Publications

localization of estrogen-receptive neurons projecting to the gnrh neuron-containing rostral preoptic area of the ewe.	estrogen exerts important feedback effects upon the biosynthetic and secretory behavior of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) neurons to control reproductive functioning. the mechanism of estrogen action upon these neurons is unclear and seems likely to involve the transsynaptic regulation of gnrh neurons. the objective of the present study was to identify the estrogen-receptive neural populations which project to the general vicinity of the gnrh perikarya in the rostral preoptic area and dia ...	1999	10529617
morphological evidence for direct interaction between arcuate nucleus neuropeptide y (npy) neurons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and the possible involvement of npy y1 receptors.	neuropeptide y (npy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (arh) have been shown to play an important role in modulating lh secretion. one mechanism by which the arh npy system may regulate lh secretion is by modulating gnrh neuronal function. thus, the present study examined whether the arh npy system provided direct input to gnrh cell bodies in the preoptic area (poa), as well as to their nerve terminals in the median eminence (me). the possible involvement of the npy y1 receptor ...	1999	10537170
relationship between sexual behavior and sexually dimorphic structures in the anterior hypothalamus in control and prenatally stressed male rats.	the present study was designed to examine the effects of prenatal stress on the morphological development of sexually dimorphic structures in the anterior hypothalamus in male rats and to determine if there is a relationship between morphologic development of the brain and copulatory behavior in individual animals. dams in the stress group were subjected to treatments of heat-light restraint during the third trimester of gestation (day 14 to parturition) three times daily for 45-min periods. at ...	1999	10566981
negative regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression by a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in the rat hypothalamus.	there exists evidence for the presence of ultrashort loop feedback circuits of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) secretion in the hypothalamus. it is, however, uncertain whether a similar mechanism is involved in the regulation of gnrh gene expression in vivo. furthermore, little is known about the regulation of gnrh receptor (gnrhr) expression in the brain. in the present study, we examined the regulation of gnrh and its receptor gene expression by gnrh in vivo. a gnrh agonist, [d-ala6, des ...	1999	10201815
sex-specific expression of n-methyl d-aspartate receptor (nmdar) in the preoptic area of neonatal rats.	the relationship between the n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (nmdar) and the sex-specific neurotoxicity of l-glutamate on the preoptic area (poa) of neonatal rats was studied. the nmdar were semiquantified by western blot analysis. the kinetic change of intracellular calcium and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) efflux were monitored as rapid and delayed toxic signals, respectively. the results showed that: (1) the nmdar expression in poa of male rat is higher than that of females; (2) the l-glutamate ( ...	1999	10203237
photoperiod affects the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal system of male prairie voles (microtus ochrogaster).	in order to maximize survival, animals inhabiting temperate and boreal latitudes exhibit numerous adaptations to changing seasons. central among this suite of coping strategies is the cessation of breeding during the suboptimal conditions of winter. many nontropical rodents inhibit reproduction well in advance of winter in response to short day lengths. male prairie voles (microtus ochrogaster) are small temperate-zone rodents that vary in their reproductive response to photoperiod. some male vo ...	1999	10207275
[identification of emergencies for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the emergency rooms of a hospital. a reliability study].	to analyse the reliability of the obtained results in the identification of cases of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) diagnosed in the medical records of the emergency rooms of the <<hospital clínico universitario>> of valencia, spain.	1999	10217674
gaba- and glutamate-activated channels in green fluorescent protein-tagged gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in transgenic mice.	mice were generated expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) under the control of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) promoter. green fluorescence was observed in, and restricted to, gnrh-immunopositive neuronal somata in the olfactory bulb, ganglion terminale, septal nuclei, diagonal band of broca (dbb), preoptic area (poa), and caudal hypothalamus, as well as gnrh neuronal dendrites and axons, including axon terminals in the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminal ...	1999	10066257
perinatal changes in hypothalamic n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and their relationship to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons.	during the neonatal period, the brain is subject to profound alterations in neuronal circuitry due to high levels of synaptogenesis and gliogenesis. in neuroendocrine regions such as the preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (poa-ah), the site of gnrh perikarya, these changes could affect the maturation of gnrh neurons. because the gnrh system is developmentally regulated by glutamatergic neurons, we hypothesized that changes in the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor system begin early in postna ...	1999	10218982
differential recognition of recombinant phl p 5 isoallergens by phl p 5-specific t cells.	at present, recombinant allergens are considered for the diagnosis and treatment of atopic allergies. to evaluate the theoretical impact of isoallergen variation on the selection of isoallergens for specific allergy vaccination, we characterized the t-cell response of allergic patients to the phleum pratense major allergen, phl p 5, and five of its recombinant isoallergens.	1999	10224358
phytoestrogens alter hypothalamic calbindin-d28k levels during prenatal development.	calbindin-d28k (calb) in the medial basal hypothalamic (mbh) and preoptic area (poa) of male and female fetuses from pregnant rats fed different phytoestrogens diets during gestation was examined by western analysis. in animals fed a phytoestrogen containing diet (phyto-200), males displayed significantly higher calb levels compared to females. whereas, in animals fed a phytoestrogen-free diet (phyto-free), females exhibited significantly higher calb levels compared to phyto-200 female values. t ...	1999	10320769
computational investigations of structural changes resulting from point mutations in a collagen-like peptide.	the results of 0.5-1.0 ns molecular dynamics simulations of the collagen-like peptides [(pog)4(poa)(pog)4]3 and [(pog)9]3 (pog: proline-hydroxyproline-glycine) are presented. all simulations were performed using the amber-94 molecular mechanical force field with a shell of tip3p waters surrounding the peptides. the initial geometries for the collagen-like peptides included an x-ray crystallographic structure, a computer-generated structure, a [(pog)9]3 structure modeled from the x-ray structure, ...	1999	10070265
