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cazymes analysis toolkit (cat): web service for searching and analyzing carbohydrate-active enzymes in a newly sequenced organism using cazy database.the carbohydrate-active enzyme (cazy) database provides a rich set of manually annotated enzymes that degrade, modify, or create glycosidic bonds. despite rich and invaluable information stored in the database, software tools utilizing this information for annotation of newly sequenced genomes by cazy families are limited. we have employed two annotation approaches to fill the gap between manually curated high-quality protein sequences collected in the cazy database and the growing number of oth ...201020696711
discovery and characterization of novel d-xylose-specific transporters from neurospora crassa and pichia stipitis.saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered one of the most promising organisms for ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock. unfortunately, pentose sugars, which comprise up to 30% of lignocellulose, cannot be utilized by wild type s. cerevisiae. heterologous pathways were introduced into s. cerevisiae to enable utilization of d-xylose, the most abundant pentose sugar. however, the resulting recombinant s. cerevisiae strains exhibited a slow growth rate and poor sugar utilization efficiency ...201020714641
multi-targeted priming for genome-wide gene expression assays.complementary approaches to assaying global gene expression are needed to assess gene expression in regions that are poorly assayed by current methodologies. a key component of nearly all gene expression assays is the reverse transcription of transcribed sequences that has traditionally been performed by priming the poly-a tails on many of the transcribed genes in eukaryotes with oligo-dt, or by priming rna indiscriminately with random hexamers. we designed an algorithm to find common sequence m ...201020716356
rotenone enhances the antifungal properties of staurosporine.we studied staurosporine-induced cell death in the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa. the generation of reactive oxygen species during the process appears to be an important signaling event, since addition of the antioxidant glutathione prevents the effects of staurosporine on fungal growth. selected mutants with mutations in respiratory chain complex i are extremely sensitive to the drug, stressing the involvement of complex i in programmed cell death. following this finding, we determined t ...201020435699
the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase bos5 is involved in regulating vegetative differentiation and virulence in botrytis cinerea.we present a characterization of bos5 from botrytis cinerea, a gene that encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mapkk), which is homologous to os-5 of neurospora crassa. the bos5 gene deletion mutant exhibited reduced vegetative growth and strongly impaired conidiation. the mutant also exhibited increased sensitivity to the dicarboximide fungicide iprodione and to osmotic stress mediated by nacl or kcl. western-blot analysis showed that the bcsak1 protein, the putative downstream com ...201020595070
genes encoding a striatin-like protein (ham-3) and a forkhead associated protein (ham-4) are required for hyphal fusion in neurospora crassa.cell-cell fusion during fertilization and between somatic cells is an integral process in eukaryotic development. in neurospora crassa, the hyphal anastomosis mutant, ham-2, fails to undergo somatic fusion. in both humans and saccharomyces cerevisiae, homologs of ham-2 are found in protein complexes that include homologs to a striatin-like protein and a forkhead-associated (fha) protein. we identified a striatin (ham-3) gene and a fha domain (ham-4) gene in n. crassa; strains containing mutation ...201020601042
meiotic regulators ndt80 and ime2 have different roles in saccharomyces and neurospora.meiosis is a highly regulated process in eukaryotic species. the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa has been shown to be missing homologs of a number of meiotic initiation genes conserved in saccharomyces cerevisiae, but has three homologs of the well-characterized middle meiotic transcriptional regulator ndt80. in this study, we evaluated the role of all three ndt80 homologs in the formation of female reproductive structures, sexual development, and meiosis. we found that none of the ndt80 ho ...201020519745
nuclear dynamics, mitosis, and the cytoskeleton during the early stages of colony initiation in neurospora crassa.neurospora crassa macroconidia form germ tubes that are involved in colony establishment and conidial anastomosis tubes (cats) that fuse to form interconnected networks of conidial germlings. nuclear and cytoskeletal behaviors were analyzed in macroconidia, germ tubes, and cats in strains that expressed fluorescently labeled proteins. heterokaryons formed by cat fusion provided a rapid method for the imaging of multiple labeled fusion proteins and minimized the potential risk of overexpression a ...201020207852
regulation of fruiting body photomorphogenesis in coprinopsis cinerea.the agaricomycete (homobasidiomycete) coprinopsis cinerea has been used as a model to study the molecular mechanism for photomorphogenesis. molecular genetic analyses of mutants defective in fruiting body (mushroom) photomorphogenesis of c. cinerea identified two genes, dst1 and dst2. dst1 encodes a homolog of wc-1, a fungal blue-light photoreceptor first identified in neurospora crassa, while dst2 encodes a novel protein with a putative flavin adenine dinucleotide (fad)-binding-4 domain. in add ...201020471485
the ham-5, rcm-1 and rco-1 genes regulate hyphal fusion in neurospora crassa.mutants of neurospora crassa unable to participate in vegetative hyphal fusion (anastomosis) were isolated and characterized. from this analysis, three genes, rcm-1, rco-1 and ham-5, were identified and shown to be required for hyphal fusion. the rcm-1 and rco-1 genes are homologues of the saccharomyces cerevisiae ssn6 and tup1 genes, which encode a dimeric transcription factor in yeast. we demonstrate that in n. crassa the rcm-1 and rco-1 genes are required for hyphal fusion and normal hyphal m ...201020522492
functional conservation of mei4 for meiotic dna double-strand break formation from yeasts to mice.meiotic recombination is initiated by the programmed induction of dna double-strand breaks (dsbs) catalyzed by the evolutionarily conserved spo11 protein. studies in yeast have shown that dsb formation requires several other proteins, the role and conservation of which remain unknown. here we show that two of these saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins, mei4 and rec114, are evolutionarily conserved in most eukaryotes. mei4(-/-) mice are deficient in meiotic dsb formation, thus showing the functional ...201020551173
dual roles for the mss116 cofactor during splicing of the ai5γ group ii intron.the autocatalytic group ii intron ai5γ from saccharomyces cerevisiae self-splices under high-salt conditions in vitro, but requires the assistance of the dead-box protein mss116 in vivo and under near-physiological conditions in vitro. here, we show that mss116 influences the folding mechanism in several ways. by comparing intron precursor rnas with long (∼300 nt) and short (∼20 nt) exons, we observe that long exon sequences are a major obstacle for self-splicing in vitro. kinetic analysis indic ...201020554854
