Publications

continuous enantioselective esterification of trans-2-phenyl-1-cyclohexanol using a new candida rugosa lipase in a packed bed bioreactor.	enantioselective resolution of trans-2-phenyl-1-cyclohexanol (tpch) by a candida rugosa lipase, obtained by fermentation in the laboratory, and immobilised on ep100 polypropylene powder has been carried out using isooctane as solvent and propionic acid as esterifying agent. the study have included the utilisation of this biocatalyst in a batch process and the optimisation of the esterification conditions by means of a box-hunter-based experimental design. the main variables controlling the proce ...	2001	11035182
analysis of conformational states of candida rugosa lipase in solution: implications for mechanism of interfacial activation and separation of open and closed forms.	in this study, an analysis of the transition between the inactive ("closed") and active ("open") conformations of candida rugosa lipase in solution is performed using irreversible enzyme inhibitors, cyclic saligenin phosphates. it is shown that >90% inhibition of the enzyme activity toward water-soluble substrates (esterolytic activity) can be achieved with as little as 0.3 mol of the inhibitor per mole of enzyme, whereas activity toward emulsified substrates decreases by approximately 20% under ...	2001	11084600
[studies on lipase production from candida rugosa].	we studied some factors affecting the lipase production from candida rugosa, they mainly included medium compositions and culture condition. the result showed that the optimal medium compositions for lipase production are 0.1% glucose 4.0% olive oil (carbon source), 0.3% nh4no3(nitrogen source), 1.2% k2hpo4 and 0.4% mgso4.7h2o. and the optimal culture condition is initial ph6.5, temperature 30 degrees c, agitation 180 r/min and time 60 h. as a result, and the lipase activity could reach 19.5 u/m ...	2001	11330177
production of native and recombinant lipases by candida rugosa: a review.	the yeast candida rugosa produces multiple lipase isoenzymes sharing high sequence homology but with some differences in their catalytic properties. the regulation of c. rugosa lipase (crl) synthesis and secretion in c. rugosa obeys a complex pattern. fermentation processes for both wild-type and mutant c. rugosa strains are available for lipase production. native crl preparations have been extensively used for biotransformations. however, their inherent mixture of isoforms with variable profile ...	2001	11732718
influence of the conformational flexibility on the kinetics and dimerisation process of two candida rugosa lipase isoenzymes.	we have investigated the interfacial activation process of two isoenzymes from candida rugosa (lip1 and lip3) using triacetin as substrate. kinetics were coupled to inhibition experiments in order to analyse the transition between the open and closed conformers. this process was slow, particularly for lip1, in the absence of an interface provided by the substrate or a detergent. dimers of lip3 were also purified and their catalytic action was closer to that of a typical esterase. in spite of the ...	2001	11457462
purification and characterization of lip2 and lip3 isoenzymes from a candida rugosa pilot-plant scale fed-batch fermentation.	previous purification of a crude extracellular enzyme preparation from candida rugosa atcc 14830 pilot-plant fed-batch fermentations showed the presence of two lipase isoenzymes, lip2 and lip3, differing in their molecular masses (58 and 62 kda, respectively). these enzymes were purified but the lipases were forming active aggregates with a molecular mass higher than 200 kda. in this work we developed a purification method following three steps: ammonium sulfate precipitation, sodium cholate tre ...	2001	11090688
effect of water activity and immobilization on fatty acid selectivity for esterification reactions mediated by lipases.	the effect of water activity (a(w)) and immobilization on fatty acid (fa) selectivity of burkholderia (formerly pseudomonas) cepacia, rhizomucor miehei, candida antarctica (type b), and candida rugosa lipases in esterification reactions was determined. studies were based on measuring ester formation in multicompetitive reaction mixtures containing either the homologous series of even carbon number n-chain saturated fa (c4-c18) or a series of n-chain (un)saturated fa (c18:x, where x = 0-3 double ...	2001	11536145
lipase-catalyzed chemo- and enantioselective acetylation of 2-alkyl/aryl-3-hydroxypropiophenones.	the chemo- and enantioselective capabilities of porcine pancreatic lipase (ppl) in tetrahydrofuran, and candida rugosa lipase (crl) in diisopropyl ether have been investigated for the acetylation of racemic 2-alkyl/aryl-3-hydroxypropiophenones, which are important precursors in the synthesis of biologically active chromanones and isoflavanones. a highly chemoselective acetylation of primary hydroxy group in preference to phenolic hydroxy group leading to the formation of enantiomerically enriche ...	2001	11557352
effect of methanol and water contents on production of biodiesel fuel from plant oil catalyzed by various lipases in a solvent-free system.	methyl esters synthesized from plant oil and methanol by the methanolysis reaction are potentially important as a biodiesel fuel. the methanolysis of soybean oil by lipases from various microorganisms was investigated. several of the lipases were found to catalyze methanolysis in a water-containing system without an organic solvent. the lipases from candida rugosa, pseudomonas cepacia, and pseudomonas fluorescens displayed particularly high catalytic ability. the reaction rates of methanolysis c ...	2001	16232938
modification of lipases with poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(oxyethylene) detergents and their catalytic activities in organic solvents.	the alpha-chymotrypsin-poly(ethylene glycol) complex, which was prepared by lyophilizing an aqueous solution, was found to have high catalytic activity in organic media even when the molar ratio of polymer/enzyme in its preparation stage is unity. in this study, we obtained freeze-dried complexes of lipases and poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(oxyethylene) detergents including newly synthesized gemini-type detergents, and their transesterification activity in organic solvents was evaluated. the fre ...	2001	16233142
lipase-catalysed hydrolysis of short-chain substrates in solution and in emulsion: a kinetic study.	we have studied the enzymatic hydrolysis of solutions and emulsions of vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate and tripropionin by lipases of various origin and specificity. kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of short-chain substrates by microbial triacylglycerol lipases from rhizopus oryzae, mucor miehei, candida rugosa, candida antarctica a and by (phospho)lipase from guinea-pig pancreas show that these lipolytic enzymes follow the michaelis-menten model. surprisingly, the activity against solutions o ...	2001	11750885
safety evaluation of lipase produced from candida rugosa: summary of toxicological data.	the toxicity of lipase ay, an enzyme preparation used in lipid hydrolysis to produce flavors, was evaluated in a series of studies. a 13-week dietary toxicity study in sprague-dawley (crj:cd) rats was conducted in which animals received lipase ay in the feed at concentrations of 0, 625, 1250, or 2500 mg/kg body wt. no adverse treatment-related effects were observed. lack of genotoxic potential was demonstrated by the results of an in vitro reverse mutation assay in salmonella typhimurium strains ...	2001	11350198