[antigen specific immunoglobulin e to grass and weed pollens in the plasma of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis].	the study involved 22 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis between 13 and 53 years of age. the level of antigen specific ige (as ige) to 5 grass and 3 weed pollens was determined with the use of cap feia (pharmacia, uppsala, sweden). the control group consisted of 20 persons. all above as ige were significantly higher in the patients with seasonal allergic rhinithis than in the control group. the most commonly present hypersensitivities were to meadow fescue (festuca elatior), meadow grass ( ...	1999	10337158
changes in hypothalamic estrogen receptor-containing cell numbers in response to feed restriction in the female lamb.	the mechanism whereby undernutrition enhances the ability of estradiol (e) to inhibit reproductive activity is unknown. this study aimed to determine the effect of feed restriction on e receptor (er)-containing cell numbers in the female sheep hypothalamus. ovariectomized lambs at 7 months of age received either ad libitum (al; n = 5) or restricted (fr; n = 10) levels of feed intake. lambs were weighted weekly and fr lambs fed to lose approximately 15% of their initial body weights over 7 weeks, ...	1999	10364695
capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medic. as a biomonitor of heavy metals.	capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medic. (shepherd's purse) has been tested as a possible biomonitor of heavy metals in the city of bradford, uk and compared with poa annua l. (annual meadow-grass), a species with a similar ecology that had previously been studied for biomonitoring potential. forty-two sites (urban roadside, urban, urban park, suburban and rural) in and around bradford were investigated. concentrations of pb, cd, zn and cu have been determined in soils and in washed and unwashed plan ...	1999	10085567
relationships between sex and the size and number of forebrain gonadotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurones in the ballan wrasse (labrus berggylta), a protogynous hermaphrodite.	this study is the first to examine the brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) cell population phenotype in a protogynous and monandric sequentially hermaphroditic fish. male ballan wrasse (labrus berggylta) had on average higher numbers of gnrh-immunoreactive (gnrh-ir) cells within the brain preoptic area (poa) than females, a difference not found in gnrh-ir cells in other brain regions. furthermore, in males, but not females, the number of these poa gnrh-ir cells correlated with body size. ...	1999	10397402
protein synthesis in the medial preoptic area is important for the mating-induced decrease in estrus duration in hamsters.	sexual receptivity in female hamsters potentially lasts for about 16 h. however, vaginal cervical stimulation (vcs) from a male during mating eventually reduces receptivity and can shorten the duration of behavioral estrus. the process by which this change in response to the male takes place is unknown. recently, detection of the fos protein has indicated that the medial preoptic area (poa) is one of the brain regions particularly responsive to vcs. additionally, the poa may have an inhibitory e ...	1999	10202125
distribution of estrogen receptor-beta messenger ribonucleic acid in the male sheep hypothalamus.	as a first step in determining possible influences of the newly discovered estrogen receptor (er)-beta on reproduction, we have localized mrna for er-beta within the male sheep hypothalamus using in situ hybridization and a rat er-beta crna probe. highest amounts of hybridization signal were observed in the preoptic area (poa), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, and supraoptic nucleus. relatively moderate amounts of hybridization signal were observed in the retrochiasm ...	1999	10330081
brain aromatase in control versus castrated norway brown, sprague-dawley and wistar adult rats.	brain aromatase cytochrome p450 converts androgens to estrogens that play a critical role in the development of sexually dimorphic neural structures, the modulation of neuroendocrine function(s), and the regulation of sexual behavior. we characterized the influence of surgical castration on brain aromatase in norway brown and wistar adult rats and compared their responses to sprague-dawley rats that were surgically or biochemically castrated (with flutamide, a known androgen receptor blocker). a ...	1999	10352123
spiritual resonance: pursuit in the bluegrass state.		1999	10372862
effects of photoperiod on salmon gnrh mrna levels in brain of castrated underyearling precocious male masu salmon.	previous studies have suggested that activation of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh)-producing neurons is induced by the combined effects of photoperiod and steroid hormones in underyearling males of the masu salmon, oncorhynchus masou. the present study further assesses the effects of photoperiod and steroid hormones on sgnrh synthetic activity and examines the changes in sgnrh mrna levels in the brains of castrated underyearling precocious male masu salmon by manipulating the photo ...	1999	10375465
the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus of different strains of mice: sex differences and development.	while sex differences in neural morphology in the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (poa/ah) have been demonstrated in many species, their existence in mice have been controversial. given the increased use of transgenic and gene-disrupted mice, we characterized sex differences using nissl stains, and the immunocytochemical location of estrogen receptor-alpha (er-alpha) and galanin in the poa/ah of two widely used strains, c57bl/6 and 129svev, and a mixed strain (c57bl/6x129sv); the wild-type l ...	1999	10407134
fungal proteinase expression in the interaction of the plant pathogen magnaporthe poae with its host.	infection by pathogenic fungi involves breaching the outer layer of the host by either mechanical or enzymatic means. subtilisin-like proteinases are considered to be important in the infection process of entomopathogenic, nematophagous, and mycoparasitic fungi. little is known regarding the expression of such proteinases by plant pathogenic fungi. magnaporthe poae, a fungal pathogen of kentucky bluegrass, expressed a subtilisin-like proteinase, proteinase mp1, in the infected roots. antibody wa ...	1999	10415340
prenatal stress and glucocorticoid effects on the developing gender-related brain.	hormonal and neurotransmitter environment of nondifferentiated cells in the developing brain determines many of gender-specific behavioural and neuroendocrine functions. early postnatal and long-term effects of maternal stress or prenatal glucocorticoid on sex-related peculiarities of the brain morphology, biogenic monoamine turnover, testosterone metabolism, hypothalamic noradrenaline (na) and adrenocortical responses to an acute stress were studied in wistar rat offsprings. maternal stress (1 ...	1999	10418984
ovarian hormone dependence of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor activation of the nitric oxide-cgmp pathway: relevance for hormonal facilitation of lordosis behavior.	the ovarian hormones estradiol (e(2)) and progesterone (p) facilitate rat lordosis behavior in part by regulating the expression of and signal transduction by adrenoceptors in the hypothalamus (hyp) and preoptic area (poa). the major adrenoceptor subtype mediating e(2) and p facilitation of lordosis is the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor. in the present studies, we tested the hypotheses that (1) alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in the hyp enhance lordosis responses by activating the nitric oxide (no)-cgmp signaling ...	1999	10436072
