Publications

oxygen profiles and structure of penicillium chrysogenum pellets.	oxygen profiles were measured polarographically with micro-needle electrodes in single fixed pellets of penicillium chrysogenum. the oxygen concentration, the grade of turbulence and the flow conditions of the outer medium were varied. pellets were then histologically investigated. under our experimental conditions the pellets were found to contain a 200 micrometers thick active outer zone with intact cells. in this zone, the oxygen partial pressure decreased from the initial values to zero. the ...	1984	6428182
studies on two types of phospholipase b from penicillium notatum.		1984	6430887
evidence for sequence heterogeneity among the double-stranded rna segments of penicillium chrysogenum mycovirus.	we have examined the dsrna segments of the multipartite virus from penicillium chrysogenum (atcc 9480). a fourth rna segment has been detected recently and, in the present work, we separated the four rna segments and looked for possible homologies among them by thermal denaturation and electron microscopical heteroduplex studies. differences were found between the differential melting profiles of the separated rna segments, and no extensive regions of homology were detected among the various rna ...	1984	6432959
purification of isopenicillin n synthetase.	isopenicillin n synthetase was extracted from cephalosporium acremonium and purified about 200-fold. the product showed one major protein band, coinciding with synthetase activity, when subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. an isopenicillin n synthetase from penicillium chrysogenum was purified about 70-fold by similar procedures. the two enzymes resemble each other closely in their mr, in their mobility on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and in their requirement for fe2+ and ...	1984	6435606
[microbial amine oxidase].		1984	6431495
carbon catabolite repression of penicillin biosynthesis by penicillium chrysogenum.	the addition of glucose to batch cultures of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78 reduced the biosynthesis of penicillin. this regulatory effect was also observed in penicillin biosynthesis by nitrogen-limited resting cells when cultures were previously grown in high concentrations of glucose. the effect of glucose was concentration-dependent in the range of 28-140 mm. incorporation of l-[u-14c]valine into penicillin in nitrogen-limited resting cultures was reduced by 70% when cells were grown on 140 ...	1984	6432764
experimental evidence for the occurrence in honey of specific substances active against microorganisms.	numbers of micro-organisms in sewage, soil, air and tap-water counted on media containing honey were lower than those counted on the same media containing equivalent concentrations of the sugars known to occur in honey. similar experiments achieved with specific micro-organisms showed that honey had more pronounced inhibitory effects than the equivalent sugar solutions on salmonella sp., escherichia coli, aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum, but not on bacillus subtilis and saccharomyc ...	1984	6475343
the nature of the interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 with double-stranded rna.	in addition to binding messenger rna molecules at specific sequences, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eif-2) also binds to double-stranded rna (dsrna). the dsrna is a powerful inhibitor of initiation of eukaryotic translation, causing the inactivation of eif-2, but in the presence of certain mrna templates, dsrna fails to establish inhibition. such mrna templates bind to eif-2 with higher affinity than does dsrna, while globin mrna, a template sensitive to inhibition, binds with lower affinity. ...	1984	6499848
analysis of the electrophoretic properties of double-stranded dna and rna in agarose gels at a finite voltage gradient.		1984	6441606
semicontinuous and continuous production of penicillin-g by penicillium chrysogenum cells immobilized in kappa-carrageenan beads.	conidia of penicillium chrysogenum were immobilized in k-carrageenan beads and then incubated in a growth-supporting medium to yield a penicillin producing immobilized cell mass. these in situ grown immobilized cells were used for the semicontinuous (replacement cultures)and continuous (fluidized bioreactor culture) production of penicillin-g. when periodically replaced into a minimal production medium, immobilized cells exhibited a half-life for penicillin production which was ninefold greater ...	1984	18551739
on-line estimation of mycelial cell mass concentrations with a computer-interfaced filtration probe.	this article deals with the design and operation of a filtration probe for estimating cell concentrations in fermentations involving mycelial organisms such as penicillium chrysogenum. this device, a much improved version of one developed previously, is placed directly into the fermentor and measures the filtration properties of the fermentation broth, which are correlated to the cell concentration. the probe is connected to a computer system which enables on-line estimation of the cell concentr ...	1985	18553729
pathways of glucose catabolism and the origin and metabolism of pyruvate during calcium-induced conidiation of penicillium notatum.	experiments examined the metabolic basis of ca2+-induced conidiation during the 12-h period following the addition of ca2+ to 40-h vegetative cultures of penicillium notatum. vegetative mycelium had enzymic capacity for three routes of glucose catabolism viz. the embden-meyerhof-parnas (emp), pentose phosphate (pp) and the entner-doudoroff (ed) sequences. inhibitors of emp enzymes restricted vegetative growth more than that associated with conidiation whilst arsenate augmented the limited capaci ...	1985	3911885
isopenicillin n synthetase of penicillium chrysogenum, an enzyme that converts delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine to isopenicillin n.	the tripeptide delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine, an intermediate in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway, is converted to isopenicillin n by isopenicillin n synthetase (cyclase) of penicillium chrysogenum. the cyclization required dithiothreitol and was stimulated by ferrous ions and ascorbate. co2+ and mn2+ completely inhibited enzyme activity. optimal temperature and ph were 25 degrees c and 7.8, respectively. the reaction required o2 and was stimulated by increasing the dissolv ...	1985	3922296
