Publications

comparing low coverage random shotgun sequence data from brassica oleracea and oryza sativa genome sequence for their ability to add to the annotation of arabidopsis thaliana.	since the completion of the arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence, there is an ongoing effort to annotate the genome as accurately as possible. comparing genome sequences of related species complements the current annotation strategies by identifying genes and improving gene structure. a total of 595,321 brassica oleracea shotgun reads were sequenced by tigr (the institute for genome research) and the collaboration of washington university and cold spring harbor. vicogenta (a genome viewer based ...	15805491
transcription factor families have much higher expansion rates in plants than in animals.	transcription factors (tfs), which are central to the regulation of gene expression, are usually members of multigene families. in plants, they are involved in diverse processes such as developmental control and elicitation of defense and stress responses. to investigate if differences exist in the expansion patterns of tf gene families between plants and other eukaryotes, we first used arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) tfs to identify tf dna-binding domains. these dna-binding domains were then ...	16166257
a dual role for the osk5.2 ion channel in stomatal movements and k+ loading into xylem sap.	the roles of potassium channels from the shaker family in stomatal movements have been investigated by reverse genetics analyses in arabidopsis, but corresponding information is lacking outside this model species. rice and other cereals possess stomata that are more complex than those of arabidopsis. we examined the role of the outward shaker k+ channel gene osk5.2. expression of the osk5.2 gene (gus reporter strategy) was observed in the whole stomatal complex (guard cells and subsidiary cells) ...	28626008
overexpression of osgata12 regulates chlorophyll content, delays plant senescence and improves rice yield under high density planting.	agronomic traits controlling the formation, architecture and physiology of source and sink organs are main determinants of rice productivity. semi-dwarf rice varieties with low tiller formation but high seed production per panicle and dark green and thick leaves with prolonged source activity are among the desirable traits to further increase the yield potential of rice. here, we report the functional characterization of a zinc finger transcription factor, osgata12, whose overexpression causes i ...	28342018
amino acid profiles and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of proteins from the prioritized key foods in bangladesh.	concentrations of standard amino acids were determined in the composite samples (representing 30 agro-ecological zones of bangladesh) of six prioritized key dietary protein sources: oryza sativa (rice), triticum aestivum (wheat flour), lens culinaris (lentils), pangusius pangusius (pangas), labeo rohita (rohu) and oreochromis mossambicus (tilapia). digestible indispensable amino acid scores (diaas) was calculated using published data on amino acids' digestibility to evaluate the protein quality ...	27451158
[using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomics to discriminate between cold pressed rice bran oils produced from two different cultivars of oryza sativa l. ssp. indica in thailand].	a newly developed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms) method for the analysis of cold pressed rice bran oil (rbo) was established and used to discriminate between rbos produced from two different cultivars of major thai fragrant rice species. the cold pressed rbo was prepared using the screw compression method. the lc-ms data were preprocessed with mzmine 2.10 program before evaluating with principal component analysis using simca 13 software. the lc-ms method was able to detect and ...	26753285
proteome profile of starch granules purified from rice (oryza sativa) endosperm.	starch is the most important food energy source in cereals. many of the known enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis are partially or entirely granule-associated in the endosperm. studying the proteome of rice starch granules is critical for us to further understand the mechanisms underlying starch biosynthesis and packaging of starch granules in rice amyloplasts, consequently for the improvement of rice grain quality. in this article, we developed a protocol to purify starch granules from matu ...	27992503
analysis of non-coding transcriptome in rice and maize uncovers roles of conserved lncrnas associated with agriculture traits.	long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) have recently been found to widely exist in eukaryotes and play important roles in key biological processes. to extend our knowledge of lncrnas in crop plants we performed both non-directional and strand-specific rna-sequencing experiments to profile non-coding transcriptomes of various rice and maize organs at different developmental stages. analysis of more than 3 billion reads identified 22 334 long intergenic non-coding rnas (lincrnas) and 6673 pairs of sense a ...	26387578
metabolomic changes in grains of well-watered and drought-stressed transgenic rice.	drought induces a number of physiological and biochemical responses in cereals. this study was designed to examine the metabolite changes in grains of drought-tolerant transgenic rice (oryza sativa l.) that overexpresses atcyp78a7 encoding cytochrome p450 protein using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)h-nmr) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.	25716954