reduction of luteinzing hormone secretion induced by long-term feed restriction in male rats is associated with increased expression of gaba-synthesizing enzymes without alterations of gnrh gene expression.	in rats, fasting or restriction of feed intake impairs the activity of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) pulse generator which results in reduced luteinizing hormone (lh) secretion. it is still unknown which neurotransmitters are involved in this phenomenon. however, it is known that increased gaba concentrations in the hypothalamus reduce gnrh biosynthesis and release. therefore, we examined whether 17 days of feed restriction in male rats affected the hypothalamic gene exp ...	1999	10447799
gnrh mrna increases with puberty in the male syrian hamster brain.	puberty in the male syrian hamster (mesocricetus auratus) is characterized by decreased responsiveness to testosterone mediated negative feedback, but the neural mechanism for this change remains elusive. we hypothesized that decreased inhibition of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) system results in increased neurosecretory activity, which includes an increase in gnrh gene expression. this study examined gnrh mrna in male hamsters before and after puberty, and sought to determine if any ...	1999	10447800
reproductive function in rats exposed neonatally to bisphenol a and estradiol benzoate.	the reproductive function in rats treated subcutaneously (s.c.) with 300 microg/g bisphenol a or 2 microg/g estradiol benzoate from postnatal day 1 to 5 was examined after puberty as well as histolopathogic changes in reproductive organs. all male and female rats treated postnatally with estradiol benzoate showed poor reproductive capability, including adverse effects on masculine sexual behavior, and marked histopathologic alterations of the reproductive organs. in addition, estradiol benzoate ...	1999	10453915
[pre and post-operative autotransfusion. a comparative study of hematology, biochemistry and red cell metabolism in pre-donated blood and blood from post-operative surgical drainage].	the widespread use of aggressive surgical procedures, along with the increasing incidence of traffic accidents, has raised the necessity of homologous blood beyond the supplies of blood banks. this fact, plus the risks of homologous transfusion and the costs of blood bank maintenance, has prompted the advance of blood saving procedures such as autotransfusion, both in the pre-deposit (preoperative autotransfusion, poa) and the surgical drainage reinfusion (postoperative autotransfusion, sdr) mod ...	1999	10822758
regional changes in gnrh immunoreactivity with puberty in the male syrian hamster.	gonadotropin-releasing-hormone immunopositive (gnrh+) neurons were identified in juvenile and adult male syrian hamsters. there were significantly fewer gnrh+ cells in the diagonal band of broca/organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (dbb/ovlt) and medial septum (ms) in adults as compared to juvenile males, while no cell number difference was found in the preoptic area (poa). the decrease in cell number likely reflects reduced somal stores of gnrh in dbb/ovlt and ms, suggesting that these s ...	1999	9889375
movement of hordeivirus hybrids with exchanges in the triple gene block.	the barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv) triple gene block (tgb) coding for movement proteins (mps) was replaced with the respective tgb genes from two other hordeiviruses, poa semilatent virus (pslv) or lychnis ringspot virus (lrsv). the bsmv/lrsv recombinant did not exhibit infectivity on the plants tested, whereas the infection rate and host range of the bsmv/pslv hybrid were similar to those of bsmv. in particular, the bsmv/pslv hybrid infected nicotiana benthamiana, a nonhost plant for pslv, i ...	1999	9918886
cortical connections of the frontoparietal opercular areas in the rhesus monkey.	the connections of the frontoparietal opercular areas were studied in rhesus monkeys by using antero- and retrograde tracer techniques. the rostral opercular cortex including the gustatory and proisocortical motor (prom) areas is connected with precentral areas 3, 1, and 2 as well as with the rostral portion of the opercular area which resembles the second somatosensory type of cortex (area sii) and the ventral portion of area 6. its distant connections are with the ventral portion of prefrontal ...	1999	9888311
stereological evaluation and golgi study of the sexual dimorphisms in the volume, cell numbers, and cell size in the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat.	the medial preoptic nucleus (mpn) and the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (sdn-poa) stand out as prominent sexually dimorphic cell groups of the rat brain. however, quantitative data on sex-related differences in these nuclei in the adult rat are confined to their volume. we have used stereological methods and golgi-impregnated material to examine whether, in young adult rats, the sexual dimorphism in the volume of the mpn, including its divisions, and of the sdn-poa, reflect sim ...	1999	10590513
evidence that neuronal nitric oxide synthase but not heme oxygenase increases in the hypothalamus on proestrus afternoon.	nitric oxide (no) has been implicated in the control of the proestrus luteinizing hormone (lh) surge in the rat but to date no studies have attempted to measure neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nnos) or no production on proestrus in the hypothalamus in order to determine if endogenous no is increased on proestrus afternoon to activate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) neurons. to address this deficit in our knowledge, we measured nnos mrna and protein levels as well as nos activity levels in ...	1999	10567862
dimorphic expression of medial basal hypothalamic-preoptic area calbindin-d(28k) mrna during perinatal development and adult distribution of calbindin-d(28k) mrna in sprague-dawley rats.	the calcium-binding protein, calbindin (calb) is: (a) distributed throughout the central nervous system (cns), (b) abundant in neurons and, (c) thought to act as a buffer by binding intracellular calcium, mediating neurogenesis (cell profileration) and neuronal programmed cell death. using northern analysis, calb mrna distribution was characterized in 12 different adult brain regions. additionally, calb mrna levels were characterized in the medial basal hypothalamus (mbh) and preoptic area (poa) ...	1999	10581398
localization of immunoreactive lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the rat brain.	a highly specific antiserum against lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) was used to localize 1-gnrh in areas of the rat brain associated with reproductive function. immunoreactive 1-gnrh-like neurons were observed in the ventromedial preoptic area (poa), the region of the diagonal band of broca and the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, with fiber projections to the rostral wall of the third ventricle and the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis. another population of 1-gnrh-like ne ...	1999	10698127
brain aromatase and 5alpha-reductase, regulatory behaviors and testosterone levels in adult rats on phytoestrogen diets.	the purpose of this study was to examine the short-term effects of phytoestrogens in the diet on regulatory behaviors (food/water intake and locomotor activity), prostate weight, testosterone levels, and brain androgen metabolizing enzyme activity levels in adult male rats. sprague-dawley rats were fed phytoestrogen-containing versus phytoestrogen-free diets for 29 days. standard methods were used to measure open field behavior, reproductive, hormonal parameters, and enzymatic activity levels. t ...	1999	10352124