antigens of aspergillus fumigatus. iii. comparative immunochemical analyses of clinically relevant aspergilli and related fungal taxa.	cell sap (cs) of the pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus strain ag-507 was fractionated by sephadex g-200 column chromatography. a protein fraction designated cs3 was partially characterized by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and analytical ultracentrifugation. cs3 consisted mainly of low molecular weight components (14 k-43 k) of the whole cs, and produced one peak in analytical ultracentrifugation with an sapp of 4.25. cs3 was demonstrated to be different from a previously character ...	1985	3921301
evidence for two distinct intracellular pools of inorganic sulfate in penicillium notatum.	a strain of penicillium notatum unable to metabolize inorganic sulfate can accumulate sulfate internally to an apparent equilibrium concentration 10(5) greater than that remaining in the medium. the apparent keq is near constant at all initial external sulfate concentrations below that which would eventually exceed the internal capacity of the cells. under equilibrium conditions of zero net flux, external 35so42- exchanges with internal, unlabeled so42- at a rate consistent with the kinetic cons ...	1985	3997782
cultivation of fungi in synthetic and semi-synthetic liquid medium. i. growth characteristics of the fungi and biochemical properties of the isolated antigenic material.	four allergologically important fungi, viz. aspergillus fumigatus, alternaria penicillium notatum, and cladosporium herbarum, were cultured in a pure synthetic medium and the patterns of growth as characterized by the ph, protein and carbohydrate concentration of the culture fluid, were studied. a fumigatus and p. notatum showed a similar growth pattern, characterized by a rapid decrease in the ph of the culture medium (ph 7.4----4.0), while proteins were slowly released and saccharose poorly co ...	1985	4091234
determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of some compounds involved in the biosynthesis of penicillin and cephalosporin.	a sensitive and convenient method for the simultaneous determination of several of the compounds involved in the biosynthesis of penicillin and cephalosporin is described. the method involves derivatization with a chiral fluorogen (o-phthaldialdehyde with an optically active thiol n-acetyl-l-cysteine), followed by high-performance liquid chromatography on a reverse-phase column as described by aswad (d. w. aswad, 1984, anal. biochem. 137, 405-409). with an analysis time of 1 h it was possible to ...	1985	3934999
polyamine oxidases.		1985	3926555
action of pennisetum typhoides double-stranded ribonuclease on viral ds rnas.	a ribonuclease that preferentially cleaves natural and synthetic double-stranded (ds) rnas has been partially purified from pennisetum typhoides. the enzyme degrades [3h]poly(ra) x poly(ru) to acid-soluble products. the ds rnase does not degrade rna:dna hybrid but appears to have about 18% activity against single-stranded (ss) rnas under the assay conditions used for the cleavage of ds rnas. the rnase has a molecular weight of 35,000 daltons as determined from gel filtration using sephadex g-200 ...	1985	3910048
cultivation of fungi in synthetic and semi-synthetic liquid medium. ii. immunochemical properties of the antigenic and allergenic extracts.	four allergologically important fungi, viz. aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium notatum, alternaria alternata, and cladosporium herbarum were cultured in a liquid synthetic medium, with or without addition of 0.1% yeast extract (ye). after 10 and 28 days of cultivation, immunochemical properties of the fungal extracts, characterised by precipitation pattern and igg- and ige-binding capacity, were studied. in pure synthetic medium no large differences were observed in number of precipitates, as me ...	1985	3911818
in vitro translation of polyadenylated rna isolated from control and interferon-treated human promyelocytic hl-60 leukemic cells.	polyadenylated rna has been isolated from control and interferon-treated hl-60 cells by centrifugation through cesium chloride and oligo(dt)-cellulose column chromatography. the affinity column-purified rna is poorly translated in the mrna-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysates but is an excellent template for in vitro protein synthesis using the wheat germ cell extracts. the discrepancy in the efficiency of hl-60 mrna utilization in the two commonly used cell-free protein synthesizing systems is ...	1985	2409977
[nucleic acid content during the germination of penicillium chrysogenum conidia].		1985	3935705
mycotoxins producing fungi and mycoflora of air-dust from taif, saudi arabia.	using the dilution plate method, 70 species and 31 genera were collected from 20 dust samples on glucose (28 genera and 64 species) and cellulose czapek's agar (22 genera and 46 species) at 28 degrees c. the most common fungi were aspergillus niger, a. flavus, a. flavus var. columnaris, phoma glomerata, fusarium oxysporum, penicillium chrysogenum and mucor racemosus; and a. nidulans, phoma humicola, drechslera spicifera and stachybotrys chartarum on the two media, respectively. toxicity test sho ...	1985	3935928
[dependence of the fatty acid composition of the lipids in fungi of the genus penicillium on their natural habitat conditions].	the fatty acid composition of lipids was studied in penicillium fungi growing in different habitats. saturated fatty acids were represented by lauric, margaric, stearic and palmitic acids (the latter prevailed-- 18%-26%). unsaturated monoene fatty acids were represented by acids from c16:1 to c18:1, diene and triene fatty acids by linoleic and linolenic acids. the predominance of linoleic acid was not found in all cultures of the genus. changes in the fatty acid composition of lipids may be attr ...	1985	3937035
[quantitative dna and rna changes during the initiation of conidia in penicillium chrysogenum strain 9741].		1985	3937483
an enzymatic differential assay for urinary diamines, spermidine, and spermine.	subsequent to the hydrolysis of urinary conjugated amines by heating with hydrochloric acid, free amines were isolated by cation-exchange chromatography. spd and spm in an aliquot of amine extract were first oxidized by pao from penicillium chrysogenum, producing put and hydrogen peroxide. dias, which consist of the initially present dias plus put produced by pao, were subsequently oxidized by puo from micrococcus rubens, producing hydrogen peroxide. in an another aliquot of the amine extract di ...	1985	3980559