rna interference pathways in filamentous fungi.rna interference is a conserved homology-dependent post-transcriptional/transcriptional gene silencing mechanism in eukaryotes. the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa is one of the first organisms used for rnai studies. quelling and meiotic silencing by unpaired dna are two rnai-related phenomena discovered in neurospora, and their characterizations have contributed significantly to our understanding of rnai mechanisms in eukaryotes. a type of dna damage-induced small rna, microrna-like small ...201020680389
[spectrophometric analysis of volatile compounds in microorganisms].a simple modification of a spectrophometric method was proposed for the rapid detection of microorganisms based on their ability either to excrete or to absorb volatile compounds. the method provides the possibility of contactless control for bacterial growth at a concentration above 10(7) cells/ml. in addition, the method allows discriminating mutants of the fungus neurospora crassa defective in the nitrogen metabolism from the wild type strains. it is likely that nitrite reductase and nitrate ...201020586286
the antifungal activity of the penicillium chrysogenum protein paf disrupts calcium homeostasis in neurospora crassa.the antifungal protein paf from penicillium chrysogenum exhibits growth-inhibitory activity against a broad range of filamentous fungi. evidence from this study suggests that disruption of ca(2+) signaling/homeostasis plays an important role in the mechanistic basis of paf as a growth inhibitor. supplementation of the growth medium with high ca(2+) concentrations counteracted paf toxicity toward paf-sensitive molds. by using a transgenic neurospora crassa strain expressing codon-optimized aequor ...201020622001
confining euchromatin/heterochromatin territory: jumonji crosses the line.heterochromatin is typically highly condensed, gene-poor, and transcriptionally silent, whereas euchromatin is less condensed, gene-rich, and more accessible to transcription. besides acting as a graveyard for selfish mobile dna repeats, heterochromatin contributes to important biological functions, such as chromosome segregation during cell division. multiple features of heterochromatin-including the presence or absence of specific histone modifications, dna methylation, and small rnas-have bee ...201020634313
molecular cloning of nit-2, a regulatory gene required for nitrogen metabolite repression in neurospora crassa.we used an efficient sib-selection procedure to isolate a cosmid clone that complemented a mutated nit-2 gene of neurospora crassa. restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping indicated that the cosmid dna insert was derived from linkage group il, between 5s rdna locus 12 and mt, the region of the n. crassa genome that contains nit-2. we conclude that the cosmid carries the nit-2 gene.20102879771
chitinase from neurospora crassa. 20102976112
chorismate synthase: a bifunctional enzyme in neurospora crassa. 20102955201
involvement of a putative response regulator brrg-1 in the regulation of sporulation, sensitivity to fungicides, and osmotic stress in botrytis cinerea.the response regulator protein is a core element of two-component signaling pathway. in this study, we investigated functions of brrg-1 of botrytis cinerea, a gene that encodes a putative response regulator protein, which is homologous to rrg-1 in neurospora crassa. the brrg-1 gene deletion mutant δbrrg1-62 was unable to produce conidia. the mutant showed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress mediated by nacl and kcl, and to oxidative stress generated by h(2)o(2). additionally, the mutant was ...201021161211
the qa repressor gene of neurospora crassa: wild-type and mutant nucleotide sequences.the qa-1s gene, one of two regulatory genes in the qa gene cluster of neurospora crassa, encodes the qa repressor. the qa-1s gene together with the qa-1f gene, which encodes the qa activator protein, control the expression of all seven qa genes, including those encoding the inducible enzymes responsible for the utilization of quinic acid as a carbon source. the nucleotide sequence of the qa-1s gene and its flanking regions has been determined. the deduced coding sequence for the qa-1s protein en ...20103010294
purification of vacuolar membranes, mitochondria, and plasma membranes from neurospora crassa and modes of discriminating among the different h+-atpases. 20102906719
circadian rhythms in neurospora crassa: the effects of point mutations on the proteolipid portion of the mitochondrial atp synthetase.five oligomycin-resistant (olir) mutant strains of neurospora crassa were analyzed for their growth rate and for the periodicity of their circadian rhythm. the most resistant strains had periods of 18-19 h while the least resistant strain had a normal period of 21.0 h. there was a rough correlation between the in vivo degree of oligomycin-resistance and the amount of change in the period. several of the olir mutations have been previously described by sebald et al. (1977) in terms of known amino ...20102863735
protein chemistry of the neurospora crassa plasma membrane h+-atpase.a highly effective procedure for fragmenting the neurospora crassa plasma membrane h+-atpase and purifying the resulting peptides is described. the enzyme is cleaved with trypsin to form a limit digest containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic peptides, and the hydrophobic and hydrophilic peptides are then separated by extraction with an aqueous ammonium bicarbonate solution. the hydrophilic peptides are fractionated by sephadex g-25 column chromatography into three pools, and the individual p ...20102903697
9(10)-alkoxystearic acids lengthen the circadian period of a fatty acid auxotroph of neurospora crassa.9- and 10-alkoxystearic acids with alkoxy groups of varying size were synthesized by solvomercuration of methyl oleate. these "knobbed" fatty acids were used to supplement a neurospora strain carrying the cel mutation, which confers a partial fatty acid deficiency. supplemental unsaturated or short-chain fatty acids are known to lengthen dramatically the circadian period of spore formation (conidiation) in cel strains. a similar dramatic lengthening was obtained with the alkoxy supplements. the ...20102955422
crystal structure and ligand binding of the mid domain of a eukaryotic argonaute protein.argonaute (ago) proteins are core components of rna-induced silencing complexes and have essential roles in rna-mediated gene silencing. they are characterized by a bilobal architecture, consisting of one lobe containing the amino-terminal and paz domains and another containing the mid and piwi domains. except for the paz domain, structural information on eukaryotic ago domains is not yet available. in this study, we report the crystal structure of the mid domain of the eukaryotic ago protein qd ...201020539312
organization of the functional domains of anthranilate synthase from neurospora crassa. limited proteolysis studies.treatment of the multifunctional alpha 2 beta 2 anthranilate synthase complex of neurospora crassa with elastase produced two fragments of the complex, one possessing anthranilate synthase activity and the other having both indole-3-glycerol phosphate (ingp) synthase and n-(5'-phosphoribosyl)anthranilate (pra) isomerase activities. sequencing the nh2 terminus of the ingp synthase-pra isomerase fragment revealed that cleavage was between positions 237 and 238 of the beta-subunit within a segment ...20102946679