perinatal developmental changes in expression of the neuropeptide genes preoptic regulatory factor-1 and factor-2, neuropeptide y and gnrh in rat hypothalamus.	the preoptic regulatory factor genes, porf-1 and porf-2, are expressed in the rat brain in a regional-, age- and gender-dependent fashion. they are also expressed in the testis, where porf-2 mrna localizes to dividing germ cells while porf-1 mrna is associated with newly differentiated sperm. this suggests that porf-1 and porf-2 may play distinct roles in cell growth and differentiation. moreover, the two preoptic regulatory factors are also highly expressed in the immature and mature rat hypoth ...	1999	10583730
building new leaders in the bluegrass state.		1999	10662148
[pancreatic oncofetal antigen (poa), pancreatic cancer-associated antigen (pcaa)].		1999	10778162
concentration of neuropeptide y, galanin, &bgr;-endorphin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gonadotropin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus of gilts during the estrous cycle.	numerous reports indicate that peptides isolated from the brain such as beta-endorphin (beta-end), neuropeptide y (npy), galanin (gal) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip), modulate secretion of gonadotropins and prolactin. the objective of the present experiment was to determine concentrations of npy, gal, beta-end, vip and gnrh in the preoptic area (poa), medial basal hypothalamus (mbh) and pituitary stalk-median eminence (sme) during the estrous cycle in the pig. gilts were slaughtered on d ...	1999	11458205
[effect of ofq injection into intracerebroventricular and preoptic area on blood pressure and heart rate in rats].	orphanin fq (ofq) is a novel peptide comprised of an amino acid sequence very similar to that of dynorphin a. in the present investigation the effect of ofq on cardiovascular activities was studied. introcerebroventricular (icv) injection of ofq at doses of 1 and 10 micrograms produced significant decrease in heart rate (hr) and mean arterial pressure (map). icv pretreatment with naloxone could not prevent the hypotensive and bradycardial response produced by 1 microgram ofq. injection of 1 micr ...	1999	11498957
un assesses the success of icpd.	in 1999, the international community will begin its first 5-year review of progress made in implementing the 20-year programme of action (poa) of the 1994 international conference on population and development (icpd). the poa signals the revolutionary agreement of 180 nations that human development and the empowerment of women are vital to stabilizing world population and achieving sustainable development. delegates to the february 1999 hague forum will make recommendations for review by the m ...	1999	12294595
evidence that oestradiol attenuates beta-adrenoceptor function in the hypothalamus of female rats by altering receptor phosphorylation and sequestration.	activation of beta-adrenoceptors in the hypothalamus (hyp) and preoptic area (poa) inhibits both gonadotropin release and reproductive behaviour in female rats. exposure of female rats for 48 h to physiologically relevant doses of oestrogen attenuates beta-adrenoceptor function in the hyp and poa as indicated by reduced isoproterenol (beta-adrenoceptor agonist) stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity. reduced beta-adrenoceptor coupling to g protein in the hyp-poa from oestrogen-exposed female r ...	2000	11069121
the modified bluegrass appliance.		2000	11314365
neuronal activity in female rat preoptic area associated with sexually motivated behavior.	single unit activities were recorded from 31 neurons in the preoptic area (poa) of female rats engaging in sexual interactions. concurrent videotape recordings were used to establish a relationship between neuronal activity and particular behavioral events. in 14 of the 31 neurons, the firing rate changed in association with bouts of sexual activity. the remaining 17 fired with more variability regardless of episodes of sexual interactions. peri-event histograms identified four types of neurons: ...	2000	10799673
substrate preference profiles of proteases released by allergenic pollens.	pollens are important triggers for allergic asthma and seasonal rhinitis. we have recently reported that proteases released by major allergenic pollens can injure airway epithelial cells in vitro. disruption of epithelial integrity by proteases released following deposition of pollens on mucosal surfaces could promote sensitization and induce inflammation.	2000	10718856
the effect of a special herbal tea on obesity and anovulation in androgen-sterilized rats.	a special herbal tea has been used to treat clomiphene-resistant anovulatory disease and obesity effectively, especially in polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) cases with hyperinsulinemia. the effect of the herbal tea on obesity and anovulation was investigated in androgen-sterilized rats (asr). the asr model was established by subcutaneous injection of 1.25 mg testosterone propionate to sprague-dawley female rats at the age of 9 days. rats were sacrificed around 112 days of age. asr manifested wit ...	2000	10719843
subcellular sorting of small membrane-associated triple gene block proteins: tgbp3-assisted targeting of tgbp2.	we studied subcellular distribution of green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tagged movement proteins encoded by the second and the third genes of poa semilatent hordeivirus (pslv) triple gene block (tgb), 15k tgbp2 and 18k tgbp3. gfp-15k transiently expressed in nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells was associated with the endomembrane system elements. gfp-18k appeared in the membrane bodies at cell periphery. mutation analysis demonstrated that subcellular targeting of gfp-15k depended on the p ...	2000	10725204
pre- or postnatal testosterone and flutamide effects on sexually dimorphic nuclei of the rat hypothalamus.	utilizing the sexually dimorphic nature of hypothalamic nuclei, a determination of the effects of pre- or postnatal flutamide and testosterone treatments were examined in male and female rats. statistical analysis compared treatments, sex, and time of injection in terms of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (sdn-poa) and the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (avpv) volumes and lengths. the present findings establish that pre- or postnatal hormonal environments are crucial in ...	2000	10775778
an efficient screen for reproductive pathways using mature seeds of monocots and dicots.	seed samples of 32 species (obligate and facultative sexuals and apomicts of monocots and dicots) were investigated by flow cytometry to reveal the pathway of reproduction. ten different pathways of seed formation could be reconstructed considering whether the female and/or male gametes were reduced or unreduced, the embryos arose via the zygotic or parthenogenetic route and the endosperm via the pseudogamous or autonomous route. the screen is suited to select sporophytic or gametophytic mutants ...	2000	10652155