novel lipase-catalysed enantioselective deacetylation of (+/-)-5-acetoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-phenylisoxazolidine.	(+/-)-5-acetoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-phenylisoxazolidine has been synthesised by a highly diastereoselective [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-n-phenylnitrone and vinyl acetate in good yield. candida rugosa lipase catalyses the deacetylation of this (+/-)-5-acetoxyisoxazolidine in a highly enantioselective fashion in diisopropyl ether containing n-butanol affording (-)-5-acetoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-phenylisoxazolidine in 43% yield and >99% ee.	2001	11514151
[identification of candida albicans using the chromogenic medium albicans id].	the correct identification of the microrganism is the base for epidemiological studies and treatment of infections. the aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of the chromogenic media albicans id (biomerieux, france) in the identification of candida albicans. a total of 190 yeasts strains were evaluated in the study. a rate of 100% of all c. albicans (80) and candida dubliniensis (five) strains exhibited blue color. nevertheless, the blue color was also observed with cultures of candida r ...	2001	15496129
preparation of detergent-lipase complexes utilizing water-soluble amphiphiles in single aqueous phase and catalysis of transesterifications in homogeneous organic solvents.	a novel method of preparing detergent-enzyme complexes that can be employed in organic media was developed utilizing newly synthesized water-soluble nonionic gemini-type detergents, n,n-bis(3-d-gluconamidopropyl)-3-(dialkyl-l-glutamatecarbonyl)propanamides (big2cnca: n = 10,12,14,16,18) and n,n-bis(3-d-lactonamidopropyl)-3-(dialkyl-l-glutamatecarbonyl)propanamides (bil2cnca: n = 16,18), and nonionic twin-headed detergents, n,n-bis(3-d-gluconamidopropyl)alkanamides (big1cn: n = 12,14,16,18,delta9 ...	2000	16232923
enantioselective synthesis of (s)-ibuprofen ester prodrug in cyclohexane by candida rugosa lipase immobilized on accurel mp1000.	an enantioselective esterification process was developed for the synthesis of 2-n-morpholinoethyl (s)-ibuprofen ester prodrug from racemic ibuprofen by using candida rugosa lipase immobilized on accurel mp1000 in cyclohexane. compared with the performance of lipase my, the immobilized lipase possesses a higher enzyme activity and thermal stability, but with a slightly suppressed enantioselectivity. a kinetic model was proposed and confirmed from experiments, for the simulation of time-course con ...	2000	11101325
design and realization of a tailor-made enzyme to modify the molecular recognition of 2-arylpropionic esters by candida rugosa lipase.	within a research project aimed at probing the substrate specificity and the enantioselectivity of candida rugosa lipase (crl), computer modeling studies of the interactions between crl and methyl (+/-)-2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionate (ketoprofen methyl ester) have been carried out in order to identify which amino acids are essential to the enzyme/substrate interaction. different binding models of the substrate enantiomers to the active site of crl were investigated by applying a computational pro ...	2000	11087950
reversible enzyme immobilization via a very strong and nondistorting ionic adsorption on support-polyethylenimine composites.	new tailor-made anionic exchange resins have been prepared, based on films of large polyethylenimine polymers (e.g., mw 25,000) completely coating, via covalent immobilization, the surface of different porous supports (agarose, silica, polymeric resins). most proteins contained in crude extracts from different sources have been very strongly adsorbed on them. ionic exchange properties of such composites strongly depend on the size of polyethylenimine polymers as well as on the exact conditions o ...	2000	10699877
convenient enzymatic resolution of alcohols using highly reactive, nonharmful acyl donors, 1-ethoxyvinyl esters	1-ethoxyvinyl esters 3, a new type of acyl donors for enzymatic resolution of racemic alcohols, were disclosed to be superior to the contemporary major reagents, vinyl esters 1 and isopropenyl esters 2. three features of 3 are noticeable: (1) 3 generates ethyl acetate as a single coproduct, which does not affect any enzymes, while acetaldehyde liberated from 1 deactivates some kinds of lipases. (2) the reactivity of 3 was not less than that of 1 and much higher than that of 2, and the optical pu ...	2000	10813899
lipase-catalyzed asymmetric desymmetrization of prochiral 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-propanediols using 1-ethoxyvinyl benzoate.	the lipase-catalyzed asymmetric desymmetrization of the prochiral 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-propanediols was studied using various types of 1-ethoxyvinyl esters (1a-i). although 1a-e with aliphatic acyl groups were not sufficient, use of the benzoate (1f) in combination with candida rugosa lipases converted acyclic diols (2, 6) and cyclic diols (11-14) to the optically active compounds (3f, 7f, 15f-18f), bearing a quaternary carbon center, with moderate-to-high optical yields. these products were fa ...	2000	11045461
enzymatic resolution to (-)-ormeloxifene intermediates from their racemates using immobilized candida rugosa lipase.	in the synthesis of (-)-ormeloxifene, a drug candidate recently under development, enzymatic resolution of potential intermediates can be carried out using a simple, practical method. five commercially available lipases, candida rugosa lipase, candida antarctica lipase b, mucor miehei lipase, pseudomonas cepacia lipase, and humicola lanuginosa lipase, all immobilized on accurel(r), were initially screened in combination with four different substrates belonging to the class of phenyl esters. exce ...	2000	10861957
effect of different carbon sources on lipase production by candida rugosa.	different carbon sources affecting growth and lipase production in candida rugosa were studied by using batch cultures on defined medium. carbohydrates and acids non-related to fats did not induce lipase production. the highest yields of enzyme were obtained with lipids or fatty acids as carbon sources. tween 80 stimulated lipase biosynthesis and secretion outside the cell. combinations of two types of substrates, carbohydrates and fatty acids, did not improve lipase production, and in some case ...	2000	10862870
recombinant expression of the candida rugosa lip4 lipase in escherichia coli.	it is difficult to express recombinant candida rugosa lipases (crls) in heterologous systems, since c. rugosa utilizes a nonuniversal serine codon cug for leucine. in this study, recombinant lip4 in which all 19 cug codons had been converted to a universal serine codon was overexpressed in escherichia coli bl21(de3). the recombinant lip4 was found mainly in the inclusion bodies and showed a low catalytic activity. to increase the amount of soluble form and activity of recombinant lip4, the dna w ...	2000	11049754
isolation of candida rugosa from turkeys.	the present study describes the isolation of candida rugosa from young turkeys that died 10 days after the end of a therapeutic treatment for a recent outbreak of coccidiosis. candida rugosa was isolated from the digestive tract of all the birds examined. this isolation is the first in turkeys and corroborates the fact that c. rugosa is an opportunistic yeast which circumvents host defences when other predisposing factors are present.	2000	11014064