enzymes of gluconate metabolism and glycolysis in penicillium notatum.	in addition to the ability of penicillium notatum to grow on sucrose, glucose, fructose and gluconate, substantial growth occurred on 2-ketogluconate and 5-ketogluconate thereby indicating a diverse sugar metabolism. cell-free extracts contained all the enzymes of the embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway and for both oxidative and non-oxidative pentose phosphate metabolism. despite inconsistencies in results between different assay methods for the conventional entner-doudoroff (ed) enzymes, the data i ...	1985	4091540
aps kinase from penicillium chrysogenum. dissociation and reassociation of subunits as the basis of the reversible heat inactivation.	adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase from penicillium chrysogenum, loses catalytic activity at temperatures greater than approximately 40 degrees c. when the heat-inactivated enzyme is cooled to 30 degrees c or lower, activity is regained in a time-dependent process. at an intermediary temperature (e.g. 36 degrees c) an equilibrium between active and inactive forms can be demonstrated. aps kinase from p. chrysogenum is a dimer (mr = 57,000-60,000) composed of two apparently identical subunit ...	1985	2981860
adenosinetriphosphate sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum: steady-state kinetics of the forward and reverse reactions, alternative substrate kinetics, and equilibrium binding studies.	the kinetics of the forward atp sulfurylase-catalyzed reaction were examined using a new assay based on 32ppi released from [gamma-32p]mgatp in the presence of inorganic sulfate. replots yielded vmaxf = 6.6 units mg protein-1, kma = 0.13 mm, kia = 0.33 mm, and kmb = 0.55 mm, where a = mgatp and b = so2-4. thiosulfate, a dead-end inhibitor of the reaction, was competitive with sulfate and noncompetitive with respect to mgatp. the ratio kcat/kma was determined for several alternative inorganic sub ...	1985	2992379
adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase from penicillium chrysogenum. determining ligand dissociation constants of binary and ternary complexes from the kinetics of enzyme inactivation.	adenosine 5-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase from penicillium chrysogenum is irreversibly inactivated by trinitrobenzene sulfonate in a pseudo-first order process. under standard assay conditions kapp was 1.9 x 10(-3) s-1. saturating mgatp or mgadp decreased kapp to a limit of 4.1 x 10(-4) s-1. there are several explanations for the partial protection, including the presence of two essential lysyl side chains, only one of which is at the active site. analysis of the inactivation kinetics by means of ...	1985	2995351
comparative stability and catalytic and chemical properties of the sulfate-activating enzymes from penicillium chrysogenum (mesophile) and penicillium duponti (thermophile).	atp sulfurylases from penicillium chrysogenum (a mesophile) and from penicillium duponti (a thermophile) had a native molecular weight of about 440,000 and a subunit molecular weight of about 69,000. (the p. duponti subunit appeared to be a little smaller than the p. chrysogenum subunit.) the p. duponti enzyme was about 100 times more heat stable than the p. chrysogenum enzyme; k inact (the first-order rate constant for inactivation) at 65 degrees c = 3.3 x 10(-4) s-1 for p. duponti and 3.0 x 10 ...	1985	2997125
[metabolic characteristics of polyphosphates and other macroergic phosphorus compounds in relation to the degree of penicillin production and growth conditions of penicillium chrysogenum].	metabolism of macroergic phosphorus compounds was studied in high- and low-productive isogenic strains of penicillium chrysogenum. it was shown that the levels of the high-polymer polyphosphates (fractions pp1, pp2 and pp3) in the strain intensively producing penicillin were 2-3 times higher than those in the low-productive strain by the 2nd day of the fermentation process (the period of penicillin production). the levels of pyrophosphate and atp in the mycelium during the fermentation process d ...	1985	2998269
[physiological role of vegetable oils during penicillin biosynthesis].	addition of liquid vegetable oils to nutrient media decreased the intensity of penicillin biosynthesis. the unfavourable effect of the oils was more pronounced at the beginning of the process while they were not completely utilized. sunflower oil is a readily assimilated source of carbon. the rate of its consumption is higher than that of whale oil or lactose. like the majority of readily oxidized sources of carbon, sunflower oil must be a repressor of beta-galactosidase and the enzymes of penic ...	1985	3933416
basidiomycete mycelia and spore-allergen extracts: skin test reactivity in adults with symptoms of respiratory allergy.	one hundred fifty adults, with respiratory-allergic disease, and 14 control subjects, without symptoms of respiratory allergy, were skin prick tested with 16 common inhalant allergens, 12 extracts of mycelia from basidiomycetes grown in vitro, and/or 10 to 15 basidiospore extracts. eighty-three subjects (58%) had positive skin tests to two or more of the common inhalant allergens. twenty-seven percent of the study subjects had positive skin reactions to one or more of the basidiomycete mycelia e ...	1986	3760405
[penicillinosis of the paranasal sinuses].	a 29-year old female patient suffering from severe pain in her right eye, headache, ophthalmoplegia and ptosis of the right eye, total roentgenological opacity of the right maxillary sinus and ethmoidal cells , as well as signs of bone destruction in the orbital floor, was operated on under the suspicion of a tumour. histological and bacteriological examinations as well as fungus cultures indicated, however, that the patient was suffering from a chronic infection caused by penicillium notatum. s ...	1986	3531745
cloning and expression of the isopenicillin n synthetase gene from penicillium chrysogenum.	the isopenicillin n synthetase (ips) gene from penicillium chrysogenum was isolated from a recombinant bacteriophage lambda library using the cephalosporium acremonium ips (cips) gene as a heterologous hybridization probe. the protein coding region of the p. chrysogenum ips (pips) gene was about 74% homologous to the cips gene, and the predicted amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins were about 73% homologous. escherichia coli cells with the pips gene contained ips activity whereas untrans ...	1986	3104145