distribution and regulation of telencephalic aromatase expression in the zebra finch revealed with a specific antibody.	in songbirds, aromatase (estrogen synthase) activity and mrna are readily detectable in the brain. this neural aromatization presumably provides estrogen to steroid-sensitive targets via autocrine, paracrine, and synaptic mechanisms. the location of immunoreactive protein, however, has been difficult to describe completely, particularly in distal dendrites, axons, and terminals of the forebrain. here we describe the neuroanatomical distribution of aromatase in the zebra finch by using a novel an ...	2000	10880992
changes in brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity accompanying reestablishment of photosensitivity in male dark-eyed juncos (junco hyemalis).	in seasonally breeding, photoperiodic birds, the development of photorefractoriness is associated with decreased brain expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity (gnrh-li ir) and increased expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (vip-li ir). dissipation of photorefractoriness and reestablishment of photosensitivity are associated with increased gnrh-li ir brain production, but concurrent changes in vip-li ir expression have not been investiga ...	2000	10620420
photoperiod and temperature interact to affect the gnrh neuronal system of male prairie voles (microtus ochrogaster).	individuals of numerous species limit energy expenditure during winter by inhibiting reproduction and other nonessential functions. to time these adaptations appropriately with the annual cycle, animals rely on environmental cues that predict, well in advance, the onset of winter. the most commonly studied environmental factor that animals use to time reproduction is photoperiod. rodents housed in short photoperiods in the laboratory or in naturally declining day lengths exhibit pronounced alter ...	2000	10942262
the effects of structure, strategy and market conditions on the operating practices of physician-organization arrangements.	research to date has documented weak or inconsistent associations between market and organizational factors and the adoption of physician-organization arrangements (poas) (e.g. physician-hospital organizations, management service organizations and independent practice associations) designed to increase physician integration. we argue that poas may mask considerable variation in how these entities are operated and governed. further, because the operating policies and practices of poas are likely ...	2000	11142070
overseeding endophytic perennial ryegrass into stands of kentucky bluegrass to manage bluegrass billbug (coleoptera: curculionidae).	studies were conducted to determine the utility of overseeding endophyte enhanced varieties of perennial ryegrass, lolium perenne l., into existing stands of kentucky bluegrass, poa pratensis l., to manage bluegrass billbug, sphenophorus parvulus gyllenhal, larval populations and their damage. two commercial varieties of endophyte enhanced perennial ryegrass (repell ii and triple play) were overseeded at two different rates in the field. s. parvulus larval populations, their damage, and turfgras ...	2000	11142296
dammarane derivatives protect cultured rat cortical cells from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.	we previously reported that ginsenosides rb1 and rg3, dammarane glycosides, of panax ginseng c. a. meyer (araliaceae), significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical cells. to seek more potent neuroprotective compounds, we attempted to modify the chemical structure of dammarane glycosides and obtained six derivatives, ma-11, pt-11, pt-111, poa-101, poa-111 and n-001. the neuroprotective activity of these dammarane derivatives were evaluated employing ...	2000	11197079
the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory system of the jerboa (jaculus orientalis) and its seasonal variations.	the distribution of cells expressing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) immunoreactivity was examined in the brain of adult jerboa during two distinct periods of the reproductive cycle. during spring-summer, when the jerboa is sexually active, a high density of cell bodies and fibres immunoreactive (ir) for gnrh was observed at the level of separation of the frontal lobes, in the medial septal nucleus (ms) and in the diagonal band of broca (dbb), in the preoptic area (poa), in the organum vas ...	2000	11106979
effects of carbon dioxide and nitrogen fertilization on phenolic content in poa annua l.	different but partially overlapping hypotheses have been developed to predict the allocation of phenolics in elevated atmospheric co(2). the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis predicts increased allocation to phenolics due to reduced relative availability of nitrogen. the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis states that allocation will depend on source and sink strength, while the protein competition model predicts that allocation will remain unchanged. we grew poa annua at two co(2) concen ...	2000	10913845
drug-fatty acid salt with wax-like properties employed as binder in melt granulation.	the tacky and deformable properties of a wax-like drug-fatty acid salt, propranolol oleate (poa), make particle size reduction and separation challenging. the aim of this study was to investigate the use of poa as binder in a melt granulation procedure to improve processing properties. poa is a suitable candidate for binder phase in melt granulation with a melting temperature of 50-56 degrees c. small batches (ca 30 g) were manufactured using a high shear mixer with lactose monohydrate as the su ...	2000	11137334
pubertal development and reproductive functions of crl:cd br sprague-dawley rats exposed to bisphenol a during prenatal and postnatal development.	bisphenol a (bpa) is used on a large scale in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. bpa has been shown to bind weakly to both estrogen receptor (er)alpha and erbeta, and to transactivate reporter genes in vitro. the purpose of the present study was to determine whether exposure of rats to bpa during pre- and postnatal development affects estrogen-mediated end points related to pubertal development and reproductive functions. bpa was administered to pregnant crl:cd br sprague-dawley rats by ...	2000	10828273
c-fos gene expression pattern in the hypothalamus and the preoptic area of defeminized rats.	the object of the present study was to determine the c-fos gene expression pattern in the hypothalamus (hyp) and the preoptic area (poa) after estradiol and testosterone priming during the critical period of sexual differentiation of the rat brain. three-day-old female rats were injected s.c. with a single dose of 17beta-estradiol (200 microg), testosterone enantate (200 microg) or vehicle (corn oil). hyp and poa were dissected 2 h, 24 h and 14 days after treatments and on the day of vaginal ope ...	2000	10837802
the distribution of progesterone receptor immunoreactivity and mrna in the preoptic area and hypothalamus of the ewe: upregulation of progesterone receptor mrna in the mediobasal hypothalamus by oestrogen.	the distribution of progesterone receptors (pr) was mapped in the hypothalamus of the ewe using immunocytochemistry. these results were confirmed using in situ hybridization with a sheep-specific 35s-labelled riboprobe. in addition, the effect of oestrogen on the level of pr mrna in the hypothalamus was examined in ovariectomized (ovx) ewes following treatment with an oestrogen implant or without treatment. pr immunoreactive (-ir) cells were readily detected in ovx animals. labelled cells were o ...	2000	10844586
