasis and in healthy dogs. moreover, in order to analyse the mechanisms responsible for killing activity, ...	1996	8941972
evaluation of the immune response in visceral leishmaniasis.	detection of parasites in culture or by microscopy is still necessary to make diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). serological methods still need assessment, as they are quick but not very sensitive, especially in immunosuppressed subjects. this paper compares the results obtained with three serological methods (indirect immunofluorescence test (ifat), direct agglutination test (dat), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the specific cell-mediated immune response, evaluated as ...	1996	8950522
cutaneous leishmaniasis in two horses.	this report contains the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in two cases of equine cutaneous leishmaniasis. nodular, sometimes crusty or ulcerated lesions were confined to the pinna and adjacent neck in both animals. the dermal inflammatory infiltrate was lymphohistiocytic in horse no. 1 and pyogranulomatous with formation of tuberculoid granulomas in horse no. 2. numerous leishmania organisms were found within macrophages in both animals. there was mode ...	1996	8952039
during canine leishmaniasis a protein belonging to the 83-kda heat-shock protein family elicits a strong humoral response.	by screening of a leishmania infantum expression library with the serum from a dog affected with visceral leishmaniasis, a cdna clone with sequence homology to the hsp83 gene family was isolated. from analysis of the genomic distribution of the cdna sequence, it was estimated that the l. infantum genome contains 7 hsp83 genes tandemly organized. the full-length coding region of the hsp83 gene located at the 5'-end of the cluster was determined. the deduced amino acid sequence of the l. infantum ...	1996	8971277
characterization of the antigenic determinants of the leishmania infantum histone h3 recognized by antibodies elicited during canine visceral leishmaniasis.	in the present study we show that sera from dogs naturally infected with the protozoan parasite leishmania infantum contain antibodies that specifically react with the parasite histone h3. using synthetic peptides covering the complete sequence of the protein we located the linear antigenic determinants within the 40 amino-terminal amino acids of the molecule. in addition to the complete form of the protein (rlih3), two regions of the leishmania histone h3 were expressed as recombinant proteins: ...	1996	8973612
[the host-opportunistic protozoa system. the outcome of a leishmania infantum infection in white rat pups naturally resistant to leishmania infection].	it was found out, that non-lineal young white rats have a natural resistance to the leishmania infection, but it could be overcome with the mean of immunosuppression caused by the corticosteroid of prolonged action tricort-40. the leishmania infection caused by immunosuppression is successfully eliminated by the animal organism soon after the stopping of immunosuppressant action, that could be considered as the restitution of the natural resistance.	1996	8975214
the sequence and organization of the core histone h3 and h4 genes in the early branching amitochondriate protist trichomonas vaginalis.	among the unicellular protists, several of which are parasitic, some of the most divergent eukaryotic species are found. the evolutionary distances between protists are so large that even slowly evolving proteins like histones are strongly divergent. in this study we isolated cdna and genomic histone h3 and h4 clones from trichomonas vaginalis. two histone h3 and three histone h4 genes were detected on three genomic clones with one complete h3 and two complete h4 sequences. h3 and h4 genes were ...	1996	8995053
structural determinants of putrescine uptake inhibition produced by cationic diamidines in the model of trypanosomatid crithidia fasciculata.	the effect of a heterologous series of cationic diamidines has been tested on cell growth and polyamine uptake on the model of insect trypanosomatid crithidia fasciculata. the maximum inhibitory effect on both parameters was found for pentamidine and dibromopropamidine, which exhibit a longer distance between amino and imino substituents. a minimum inhibitory effect was found with amicarbalide. a good relationship was obtained when the distance between amino moieties was plotted versus the inhib ...	1996	8997494
leishmania infantum and l. major in algeria.	since 1980, the development of leishmaniasis in algeria has been marked by a considerable increase in the number of cases of both visceral leishmaniasis (1121 cases recorded) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (more than 2000 cases per year). new leishmania infantum and l. major foci have appeared in the north and south of the country. during this period, 100 strains of leishmania isolated from humans, other mammals and sandflies have been identified. the presence of l. major mon-25 in psammomys obesus ...	1996	9015497
a simple protocol for the indirect xenodiagnosis of leishmania infantum in the blood of hiv-infected patients.		1996	9039276
immunopathology of the uveitis in canine leishmaniasis.	particular immunopathological features and their effects on the vascular permeability of different ocular structures were analysed in two dogs naturally infected by leishmania infantum. the existence of specific anti-leishmania immunoglobulin g (igg) in the aqueous humour was confirmed by the elisa technique. there was no correlation between antibody levels in the aqueous humour and the related serum. the histopathological study of the eyes showed the existence of lesions in various ocular struc ...	1996	9226700
[a simple media for isolation and culture of leishmania].		1996	9053049