crystal structure of the mid-piwi lobe of a eukaryotic argonaute protein.argonaute proteins (agos) are essential effectors in rna-mediated gene silencing pathways. they are characterized by a bilobal architecture, in which one lobe contains the n-terminal and paz domains and the other contains the mid and piwi domains. here, we present the first crystal structure of the mid-piwi lobe from a eukaryotic ago, the neurospora crassa qde-2 protein. compared to prokaryotic agos, the domain orientation is conserved, indicating a conserved mode of nucleic acid binding. the pi ...201121646546
a widespread class of reverse transcriptase-related cellular genes.reverse transcriptases (rts) polymerize dna on rna templates. they fall into several structurally related but distinct classes and form an assemblage of rt-like enzymes that, in addition to rts, also includes certain viral rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrp) synthesizing rna on rna templates. it is generally believed that most rt-like enzymes originate from retrotransposons or viruses and have no specific function in the host cell, with telomerases being the only notable exception. here we repo ...201121876125
[vegetable cytology. intracellular localization of transaminase alanine-glyoxylate and malate synthetase in neurospora crassa]. 20114979219
a potassium-proton symport in neurospora crassa.combined ion flux and electrophysiological measurements have been used to characterized active transport of potassium by cells of neurospora crassa that have been moderately starved of k+ and then maintained in the presence of millimolar free calcium ions. these conditions elicit a high-affinity (k1/2 = 1-10 microm) potassium uptake system that is strongly depolarizing. current-voltage measurements have demonstrated a k+-associated inward current exceeding (at saturation) half the total current ...20113014042
systems biology of the qa gene cluster in neurospora crassa.an ensemble of genetic networks that describe how the model fungal system, neurospora crassa, utilizes quinic acid (qa) as a sole carbon source has been identified previously. a genetic network for qa metabolism involves the genes, qa-1f and qa-1s, that encode a transcriptional activator and repressor, respectively and structural genes, qa-2, qa-3, qa-4, qa-x, and qa-y. by a series of 4 separate and independent, model-guided, microarray experiments a total of 50 genes are identified as qa-respon ...201121695121
array comparative genomic hybridizations: assessing the ability to recapture evolutionary relationships using an in silico approach.comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) with dna microarrays has many biological applications including surveys of copy number changes in tumorogenesis, species detection and identification, and functional genomics studies among related organisms. array cgh has also been used to infer phylogenetic relatedness among species or strains. although the use of the entire genome can be seen as a considerable advantage for use in phylogenetic analysis, few such studies have questioned the reliability of ...201121936922
characterization of cytotoxic compound from mangrove derived fungi irpex hydnoides vb4.to investigate the cytotoxic activity of endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove fungi.201123569763
progressive cavitating leukoencephalopathy associated with respiratory chain complex i deficiency and a novel mutation in ndufs1.we present clinical, neuroimaging, and molecular data on the identification of a new homozygous c.1783a>g (p.thr595ala) mutation in ndufs1 in two inbred siblings with isolated complex i deficiency associated to a progressive cavitating leukoencephalopathy, a clinical and neuroradiological entity originally related to unknown defects of the mitochondrial energy metabolism. in both sibs, the muscle biopsy showed severe reduction of complex i enzyme activity, which was not obvious in fibroblasts. w ...201121203893
the kinetics of changes in the fatty acid composition of neurospora crassa lipids after a temperature increase.the fatty acid composition of the total lipids, phospholipids and neutral lipids of log-phase shaker cultures of the bd (band) strain of neurospora crassa, were measured every 2 h for an 8-h period following a temperature increase from 22 to 40 degrees c. for purposes of comparison, the fatty acid composition was also measured when cultures were grown from inoculation at temperatures between 22 and 40 degrees c. in the phospholipids, the temperature jump produced, over a 4-6 hour span, a linear ...20113159434
Catalytically active filaments - pyruvate decarboxylase from Neurospora crassa. pH-controlled oligomer structure and catalytic function.Pyruvate decarboxylase is a key enzyme in organisms whose energy metabolism is based on alcoholic fermentation. The enzyme catalyses the nonoxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxo acids in the presence of the cofactors thiamine diphosphate and magnesium ions. Pyruvate decarboxylase species from yeasts and plant seeds studied to date are allosterically activated by their substrate pyruvate. However, detailed kinetic studies on the enzyme from Neurospora crassa demonstrate for the first time the lack o ...201122077835
detection of antifungal compounds in polygonum ferrugineum wedd. extracts by bioassay-guided fractionation. some evidences of their mode of action.polygonum ferrugineum wedd. (polygonaceae) is used to heal infected wounds and as antiseptic, antibiotic or antifungal in the traditional argentinean medicine. the present investigation was carried out to evaluate the antifungal properties of different extracts of aerial parts of polygonum ferrugineum, in order to give support to its ethnopharmacological use and to isolate the compounds responsible for the antifungal properties. the most active compounds were tested for their capacity of produci ...201122001591
genetic dissection of parylation in the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa.parylation is a posttranslational protein modification carried out by par polymerases (parps). these enzymes function as adp-ribose transferases that add polymers of adp-ribose (par) to target proteins. parp proteins have critical functions impacting the aspects of normal human health, such as aging, as well as disease development, particularly cancer. recently, the powerful antitumor parp inhibitor olaparib was shown to be effective in blocking the progression of brca1/2-associated tumors, prom ...201121870276
meiotic silencing in the homothallic fungus gibberella zeae.the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae is an important pathogen on major cereal crops. the objective of this study was to determine whether meiotic silencing occurs in g. zeae. cytological studies demonstrated that gfp and rfp-fusion proteins were not detected during meiosis, both in heterozygous outcrosses and homozygous selfings. the deletion of rsp-1, a homologue used for studies on meiotic silencing of neurospora crassa, triggered abnormal ascospores from selfing, but outcrosses b ...201122115448