a systematic approach to the large-scale production of protein crystals.	crystallization has recently emerged as a suitable process for the manufacture of biocatalysts in the form of cross-linked enzyme crystals (clecs) or for the recovery of proteins from fermentation broths. in both instances it is essential to define conditions which control crystal size and habit, and that yield a reliable recovery of the active protein. experiments to define the crystallization conditions usually depend on a factorial design (either incomplete or sparse matrix) or reverse screen ...	2000	10793205
concentrates of dha from fish oil by selective esterification of cholesterol by immobilized isoforms of lipase from candida rugosa.	two lipases (lip a and lip b), were purified from a commercial lipase preparation produced by candida rugosa and partially characterized. the purified lipases were immobilized on duolite a 568 and used in the selective esterification of cholesterol with free fatty acids from sardine fish oil. the results showed that lip a and lip b preferentially esterified saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids allowing a 3.4-fold (lip b, 24 h) and 4-fold (lip a, 10 h) enrichment of docosahexaenoic acid in t ...	2000	10938424
[enzymatic resolution of racemic naproxen in a low aqueous-organic biphase system].	a stereoselective hydrolysis of the racemic naproxen methyl ester by immobilized lipase from candida rugosa in a low aqueous-organic biphase system was studied. support polar, water content, the logp value of organic phase and product inhibition effected the activity of immobilized enzyme. according to these reaction conditions, a low aqueous-organic biphase system for the continuous production of (s)-(+)-naproxen was developed. the reaction was carried out in a continuous-flow closed-loop 50 ml ...	2000	10883277
mutants provide evidence of the importance of glycosydic chains in the activation of lipase 1 from candida rugosa.	sequence analysis of candida rugosa lipase 1 (lip1) predicts the presence of three n-linked glycosylation sites at asparagine 291, 314, 351. to investigate the relevance of sugar chains in the activation and stabilization of lip1, we directed site mutagenesis to replace the above mentioned asparagine with glutamine residues. comparison of the activity of mutants with that of the wild-type (wt) lipase indicates that both 314 and 351 asn to gln substitutions influence, although at a different exte ...	2000	10850808
synthesis of glycerides containing n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid by solvent-free acidolysis of fish oil.	menhaden oil, a rich source of n-3 fatty acids, was interesterified with conjugated linoleic acid (cla) in a reaction medium composed solely of substrates and either free or immobilized commercial lipase preparations. of five lipases tested, an immobilized preparation from mucor miehei provided the fastest rate of incorporation of cla into fish oil acylglycerols; however, and as observed with most of the lipases utilized, a significant proportion of the n-3 fatty acid residues were liberated in ...	2000	11042555
enzymatic resolution of (s)-(+)-naproxen in a trapped aqueous-organic solvent biphase continuous reactor.	a trapped aqueous-organic biphase system for the continuous production of (s)-(+)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) propionic acid (naproxen) has been developed. the process consists of a stereoselective hydrolysis of the racemic naproxen methyl ester by candida rugosa lipase in a trapped aqueous-organic biphase system. the reaction has been carried out in a laboratory-scale continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (cstr). the staring material has been supplied in and remaining substrate recovered by organic ...	2000	10699874
enzymatic hydrolysis of carotenoid fatty acid esters of red pepper (capsicum annuum l.) by a lipase from candida rugosa.	analyses of red pepper extracts which had been pretreated with lipase type vii (ec 3.1.1.3.) from candida rugosa showed for the first time pepper carotenoid esters to be substrates of this enzyme. however, the extent of enzymatic hydrolysis depends on the respective carotenoid and was not quantitative compared to chemical saponification. after enzymatic cleavage, 67-89% of total capsanthin, 61-65% of total zeaxanthin, 70-81% of total beta-cryptoxanthin and 70-86% of total violaxanthin were detec ...	2000	11204204
the his gap motif in microbial lipases: a determinant of stereoselectivity toward triacylglycerols and analogs.	lipases preferably hydrolyze the sn-1 and sn-3 acyl chain of triacylglycerols and sn-2 substituted analogs. molecular modeling studies of the stereopreference of microbial lipases from rhizopus oryzae, rhizomucor miehei, candida rugosa, and lipase b from candida antarctica toward the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and analogs revealed that sterical interactions occurring between the sn-2 substituent and the his gap affect substrate geometry, which can be monitored by a single torsion angle. this ...	2000	11099801
production of sophorolipids from whey. ii. product composition, surface active properties, cytotoxicity and stability against hydrolases by enzymatic treatment.	sophorolipids, obtained by a two-stage process starting from deproteinized whey concentrate using cryptococcus curvatus atcc 20509 and candida bombicola atcc 22214, were compared to products from one-stage processes, using different lipidic compounds as substrates. results showed that above all carbon source and not cultivation conditions had a distinct influence on the composition of the crude product mixture and therefore on the physicochemical and biological properties of the sophorolipids, s ...	1999	10570796
kinetics study of palm oil hydrolysis using immobilized lipase candida rugosa in packed bed reactor.	continuous hydrolysis of palm oil triglyceride in organic solvent using immobilized candida rugosa on the amberlite mb-1 as a source of immobilized lipase was studied in packed bed reactor. the enzymatic kinetics of hydrolysis reaction was studied by changing the substrate concentration, reaction temperature and residence time(tau) in the reactor. at 55 degrees c, the optimum water concentration was found to be 15 % weight per volume of solution (%w/v). the michaelis-menten kinetic model was use ...	1999	10595442
structure and conformational flexibility of candida rugosa lipase.	three-dimensional structures of a number of lipases determined in the past decade have provided a solid structural foundation for our understanding of lipase function. the structural studies of candida rugosa lipase summarized here have addressed many facets of interfacial catalysis. these studies have revealed a fold and catalytic site common to other lipases. different conformations likely to correlate with interfacial activation of the enzyme were observed in different crystal forms. the stru ...	1999	10570248
an unusual reversible sol-gel transition phenomenon in organogels and its application for enzyme immobilization in gelatin membranes	an unusual phenomenon is observed for gelatin solutions (1.7-6.8%) in the microemulsion system of 0.3 m bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium salt in isooctane and 14.5% distilled water. highly viscous gels obtained at temperatures above 30 degreesc become free-flowing liquids at low temperatures (5-10 degreesc). this reversible temperature-dependent sol-gel transition phenomenon is used to immobilize several enzymes, such as lipase from candida rugosa, alcohol dehydrogenase from baker's yeast, ...	1999	9933519