ecological interactions of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of bahia, brazil.	the laboratory and field observations summarized in this paper on visceral leishmaniasis ecology in the state of bahia, brazil are based on the author's observations over the past 35 years in a number of state's foci, public health records and literature citations. the disease is endemic with epidemic outbreaks occurring every ten years and its geographical distribution is expanding rapidly in the last years. leishmania chagasi is the main ethiologic agent of the visceral leishmaniasis but le. a ...	1996	9283643
phase i and ii open clinical trials of a vaccine against leishmania chagasi infections in dogs.		1996	9283646
reliability of serological methods for detection of leishmaniasis in portuguese domestic and wild reservoirs.	a direct agglutination test (dat) and an immunofluorescence technique (ifat) were compared for detection of leishmania infantum infection in 43 dogs and five foxes from alto-douro and arrábida, two known endemic areas in portugal. in four dogs with proved canine leishmaniasis, both dat and ifat showed positive readings (titres > or = 1:320 and > or = 1:128). of 34 samples collected from apparently healthy dogs, ten were positive by both serological tests and eight were serologically positive by ...	1996	9283658
cross-reactivity of antibodies in human infections by the kinetoplastid protozoa trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania chagasi and leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.	we have detected antibodies, in the sera of chagas disease, kala-azar and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis patients, that bind multiple antigens shared between the three causative agents. the chagas disease sera showed 98 to 100% positive results by elisa when the leishmania braziliensis and leishmania chagasi antigens were used, respectively. the kala-azar sera showed 100% positive results with trypanosoma cruzi or l. braziliensis antigens by immunofluorescence assays. the antibodies in the sera of ...	1996	9163981
[eco-epidemiological study of phlebotomus perniciosus in foci of visceral leishmaniasis in campania].	an entomological survey was carried out during the sandfly season (june-october) of 1993 in three of the main visceral leishmaniasis (vl) foci of the campania region of italy. during the period 1989-1993, 39 vl cases were recorded in the three foci: 19 in maddaloni, 14 in ercolano and 6 in ischia. for each focus, collecting stations representative of sandfly habitats (domestic, peri-domestic and sylvatic) located in urban, peri-urban and rural areas were selected for the sandfly investigation. t ...	1996	9333749
viable leishmania infantum in urine and semen in experimentally infected dogs.		1996	15275299
presence of antibodies in the aqueous humour and cerebrospinal fluid during leishmania infections in dogs. pathological features at the central nervous system.	in the present paper we show that in dogs, naturally infected with leishmania infantum, the aqueous humour and the cerebrospinal fluid contain anti-leishmania iggs and that the specificity of antigen recognition of these fluids is similar to that of the sera. we also show that in the encephalon and cerebellum of these dogs there is a pathological sponge-like reaction accompanied by neuronal degeneration, mobilization of glial cells together with accumulation of amyloid deposits. the interstitial ...	1996	9226692
a comparison of promastigote and amastigote antigens of leishmania infantum in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniosis by elisa and ifa tests in turkey.	this study was designed to evaluate the elisa and ifa tests for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniosis (vl) using soluble and crude antigens from promastigote and amastigote forms of leishmania infantum. a total of 70 sera were tested, including 30 patients who were suspected for leishmaniosis (10 healthy persons, 10 patients with toxoplasmosis, 10 patients with giardiosis). in the 30 patients suspected to have leishmaniosis, smears were prepared from bone marrow aspirates and all material aspirate ...	1997	17265631
development of a slide elisa for canine leishmaniasis and comparison with four serological tests.	a slide elisa for canine leishmaniasis was developed by using promastigotes of leishmania infantum, and compared with microimmunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, direct agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence assays. the sensitivity of all the tests was 100 per cent. the specificity of the direct agglutination test was 95 per cent but it was 100 per cent for the three other tests. there was also a positive correlation and a high level of concordance between the titres measured by the diff ...	1997	9347621
the effects of honey on leishmania parasites: an in vitro study.	the activities of honey dilutions were investigated against three species of leishmania. the results were compared with the effects of the same concentrations of sugar. honey and sugar both have anti-leishmanial effects in vitro, but our results indicated that honey is superior to sugar.	1997	9204723
lymphocyte subset abnormalities in canine leishmaniasis.	peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 42 leishmania infantum-infected dogs using flow cytometry. twenty-two healthy dogs were used as a control group. analysis of the b-cell populations showed a reduction in the number of cd21+ cells in all the infected dogs. on the other hand, the disease was found to be associated with a striking decrease in the number of cd21+ cells and of t-lymphocyte cd4+ cells in comparison with asymptomatic dogs and with healthy dogs. this study sugge ...	1997	9223238
dermotropic isolates of leishmania infantum in iran.		1997	9373647