[adaptive types of prolamins--specialized proteins from cereal seeds (poaceae banrh.)].	amino acid composition of prolamins and the whole seed in representatives of 52 cereal genera and 22 tribes, as well as amino acid composition of seed protein fractions in representatives of 9 cereal genera are presented. in terms of proposed directed evolution of the seed proteins and adaptive role of prolamins in evolution and distribution of cereals, generalized data on their content in seed protein complex, electrophoretic, immunochemical, and amino acid composition of the seeds, we develop ...	2000	10868055
progesterone increases mrna levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap) and type i pacap receptor (pac(1)) in the rat hypothalamus.	pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap) regulates pituitary hormone biosynthesis and secretion through its cognate receptors. pacap also plays an important role in the regulation of ovarian steroid biosynthesis. if so, there might be a feedback regulation of hypothalamic pacap synthesis by the pituitary and by ovarian steroids. in the present study, we used rnase protection assays to determine changes in mrna levels of pacap and type i pacap receptor (pac(1)) under the conditi ...	2000	10891585
forage systems for production of stocker steers in the upper south.	the southern states produce large numbers of beef calves that are generally weaned and sold in autumn. keeping calves in this region beyond weaning to graze high-quality forages through a stocker cattle phase could improve profitability. autumn-weaned angus crossbred steers were allocated by breeding and weight to four forage systems that began in mid-november and continued through mid-october as follows: system 1, tall fescue (festuca arundinacea schreb.) and kentucky bluegrass (poa pratensis l ...	2000	10907841
the influence of secondary senescence processes within the culm of a pseudoviviparous grass (poa alpina var. vivipara l.) on the supply of water to propagules.	an anatomical investigation of the culm of pseudoviviparous alpine meadow grass (poa alpina var. vivipara l.) revealed that transpiration flow, as delimited by lucifer yellow tracer dye, was maintained despite advanced senescence (as evidenced by loss of chlorophyll and chloroplasts), with leafy spikelets driving transpiration flow. transpiration flow was not hindered by cavitation or tylosis in older culms, the low frequencies of these senescence processes being bypassed via nodal plexi. despit ...	2000	10948234
phytoestrogens decrease brain calcium-binding proteins but do not alter hypothalamic androgen metabolizing enzymes in adult male rats.	phytoestrogen [plant estrogenic-like molecule(s)] research has grown rapidly in recent years due to their potential health benefits. however, little is known about phytoestrogen's effects on the cns. androgen metabolizing enzymes are known to regulate neuroendocrine functions and reproductive behaviors, while calcium-binding proteins are associated with protecting against neurodegenerative diseases. therefore, we examined aromatase and 5alpha-reductase enzyme activities in the medial basal hypot ...	2000	10720621
estrogen increases arginine-vasopressin v1a receptor mrna in the preoptic area of young but not of middle-aged female rats.	we determined whether estrogen regulates the expression of arginine-vasopressin (avp) receptor mrna in the preoptic area (poa) of female rats. by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr), we found that all three types of the avp receptor mrna, v1a, v1b and v2, were expressed in the poa, though the amount of pcr products was apparently different among them. in situ hybridization indicated that avp v1a receptor mrna was densely expressed in the poa, especially in the anteroventral per ...	2000	10806322
lawn parameters influencing abundance and distribution of the hairy chinch bug (hemiptera: lygaeidae).	management of lawns that promotes conditions detrimental to the development of insect pests may represent a valuable environmentally benign turfgrass management strategy. in the cool-humid region of quebec, canada, we investigated 45 lawns infested with hairy chinch bug, blissus leucopterus hirtus montandon, to identify lawn parameters related to its distribution and abundance. kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and perennial ryegrass, respectively, accounted for 55.8, 19.6, and 9.3% of the ...	2000	10826187
leifsonia poae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from nematode galls on poa annua, and reclassification of 'corynebacterium aquaticum' leifson 1962 as leifsonia aquatica (ex leifson 1962) gen. nov., nom. rev., comb. nov. and clavibacter xyli davis et al. 1984 with two subspecies as leifsonia xyli (davis et al. 1984) gen. nov., comb. nov.	the new genus leifsonia gen. nov. with two new species, leifsonia poae sp. nov. (type strain vkm ac-1401t) and leifsonia aquatica (ex leifson 1962) nom. rev., comb. nov. (the type species, with vkm ac-1400t = dsm 20146t = jcm 1368t as type strain), is proposed to accommodate bacteria found in poa annua root gall, induced by the nematode subanguina radicicola, and 'corynebacterium aquaticum' leifson 1962. further, it is proposed to reclassify clavibacter xyli davis et al. 1984 with two subspecies ...	2000	10826825
blockage of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors decreases testosterone levels and enhances postnatal neuronal apoptosis in the preoptic area of male rats.	sexual dimorphism has been found in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (poa), a major site of glutamate actions via n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors. the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (sdn-poa) of male rats exhibits about seven-fold greater nuclear volume than that of females. a naturally occurring neonatal neuronal apoptosis, that can be prevented by testosterone, may contribute to this sexual difference in sdn-poa nuclear volume. since activation of nmda receptors in ...	2000	10859492
lack of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh) neuron response to decreasing photoperiod in thyroidectomized male starlings (sturnus vulgaris).	exposure of starlings to long days initially causes reproductive maturation, but eventually leads to photorefractoriness. during photorefractoriness, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh) decreases in the gnrh cell bodies and fibers emanating from these to the median eminence, circulating gonadotrophin concentrations decrease to a minimum, and the gonads regress. thyroidectomy profoundly affects these photoperiodic responses. in chronically thyroidectomized starlings, gonadal responses to chang ...	2000	10861552
differences among wagyu sires for usda carcass traits and palatability attributes of cooked ribeye steaks.	the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of various wagyu sires on carcass quality traits and palatability attributes of cooked ribeye steaks. wagyu sires were used and grouped as old (n = 6) or new (n = 2) sires, based on the chronological order in which they were imported into the united states. one hundred thirteen f1 heifer and steer calves sired by wagyu bulls out of three different sources of cows were fed a backgrounding diet for 112 d consisting of an 80:20 ratio of r ...	2000	10907811
the afferent signalling of fever.	when infectious micro-organisms invade the body, fever often ensues. it is the most familiar and most manifest sign of infection. yet, despite its ubiquity, little is definitively known regarding the detailed mechanism of its induction. the generally prevalent view is that entry into the body of such infectious micro-organisms first activates innate immune responses, which include the release of a complex variety of soluble mediators. among these, the cytokines tumour necrosis factor (tnf) alpha ...	2000	10921998