mapping of novel qtl regulating grain shattering using doubled haploid population in rice (oryza sativa l.).	the critical evolutionary step during domestication of major cereals was elimination of seed shattering because the easy-to-shatter trait in wild relatives results in a severe reduction in yield. in this study, we analyzed the qtls associated with shattering employing a high-density genetic map in doubled haploid (dh) population of rice (oryza sativa l.). a genetic linkage map was generated with 217 microsatellite markers spanning 2082.4 cm and covering 12 rice chromosomes with an average interv ...	27419124
carbohydrate metabolism in germinating caryopses of oryza sativa l. exposed to prolonged anoxia.	anoxia tolerance can be evaluated not only in terms of growth or survival of plant organs during oxygen deprivation, but also in relation to carbohydrate utilization in the context of a well-modulated fermentative metabolism. rice (oryza spp.) is unique among cereals, in that it has the distinctive ability to germinate under complete anaerobiosis by using the starchy reserves in its seeds to fuel the anaerobic metabolism. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of germinating ri ...	27289587
proteomic and glycomic characterization of rice chalky grains produced under moderate and high-temperature conditions in field system.	global climate models predict an increase in global mean temperature and a higher frequency of intense heat spikes during this century. cereals such as rice (oryza sativa l.) are more susceptible to heat stress, mainly during the gametogenesis and flowering stages. during periods of high temperatures, grain filling often causes serious damage to the grain quality of rice and, therefore, yield losses. while the genes encoding enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism of chalky grains have been ...	27246013
inorganic and total arsenic contents in rice and rice-based foods consumed by a potential risk subpopulation: sportspeople.	one of the main routes of exposure to inorganic arsenic (i-as) in humans is food, especially rice and rice-based products. there are certain groups of consumers that could be highly exposed to i-as. maximum levels of i-as have been issued for infants and young children by the european union, but perhaps other groups are also at risk. sportspeople could be one of those groups, due to their specific nutritional requirements, especially its high consumption of cereals, such as rice. because of the ...	26990091
the linear plastid chromosomes of maize: terminal sequences, structures, and implications for dna replication.	the structure of a chromosomal dna molecule may influence the way in which it is replicated and inherited. for decades plastid dna (ptdna) was believed to be circular, with breakage invoked to explain linear forms found upon extraction from the cell. recent evidence indicates that ptdna in vivo consists of linear molecules with discrete termini, although these ends were not characterized. we report the sequences of two terminal regions, end1 and end2, for maize (zea mays l.) ptdna. we describe s ...	26650613
coordinated regulation of vegetative and reproductive branching in rice.	grasses produce tiller and panicle branching at vegetative and reproductive stages; the branching patterns largely define the diversity of grasses and constitute a major determinant for grain yield of many cereals. here we show that a spatiotemporally coordinated gene network consisting of the microrna 156 (mir156/)mir529/squamosa promoter binding protein like (spl) and mir172/apetala2 (ap2) pathways regulates tiller and panicle branching in rice. spl genes negatively control tillering, but posi ...	26631749
the phenome analysis of mutant alleles in leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase genes in rice reveals new potential targets for stress tolerant cereals.	plants are constantly exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses that reduce their fitness and performance. at the molecular level, the perception of extracellular stimuli and the subsequent activation of defense responses require a complex interplay of signaling cascades, in which protein phosphorylation plays a central role. several studies have shown that some members of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (lrr-rlk) family are involved in stress and developmental pathways. w ...	26566841
effects of land-use conversion from double rice cropping to vegetables on methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in southern china.	compared with co2, methane (ch4) and nitrous oxide (n2o) are potent greenhouse gases in terms of their global warming potentials. previous studies have indicated that land-use conversion has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. however, little is known regarding the impact of converting rice (oryza sativa l.) to vegetable fields, an increasing trend in land-use change in southern china, on ch4 and n2o fluxes. the effects of converting double rice cropping to vegetables on ch4 and n2 ...	27195497
nickel in milled rice (oryza sativa l.) from the three main rice-producing regions in china.	nickel (ni) concentrations in milled rice obtained from china and their variations among different provinces and varieties, as well as associated health risks, were investigated. results showed that the mean ni concentration in milled rice was 0.49 ± 0.51 mg/kg, which was much higher than reported in united kingdom, french and iranian cereals. there were significant variations (p < 0.05) of ni concentrations in milled rice among different provinces and among varieties in the same province. accor ...	27782776
involvement of polyamine oxidase-produced hydrogen peroxide during coleorhiza-limited germination of rice seeds.	seed germination is a complicated biological process that requires regulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. the action of polyamine oxidase (pao) produces hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), which promotes dicot seed germination. however, whether and, if so, how paos regulate monocot seed germination via h2o2 production is unclear. herein, we report that the coleorhiza is the main physical barrier to radicle protrusion during germination of rice seed (a monocot seed) and that it does so in a manne ...	27570530