asymptomatic leishmania chagasi infection in relatives and neighbors of patients with visceral leishmaniasis.	the frequency of asymptomatic infection among relatives and neighbors of cases of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) was compared and characterization of the immunological response in these subjects was performed. cases were from a new endemic area close to the beach and near salvador capital of the state of bahia, brazil. the characterization of asymptomatic infection was made using a skin reaction test and detection of antibody to leishmania chagasi by the elisa test. to characterize the immunologica ...	1997	9302407
immunohistochemical detection of leishmania infantum in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of canine skin and lymph nodes.		1997	9376441
progression of visceral leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum in balb/c mice is markedly slowed by prior infection with trichinella spiralis.	we investigated in balb/c mice the influence of the immunological environment created by the nematode trichinella spiralis on the course of visceral leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum. on the day of leishmania inoculation (day 0), mice, t. spiralis infected 7 days earlier, presented increased gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), interleukin-4 (il-4), and il-5 mrna levels locally and systemically and increased the potential of spleen cells to synthesize ifn-gamma and il-4 after activation in vitro ...	1997	9393785
anal ulcer and chronic diarrhoea as manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus.		1997	9373645
effect of eliminating seropositive canines on the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in brazil.	in brazil, where leishmania chagasi causes endemic american visceral leishmaniasis (avl), the spread and maintenance of human disease are attributed to canine reservoirs. however, despite measures directed toward the elimination of infected canines, the incidence of human disease continues to increase. to evaluate the role of infected canines in the acquisition of avl by humans, we undertook a controlled intervention study in three similar, but isolated, valleys of pancas, espírito santo, brazil ...	1997	9402389
vector-host-parasite inter-relationships in leishmaniasis. ii. influence of blood meal from natural vertebrate hosts with and without leishmania infantum and l. major on the proteolytic activity in the gut of phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae).	proteolytic activity in the gut of phlebotomus langeroni (nitzulescu) was studied at four subsequent 24 hours intervals post feeding on human, dog (canis familiaris), rat (rattus rattus) and turkey (melagris gallopava) bloods with and without leishmania infantum or l. major promastigotes. the gut proteolytic activity increased gradually after feeding to reach a maximum at 48 hours post feeding on any of the 12 studied blood meals. in all cases, the activity declined after 48 hours and almost ter ...	1997	9425810
evidence of sexual reproduction in the protozoan parasite leishmania of the old world.	three leishmania strains of the old world were the subject of this study. both the amastigote and promastigote stages were subjected to staining by feulgen procedure and examined by computerized image analyser system to determine their nuclear dna content. results of this study showed that, in the promastigote stage there is a single cell population, whereas in the amastigote stage there are two population of parasite nuclei. one with low level of dna resembling that of the promastigote and a se ...	1997	9425811
leishmania infantum promastigotes: flow cytometry as a possible tool for assessing the effects of drugs on cellular functions.	the capacity of flow-cytometric techniques to detect drug-specific biochemical targets and side effects in leishmania infantum promastigotes was estimated by assessing the effects of three antileishmanial drugs (pentamidine, allopurinol, and amphotericin b) on parasite metabolism. cell cycle and total protein content were estimated by staining cells with propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate, nonprotein thiols were stained by mercury orange, and membrane potential was measured by the a ...	1997	9287952
short report: leishmania tropica: etiologic agent of a case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in northern morocco.	the domestic dog has been previously demonstrated to be the reservoir of leishmania infantum, the etiologic agent of human visceral leishmaniasis around the mediterranean basin. it can also be infected with l. tropica, the etiologic agent of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in morocco. we report a canine l. tropica visceral infection for the first time in morocco.	1997	9288811
treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in children with liposomal amphotericin b.	we used liposomal amphotericin b as first-choice treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in 106 immunocompetent children who acquired the infection in a temperate region of southern europe (italy) where leishmania infantum visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. the aim of the study was to identify the minimum total dose of liposomal amphotericin b needed to cure the infection in children and reduce the period of hospitalization. we conclude that the optimal regimen in immunocompetent children with l. in ...	1997	9290615
hiv/leishmania co-infections in portugal: diagnosis and isoenzyme characterization of leishmania.		1997	9290851
epidemiology of human visceral leishmaniasis in taounate, a northern province of morocco.	we report the preliminary results of an epidemiological survey carried out in the locality of ouled hcein, province of taounate (north morocco) around one visceral leishmaniasis infant case. the strain isolated from the child was characterized by three methods as leishmania infantum and its isoenzyme pattern was indistinguishable from zymodeme mon-1. the human survey in the locality of origin of the index case did not show any additional case and the serology was negative for the whole people sa ...	1997	9296060