direct evaluation of phenylacetyl-coa: 6-aminopenicillanic acid acyltransferase of penicillium chrysogenum by bioassay.	the enzyme phenylacetyl-coa: 6-aminopenicillanic acid acyltransferase of penicillium chrysogenum was evaluated by direct bioassay against micrococcus luteus atcc 9341. the enzyme required dithiothreitol, was inactivated by 0.2 mm hg2+ (100%), zn2+ (80%), cu2+ (60%), 1 mm n-ethylmaleimide (80%), and showed maximal catalytic activity at ph 8.4 and 20 degrees c. the v50 values for phenylacetyl-coa and 6-aminopenicillanic acid were 0.55 mm and 1 microm, respectively. when octanoyl-coa was employed a ...	1986	3025146
mycoflora and mycotoxin-producing fungi of air-dust particles from egypt.	using the dilution-plate method, 27 genera and 64 species were collected from 20 air-dust samples on glucose - (24 genera and 57 species) and cellulose - (21 genera and 45 species) czapek's agar at 28 degrees c. there are basic similarities between the mycoflora of air-dust on the two media and the most prevalent species were aspergillus niger, a. flavus, a. ochraceus, a. terreus, a. versicolor, penicillium chrysogenum, p. funiculosum, alternaria alternata, cladosporium herbarum, fusarium oxyspo ...	1986	2938009
[iodine concentration by the fungus penicillium chrysogenum inhabiting soils of the nonchernozem zone].	the iodine accumulation by strains of microscopic fungi penecillium chrysogenum isolated from soddy-middle podzolic soils of kirov region has been studied. it has been shown that fungi are able to accumulate from 5,0 x 10(-5) to 10,2% of iodine depending upon the medium iodine content and the degree of the organisms' tolerance to its high concentrations.	1986	2948572
express analysis of protein amino acid sequences. primary structure of penicillium chrysogenum 152a guanyl-specific ribonuclease.	the complete amino acid sequence of penicillium chrysogenum 152a guanyl-specific rnase has been established using automated edman degradation of two non-fractionated peptide mixtures produced by tryptic and staphylococcal protease digests of the protein. the rnase contains 102 amino acid residues: his2, arg3, asp7, asn8, thr5, ser11, glu4, gln2, pro4, gly11, ala13, cys4, val8, ile3, leu3, tyr9, phe5 (mr 10 747).	1986	3080339
circular dichroism of double-stranded rna in the presence of salt and ethanol.		1986	3081057
[effect of the exogenous lipids of complex media on the fatty acid composition of mycelial microorganisms].	the effect of exogenous lipid sources on the composition of fatty acids was studied in actinomycetes of the streptomyces genus and in fungi belonging to the genera blakeslea, cunninghamella and penicillium. the following sources of exogenous lipids were used: soybean and maize flour, sunflower by-products, chicken droppings, maize extract, yeast extract, peptone, sperm whale fat, sunflower and palm oil. the composition of fatty acids in total extracted lipids of the studied mycelial microorganis ...	1986	3084926
alpha-aminoadipate pool concentration and penicillin biosynthesis in strains of penicillium chrysogenum.	intracellular amino acid pools in four penicillium chrysogenum strains, which differed in their ability to produce penicillin, were determined under conditions supporting growth without penicillin production and under conditions supporting penicillin production. a significant correlation between the rate of penicillin production and the intracellular concentration of alpha-aminoadipate was observed, which was not shown with any other amino acid in the pool. in replacement cultivation, penicillin ...	1986	3089568
[oil and fat metabolism and the biosynthesis of penicillin].	when grown on media with vegetable oils the producer of penicillin was more sensitive to changes in the conditions of mass transfer. their worsening resulted in a more significant decrease in the level of the mycelium productivity than that of media containing animal fats. the observed differences were associated with the fact that the rate of consumption of readily assimilated fat substrates, for instance sunflower oil, by the cells was sufficiently high even at defective aeration and agitation ...	1986	3094435
glucose represses formation of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine and isopenicillin n synthase but not penicillin acyltransferase in penicillium chrysogenum.	the content of alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine, the first intermediate of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway, decreased when penicillium chrysogenum was grown in a high concentration of glucose. glucose repressed the incorporation of [14c]valine into alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-[14c]valine in vivo. the pool of alpha-aminoadipic acid increased sevenfold in control (lactose-grown) penicillin-producing cultures, coinciding with the phase of rapid penicillin biosynthesis, but this increase was v ...	1986	3096965
[amino acid sequence of guanyl-specific ribonuclease from penicillium chrysogenum 152a].		1986	3089749
molecular cloning and characterization of the trpc gene from penicillium chrysogenum.	we cloned the penicillium chrysogenum trpc gene from a genomic library by complementation of an escherichia coli trpc mutant lacking phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase activity. the gene encodes a 2.7 kb poly(a)+ rna. we localized the gene by sequence analysis in a 2.9 kb dna insert found in the smallest plasmid selected from the library. sequence data strongly suggest that the organization of the gene is similar to that described in other ascomycetes. we found that a dna fragment which codes ...	1986	2433566
effect of metal ions on the antimicrobial activity of 5-sulphosalicylic acid.	bis-(5-sulphosalicylato)-diaquo chelates of vo(ii), cu(ii), ni(ii), co(ii), fe(ii) and mn(ii) exerted antifungal activities. the chelates have been characterised for elemental, thermal and infra-red spectral studies and were found to be more fungicidal than the chelating agent. the antifungal activity was found to be in the order: cu(ii) congruent to ni(ii) greater than co(ii) greater than fe(ii) greater than mn(ii) greater than vo(ii).	1986	3101394
isolation of mutants sensitive to 2-aminopurine and alkylating agents and evidence for the role of dna methylation in penicillium chrysogenum.	using high performance liquid chromatography, the presence of n6-methyladenine has been found at a level of 0.1 mol percent in dna extracted from penicillium chrysogenum. no 5-methylcytosine was detected. a mutant strain hp547, which is sensitive to the lethal effects of n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine, methylmethane sulphonate and the base analogue 2-aminopurine shows an increased spontaneous mutation rate and no detectable dna methylation. comparison of restriction enzyme digests of wild ...	1986	2832076