the azoarcus group i intron ribozyme misfolds and is accelerated for refolding by atp-dependent rna chaperone proteins.structured rnas traverse complex energy landscapes that include valleys representing misfolded intermediates. in neurospora crassa and saccharomyces cerevisiae, efficient splicing of mitochondrial group i and ii introns requires the dead box proteins cyt-19 and mss116p, respectively, which promote folding transitions and function as general rna chaperones. to test the generality of rna misfolding and the activities of dead box proteins in vitro, here we measure native folding of a small group i ...201121878649
evolution of multicopper oxidase genes in coprophilous and non-coprophilous members of the order sordariales.multicopper oxidases (mco) catalyze the biological oxidation of various aromatic substrates and have been identified in plants, insects, bacteria, and wood rotting fungi. in nature, they are involved in biodegradation of biopolymers such as lignin and humic compounds, but have also been tested for various industrial applications. in fungi, mcos have been shown to play important roles during their life cycles, such as in fruiting body formation, pigment formation and pathogenicity. coprophilous f ...201121966247
cross-talk between the cellular redox state and the circadian system in neurospora.the circadian system is composed of a number of feedback loops, and multiple feedback loops in the form of oscillators help to maintain stable rhythms. the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa exhibits a circadian rhythm during asexual spore formation (conidiation banding) and has a major feedback loop that includes the frequency (frq)/white collar (wc) -1 and -2 oscillator (fwo). a mutation in superoxide dismutase (sod)-1, an antioxidant gene, causes a robust and stable circadian rhythm compare ...201122164247
biochemical characterisation of a nadph-dependent carbonyl reductase from neurospora crassa reducing α- and β-keto esters.a gene encoding an nadph-dependent carbonyl reductase from neurospora crassa (nccr) was cloned and heterologously expressed in escherichia coli. the enzyme (nccr) was purified and biochemically characterised. nccr exhibited a restricted substrate spectrum towards various ketones, and the highest activity (468u/mg) was observed with dihydroxyacetone. however, nccr proved to be very selective in the reduction of different α- and β-keto esters. several compounds were converted to the corresponding ...201122113019
Identification of the CRE-1 cellulolytic regulon in Neurospora crassa.In filamentous ascomycete fungi, the utilization of alternate carbon sources is influenced by the zinc finger transcription factor CreA/CRE-1, which encodes a carbon catabolite repressor protein homologous to Mig1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Neurospora crassa, deletion of cre-1 results in increased secretion of amylase and ß-galactosidase.201121980519
Xylitol production is increased by expression of codon-optimized Neurospora crassa xylose reductase gene in Candida tropicalis.Xylose reductase (XR) is the first enzyme in D: -xylose metabolism, catalyzing the reduction of D: -xylose to xylitol. Formation of XR in the yeast Candida tropicalis is significantly repressed in cells grown on medium that contains glucose as carbon and energy source, because of the repressive effect of glucose. This is one reason why glucose is not a suitable co-substrate for cell growth in industrial xylitol production. XR from the ascomycete Neurospora crassa (NcXR) has high catalytic effici ...201121922311
Structural elements of the mitochondrial preprotein-conducting channel Tom40 dissolved by bioinformatics and mass spectrometry.Most mitochondrial proteins are imported into mitochondria from the cytosolic compartment. Proteins destined for the outer or inner membrane, the inter-membrane space, or the matrix are recognized and translocated by the TOM machinery containing the specialized protein import channel Tom40. The latter is a protein with ß-barrel shape, which is suggested to have evolved from a porin-type protein. To obtain structural insights in the absence of a crystal structure the membrane topology of Tom40 fr ...201121888892
Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA is expressed more strongly in the early than the late perithecia of crosses involving most wild-isolated Neurospora crassa strains and in self-crosses of N. tetrasperma.Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA is a presumed RNAi-mediated elimination of the transcripts of any gene that is not properly paired with a homolog in meiosis. Eighty wild-isolated strains of Neurospora crassa were classified into three types based on the apparent strength of meiotic silencing of the bml (ß-tubulin) and mei-3 genes in crosses with the ::Bml(r) and ::mei-3 tester strains. "OR" and "Sad" type wild-isolates, respectively, did or did not silence both the genes, whereas the "Esm" typ ...201122056520
fungal photobiology: a synopsis.fungi respond and adapt to many environmental signals including light. the photobiology of fungi has been extensively investigated, but in recent years the identification of the first fungal photoreceptor, wc-1 in the ascomycete neurospora crassa, and the discovery that similar photoreceptors are required for photoreception in other ascomycete, basidiomycete and zygomycete fungi has allowed the molecular characterization of light reception and the early steps of signal transduction in a number o ...201122679584
self/nonself recognition in tuber melanosporum is not mediated by a heterokaryon incompatibility system.vegetative incompatibility is a widespread phenomenon in filamentous ascomycetes, which limits formation of viable heterokaryons. whether this phenomenon plays a role in maintaining the homokaryotic state of the hyphae during the vegetative growth of tuber spp. gene expression, polymorphism analysis as well as targeted in vitro experiments allowed us to test whether a heterokaryon incompatibility (hi) system operates in tuber melanosporum. hi is controlled by different genetic systems, often inv ...201122289772
Expression of aspartic protease from Neurospora crassa in industrial ethanol-producing yeast and its application in ethanol production.In order to further improve the utilization rate of raw materials and increase ethanol productivity, the gene Asp, encoding aspartic protease in Neurospora crassa was cloned and expressed in industrial ethanol-producing yeast. To promote secretion of the acid protease, the gene was fused to signal sequence of the yeast a-factor gene and constitutively expressed under transcriptional control of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PGK1 promoter. The resultant recombinant enzyme was characterized with res ...201122112824
expression of cellobiose dehydrogenase from neurospora crassa in pichia pastoris and its purification and characterization.a gene encoding cellobiose dehydrogenase (cdh) from neurospora crassa strain fgsc 2489 has been cloned and expressed in the heterologous host pichia pastoris, under the control of the aox1 methanol inducible promoter. recombinant cdh without the native signal sequence and fused with a his(6)-tag (rnc-cdh1) was successfully expressed and secreted. rnc-cdh1 was produced at the level of 652 iu/l after 2 days of cultivation in the induction medium. the his(6)-tagged rnc-cdh1 was purified through a o ...201120709172