diversifying crops for food and nutrition security - a case of teff.	there are more than 50000 known edible plants in the world, yet two-thirds of global plant-derived food is provided by only three major cereals - maize (zea mays), wheat (triticum aestivum) and rice (oryza sativa). the dominance of this triad, now considered truly global food commodities, has led to a decline in the number of crop species contributing to global food supplies. our dependence on only a few crop species limits our capability to deal with challenges posed by the adverse effects of c ...	26456883
regulation of grain yield in rice under well-watered and drought stress conditions by gudk.	increasing the grain yield of cereals, which is stable under unfavorable environmental stress, is a major objective to sustain production and feed the growing world population. recently, we functionally characterized a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, named growth under drought kinase (gudk), revealing its role in regulating grain yield under well-watered and drought stress conditions by transphosphorylating the osap37 transcription factor. gudk is induced under several stresses and its loss-of ...	26633564
genome wide association mapping of grain arsenic, copper, molybdenum and zinc in rice (oryza sativa l.) grown at four international field sites.	the mineral concentrations in cereals are important for human health, especially for individuals who consume a cereal subsistence diet. a number of elements, such as zinc, are required within the diet, while some elements are toxic to humans, for example arsenic. in this study we carry out genome-wide association (gwa) mapping of grain concentrations of arsenic, copper, molybdenum and zinc in brown rice using an established rice diversity panel of ∼ 300 accessions and 36.9 k single nucleotide po ...	24586963
reticulate evolution of the rye genome.	rye (secale cereale) is closely related to wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare). due to its large genome (~8 gb) and its regional importance, genome analysis of rye has lagged behind other cereals. here, we established a virtual linear gene order model (genome zipper) comprising 22,426 or 72% of the detected set of 31,008 rye genes. this was achieved by high-throughput transcript mapping, chromosome survey sequencing, and integration of conserved synteny information of three se ...	24104565
the polycomb group gene emf2b is essential for maintenance of floral meristem determinacy in rice.	polycomb repressive complex 2 (prc2) represses the transcriptional activity of target genes through trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone h3. the functions of plant prc2 have been chiefly described in arabidopsis, but specific functions in other plant species, especially cereals, are still largely unknown. here we characterize mutants in the rice emf2b gene, an ortholog of the arabidopsis embryonic flower2 (emf2) gene. loss of emf2b in rice results in complete sterility, and mutant flowers have ...	25279942
uncovering divergence of rice exon junction complex core heterodimer gene duplication reveals their essential role in growth, development, and reproduction.	the exon junction complex (ejc) plays important developmental roles in animals; however, its role in plants is not well known. here, we show various aspects of the divergence of each duplicated mago nashi (mago) and y14 gene pair in rice (oryza sativa) encoding the putative ejc core subunits that form the obligate mago-y14 heterodimers. osmago1, osmago2, and osy14a were constitutively expressed in all tissues, while osy14b was predominantly expressed in embryonic tissues. osmago2 and osy14b were ...	24820023
does morphological and anatomical plasticity during the vegetative stage make wheat more tolerant of water deficit stress than rice?	water scarcity and the increasing severity of water deficit stress are major challenges to sustaining irrigated rice (oryza sativa) production. despite the technologies developed to reduce the water requirement, rice growth is seriously constrained under water deficit stress compared with other dryland cereals such as wheat (triticum aestivum). we exposed rice cultivars with contrasting responses to water deficit stress and wheat cultivars well adapted to water-limited conditions to the same moi ...	25614066
chromowiz: a web tool to query and visualize chromosome-anchored genes from cereal and model genomes.	over the last years reference genome sequences of several economically and scientifically important cereals and model plants became available. despite the agricultural significance of these crops only a small number of tools exist that allow users to inspect and visualize the genomic position of genes of interest in an interactive manner.	25491094
osmir396d-regulated osgrfs function in floral organogenesis in rice through binding to their targets osjmj706 and oscr4.	inflorescence and spikelet development determine grain yields in cereals. although multiple genes are known to be involved in the regulation of floral organogenesis, the underlying molecular network remains unclear in cereals. here, we report that the rice (oryza sativa) microrna396d (osmir396d) and its os growth regulating factor (osgrf) targets, together with os growth regulating factor-interacting factor1 (osgif1), are involved in the regulation of floral organ development through the rice jm ...	24596329