amino acid transport in eucaryotic microorganisms.		1986	2947629
chemical and pharmacological studies of 2-(amino-methyl)acrylophenones.	the structure-activity relationships of nine products of the acrylophenone family have been studied. in a previous report 2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinylmethyl)acrylophenone was shown to be an antimicrotubular drug. the effects of these drugs on the bovine brain tubulin polymerization were determined by a turbidimetric assay. the median inhibitory concentrations (id50) ranged from 1.5 x 10(-5) to 5 x 10(-5) mol/l. their action on the inhibition of 3h-colchicine binding to tubulin was determined by dea ...	1986	3954819
direct enzymatic synthesis of natural penicillins using phenylacetyl-coa: 6-apa phenylacetyl transferase of penicillium chrysogenum: minimal and maximal side chain length requirements.	in vitro synthesis of different natural penicillins (hexanoyl, heptanoyl and octanoyl-penicillin) have been carried out by direct acylation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa) with several fatty acid-coa derivatives (hexanoyl-coa, heptanoyl-coa and octanoyl-coa). the reactions were catalyzed by the enzyme acyl-coa: 6-aminopenicillanic acid acyltransferase from penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78. this enzyme only accepts as substrate, aliphatic side chain precursors whose carbon length is between 6 ...	1986	3818447
oxidation of carbon sources via the tricarboxylic acid cycle during calcium-induced conidiation of penicillium notatum.	the tca cycle was examined during ca2+-induced conidiation in penicillium notatum over the 12-h period after addition of ca2+ to vegetative cultures. conidiation was independent of ca2+ when certain intermediates and derivatives of the tca cycle served as sole carbon sources. arsenite and malonate augmented the effect of ca2+ on conidiation but did not substitute for it. mitochondria from vegetative cells had low rates of oxidation of tca cycle intermediates and, with the exception of pyruvate, ...	1986	3813521
production of penicillin in a fluidized-bed bioreactor using a carrier-supported mycelial growth.	a carrier-supported mycelial growth of penicillium chrysogenum was applied to penicillin fermentation system using celite as a support material. hyphal growth through the pore matrices of the material showed strong anchorages and provided highly stable biofilm growth. with bioparticles developed in such a manner, both cell growth and penicillin production were observed to increase significantly compared to the conventional dispersed filamentous cultures. maximum values of specific penicillin pro ...	1986	18555301
effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on penicillin fermentations: mycelial growth and penicillin production.	the effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the specific growth rate and the penicillin production rate of penicillium chrysogenum was examined experimentally. the dissolved carbon dioxide was found to inhibit the specific growth rate and the penicillin production rate when the aerated submerged penicillin fermentation was exposed to influent gases of 12.6 and 20% carbon dioxide, respectively. upon exposure to influent gases of 3 and 5% carbon dioxide, no pronounced metabolic inhibition was noted.	1986	18555378
investigations of oxygen transfer into penicillium chrysogenum pellets by microprobe measurements.	a microcoaxial needle sensor with a tip diameter of ca. 0.7 microm was used as a microprobe to measure profiles of dissolved oxygen tension (dot) within fixed pellets of penicillium chrysogenum as a function of the dot level around the pellet, in the presence and absence of bulk convective flow and turbulence. the investigations indicate that the oxygen transfer mechanism is complex. the results were interpreted by assuming the penetration convective flow into the entire pellet and penetration o ...	1986	18555424
investigation of penicillium chrysogenum isolates for their suitability as starter cultures.	one hundred twenty three isolates ofp. chrysogenum were biologically tested in brine shrimp test and screened withstaphylococcus aureus for the detection of antibacterial activity. furthermore, they were chemically examined (thin layer chromatographic method, tlc) for the synthesis of 8 mycotoxins (citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, mycophenolic acid, patulin, penicillic acid, pr-toxin, ochratoxin a, and roquefortine). the results indicated that 85% of the tested isolates produce roquefortine and one ...	1987	23604942
molecular relationship between two types of phospholipase b from penicillium notatum and reconstitution of active enzyme from its peptide fragments.	two types of phospholipase b of penicillium notatum, the native type and the modified type that is thought to be generated by the introduction of some nicks into the native type of enzyme by the endogenous protease(s), were distinguished on a slab sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under a nonreducing condition. the native form migrated with a rate corresponding to 95k da, whereas the modified form migrated more slowly, corresponding to 106k da, presumably because of ...	1987	3545077
length, mass, and denaturation of double-stranded rna molecules compared with dna.	the contour lengths of linear, double-stranded (ds) rnas from mycovirus pcv and pseudomonas bacteriophage phi 6 have been measured with samples prepared for the electron microscope from 0.05 to 0.5 m nh4cl solutions. a linear dependence of contour length on the logarithm of ionic strength was found and compared with that of dsdna (pbr322, linearized and open-circular forms). conditions for molecular weight determinations of any natural dsrna by electron microscopy have been established, and the ...	1987	3118956
mycoflora and trichothecene toxins of paddy grains from egypt.	120 species and 38 genera were collected from 64 samples of paddy grains on glucose- and cellulose-czapek's agar at 28 degrees c. the total count of glycophilic and cellulose-decomposing fungi fluctuated between 216-29760; and 124-11320 colonies/g paddy grains on the two media, respectively. on glucose agar, the most common species were aspergillus niger, a. flavus, a. sydowi, a. terreus, a. fumigatus, a. ochraceus, penicillium chrysogenum, p. corylophilum, fusarium oxysporum, alternaria alterna ...	1987	3696188