inhibition of candida rugosa lipase by berberine and structurally related alkaloids, evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography.	it is known that certain microorganisms produce extracellular lipase to better colonize the skin and mucosal surfaces. since different extracts from medicinal plants have anti-lipase activity (shimura et al., biosci. biotechnol. biochem., 56: 1478-1479, 1992), we examined the effects of selected natural substances on candida rugosa lipase. in the presence of the compounds under examination, the enzyme was incubated with beta-naphthyl laurate, and beta-naphthol, produced by the enzymatic reaction ...	1999	10540743
enantioselective recognition mechanism of secondary alcohol by surfactant-coated lipases in nonaqueous media.	the enantioselective recognition mechanism of secondary alcohol by lipases originated from candida rugosa and pseudomonas cepacia was elucidated on the basis of the kinetic study of the esterification of alcohol with lauric acid in isooctane. to obtain inherent kinetic parameters, we utilized a surfactant-coated lipase whose conformation is considered to be an "open" form in a homogeneous organic solvent. based on the experimental results, the enantioselectivity of lipases was found to be derive ...	1999	10458745
in-vitro antifungal activity of liposomal nystatin in comparison with nystatin, amphotericin b cholesteryl sulphate, liposomal amphotericin b, amphotericin b lipid complex, amphotericin b desoxycholate, fluconazole and itraconazole.	the in-vitro susceptibilities of 120 clinical isolates of yeasts to liposomal nystatin were compared with those to amphotericin b lipid complex (ablc), liposomal amphotericin b (lab), amphotericin b cholesteryl sulphate (abcd), amphotericin b desoxycholate, nystatin, fluconazole and itraconazole. yeast isolates examined included strains of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata, candida krusei, candida guilliermondii, candida tropicalis, candida kefyr, candida viswanathii, cand ...	1999	10511410
analysis of the gene family encoding lipases in candida rugosa by competitive reverse transcription-pcr.	synthesis of multiple extracellular lipases in candida rugosa has been demonstrated. however, it is difficult to characterize the expression spectrum of lip genes, since the sequences of the lip multigene family are very closely related. a competitive reverse transcription-pcr assay was developed to quantify the expression of lip genes. in agreement with the protein profile, the abundance of lip mrnas was found to be (in decreasing order) lip1, lip3, lip2, lip5, and lip4. to analyze the effects ...	1999	10473391
comparison of dynamic and integrated light-scattering techniques in the study of the interaction of candida rugosa lipase with dppc liposomes.	dynamic light-scattering (dls) and wide angle integrated light-scattering (wails) spectroscopies were evaluated in the study of binding of candida rugosa lipase (crl) with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (dppc) liposomes. the use of cumulants analysis on dls data allowed for the determination of general lipase-liposome-binding trends. particle intensity distributions obtained from dls data by a discrete inversion method revealed the different populations created upon lipase-liposome ...	1999	10474180
simple synthesis of alpha-cyano-alpha-fluoro-p-tolylacetic acid (cfta), a new efficient chiral derivatizing agent.	the new chiral derivatizing agent, alpha-cyano-alpha-fluoro-p-tolylacetic acid (cfta) (2) was prepared in optically pure form by candida rugosa lipase (crl)-mediated kinetic resolution of racemic cfta ethyl ester (cfta et ester) (1). the ester was obtained by fluorination of ethyl alpha-cyano-p-tolylacetate with fclo3. the cfta method has proven to be significantly superior for enantiomeric excess (e.e.) determinations when compared to the mtpa method, particularly in those compounds that have a ...	1999	10550891
on-line determination of the total lipolytic activity in a four-phase system using a lipase adsorption law.	lipases have a very well known affinity for organic-aqueous interfaces. a previously developed on-line turbidimetric analyser can only analyse the lipase activity present in the aqueous phase of a culture broth. an adsorption law of langmuir type has been derived to determine the lipolytic activity remaining in the organic-aqueous interface formed between oleic acid and culture broth in candida rugosa lipase production fermentation. in the concentration range of oleic acid (0-8 g.l(-1)) and lipo ...	1999	16232505
lipase immobilized on poly(vp-co-hema) hydrogel for esterification reaction.	lipase from candida rugosa was immobilized by entrapment on poly(n-vinyl- 2-pyrrolidone-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly[vp-co-hema]) hydrogel, and divinylbenzene was the crosslinking agent. the immobilized enzymes were used in the esterification reaction of oleic acid and butanol in hexane. the activities of the immobilized enzymes and the leaching ability of the enzyme from the support with respect to the different compositions of the hydrogels were investigated. the thermal, solvent, and ...	1999	15304777
effect of fermentation conditions in the enzymatic activity and stereoselectivity of crude lipase from candida rugosa.	different fed-batch cultures of candida rugosa were carried out using oleic acid as the only carbon source. the crude lipases obtained under several operational conditions and downstream processes showed different catalytic activity and isoenzymes ratio. this fact implied that the performance of the lipase produced could be modulated by using different operational fermentation conditions. these powders were compared with commercial lipase from sigma (st. louis, mo) in hydrolysis and synthesis re ...	1999	15304677
characterization and utilization of candida rugosa lipase immobilized on controlled pore silica.	candida rugosa lipase was immobilized by covalent binding on controlled pore silica (cps) using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent under aqueous and nonaqueous conditions. the immobilized c. rugosa was more active when the coupling procedure was performed in the presence of a nonpolar solvent, hexane. similar optima ph (7.5-8.0) was found for both free and immobilized lipase. the optimum temperature for the immobilized lipase was about 10 degrees c higher than that for the free lipase. the th ...	1999	15304694
activity of lipase in reversed micelles.	the enzyme activity of lipase from candida rugosa in aot isooctane reversed micelles was investigated. effect of ph, temperature, substrate concentration, waterpool (r value), choice of organic solvent, surfactant concentration on the activity of lipase were studied in detail. results indicate that the enzyme in reversed micelles follows the michaelis-menten dynamics temperature optimum=32.5 degrees, ph optimum=7.0, and maximum activity is reached at the concentration of olive oil of 40%. the en ...	1999	12115008
alcohol inhibition and specificity studies of lipase b from candida antarctica in organic solvents	alcohol inhibition of the lipase b from candida antarctica has been studied through two different approaches: using the same inhibitor (1-butanol) in different organic solvents and using different inhibitors (differing in chain length) in the same solvent. the competitive inhibition constant values obtained in each case correlate with the calculated activity coefficients of the substrate, suggesting that desolvation of the alcohol is the major force changed. data dispersion observed using the se ...	1998	10099327