efficacy of aminosidine administered alone or in combination with meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum.	balb/c mice with an experimental visceral leishmaniasis produced by leishmania infantum were treated with aminosidine sulphate alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate. parasite burdens in the liver and spleen were determined by subculturings using a sensitive microtitration method. treatments with aminosidine alone decreased the parasite burdens compared with those observed in the untreated mice, but were less efficacious than meglumine antimoniate. aminosidine combined with meglumine antim ...	1997	9301998
a retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniasis in 150 dogs naturally infected by leishmania infantum.	the clinical and laboratory findings observed in 150 dogs naturally infected by leishmania infantum, from a large endemic area of southern italy, are described. there was a gradual onset of clinical signs and the course of the disease was progressive in almost all the cases. the majority of the dogs were mongrels (43.3 per cent), male (64.7 per cent), of medium size (50.6 per cent), three to seven years old (64.7 per cent), and living outdoors (60 per cent). they showed generalised (56.7 per cen ...	1997	9413121
oral leishmaniasis in an hiv-positive patient caused by two different zymodemes of leishmania infantum.		1997	9373646
acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis.		1997	9416678
activity of pentamidine-loaded methacrylate nanoparticles against leishmania infantum in a mouse model.	the use of drug delivery systems may reduce the toxicity and improve the activity of antileishmanial compounds. in view of such a strategy, we loaded the antileishmanial agent pentamidine on polymethacrylate nanoparticles. the activity of pentamidine-loaded nanoparticles was compared with that of free pentamidine in a balb/c mice model of visceral leishmaniasis induced by leishmania infantum. on day 0, mice were infected intravenously with 10(7) promastigotes and then treated via the tail vein o ...	1997	9421724
hepatobiliar and renal failure in a dog experimentally infected with leishmania infantum.		1997	9423240
vector-host-parasite inter-relationships in leishmaniasis. i. the effect of leishmania parasites on rate of digestion of blood proteins from various vertebrate hosts by the sand fly phlebotomus langeroni (diptera: psychodidae).	protein digestion in the gut of phlebotomus langeroni (nitzulescu) was studied at four subsequent 24 hour intervals post feeding on human, dog (canis familiaris), rat (rattus rattus) and turkey (melagris gallopava) bloods with and without leishmania infantum or l. major promastigotes. most of the proteins of the studied blood meals were digested within 96 hours. the percent of blood proteins digested in the first 48 hours was higher than in the second 48 hours in all cases of the studied blood m ...	1997	9425809
confirmation of clinical differentiation of three leishmania strains by computerized image analyser system.	three human strains of leishmania, one visceral and two cutaneous leishmaniasis were prepared from both culture and tissue of infected animals and subjected to analysis by computerised image analyser system. the results showed differences in the morphology and nucleic acid contents of the three strains.	1997	9257994
mapping of the antigenic determinants of the leishmania infantum gp63 protein recognized by antibodies elicited during canine visceral leishmaniasis.	the gp63 gene encoding the major surface antigen of leishmania infantum has been cloned and sequenced. in spite of the overall sequence homology with the gp63 genes from other leishmania species, particularly with the constitutively expressed leishmania chagasi gp63 gene, the carboxy-terminal ends of these genes are clearly divergent (62% homology). to study the prevalence of anti-gp63 antibodies in the sera from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis, a recombinant l. infantum gp63 protein was expres ...	1997	9172421
epidemiologic surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis in sicily, italy.	visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is endemic in sicily. although it is a notifiable disease, there is evidence that the actual number of cases is higher than that reported. in 1987, a regional reference center for active surveillance of vl was established and it recorded a total of 284 cases through 1995, a mean of 31.5 cases/year and about four-fold more than previously reported. of the 284 cases, 150 (53%) were children (< or = 14 years of age), and of the 134 adults, 39 (29%) were coinfected with h ...	1997	9242323
cloning of the gp63 surface protease of leishmania infantum. differential post-translational modifications correlated with different infective forms.	the leishmania cell surface virulence factor gp63 is a protease family that plays an important role in the survival of the parasite protozoon into the host macrophages. we have cloned and characterised the gp63 gene from l. infantum. the sequence analysis of the gene indicates the existence of a high degree of conservation with the other old world species l. major and l. donovani. the similarity is lower with new world species with the exception of l. chagasi which shows a strikingly high percen ...	1997	9247093
activity of a new liposomal formulation of amphotericin b against two strains of leishmania infantum in a murine model.	the efficacy of a new liposomal formulation of amphotericin b was compared to that of amphotericin b deoxycholate (fungizone) in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis induced by leishmania infantum. median effective doses (ed50) were determined with two different strains: strain 1 was obtained from an untreated patient, and strain 2 was obtained from a patient who had received 12.5 g of amphotericin b over 3 years. balb/c mice were infected intravenously on day 0 with promastigotes and then t ...	1997	9257750