expression and characterization of the neurospora crassa endoglucanase gh5-1.filamentous fungi secrete a wide range of enzymes, including cellulases and hemicellulases, with potential applications in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. of the cellulolytic fungi, hypocrea jecorina (anamorph trichoderma reesei) is the best characterized in terms of cellulose degradation, but other cellulolytic fungi, such as the model filamentous fungus neurospora crassa, can serve a crucial role in building our knowledge about the fungal response to biomass due to the many molecul ...201120826217
catalytic properties and classification of cellobiose dehydrogenases from ascomycetes.putative cellobiose dehydrogenase (cdh) genes are frequently discovered in various fungi by genome sequencing projects. the expression of cdh, an extracellular flavocytochrome, is well studied in white rot basidiomycetes and is attributed to extracellular lignocellulose degradation. cdh has also been reported for plant-pathogenic or saprotrophic ascomycetes, but the molecular and catalytic properties of these enzymes are currently less investigated. this study links various ascomycetous cdh gene ...201121216904
expression of fungal diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 genes to increase kernel oil in maize.maize (zea mays) oil has high value but is only about 4% of the grain by weight. to increase kernel oil content, fungal diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 (dgat2) genes from umbelopsis (formerly mortierella) ramanniana and neurospora crassa were introduced into maize using an embryo-enhanced promoter. the protein encoded by the n. crassa gene was longer than that of u. ramanniana. it included 353 amino acids that aligned to the u. ramanniana dgat2a protein and a 243-amino acid sequence at the amino ...201121245192
identification and characterization of genes required for cell-to-cell fusion in neurospora crassa.a screening procedure was used to identify cell fusion (hyphal anastomosis) mutants in the neurospora crassa single gene deletion library. mutants with alterations in 24 cell fusion genes required for cell fusion between conidial anastomosis tubes (cats) were identified and characterized. the cell fusion genes identified included 14 genes that are likely to function in signal transduction pathways needed for cell fusion to occur (mik-1, mek-1, mak-1, nrc-1, mek-2, mak-2, rac-1, pp2a, so/ham-1, h ...201121666072
[the different effects of carbon dioxide on the toxicity of silver ions for prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms].the effect of carbon dioxide on survivability of bacteria escherichia coli and the germination ability ofconidia of the fungus neurospora crassa in the presence of silver nitrate was studied. it was shown that carbon dioxide increased the toxic effect of silver ions on prokaryotic cells of e. coli but did not change the survivability of spores of the eukaryote n. crassa.201121790000
ric8 is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for g{alpha} subunits that regulates growth and development in neurospora crassa.heterotrimeric (aß?) g proteins are crucial components of eukaryotic signal transduction pathways. g protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) for ga subunits. recently, facilitated gdp/gtp exchange by non-gpcr gefs, such as ric8, has emerged as an important mechanism for ga regulation in animals. ric8 is present in animals and filamentous fungi, such as the model eukaryote neurospora crassa, but is absent from the genomes of baker's yeast and plants. in ...201121750256
acon-3, the neurospora crassa ortholog of the developmental modifier, meda, complements the conidiation defect of the aspergillus nidulans mutant.aspergillus nidulans and neurospora crassa are ascomycetes that produce asexual spores through morphologically distinct processes. meda, a protein with unknown function, is required for normal asexual and sexual development in a. nidulans. we determined that the n. crassa ortholog of meda is acon-3, a gene required for early conidiophore development and female fertility. to test hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of asexual development in distinct fungal lineages it is important to unders ...201121220038
mid1, a mechanosensitive calcium ion channel, affects growth, development, and ascospore discharge in the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae.the role of mid1, a stretch-activated ion channel capable of being permeated by calcium, in ascospore development and forcible discharge from asci was examined in the pathogenic fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum). the ?mid1 mutants exhibited a >12-fold reduction in ascospore discharge activity and produced predominately abnormal two-celled ascospores with constricted and fragile septae. the vegetative growth rate of the mutants was ~50% of the wild-type rate, and production o ...201121357477
nmr solution structure of a cyanovirin homolog from wheat head blight fungus.members of the cyanovirin-n homolog (cvnh) lectin family are found in bacteria, fungi and plants. as part of our ongoing work on cvnh structure-function studies, we determined the high-resolution nmr solution structure of the homolog from the wheat head blight disease causing ascomycetous fungus gibberella zeae (or fusarium graminearum), hereafter called gzcvnh. like cyanovirin-n (cv-n), gzcvnh comprises two tandem sequence repeats and the protein sequence exhibits 30% identity with cv-n. the ov ...201121365681
solution structures of dead-box rna chaperones reveal conformational changes and nucleic acid tethering by a basic tail.the mitochondrial dead-box proteins mss116p of saccharomyces cerevisiae and cyt-19 of neurospora crassa are atp-dependent helicases that function as general rna chaperones. the helicase core of each protein precedes a c-terminal extension and a basic tail, whose structural role is unclear. here we used small-angle x-ray scattering to obtain solution structures of the full-length proteins and a series of deletion mutants. we find that the two core domains have a preferred relative orientation in ...201121746911
identification of macrodomain proteins as novel o-acetyl-adp-ribose deacetylases.sirtuins are a family of protein lysine deacetylases, which regulate gene silencing, metabolism, life span, and chromatin structure. sirtuins utilize nad(+) to deacetylate proteins, yielding o-acetyl-adp-ribose (oaadpr) as a reaction product. the macrodomain is a ubiquitous protein module known to bind adp-ribose derivatives, which diverged through evolution to support many different protein functions and pathways. the observation that some sirtuins and macrodomains are physically linked as fusi ...201121257746
the gene card encodes the aldehyde dehydrogenase responsible for neurosporaxanthin biosynthesis in fusarium fujikuroi.neurosporaxanthin (ß-apo-4'-carotenoic acid) biosynthesis has been studied in detail in the fungus fusarium fujikuroi. the genes and enzymes for this biosynthetic pathway are known until the last enzymatic step, the oxidation of the aldehyde group of its precursor, ß-apo-4'-carotenal. based on sequence homology to neurospora crassa ylo-1, which mediates the formation of apo-4'-lycopenoic acid from the corresponding aldehyde substrate, we cloned the card gene of f. fujikuroi and investigated the ...201121749649