purification to homogeneity and characterization of acyl coenzyme a:6-aminopenicillanic acid acyltransferase of penicillium chrysogenum.	the acyl coenzyme a (coa):6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa) acyltransferase of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78 was purified to homogeneity, as concluded by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. the enzyme is a monomer with a molecular weight of 30,000 +/- 1,000 and a pi of about 5.5. the optimal ph and temperature were 8.0 and 25 degrees c, respectively. this enzyme converts 6-apa into penicillin by using phenylacetyl coa or phenoxyacetyl coa as acyl ...	1987	2829713
atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum. molecular basis of the sigmoidal velocity curves induced by sulfhydryl group modification.	atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum is a noncooperative homooligomer containing three free sulfhydryl groups per subunit. under nondenaturing conditions, one sh group per subunit was modified by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate), or n-ethylmaleimide. modification had only a small effect on kcat, but markedly increased the [s]0.5 values for the substrates, mgatp and so4(2-). mgatp and adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate protected against modification. the sh-modified enzyme displayed sigmoidal ve ...	1987	2824486
gradient and isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins on a new agarose-based anion exchanger.	we describe a new, simple, and mild method for the preparation of anion-exchangers, based on the coupling of alkylamines to epoxy-activated agarose (prepared by the reaction of agarose with butanediol diglycidyl ether). since a polar oh-group is formed when an epoxide reacts with an oh or nh2 group, the ion-exchanger did not show any hydrophobic interaction. this is important, since it may be impossible to desorb a protein from an ion exchanger having a hydrophobic character, because increasing ...	1987	3104376
the complete nucleotide sequence of the trpc gene from penicillium chrysogenum.		1987	3103104
fusarium solani: evidence for common antigenic/allergenic determinants with other fungi imperfecti.	aqueous extracts of fusarium solani and other members of the fungi imperfecti were evaluated for the presence of common antigenic/allergenic determinants using skin-prick testing, radio-allergo-sorbent test (rast) inhibition, and immunoelectrophoretic methods. prevalence of skin reactivity in forty-four atopic individuals, tested with commercially available fungal extracts, ranged from 27.3% for alternaria tenuis to 6.8% for penicillium notatum. no specific patterns of reactivity emerged from st ...	1987	2438068
transformation of penicillium chrysogenum using the aspergillus nidulans amds gene as a dominant selective marker.	the aspergillus nidulans acetamidase gene (amds) has been used to transform penicillium chrysogenum at low frequency. several transformants were tested and shown to be mitotically stable. southern blot analysis indicated that transforming dna had integrated into the chromosomal dna, possibly at multiple sites.	1987	3131026
glucose and penicillin concentrations in agar medium below fungal colonies.	the growth of colonies of rhizoctonia cerealis and penicillium chrysogenum on solid media in plate cultures was studied. when grown on defined media containing 10-50 mm-glucose, r. cerealis did not cause a significant reduction in the glucose concentration of the medium in advance of colonization, but did cause the formation of a steep glucose concentration gradient in the substrate below the colony; the medium directly below the centre of a 7 cm diameter colony of r. cerealis was exhausted of g ...	1987	3116159
separation of organic dust from microorganism suspensions by partitioning in aqueous polymer two-phase systems.	conidia of penicillium brevi-compactum and aspergillus fumigatus, sporangiospores of rhizopus rhizopodiformis, spores of streptomyces griseus, and bacterial cells of bacillus subtilis were partitioned in two-phase systems consisting of dextran, polyethylene glycol, substituted positively charged sulfonylpolyethylene glycol, and water. at a ph of 2.8 in the system, the microorganisms showed 60 to 90% affinity for the upper, polyethylene glycol-rich phase, except for cells of b. subtilis, which we ...	1987	3579285
[periodicity of the changes in dna and rna levels in penicillium chrysogenum conidia at the stage preceding the s-period].	it is ascertained, that conidia enter s-period after 11 hours of incubation on capek-dock medium and after 7 hours of incubation on reistrick medium. five peaks of dna and rna synthesises preceding the s-period were revealed. moreover, dna decay to a certain degree depending on the peak number is characteristic for every dna synthesis peak. by the moment the cell enters into s-period the amount of dna remains at the initial level. it is noted, that the rna synthesis curve corresponds to the char ...	1987	3116400
analysis of the role of cysteine residues in isopenicillin n synthetase activity by site-directed mutagenesis.	the predicted amino acid sequences of isopenicillin n synthetase from both cephalosporium acremonium and penicillium chrysogenum have two cysteine residues in analogous positions (cys-106 and cys-255 in the c. acremonium numbering). to examine the role of these cysteine residues in the activity of the c. acremonium enzyme, we used site-directed in vitro mutagenesis to change these cysteine residues to serine residues. mutation of cys-255 reduces specific activity approximately equal to 50%, wher ...	1987	3112774
cell immobilization in the production of patulin and penicillin by penicillium urticae and penicillium chrysogenum.		1987	3119961
the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing beta-lactam antibiotics.		1987	3120640
the effect of salinity and osmotic pressure of the medium on the growth, sporulation and changes in the total organic acid content of aspergillus flavus and penicillium chrysogenum.	extreme conditions of a medium effects the growth of microorganisms. the effect of salinity (nacl) and osmotic pressure on the vegetative and reproductive growth as well as on changes in the amount of total organic acid of aspergillus flavus and penicillium chrysogenum; isolated from the soil; have been studied in this investigation. the vegetative growth of both species increased with an increase in the nacl content of the nutrient medium. the maximum increase was observed in a. flavus in the n ...	1987	3122048
[action of lyophilization on the nucleic acid content of penicillium chrysogenum conidia].		1987	3123536