enhancement of candida rugosa lipase production by using different control fed-batch operational strategies.	simulation studies have predicted that maximum lipase activity is reached with fed-batch operation strategies. in this work, two different fed-batch operational strategies have been studied: constant substrate feeding rate and specific growth rate control. a constant substrate feeding rate strategy showed that maximum aqueous lipolytic activity (55 u/ml) was reached at low substrate feeding rates, whereas lipase tends to accumulate inside the cell at higher rates of substrate addition. in the se ...	1998	10099417
design, total synthesis, and functional overexpression of the candida rugosa lip1 gene coding for a major industrial lipase.	the dimorphic yeast candida rugosa has an unusual codon usage that hampers the functional expression of genes derived from this yeast in a conventional heterologous host. commercial samples of c. rugosa lipase (crl) are widely used in industry, but contain several different isoforms encoded by the lip gene family, among which the isoform encoded by the gene lip1 is the most prominent. in a first laborious attempt, the lip1 gene was systematically modified by site-directed mutagenesis to gain fun ...	1998	9655346
characterization of the candida rugosa lipase system and overexpression of the lip1 isoenzyme in a non-conventional yeast.	the fungus c. rugosa produces lipase isoenzymes (crls) homologous to the geotrichum candidum and yarrowia lipolytica lipases to which they share ca. 40 and 30% sequence identity, with a domain of sequence conservation at the n-terminal half of the protein. crl proteins have high sequence homology but are not identical in their catalytic activity, therefore calling for the resolution of isoforms via heterologous expression. the non-conventional use of a serine codon in several candida species fru ...	1998	9720249
insights into the molecular basis for fatty acyl specificities of lipases from geotrichum candidum and candida rugosa.	despite immense progress in our comprehension of lipase structure and function during the past decade, the basis for lipase acyl specificities has remained poorly understood. this review summarizes some recent advances in the understanding at the molecular-level of substrate acyl recognition by two members in a group of large (mw approximately 60 kda) microbial lipases. two aspects of acyl specificity will be focused upon. (i) the unique preference of a fungal geotrichum candidum lipase for long ...	1998	9720250
anatomy of lipase binding sites: the scissile fatty acid binding site.	shape and physico-chemical properties of the scissile fatty acid binding sites of six lipases and two serine esterases were analyzed and compared in order to understand the molecular basis of substrate specificity. all eight serine esterases and lipases have similar architecture and catalytic mechanism of ester hydrolysis, but different substrate specificities for the acyl moiety. lipases and esterases differ in the geometry of their binding sites, lipases have a large, hydrophobic scissile fatt ...	1998	9720251
lipase specificity toward some acetylenic and olefinic alcohols in the esterification of pentanoic and stearic acids.	the esterification of five medium- and long-chain acetylenic alcohols (2-nonyn-1-ol, 10-undecyn-1-ol, 6-octadecyn-1-ol, 9-octadecyn-1-ol, and 13-docosyn-1-ol), seven olefinic alcohols (cis-3-nonen-1-ol, 10-undecen-1-ol, cis-6-octadecen-1-ol, cis-9-octadecen-1-ol, trans-9-octadecen-1-ol, trans-9, trans-11-octadecadien-1-ol, cis-9,cis-12-octadecadien-1-ol), and four short-chain unsaturated alcohols (allyl alcohol, 3-butyn-1-ol, 3-pentyn-1-ol, and cis-2-penten-1-ol) with pentanoic or stearic acid i ...	1998	9778133
candida rugosa lipases: molecular biology and versatility in biotechnology.	this review describes how the versatile candida rugosa lipases (crl) have extended the frontiers of biotechnology. as evidenced by the current literature, crl claims more applications than any other biocatalyst. this review comprises a detailed discussion on the molecular biology of crl, its versatile catalytic reactions, broad specificities and diverse immobilization strategies. it also discusses its role in the food and flavour industry, the production of ice cream and single cell protein, bio ...	1998	9778794
an efficient derivation of the versatile chiron antipode 1-tert-butyldimethylsilylpenta-1,4-diyn-3-ol: application to the synthesis of (15e,r,r)-duryne.	the title chiron, 1-tert-butyldimethylsilylpenta-1,4-diyn-3-ol (5), an essential segment of various bioactive polyacetylenic alcohols, has been efficiently resolved via a lipase-catalyzed acylation strategy. lipases from different pseudomonas species and candida rugosa (crl) furnished its (s)-antipode (as esters) with 86-96% ee. however, the (r)-alcohol 5 could be prepared with acceptable enantiomeric purity (93% ee) only using crl-vinyl acetate-diisopropyl ether as the reagent protocol and unde ...	1998	11672240
effect of reductive alkylation of candida rugosa lipase on its enantioselective esterification reaction.		1998	9928091
improving lipase production from candida rugosa by a biochemical engineering approach.	it has been tested that the use of oleic acid as sole carbon source and as inducer of the production has an important effect in the lipase production by candida rugosa under aerobic conditions. a simple structured mathematical model coupled with a methodology to estimate biomass, specific growth rate and substrate was developed and applied to the production of candida rugosa lipase in batch, fed-batch and continuous operation to obtain a reproducible product. the best operation mode tested was a ...	1998	9720255
physiological control on the expression and secretion of candida rugosa lipase.	the fungus candida rugosa secretes an extracellular lipase whose production is induced by the addition of fatty acids to the culture broth. this lipase is indeed composed by several protein isoforms partly differing in their catalytic properties. synthesis and secretion of lipase proteins by c. rugosa cells were studied in culture media containing either glucose or oleic acid as the carbon source. it was shown that, according to their regulation, lipase-encoding genes might be grouped in two cla ...	1998	9720256
optimized enzymatic synthesis of methyl benzoate in organic medium. operating conditions and impact of different factors on kinetics	enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of methyl benzoate is reported. it is the first example of direct esterification of benzoic acid which provides good yields. the reaction was performed in a heterogeneous medium by candida rugosa lipase powder suspended in a hexane/toluene mixture. the impact of some factors was examined. benzoic acid does not inhibit the lipase until 100 mm. above 90 mm, methanol inhibits the enzyme. this inhibition is partially eliminated by increasing benzoic acid concentration. bel ...	1998	10099439
enantioselective synthesis of (11e, 13s)-13-hydroxy-10-oxooctadecenoic acid, the cytotoxic principle of corn.	a brief and practical enantiomeric synthesis of the title compound has been developed. the salient features of the synthesis were: (i) preparation of the required chiron, 3-octyn-1-ol via a candida rugosa lipasecatalyzed trans-acylation, (ii) use of easily accessible and inexpensive materials viz. 10-undecenoic acid and (iii) use of a simple reaction protocol.	1998	9813891