origin and molecular specification of striatal interneurons.	the striatum, the largest component of the basal ganglia, contains projection neurons and interneurons. whereas there is considerable agreement that the lateral ganglionic eminence (lge) is the origin of striatal projection neurons, less is known about the origin of striatal interneurons. using focal injections of retrovirus into the ventral telencephalon in vitro, we demonstrate that most striatal interneurons tangentially migrate from the medial ganglionic eminence (mge) or the adjacent preopt ...	2000	10934256
soluble factors guide gonadotropin-releasing hormone axonal targeting to the median eminence.	axons of gnrh neurons terminate at the median eminence in the medial basal hypothalamus (mbh) of the brain early in development. similarly, gnrh neurons in grafts of preoptic area (poa) tissue within the third ventricle of hypogonadal mice preferentially innervate the median eminence. organotypic cocultures of poa explants with other neural tissues suggest that a soluble substance(s) derived from the mbh may be directing this targeting. to begin to identify diffusable chemoattractants, we used p ...	2000	10965875
discharge modulation of rat dorsal raphe neurons during sleep and waking: effects of preoptic/basal forebrain warming.	in cats, putative serotonergic neurons (psns) recorded from the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn) across the sleep-wake cycle exhibit the so-called rapid eye movement sleep-off (rem-off) discharge pattern. since, the sleep-wake discharge patterns of drn neurons in behaving rats is poorly known, the present study examined this neuronal populations. the psns recorded in this study exhibited: (1) progressive decrease in discharge rate from waking to nrem to rem sleep; (2) long action potential duration, a ...	2000	10967295
ontogeny of aromatase and tyrosine hydroxylase activity and of aromatase-immunoreactive cells in the preoptic area of male and female japanese quail.	the aromatization of testosterone into oestrogens plays a key role in the control of many behavioural and physiological aspects of reproduction. in the quail preoptic area (poa), aromatase activity and the number of aromatase-immunoreactive (aro-ir) cells are sexually differentiated (males > females). this sex difference is implicated in the control of the sexually dimorphic behavioural response of quail to testosterone. we analysed the ontogenetic development of this sex difference by measuring ...	2000	10971810
the alternative oxidase in roots of poa annua after transfer from high-light to low-light conditions.	the activity of the alternative pathway can be affected by a number of factors, including the amount and reduction state of the alternative oxidase protein, and the reduction state of the ubiquinone pool. to investigate the importance of these factors in vivo, we manipulated the rate of root respiration by transferring the annual grass poa annua l. from high-light to low-light conditions, and at the same time from long-day to short-day conditions for four days. as a result of the low-light treat ...	2000	10972888
pyrazinamide inhibits the eukaryotic-like fatty acid synthetase i (fasi) of mycobacterium tuberculosis.	tuberculosis treatment is shortened to six months by the indispensable addition of pyrazinamide (pza) to the drug regimen that includes isoniazid and rifampin. pza is a pro-drug of pyrazinoic acid (poa) (ref. 3), whose target of action has never been identified. although pza is active only against mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pza analog 5-chloro-pyrazinamide (5-cl-pza) displays a broader range of anti-mycobacterial activity. we have found that the eukaryotic-like fas1 gene (encoding fatty aci ...	2000	10973326
rantes: a new prostaglandin dependent endogenous pyrogen in the rat.	fever, a hallmark of disease, is a highly complex process initiated by the action of a number of endogenous pyrogens on the thermosensitive cells of the brain. we describe the activity of rantes, a chemotactic cytokine, as intrinsically pyrogenic in the rat, when it is delivered directly to the thermosensitive region of the rat's anterior hypothalamic, pre-optic area (ah/poa). rantes, microinjected into the ah/poa in a dose of 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 or 50 pg, produces an immediate and intense dose-rel ...	2000	10974335
inhibition of [(3)h]ponasterone a binding by ecdysone agonists in the intact sf-9 cell line.	ecdysone agonists, including dibenzoylhydrazines, significantly inhibited the binding of [(3)h]ponasterone a ([(3)h]poa) in intact sf-9 cells (spodoptera frugiperda). the amount of [(3)h]poa binding varied in a concentration-dependent manner. according to the ic(50), concentration at which there is 50% inhibition, the order of potency of typical ecdysone agonists is tebufenozide (rh-5992) > methoxyfenozide (rh-2485) > poa > 20-hydroxyecdysone > cyasterone > rh-5849, makisterone a > or = inokoste ...	2000	10978733
characterization of oleic acid and propranolol oleate mesomorphism using (13)c solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssnmr).	lipids regularly exhibit complicated thermotropic and lyotropic phase behavior. in this study, the utility of (13)c solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssnmr) in characterizing the phase properties of pharmaceutical lipids was investigated. variable temperature (13)c ssnmr spectra and spin-lattice relaxation times (t(1)(c)) were obtained for high-purity oleic acid (oa) and propranolol oleate (poa). spectral changes took place following oa gamma-to-alpha phase transition that ind ...	2000	10980503
gnrh antagonist cetrorelix prevents sexual maturation of peripubertal male rats.	gonadotropin releasing-hormone (gnrh) analogues contain amino acid substitutions of the native decapeptide. depending on the substitutions, the analogues have gnrh agonistic or antagonistic properties. gnrh agonists are the established treatment in cases of central precocious puberty caused by premature activation of the hypothalamic gnrh pulse generator. much less data exist on the use of gnrh antagonists to influence the onset of puberty. using the gnrh antagonist cetrorelix we conducted a 5 d ...	2000	10989955
phenoxyacetic acid residue incorporation in cell walls of soybean (glycine max.).	the metabolism of [(14)c] phenoxyacetic acid (poa) and the formation of bound residues were studied in soybean leaves and stems. poa was metabolized to 4-ho-poa and to 4-ho-poa glucoside, and a significant fraction of the radioactivity was incorporated in the cell walls (cw). an extraction procedure of cw polymers was developed to specifically isolate the radioactivity associated with each of them. in leaves, the radioactivity showed a preferential distribution into the hemicelluloses and lignin ...	2000	10995368
changes in estrogenic regulation of estrogen receptor alpha mrna and progesterone receptor mrna in the female rat hypothalamus during aging: an in situ hybridization study.	we examined two molecular responses to estrogen, reduction in estrogen receptor alpha (er alpha) mrna and increase in progesterone receptor (pr) mrna, in the hypothalamus of 3- (young) and 10-month-old (middle-aged) cycling, and 15-month-old (old) acyclic, fischer 344 female rats. the rats were ovariectomized and then given silastic capsules containing 5% 17beta-estradiol. or empty implants, and killed 4 days after implantation. by means of in situ hybridization, we found that, in young rats, es ...	2000	10997581