cloning vectors of mitochondrial origin for eukaryotes.		1987	3123883
on-line measurement of culture fluorescence for process monitoring and control of biotechnological processes.		1987	3124692
application of high-performance chromatographic and electrophoretic methods to the purification and characterization of glucose oxidase and catalase from penicillium chrysogenum.	the high resolving power of the preparative and analytical high-performance chromatographic and electrophoretic methods recently developed in this laboratory for the separation of biopolymers has been demonstrated by the purification and characterization of glucose oxidase and catalase from penicillium chrysogenum. crude glucose oxidase was purified to homogeneity in one step by high-performance hydrophobic-interaction chromatography (hic) on a pentylagarose column. crude catalase was purified b ...	1987	3116021
transformation in penicillium chrysogenum.	an auxotrophic mutant of penicillium chrysogenum with a dna rearrangement that affects the trpc region has been transformed to the trp+ phenotype by using a plasmid that contains the trifunctional wild-type gene. a frequency of 40-80 transformants per microgram of input dna was usually achieved. a low frequency of plasmid integration at the recipient mutated trpc gene was detected; however, most of the transformants integrated the plasmid dna elsewhere into the genome. some of the transformants ...	1987	3110011
biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin by penicillium chrysogenum and its golgi apparatus.	the fine structure of high and low-yield mutants of penicillium chrysogenum producing 10,000 and 100 units of benzylpenicillin was compared. the cells of both mutants showed typical eukaryotic ultrastructure. the golgi vesicles, present in largest number in cells of high-yield mutant, fuse with the cell membrane and play an important role in the transport of benzylpenicillin from the cytoplasm to the cell environment. benzylpenicillin was localized in cells of the high-yield mutant by means of e ...	1987	3138964
sequence of the penicillium chrysogenum phosphoglycerate kinase gene.		1988	3145495
cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the isopenicillin n synthetase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus.	the isopenicillin n synthetase (ipns) gene from streptomyces clavuligerus was isolated from an escherichia coli plasmid library of s. clavuligerus genomic dna fragments using a 44-mer mixed oligodeoxynucleotide probe. the nucleotide sequence of a 3-kb region of the cloned fragment from the plasmid, pbl1, was determined and analysis of the sequence showed an open reading frame that could encode a protein of 329 amino acids with an mr of 36,917. when the s. clavuligerus dna from pbl1 was introduce ...	1988	3130293
interaction of penicillium notatum phospholipase b with divalent cations.	the interaction between penicillium notatum phospholipase b and divalent cations such as ca2+ and mg2+ was studied. when the purified enzyme, present at concentrations of submicrogram to microgram per ml, was incubated with submillimolar to millimolar concentrations of cacl2 or mgcl2, the enzymatic activity was remarkably decreased (to no more than 30% of original activity, when the enzyme was incubated with 2 mm cacl2 for 15 min). the inhibitory effect of divalent cations was reversible, since ...	1988	3365441
humidifier lung and humidifier fever.	the aim of our study was to evaluate clinical diagnoses in symptomatic persons exposed to aerosols from humidifiers or air conditioners. in addition, we tried to identify the causative antigens. results of clinical investigations, including inhalation challenge tests, demonstrated a typical hypersensitivity pneumonitis (humidifier lung) in 9 persons and isolated systemic symptoms without significant changes in lung function and chest x-rays (humidifier fever) in 3 persons. microbiological studie ...	1988	3130530
differential effects of general amino acid control of lysine biosynthesis on penicillin formation in strains of penicillium chrysogenum.		1988	3128515
biochemical and ultrastructural studies of penicillium chrysogenum, talaromyces leycettanus and t. thermophilus.	a comparative study of the lipids, proteins, amino acids and of the ultrastructure of lipid bodies of penicillium chrysogenum (mesophilic), talaromyces leycettanus (thermotolerant) and t. thermophilus (thermophilic) was done. the highest lipid content was found in t. thermophilus and highest protein content in p. chrysogenum whilst a total of 17 amino acids were found in p. chrysogenum and t. thermophilus and only sixteen were detected in t. leycettanus. ultrastructural features of lipid bodies ...	1988	3129347
determination of beta-lactams and their biosynthetic intermediates in fermentation media by pre-column derivatisation followed by fluorescence detection.	this paper describes a novel and sensitive pre-column derivatisation method for the detection and quantitation of beta-lactams and their biosynthetic precursors at trace levels in fermentation media. filtered broths from fermentations of strains of penicillium chrysogenum and cephalosporium acremonium, after deproteination and centrifugation, were incubated with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate for 5 min at 20 degrees c in 0.2 m borate buffer at ph 7.7. following two-fold pentane extraction of the ...	1988	3372625
lysophosphatidylcholine----phosphatidylcholine converting activity of penicillium notatum phospholipase b.	phospholipase b from a fungus penicillium notatum, which was previously shown to possess phospholipase b activity as well as lysophospholipase activity, was found to have another activity to convert lysophospholipid to phospholipid, to an extent comparable to its phospholipase b activity. the enzyme did not incorporate free fatty acid into phospholipid in the presence of coa and atp. the results shown here coincide with data reported on yeast phospholipase b and may imply the functional and stru ...	1988	3390193
mycoflora of air-conditioners dust from riyadh, saudi arabia.	using the hair baiting technique, 6 genera and 14 species were collected on sabouraud's dextrose agar from 37 dust samples from air-conditioners. the most common fungi were chrysosporium tropicum, c. indicum, c. keratinophilum, aspergillus flavus followed by acremonium strictum and scopulariopsis brevicaulis. using the dilution-plate method, 26 genera and 52 species were collected from 37 dust samples on glucose-(23 genera and 45 species) and cellulose-(18 genera and 34 species) czapek's agar at ...	1988	3236219