aspergillus nidulans transcription factor atfa interacts with the mapk saka to regulate general stress responses, development and spore functions.fungi utilize a phosphorelay system coupled to a map kinase module for sensing and processing environmental signals. in aspergillus nidulans, response regulator sska transmits osmotic and oxidative stress signals to the stress mapk (sapk) saka. using a genetic approach together with gfp tagging and molecular bifluorescence we show that saka and atf/creb transcription factor atfa define a general stress-signalling pathway that plays differential roles in oxidative stress responses during growth a ...201121320182
nmr structure of the c-terminal domain of a tyrosyl-trna synthetase that functions in group i intron splicing.the mitochondrial tyrosyl-trna synthetases (mt tyrrss) of pezizomycotina fungi are bifunctional proteins that aminoacylate mitochondrial trna(tyr) and are structure-stabilizing splicing cofactors for group i introns. studies with the neurospora crassa synthetase (cyt-18 protein) showed that splicing activity is dependent upon pezizomycotina-specific structural adaptations that form a distinct group i intron-binding site in the n-terminal catalytic domain. although cyt-18's c-terminal domain also ...201121438536
Purification and characterization of heterologously expressed nitrilases from filamentous fungi.Nitrilases from Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88, A. niger K10, Gibberella moniliformis, Neurospora crassa OR74A, and Penicillium marneffei ATCC 18224 were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21-Gold (DE3) after IPTG induction. N. crassa nitrilase exhibited the highest yield of 69,000 U?L(-1) culture. Co-expression of chaperones (GroEL/ES in G. moniliformis and P. marneffei; GroEL/ES and trigger factor in N. crassa and A. niger CBS 513.88) enhanced the enzyme solubility. Specific activities of strains e ...201121892598
role of four calcium transport proteins, encoded by nca-1, nca-2, nca-3, and cax, in maintaining intracellular calcium levels in neurospora crassa.we have examined the distribution of calcium in neurospora crassa and investigated the role of four predicted calcium transport proteins. the results of cell fractionation experiments showed 4% of cellular calcium in mitochondria, approximately 11% in a dense vacuolar fraction, 40% in an insoluble form that copurifies with microsomes, and 40% in a high-speed supernatant, presumably from large vacuoles that had broken. strains lacking nca-1, a serca-type ca(2+)-atpase, or nca-3, a pmc-type ca(2+) ...201121335528
combined use of paracoccidioides brasiliensis recombinant rpb27 and rpb40 antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is one of the most important endemic mycoses in latin america; it's usually diagnosed by observation and/or isolation of the etiologic agent, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, as well as by a variety of immunological methods, such as complement fixation and immunodiffusion. although these approaches are useful, historically their sensitivity and specificity have often been compromised by the use of complex mixtures of undefined antigens. the use of combinations of purif ...201121354162
heterochromatin is required for normal distribution of neurospora crassa cenh3.centromeres serve as platforms for the assembly of kinetochores and are essential for nuclear division. here we identified neurospora crassa centromeric dna by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (chip-seq) of dna associated with tagged versions of the centromere foundation proteins cenh3 (cenp-a) and cen-c (cenp-c) and the kinetochore protein cen-t (cenp-t). on each chromosome we found an ∼150- to 300-kbp region of enrichment for all three proteins. these region ...201121505064
involvement of a putative response regulator fgrrg-1 in osmotic stress response, fungicide resistance and virulence in fusarium graminearum.response regulator (rr) proteins are core elements of the high-osmolarity glycerol (hog) pathway, which plays an important role in the adaptation of fungi to a variety of environmental stresses. in this study, we constructed deletion mutants of two putative rr genes, fgrrg-1 and fgrrg-2, which are orthologues of neurospora crassa rrg-1 and rrg-2, respectively. the fgrrg-1 deletion mutant (δfgrrg1-6) showed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress mediated by nacl, kcl, sorbitol or glucose, and to ...201121535349
transgenic nicotiana tabacum plants expressing a fungal copper transporter gene show enhanced acquisition of copper.the diets of two-thirds of the world's population are deficient in one or more essential elements and one of the approaches to enhance the levels of mineral elements in food crops is by developing plants with ability to accumulate them in edible parts. besides conventional methods, transgenic technology can be used for enhancing metal acquisition in plants. copper is an essential element, which is often deficient in human diet. with the objective of developing plants with improved copper acquisi ...201121671073
high-throughput production of gene replacement mutants in neurospora crassa.the model filamentous fungus neurospora crassa has been the focus of functional genomics studies for the past several years. a high-throughput gene knockout procedure has been developed and used to generate mutants for more than two-thirds of the ∼10,000 annotated n. crassa genes. yeast recombinational cloning was incorporated as an efficient procedure to produce all knockout cassettes. n. crassa strains with the δmus-51 or δmus-52 deletion mutations were used as transformation recipients in ord ...201121590421
The Neurospora crassa mutant Nc?Egt-1 identifies an ergothioneine biosynthetic gene and demonstrates that ergothioneine enhances conidial survival and protects against peroxide toxicity during conidial germination.Ergothioneine (EGT) is a histidine derivative with sulfur on the imidazole ring and a trimethylated amine; it is postulated to have an antioxidant function. Although EGT apparently is only produced by fungi and some prokaryotes, it is acquired by animals and plants from the environment, and is concentrated in animal tissues in cells with an EGT transporter. Monobromobimane derivatives of EGT allowed conclusive identification of EGT by LC/MS and the quantification of EGT in Colletotrichum gramini ...201122209968
global warming, plant paraquat resistance, and light signal transduction through nucleoside diphosphate kinase as a paradigm for increasing food supply.light signal transduction was studied in extracts of mycelia of the fungus neurospora crassa, and the third internodes of dark-grown pisum sativum cv alaska. both processes increased the phosphorylation of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndpk). ndpk may function as a carrier of reduction equivalents, as it binds nadh, thereby providing electrons to transform singlet oxygen to superoxide by catalases (cat). as the c-termini of ndpk interact with cat which receive singlet oxygen, emitted from photo ...201121603975
a new diet for yeast to improve biofuel production.in 2010, our group announced the discovery of two cellodextrin transporter families from the cellulolytic fungus, neurospora crassa. furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of these transporters in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. this discovery was made possible by a decision to systematically study cell wall degradation by n. crassa. the identified transport pathway has opened up a new way of thinking about microbial fermentation of hexoses as well as pentoses derived from plant ce ...201121637011