neuroendocrine aging in the female rat: the changing relationship of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.	the reproductive axis undergoes alterations during aging, resulting in acyclicity and the loss of reproductive function. in the hypothalamus, changes intrinsic to gnrh neurons may play a critical role in this process, as may changes in inputs to gnrh neurons from neurotransmitters such as glutamate. we investigated the effects of age and reproductive status on neuroendocrine glutamatergic nmda receptors (nrs), their regulation of gnrh neurons, and their expression on gnrh neurons, in female rats ...	2000	11108291
the role of intrinsic and agonist-activated conductances in determining the firing patterns of preoptic area neurons in the guinea pig.	whole-cell and intracellular recordings were made in coronal hypothalamic slices prepared from ovariectomized female guinea pigs. 62% of preoptic area (poa) neurons fired action potentials in a bursting manner, and exhibited a significantly greater afterhyperpolarization (ahp) than did non-bursting poa neurons. the majority (70%) of poa neurons (n=76) displayed a time-dependent inward rectification (i(h)) that was blocked by cscl (3 mm) or by zd 7288 (30 microm). in addition, 51% of the cells ex ...	2000	11011003
can meristematic activity determine variation in leaf size and elongation rate among four poa species? a kinematic study.	we studied inherent variation in final leaf size among four poa spp. that live at different elevations. the average final length of leaf 7 of the main stem of the smallest species (poa alpina) was only one-half that of the largest species (poa trivialis); it was correlated with leaf elongation rate, but not with the duration of leaf elongation. a faster rate of leaf elongation rate was associated with (a) larger size of the zone of cell expansion, and (b) faster rates of cell production (per cel ...	2000	11027732
sleep-related c-fos protein expression in the preoptic hypothalamus: effects of ambient warming.	preoptic area (poa) neuronal activity promotes sleep, but the localization of critical sleep-active neurons is not completely known. thermal stimulation of the poa also facilitates sleep. this study used the c-fos protein immunostaining method to localize poa sleep-active neurons at control (22 degrees c) and mildly elevated (31.5 degrees c) ambient temperatures. at 22 degrees c, after sleep, but not after waking, we found increased numbers of c-fos immunoreactive neurons (irns) in both rostral ...	2000	11080072
effects of lateral preoptic area application of orexin-a on sleep-wakefulness.	deficiency of orexin, a newly discovered hypothalamic peptide, is thought to lead to abnormal sleepiness and cataplexy in both human narcolepsy and animal models of the disease. as the poa contains extensive orexin terminals and is established as a sleep/arousal regulatory site, we evaluated a hypothesis that this site is a target for the arousal-inducing effects of orexin. orexin-a was microinjected into lateral preoptic area (ipoa) and the effects on sleep-wakefulness and brain temperature wer ...	2000	11095491
post-weaning social isolation of male rats reduces the volume of the medial amygdala and leads to deficits in adult sexual behavior.	at 21 days of age, gonadally intact male long evans rats were weaned and placed into standard laboratory conditions (three per cage) or housed singly. they were tested for noncontact erections and sexual performance at 90 and 220 days of age. rats raised in isolation displayed significantly fewer noncontact erections in response to sensory cues from an estrous female and fewer intromissions when allowed to mate with a female than did males raised in groups. the volume of the posterodorsal compon ...	2000	11099763
fos expression in female hamsters after various stimuli associated with mating.	detection of the expression of c-fos mrna or its protein product, fos, has been used to indicate differences in neuronal response to exogenous stimuli. factors contributing to differences in fos expression as a result of various stimuli associated with mating have been extensively studied in the female rat. less is known about the factors that contribute to fos expression in female hamsters. female hamsters differ from female rats in several aspects of sexual behavior; therefore, it seems likely ...	2000	11111011
pyrogen sensing and signaling: old views and new concepts.	fever is thought to be caused by endogenous pyrogenic cytokines, which are elaborated and released into the circulation by systemic mononuclear phagocytes that are activated by exogenous inflammatory agents and transported to the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (poa) of the brain, where they act. prostaglandin (pg) e2 is thought to be an essential, proximal mediator in the poa, and induced by these cytokines. it seems unlikely, however, that these factors could directly account for early pro ...	2000	11113020
architectural and physiological heterogeneity within the synflorescence of the pseudoviviparous grass poa alpina var. vivipara l.	many biotypes of the northern-hemisphere arctic-alpine grass poa alpina l. reproduce asexually via prolification of the spikelet axis to produce dehiscing shoots. although capable of photosynthesis, the source-sink characteristics of these synflorescence systems are unknown, including the degree to which plantlets from different regions of the synflorescence are capable of providing for their own carbon requirements, or contributing to other sinks. photosynthetic rates within the paracladial zon ...	2000	11053460
persistent impacts of trace metals from mining on floodplain grass communities along soda butte creek, yellowstone national park.	/ in yellowstone national park, tailings and associated trace metals from past mining have been deposited along 28 km of soda butte creek by large flood events. this study documents grass species diversity, density, and biomass; trace metal concentrations in soils; and soil ph, salinity, and clay content in four selected floodplain meadows contaminated by these tailings. trace metal levels frequently exceed acceptable concentrations for agricultural soils at sampling points within the meadows. p ...	2000	10629312
activation of gene expression of the gamma-aminobutyric acid rather than the glutamatergic system in the preoptic area during the preovulatory gonadotropin surge of the rat.	there is increasing evidence that in the rat prior to and during the preovulatory lh surge, release rates of gaba in the preoptic area (poa) are decreased while no such changes occurred in the mediobasal hypothalamus (mbh). in addition, gnrh release appears to be facilitated by an increased preoptic excitation of glutamate (glu). to investigate whether such changes of secretory activity of intrahypothalamic gaba or glu neurons are associated with altered gene expression of biosynthetic enzymes o ...	2000	10644894
the bluegrass fauna and changes in middle holocene hunter-gatherer foraging in the southern midwest.		2000	17216900
sire variation in fatty acid composition of crossbred wagyu steers and heifers.	effects of sires on lipid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue and longissimus dorsi muscle were studied using 113 f(1) heifer and steer calves sired by eight wagyu bulls out of three different cow herds. wagyu sires were used and grouped as old (n=6) and new (n =2) sires, respectively, based on the chronological order in which they were imported into the us. animals were fed a backgrounding diet for 112 days consisting of an 80:20 ratio of roughage:concentrate, then grazed on orchard gras ...	2000	22061767