transformation of penicillium chrysogenum using dominant selection markers and expression of an escherichia coli lacz fusion gene.	an industrial penicillium chrysogenum strain was transformed using two dominant selection markers, namely the bacterial gene for phleomycin resistance (ble) fused to a fungal promoter, and the acetamidase (amds) gene from aspergillus nidulans. transformation frequencies of up to 20 transformants per microgram of dna were obtained with the ble system. with the amds marker the frequency was up to 120 transformants. cotransformation was very efficient when using amds as a selection marker. the intr ...	1988	3131191
[cytological study of early stages of regeneration of protoplasts of fungi and streptomyces].	early stages of penicillium chrysogenum 51 and streptomyces lividans 66 protoplast regeneration on solid media were studied microscopically under conditions of microcompartments. it was shown that at the early regeneration stages there were both rapid reversion into the mycelial form and a retarded one. in p. chrysogenum retarded regeneration resulted in formation of hypha-like structures or protoplast breaking into fragments of various sizes. some of the fragments restored the cell walls and my ...	1988	3132117
[antibiotic production by variants of penicillium chrysogenum isolated after protoplast formation and exposure to mutagens at the protoplast stage].	a procedure for protoplast formation in the penicillin-producing organism penicillium chrysogenum was developed. the yield of the protoplasts was high, the protoplasts were stable and capable of regeneration. two types of the protoplast regeneration were revealed. the spores and protoplasts were treated with uv light and n-nitroso-n'-methyl biuret and their effect on production of the antibiotic by the isolated variants was studied. it was shown that the protoplasts of p. chrysogenum were more l ...	1988	3132119
transformation of penicillium chrysogenum with a dominant selectable marker.	we have cloned a mutant oligomycin resistance allele of the mitochondrial atp synthase subunit 9 gene from the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. the gene was isolated using the equivalent gene from aspergillus nidulans as a hybridisation probe. using the cloned gene it is possible to select for oligomycin resistance in p. chrysogenum transformation experiments. this transformation system was used to introduce further copies of the p. chrysogenum isopenicillin n synthetase gene, which w ...	1988	3135949
nucleotide sequence of the penicillium chrysogenum pyrg (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) gene.		1988	3138658
characteristics of the beta-lactam synthesizing enzymes of streptomyces clavuligerus, cephalosporium acremonium, and penicillium chrysogenum.		1988	3147608
[the saccharide components of wood hydrolysates--a constituent part of the fermentation media for the biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics].	spruce and ash wood were subjected to acid hydrolysis. the hydrolysates were paper chromatographed for the presence of saccharides. the following monosaccharides were detected: d-xylose, d-mannose, d-glucose, d-galactose and l-arabinose. the monosaccharides and l-rhamnose in addition in the form of concentrated solutions were used as part of lactose in production of penicillin v. similarly, the whole amounts of d-glucose and saccharose were substituted in biosynthesis of cephalosporin c. with re ...	1988	3142375
glutathione formation in penicillium chrysogenum: stimulatory effect of ammonium.	penicillium chrysogenum produced glutathione after growth in a defined medium containing 10 mm-nh4cl as the sole source of nitrogen. the use of higher ammonium concentrations (100 mm) resulted in stimulation of growth and glutathione formation. in addition, increases in the intracellular pools of glutamate, alanine and glutamine, proportional to the amount of ammonium present in the medium were observed. resting cell systems, prepared from cells previously grown with ammonium, were able to produ ...	1988	2904479
production and characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody to aspergillus fumigatus antigen having igg- and ige-binding activity.	by employing hybridoma technology, a monoclonal antibody against aspergillus fumigatus was produced. this antibody, isotyped as igm k, reacted with 12 of 16 antigens extracted from 9 different a. fumigatus strains. this antibody also reacted with all 3 aspergillus flavus antigens studied, but not with aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus, penicillium notatum or candida albicans antigens. western blot analysis indicated that this antibody reacted with two concanavalin a (con-a) binding bands of ...	1988	3045013
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of isopenicillin n synthetase genes from streptomyces lipmanii and aspergillus nidulans.	beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins are synthesized by a wide variety of microbes, including procaryotes and eucaryotes. isopenicillin n synthetase catalyzes a key reaction in the biosynthetic pathway of penicillins and cephalosporins. the genes encoding this protein have previously been cloned from the filamentous fungi cephalosporium acremonium and penicillium chrysogenum and characterized. we have extended our analysis to the isopenicillin n synthetase genes from th ...	1988	3045077
enzymatic synthesis of penicillins.	different penicillins (phenylacetyl, 2-hydroxyphenylacetyl, 4-hydroxyphenylacetyl, phenoxyacetyl and 2-thiopheneacetylpenicillin) have been synthesized "in vitro" by direct n-acylation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa) with the acyl group of several acyl-coa derivatives. the enzyme that catalyzes these reactions, acyl-coa: 6-apa acyltransferase of penicillium chrysogenum, was purified to homogeneity (374-fold) and its amino acid composition is given. this protein accepts as substrates several ...	1988	3170343
aflatoxins and fungal flora in lentil (lens esculenta l.).	fungal flora of 20 samples of lentil seeds collected from assiut governorate, egypt, were studied. seventeen genera and 13 species were isolated on glucose- (15 genera and 27 species), cellulose- (15 genera and 25 species)- czapek's agar media at 28 degrees c. the most common species were as follows: on glucose-czapek's agar, aspergillus fumigatus, a. niger, a. flavus, a. terreus, penicillium notatum and rhizopus oryzae and on cellulose agar, a. fumigatus, a. niger, a. flavus and p. notatum. thi ...	1988	3419482