'interfacial affinity chromatography' of lipases: separation of different fractions by selective adsorption on supports activated with hydrophobic groups.	lipases contained in commercial samples of lipase extracts from rhizopus niveus (rnl) and candida rugosa (crl) have been selectively adsorbed on hydrophobic supports at very low ionic strength. under these conditions, adsorption of other proteins (including some esterases) is almost negligible. more interestingly, these lipases could be separated in several active fractions as a function of a different rate or a different intensity of adsorption on supports activated with different hydrophobic g ...	1998	9858762
a toolbox of recombinant lipases for industrial applications.	we created a toolbox of recombinant, microbial lipases, which allows us in combination with a lipase database to choose among the overexpressed lipases the most appropriate for a specific application and to improve it further via mutagenesis. by systematic comparison of geometry and properties of the scissile fatty acid binding site of five representative lipases of each family of structurally homologous lipases, three subgroups can be defined. hence, efficient expression systems for the functio ...	1998	9928080
amphotericin b-metronidazole combination against candida spp.	oropharyngeal candidiasis (opc) remains a common opportunistic infection in hiv-infected patients. candida albicans is the most frequent causative agent of opc. however, non-albicans spp. are being increasingly isolated. candidal cell wall proteins and mannoproteins play important roles in the biology and patogenesis of candidiasis. in the present study, we have analyzed the proteinaceous components associated with cell wall extracts from c. albicans, candida tropicalis, candida pseudotropicalis ...	1998	18473531
influence of the nature of modifier in the enzymatic activity of chemical modified semipurified lipase from candida rugosa.	semipurified lipase of candida rugosa (crsl) was subjected to chemical modification, and the activities of the modified lipase, in hydrolysis and esterification reactions, were examined. the esterification reactions were carried out in the absence and presence of isooctane. when the enzyme was modified with polyethylene glycol (peg), two methodologies were studied. the activation of peg with p-no(2)-phenylchloroformate gives better biocatalysts than those obtained with cyanuric chloride-peg. the ...	1997	18636483
synthesis of lovastatin with immobilized candida rugosa lipase in organic solvents: effects of reaction conditions on initial rates.	lipase from candida rugosa immobilized on a nylon support has been used to synthesize lovastatin, a drug which lowers serum cholesterol levels, by the regioselective acylation of a diol lactone precursor with 2-methylbutyric acid in mixtures of organic solvents. analogs of lovastatin having a different side chain were also obtained through this method by reacting the diol substrate with different carboxylic acids. the selection of reaction conditions that maximize the initial reaction rate is in ...	1997	18642339
probing the substrate specificity for lipases. ii. kinetic and modeling studies on the molecular recognition of 2-arylpropionic esters by candida rugosa and rhizomucor miehei lipases.	racemic arylpropionic esters 1-3, precursors of therapeutically important non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, were subjected to hydrolyses in the presence of either candida rugosa or rhizomucor miehei crude lipases. the hydrolyses of 1 and 2 proved to be highly enantioselective, whereas 3 was not transformed at all. both the substrate specificity and the enantioselectivity of these lipases were explained through a molecular modeling study involving docking experiments between 1-3 and the amino ...	1997	9048908
molecular modeling of the structures of human and rat pancreatic cholesterol esterases.	structural models have been generated for rat and human cholesterol esterases by molecular modeling. for rat cholesterol esterase, three separate models were generated according to the following procedure: (1) the cholesterol esterase sequence was aligned with those of three template enzymes: torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase, geotrichum candidum lipase and candida rugosa lipase; (2) the x-ray structure coordinates of the three template enzymes were used to construct cholesterol esterase ...	1997	9007978
adsorption of lipase on polypropylene powder.	adsorption of different lipases by ep-100 polypropylene powder from crude and pure lipase preparations was studied. langmuir isotherms described the adsorption equilibria well both for protein and lipase activity adsorption. adsorption isotherms for five different proteins all gave a similar saturation level of 220 mg protein per g carrier. twelve commercial lipase preparations were tested for selectivity in the adsorption of lipase. for all preparations the selectivity factor was larger than on ...	1997	9106498
isolation of carboxylester lipase (cel) isoenzymes from candida rugosa and identification of the corresponding genes.	the yeast candida rugosa produces extracellular lipases which are widely used for industrial purposes. a commercial lipase preparation from this yeast can be separated into several isoenzymes which differ in carbohydrate content, isolelectric point, substrate specificity, and primary sequence. we have here purified and characterized three lipases, which also hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl esters, from a commercial preparation of this yeast. these three carboxylester lipases (cels) elute differently on ...	1997	9390168
simple approach to optically active drimane sesquiterpenes based on enzymatic resolution.	when the beta-acyloxy esters (+/-)-10 and (+/-)-11 were exposed to the lipase of-360 from candida rugosa or immobilized lipase of-360 in a water-saturated organic solvent, the hydrolyzed product (8as)-6 was obtained in high chemical (40%) and optical (> 99% ee) yields. the absolute structure of (8as)-6 was confirmed by the fact that (8as)-6 was converted into an authentic sample gamma-keto nitrile (8as)-17. treatment of the diol (+/-)-12 with isopropenyl acetate in the presence of the lipase god ...	1997	9178520
analysis of a lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution by chiral normal-phase liquid chromatography.	as part of our investigation of structure-activity relationships in a candida rugosa lipase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis reaction, methyl 2-(octylsulfinyl)benzoate has been studied, with respect to rate and enantioselectivity behaviour, using two different lipase preparations. a chiral normal-phase liquid chromatography method has been developed for determination of the experimental data, degree of conversion (c) and enantiomeric excess of the substrate (ees) or the product (eep), needed for calcu ...	1997	9376711
cloning, sequencing, and expression of candida rugosa lipases.		1997	9379937
influence of surface hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance on enzyme properties.	two different enzyme surface modifications were carried out in order to alter the protein hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance in opposite directions and to observe the effects induced on enzyme properties. first, a novel chemoenzymatic glycosylation method was applied, which resulted in a higher enzyme surface hydrophilic character. then, an amphiphilic polymer, peg, was bound to the enzymes by chemical means, and it brought about an increase in the global hydrophobic character. two different enzyme ...	1997	9335176