novel terpenoids of the fungus aspergillus insuetus isolated from the mediterranean sponge psammocinia sp. collected along the coast of israel.three novel meroterpenoids, insuetolides a-c (1-3) and four drimane sesquiterpenes, the new (e)-6-(4'-hydroxy-2'-butenoyl)-strobilactone a (4) and the known 2α, 9α, 11-trihydroxy-6-oxodrim-7-ene (5), strobilactone a (6) and (e,e)-6-(6',7'-dihydroxy-2',4'-octadienoyl)-strobilactone a (7), were isolated from the etoac extract of the culture medium of the marine-derived fungus aspergillus insuetus (oy-207), which was isolated from the mediterranean sponge psammocinia sp. the structures of the compo ...201121676619
functional refolding and characterization of two tom40 isoforms from human mitochondria.tom40 proteins represent an essential class of molecules which facilitate translocation of unfolded proteins from the cytosol into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. they are part of a high-molecular mass complex that forms the protein-conducting channel in outer mitochondrial membranes. this study concerns the recombinant expression, purification and folding of amino-terminally truncated variants of the two human tom40 isoforms for structural biology experiments. both cd and ftir secondary ...201121717124
analysis of al-2 mutations in neurospora.the orange pigmentation of the fungus neurospora crassa is due to the accumulation of the xanthophyll neurosporaxanthin and precursor carotenoids. two key reactions in the synthesis of these pigments, the formation of phytoene from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and the introduction of +¦ cycles in desaturated carotenoid products, are catalyzed by two domains of a bifunctional protein, encoded by the gene al-2. we have determined the sequence of nine al-2 mutant alleles and analyzed the carotenoid ...201121818281
circadian timekeeping in neurospora crassa and synechococcus elongatus.at first, the saprophytic eukaryote neurospora crassa and the photosynthetic prokaryote synechococcus elongatus may seem to have little in common. however, in both organisms a circadian clock organizes cellular biochemistry, and each organism lends itself to classical and molecular genetic investigations that have revealed a detailed picture of the molecular basis of circadian rhythmicity. in the present chapter, an overview of the molecular clockwork in each organism will be described, highligh ...201121819383
regulation of stomatal tropism and infection by light in cercospora zeae-maydis: evidence for coordinated host/pathogen responses to photoperiod?cercospora zeae-maydis causes gray leaf spot of maize, which has become one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of maize in the world. c. zeae-maydis infects leaves through stomata, which is predicated on the ability of the pathogen to perceive stomata and reorient growth accordingly. in this study, the discovery that light was required for c. zeae-maydis to perceive stomata and infect leaves led to the identification of crp1, a gene encoding a putative blue-light photoreceptor homol ...201121829344
inactivation of snt2, a bah/phd-containing transcription factor, impairs pathogenicity and increases autophagosome abundance in fusarium oxysporum.the soil-borne, asexual fungus fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis (fom) is a causal agent of muskmelon wilt disease. the current study focused on the most virulent race of fom-race 1,2. the tagged mutant d122, generated by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, caused the delayed appearance of initial wilt disease symptoms, as well as a 75% reduction in pathogenicity. d122 was impaired in the gene product homologous to the snt2-like transcription factor of schizosaccharomyces pombe. in ...201121535351
cofermentation of cellobiose and galactose by an engineered saccharomyces cerevisiae strain.we demonstrate improved ethanol yield and productivity through cofermentation of cellobiose and galactose by an engineered saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing genes coding for cellodextrin transporter (cdt-1) and intracellular +¦-glucosidase (gh1-1) from neurospora crassa. simultaneous fermentation of cellobiose and galactose can be applied to producing biofuels from hydrolysates of marine plant biomass.201121705527
Involvement of a helix-loop-helix transcription factor CHC-1 in CO(2)-mediated conidiation suppression in Neurospora crassa.The morphological switch from vegetative growth to conidiation in filamentous fungi is highly regulated, but the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms is limited. In this study, by screening a set of knock-out mutants corresponding to 103 transcription factor encoding genes in Neurospora crassa, a mutant was found to produce abundant conidia in race tubes in which conidiation in the wild-type strain was suppressed. The corresponding gene NCU00749 encodes a protein containing a helix-loop-he ...201122001287
quantitative proteomic approach for cellulose degradation by neurospora crassa.conversion of plant biomass to soluble sugars is the primary bottleneck associated with production of economically viable cellulosic fuels and chemicals. to better understand the biochemical route that filamentous fungi use to degrade plant biomass, we have taken a quantitative proteomics approach to characterizing the secretome of neurospora crassa during growth on microcrystalline cellulose. thirteen proteins were quantified in the n. crassa secretome using a combination of absolute quantifica ...201121744778
a new mutation affecting frq-less rhythms in the circadian system of neurospora crassa.we are using the fungus neurospora crassa as a model organism to study the circadian system of eukaryotes. although the frq/wcc feedback loop is said to be central to the circadian system in neurospora, rhythms can still be seen under many conditions in frq-less (frq knockout) strains. to try to identify components of the frq-less oscillator (flo), we carried out a mutagenesis screen in a frq-less strain and selected colonies with altered conidiation (spore-formation) rhythms. a mutation we name ...201121731506
neurospora crassa homologue of neuronal calcium sensor-1 has a role in growth, calcium stress tolerance, and ultraviolet survival.ncu04379 gene encodes a conserved ca(2+) and/or calmodulin binding protein that possesses a consensus signal for n-terminal myristoylation and four ef-hands, characteristics of neuronal calcium sensor-1proteins. the ncu04379.2 knockout mutant shows slow growth rate, increased sensitivity to calcium and ultraviolet (uv) irradiation, and a wild-type fragment carrying ncu04379 gene complements the mutant. therefore, ncu04379 gene has a role in growth, calcium stress tolerance, and uv survival. cros ...201121728141
population genomics and local adaptation in wild isolates of a model microbial eukaryote.elucidating the connection between genotype, phenotype, and adaptation in wild populations is fundamental to the study of evolutionary biology, yet it remains an elusive goal, particularly for microscopic taxa, which comprise the majority of life. even for microbes that can be reliably found in the wild, defining the boundaries of their populations and discovering ecologically relevant phenotypes has proved extremely difficult. here, we have circumvented these issues in the microbial eukaryote n ...201121282627