novel method for coupling of poly(ethyleneglycol) to carboxylic acid moieties of proteins.	lack of toxicity, excellent solubility and superb biocompatibility make polyethylene glycol (peg) one of the most popular modifiers of biologicals. the most common method for attachment of peg is based on modification of amino groups of proteins with methoxy- or succinimide-derivatives of peg. in the case of proteins with amino groups important for biological activity, this modification can lead to inactivation of proteins. a new strategy for covalent attachment of peg to carboxylic groups of pr ...	1996	9174951
expedient synthesis of (r)-patulolide a.	an efficient derivation of the title compound has been formulated from easily accessible 10-undecenoic acid (1). thus, dodec-11-en-2-ol (3), prepared from 1, was pyranylated and subjected to bromination with nbs followed by acetolysis to furnish (2e)-1-acetoxy-11-(tetrahydropyranyloxy)dodec-2-ene (5). its hydrolysis, oxidation, and depyranylation afforded the (2e)-hydroxy ester (9). this, on candida rugosa lipase-catalyzed acetylation, seo(2) oxidation, hydrolysis, and yamaguchi macrolactonizati ...	1996	11667053
a structural basis for enantioselective inhibition of candida rugosa lipase by long-chain aliphatic alcohols.	molecular modeling showed that the enantiomers of heptyl 2-methyldecanoate are productively bound to the active site of candida rugosa lipase in quite different conformations. the fast-reacting s-enantiomer may well occupy the previously identified acyl-binding tunnel in the active site of the lipase. by contrast, the slow-reacting r-enantiomer must be bound to the active site, leaving the tunnel empty to allow the formation of two catalytically essential hydrogen bonds between his 449 of the ca ...	1996	8771199
intravenous catheter-related candida rugosa fungaemia.		1996	8693562
dna fingerprinting of candida rugosa via repetitive sequence-based pcr.	a repetitive sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr) technique was developed to characterize the genotypic relatedness among candida rugosa isolates. two repetitive sequences, viz., care-2 and com29 from candida albicans, were used to design primers ca-21, ca-22, and com-21, respectively. when used alone or in combination, these primers generated discriminatory fingerprints by amplifying the adjacent variable regions of the genome. twenty-three isolates from burn patients, eight from other human sources, a ...	1996	8784568
isolation and characterization of novel long-chain acyl-coa thioesterase/carboxylesterase isoenzymes from candida rugosa.	long-chain acyl-coa thioesterases, which catalyze the cleavage of acyl-coa's to free fatty acids and coash, are abundant in animal cells. however, in yeast little is known about presence and function of acyl-coa thioesterase activity. therefore a commercial lipase preparation from the yeast candida rugosa was investigated and found to contain high myristoyl-coa thioesterase activity. hydrophobic interaction chromatography separated the activity into three peaks, of which two enzymes (yte-1 and y ...	1996	8837745
probing the substrate specificity for lipases. a comfa approach for predicting the hydrolysis rates of 2-arylpropionic esters catalyzed by candida rugosa lipase.	the enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of esters 1-3, precursors of therapeutically important non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, in the presence of the lipase from candida rugosa was studied and the relative rates of the enzymatic hydrolysis were determined. with the exception of 3, which was not transformed under the reaction conditions, all transformations proved to be highly enantiospecific. usually the mechanism of enantiorecognition is probed by substrate mapping. although more theoretical appr ...	1996	8765237
evaluation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as a typing system for candida rugosa: comparison of karyotype and restriction fragment length polymorphisms.	nosocomial infections with candida species have emerged as an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. ten candida rugosa isolates from a previously documented cluster of c. rugosa infections in one hospital (nine burn unit isolates and one isolate from another hospital ward) and eight c. rugosa isolates recovered in a referral fungus testing laboratory (comparison isolates) from distinct geographic areas were investigated by molecular techniques. isolates ...	1996	8735104
substrate specificity and kinetics of candida rugosa lipase in organic media.	the fatty acid specificity of lipase from candida rugosa during the esterification of saturated fatty acids and sulcatol in toluene has been studied. the true kinetic parameters are obtained by fitting the experimental data to a ping-pong kinetic model that includes alcohol inhibition. the fitted parameter values are compared with apparent values that would be obtained from restricted data sets in which one of the substrate concentrations was kept constant. it has been found that in reactions in ...	1996	8882001
new class of poly(vinyl alcohol) polymers as column-chromatography stationary phases for candida rugosa lipase isoforms separation.	the preparation of new stationary phases of cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol esterified with various linear fatty acids is described. the physico-chemical properties of these polymers are reported, including electron microscopy and swelling measurements. batch adsorption experiments were performed in order to characterize the basic separative properties of these phases. cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol esterified with dodecanoic acid was used for hydrophobic interaction chromatography of a commercia ...	1996	8962504
substrate specificity and kinetics of candida rugosa lipase in organic media.		1996	8958093
conformational changes of different isolipases from candida rugosa in liquid interfaces and after their contact with low-water-content media.		1996	8958096
immobilization of candida rugosa lipase to nylon fibers using its carbohydrate groups as the chemical link.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the immobilization of lipase from candida rugosa on a nylon support by methods used to attach biomolecules to solid supports through their carbohydrate moieties. the carbohydrate groups were converted to dialdehydes by treatment with sodium periodate. the length of exposure and the periodate amount were optimized to the point where almost total activity retention was obtained. tests of the immobilized enzyme showed the expressed activity to be significantly ...	1996	18624365
optimized enzymatic synthesis of geranyl butyrate with lipase ay from candida rugosa.	response surface methodology (rsm) and five-level, five-variable central composite rotatable design (ccrd) were used to evaluate the effects of synthetic variables, such as reaction time (1-9 h), temperature (25-65 degrees c), enzyme amount (10-50%), substrate molar ratio of geraniol to tributyrin (1:0.33-1:1), and added water amount (0-20%) on molar percent yield of geranyl butyrate, using lipase ay from candida rugosa. reaction time and temperature were the most important variables and substra ...	1996	18624369
extraordinary enantiospecificity of lipase catalysis in organic media induced by purification and catalyst engineering.	a purified lipase preparation from candida rugosa was compared to its crude counterpart in anhydrous and slightly hydrated hydrophobic organic solvents. the purified lipase preparation was less active than the crude enzyme in dry n-heptane, whereas the presence of small concentrations of added water dramatically activated the purified enzyme but not the crude enzyme. thus, in the presence of as little as 0.25 microl/ml of added water in n-heptane, the purified enzyme is over 230-fold more active ...	1996	18629896
continuous in situ water activity control for organic phase biocatalysis in a packed bed hollow fiber reactor.	packed bed hollow fiber membrane reactors were used to carry out organic phase biocatalysis at constant water activity. the performance of the device was tested by carrying out the esterification of dodecanol and decanoic acid in hexane. lipase from candida rugosa, immobilized on microporous polypropylene and packed in the shell space of the reactor, was used to catalyze the reaction. in situ water activity control was accomplished by pumping appropriate saturated salt solutions through the micr ...	1996	18623579
structured modeling and state estimation in a fermentation process: lipase production by candida rugosa.	a simple structured mathematical model coupled with a methodology of state and parameter estimation is developed for lipase production by candida rugosa in batch fermentation. the model describes the system according to the following qualitative observations and hypothesis: lipase production is induced by extracellular oleic acid present in the medium. the acid is transported into the cell where it is consumed, transformed, and stored. lipase is excreted to the medium where it is distributed bet ...	1995	18623525
a comparison of lipase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis in reverse micelles, organic solvents, and biphasic systems.	the performance of lipases from candida rugosa and wheat germ have been investigated in three reaction media using three acetate hydrolyses as model reactions (ethyl acetate, allyl acetate, and prenyl acetate). the effect of substrate properties and water content were studied for each system (organic solvent, biphasic system, and reverse micelles). not unexpectedly, the effect of water content is distinct for each system, and the optimal water content for enzyme activity is not always the same a ...	1995	18623367
effects of sorbitol addition on the action of free and immobilized hydrolytic enzymes in organic media.	the effect of the addition of sorbitol on the activity and stability of enzymes was examined by monitoring transesterification reactions performed in organic media at various water activities (a(w) = 0.08 to 0.97). lipases from chromobacterium viscosum and candida rugosa immobilized on celite, and chymotrypsin, free or immobilized on celite, were used. when the sorbitol-containing enzymes were employed, higher reaction rates and less hydrolysis were observed. immobilization of chymotrypsin resul ...	1995	18623233
comparative kinetic study of lipases a and b from candida rugosa in the hydrolysis of lipid p-nitrophenyl esters in mixed micelles with triton x-100.	(1) lipases a and b from candida rugosa catalyzing the hydrolysis of esters in micellar media have been characterized kinetically by studies on substrate specificity, rate equation forms and modeling of enzyme mechanisms. (2) the study on specificity revealed that both lipases are non-specific esterases with similar activity against lipid p-nitrophenyl esters micellized with triton x-100. the slight difference was that lipase a has its maximum activity centered in the caprylate while that of lip ...	1995	7827103
inversion of lipase stereospecificity for fluorogenic alkyldiacyl glycerols. effect of substrate solubilization.	we synthesized enantiomeric 1-o-alkyl-2,3-diacyl-sn-glycerol and 3-o-alkyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol containing pyrene as a fluorescent reporter and the trinitrophenylamino residue as a fluorescence quencher; both reporter groups were covalently bound to the omega end of the acyl chains at positions sn-2 and sn-3(1), respectively. the fluorescence of the intact substrate molecules was very low. chemical or enzymic release of the fatty acyl chains lead to fluorescence dequenching. the rate of lipoly ...	1995	7628484
structural determinants defining common stereoselectivity of lipases toward secondary alcohols.	in this review we summarize some aspects of the enantiopreference of the lipase from candida rugosa following structural analysis of complexes of this lipase with two enantiomers of an analog of a tetrahedral intermediate in the hydrolysis of simple esters. the analysis of the molecular basis of the enantiomeric differentiation suggests that these results can be generalized to a large class of lipases and esterases. we also summarize our experiments on identification of the key regions in the li ...	1995	7606666
immobilization of lipases on polyethylene and application to perilla oil hydrolysis for production of alpha-linolenic acid.	the conditions of immobilization of lipase on the polyethylene powder were examined and the immobilized lipase was used for effective production of alpha-linolenic acid from perilla oil hydrolysis. using the polyethylene powder containing micropores in its structure enabled immobilization of lipases. ethanol pretreatment increased the immobilization efficiency. the efficiency of immobilization of six different lipases was 67-91%. on hydrolysis of perilla oil, the activity of the immobilized lipa ...	1995	7472675
localization of lipase genes on candida rugosa chromosomes.	in the yeast candida rugosa the lipase isozymes are encoded by a family of genes, five of which have been cloned and sequenced in our laboratory. in this paper we report on the identification and preliminary characterization of two new related sequences, thus extending this multigene family to seven members. the total dna content of candida cells was estimated by laser flow-cytometry at about 20 mb. eight chromosomes with sizes ranging between 100 kb and 2.1 mb, as determined by comparison with ...	1995	8575019
stability studies and effect of the initial oleic acid concentration on lipase production by candida rugosa.	the production of lipase by candida rugosa in batch cultures was studied. the initial concentration of the carbon source employed, oleic acid, had an important effect on the final lipolytic activity levels. the maximum lipase/substrate yield and specific productivity obtained correspond to an initial oleic acid concentration of 2 g/l. at higher concentrations, up to 8 g/l oleic acid, specific productivity decreased. lipase production was not observed below 1 g/l oleic acid. lipase inactivation i ...	1995	7766134
structure of uncomplexed and linoleate-bound candida cylindracea cholesterol esterase.	candida cylindracea cholesterol esterase (ce) reversibly hydrolyzes cholesteryl linoleate and oleate. ce belongs to the same alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily as triacylglycerol acyl hydrolases and cholinesterases. other members of the family that have been studied by x-ray crystallography include torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase, geotrichum candidum lipase and candida rugosa lipase. ce is homologous to c. rugosa lipase 1, a triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase, with which it shares 89% sequenc ...	1995	7788294