exploring the processes of dna repair and homologous integration in neurospora.this review offers a personal perspective on historical developments related to our current understanding of dna repair, recombination, and homologous integration in neurospora crassa. previous reviews have summarized and analyzed the characteristics of neurospora dna repair mutants. the early history is reviewed again here as a prelude to a discussion of the molecular cloning, annotation, gene disruption and reverse genetics of neurospora dna repair genes. the classical studies and molecular an ...201121757027
role of cell wall bound calcium in neurospora crassa.cell wall bound calcium constitutes a significant fraction (25%) of total mycelia calcium in neurospora crassa. wall bound calcium increases as a function of growth and calcium concentration, while cell wall bound calcium decreases in ca-free medium. removal of wall bound calcium causes its rapid replacement from intracellular pool, inhibited by verapamil, nifedipine, concanamycin a, and wortmanin in a vacuolar mutant (vma-5), but is unaffected by trifluoropyrazine, and calmidizoluim in a calcin ...201121237628
biosynthesis of silver, gold and bimetallic nanoparticles using the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa.the development of production processes that can reduce the environmental impact, offer waste reduction and increase energy efficiency is an important step in the field of application of nanotechnology. in this work the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa was screened and found to be successful for the production of mono and bimetallic au/ag nanoparticles (nps). analysis by scanning electron microscopy (sem), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (eds), and transmission electron microscopy (tem) ...201121087843
substitutions in the amino-terminal tail of neurospora histone h3 have varied effects on dna methylation.eukaryotic genomes are partitioned into active and inactive domains called euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. in neurospora crassa, heterochromatin formation requires methylation of histone h3 at lysine 9 (h3k9) by the set domain protein dim-5. heterochromatin protein 1 (hp1) reads this mark and directly recruits the dna methyltransferase, dim-2. an ectopic h3 gene carrying a substitution at k9 (hh3(k9l) or hh3(k9r)) causes global loss of dna methylation in the presence of wild-type ...201122242002
myosin concentration underlies cell size-dependent scalability of actomyosin ring constriction.in eukaryotes, cytokinesis is accomplished by an actomyosin-based contractile ring. although in caenorhabditis elegans embryos larger cells divide at a faster rate than smaller cells, it remains unknown whether a similar mode of scalability operates in other cells. we investigated cytokinesis in the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa, which exhibits a wide range of hyphal circumferences. we found that n. crassa cells divide using an actomyosin ring and larger rings constricted faster than smal ...201122123864
a factor in a wild isolated neurospora crassa strain enables a chromosome segment duplication to suppress repeat-induced point mutation.repeat-induced point mutation (rip) is a sexual stage-specific mutational process of neurospora crassa and other fungi that alters duplicated dna sequences. previous studies from our laboratory showed that chromosome segment duplications (dps) longer than (approx.) 300 kbp can dominantly suppress rip, presumably by titration of the rip machinery, and that although dps less than 200 kbp did not individually suppress rip, they could do so in homozygous and multiply heterozygous crosses, provided t ...201122116279
global analysis of serine-threonine protein kinase genes in neurospora crassa.serine/threonine (s/t) protein kinases are crucial components of diverse signaling pathways in eukaryotes, including the model filamentous fungus neurospora crassa. in order to assess the importance of s/t kinases to neurospora biology, we embarked on a global analysis of 86 s/t kinase genes in neurospora. we were able to isolate viable mutants for 77 of the 86 kinase genes. of these, 57% exhibited at least one growth or developmental phenotype, with a relatively large fraction (40%) possessing ...201121965514
nuclear and genome dynamics in multinucleate ascomycete fungi.genetic variation between individuals is essential to evolution and adaptation. however, intra-organismic genetic variation also shapes the life histories of many organisms, including filamentous fungi. a single fungal syncytium can harbor thousands or millions of mobile and potentially genotypically different nuclei, each having the capacity to regenerate a new organism. because the dispersal of asexual or sexual spores propagates individual nuclei in many of these species, selection acting at ...201121959169
sad-3, a putative helicase required for meiotic silencing by unpaired dna, interacts with other components of the silencing machinery.in neurospora crassa, genes lacking a pairing partner during meiosis are suppressed by a process known as meiotic silencing by unpaired dna (msud). to identify novel msud components, we have developed a high-throughput reverse-genetic screen for use with the n. crassa knockout library. here we describe the screening method and the characterization of a gene (sad-3) subsequently discovered. sad-3 is a putative helicase required for msud and sexual spore production. it exists in a complex with oth ...201122384347
rediscovery by whole genome sequencing: classical mutations and genome polymorphisms in neurospora crassa.classical forward genetics has been foundational to modern biology, and has been the paradigm for characterizing the role of genes in shaping phenotypes for decades. in recent years, reverse genetics has been used to identify the functions of genes, via the intentional introduction of variation and subsequent evaluation in physiological, molecular, and even population contexts. these approaches are complementary and whole genome analysis serves as a bridge between the two. we report in this arti ...201122384341
the neurospora crassa dcc-1 protein, a putative histidine kinase, is required for normal sexual and asexual development and carotenogenesis.two-component signaling pathways based on phosphoryl group transfer between histidine kinase and response regulator proteins regulate environmental responses in bacteria, archaea, plants, slime molds, and fungi. here we characterize a mutant form of dcc-1, a putative histidine kinase encoded by the ncu00939 gene of the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa. we show that this protein participates in the regulation of processes such as conidiation, perithecial development, and, to a certain degree, ...201122058142
the neurospora crassa tob complex: analysis of the topology and function of tob38 and tob37.the tob or sam complex is responsible for assembling several proteins into the mitochondrial outer membrane, including all β-barrel proteins. we have identified several forms of the complex in neurospora crassa. one form contains tob55, tob38, and tob37; another contains these three subunits plus the mdm10 protein; while additional complexes contain only tob55. as previously shown for tob55, both tob37 and tob38 are essential for viability of the organism. mitochondria deficient in tob37 or tob3 ...201121980517
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