comparative transcriptome sequencing of tolerant rice introgression line and its parents in response to drought stress.	rice (oryza sativa. l) is more sensitive to drought stress than other cereals, and large genotypic variation in drought tolerance (dt) exists within the cultivated rice gene pool and its wild relatives. selective introgression of dt donor segments into a drought-sensitive (ds) elite recurrent parent by backcrossing is an effective way to improve drought stress tolerance in rice. to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying dt in rice, deep transcriptome sequencing was used to investigate trans ...	25428615
coordinated regulation of photosynthesis in rice increases yield and tolerance to environmental stress.	plants capture solar energy and atmospheric carbon dioxide (co2) through photosynthesis, which is the primary component of crop yield, and needs to be increased considerably to meet the growing global demand for food. environmental stresses, which are increasing with climate change, adversely affect photosynthetic carbon metabolism (pcm) and limit yield of cereals such as rice (oryza sativa) that feeds half the world. to study the regulation of photosynthesis, we developed a rice gene regulatory ...	25358745
diversification of the plant-specific hybrid glycine-rich protein (hygrp) genes in cereals.	plant-specific hybrid proline- or glycine-rich proteins (hyp/grps) are involved in diverse gene functions including plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. the quantitative trait locus, qltg3-1, enhances seed germination in rice under low-temperature conditions and encodes a member with a glycine-rich motif of the hyp/grp family. the function of this gene may be related to the weakening of tissue covering the embryo during seed germination. in the present study, the diver ...	25309566
effect of germination on the phytase activity, phytate and total phosphorus contents of rice (oryza sativa), maize (zea mays), millet (panicum miliaceum), sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and wheat (triticum aestivum).	the effect of germination on the level of phytase activity and the contents of phytates and phosphorus of five nigeria grown cereal grains was studied. the cereals screened were rice (oryza sativa), maize (zea mays), millet (panicum miliaceum), sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and wheat (triticum aestivum). phytase activity was high (0.21-0.67 u g(-1)) in all samples. phytate content ranged between 5.6 and 6.2 mg g(-1) while total phosphorus content ranged between 3.3 and 4.3 mg g(-1). during germinati ...	23572811
reverse genetics in rice using tos17.	transposon of oryza sativa 17 (tos17), a ty1-copia class i retroelement, is one of the few active retroelements identified in rice, the main cereal crop of human consumption and the model genome for cereals. tos17 exists in two copies in the standard nipponbare japonica genome (n = 12 and 379 mb). tos17 copies are inactive in the plant grown under normal conditions. however, the copy located on chromosome 7 can be activated upon tissue culture. plants regenerated from 3- and 5-month-old tissue c ...	23918431
amylolytic activity and carbohydrate levels in relation to coleoptile anoxic elongation in oryza sativa genotypes.	among starchy seeds, rice has the unique capacity to germinate successfully under complete anaerobiosis. in this conditions, starch degradation is supported by a complete set of starch-degrading enzymes that are absent or inactive in cereals except rice. a characterization of carbohydrate metabolism and starch-degrading enzyme activity across twenty-nine genotypes of oryza sativa l. is presented here. the zymogram of amylolytic activities present in rice embryos and endosperms under anaerobic co ...	23748354
polycomb group gene osfie2 regulates rice (oryza sativa) seed development and grain filling via a mechanism distinct from arabidopsis.	cereal endosperm represents 60% of the calories consumed by human beings worldwide. in addition, cereals also serve as the primary feedstock for livestock. however, the regulatory mechanism of cereal endosperm and seed development is largely unknown. polycomb complex has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of endosperm development in arabidopsis, but its role in cereal endosperm development remains obscure. additionally, the enzyme activities of the polycomb complexes have not been d ...	23505380
spatial and temporal progress of programmed cell death in the developing starchy endosperm of rice.	programmed cell death (pcd) is the genetically regulated disassembly of cells, and occurs in the endosperm of cereals during seed maturation. since pcd determines the lifetime of cells, it can affect endosperm growth and, therefore, cereal yield. however, the features and mechanisms of pcd in the developing starchy endosperm in the poaceae remain unclear. in the present study, we investigated the characteristics of pcd in developing starchy endosperm of rice (oryza sativa l.) by fluorescence mic ...	23404671
rice zinc finger protein dst enhances grain production through controlling gn1a/osckx2 expression.	the phytohormone cytokinin (ck) positively regulates the activity and function of the shoot apical meristem (sam), which is a major parameter determining seed production. the rice (oryza sativa l.) gn1a/osckx2 (grain number 1a/cytokinin oxidase 2) gene, which encodes a cytokinin oxidase, has been identified as a major quantitative trait locus contributing to grain number improvement in rice breeding practice. however, the molecular mechanism of how the expression of osckx2 is regulated in planta ...	23382237
rice-induced anaphylaxis: ige-mediated allergy against a 56-kda glycoprotein.	although rice (oryza sativa) is one of the most common cereals produced and consumed around the world, there have been only a few reports on immediate hypersensitivity reactions after ingestion of rice. few clinical studies on rice allergy in asia have been reported concerning rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis. in this case study, we identify allergens presumably responsible for anaphylaxis after ingestion of rice in a german patient.	22205234
comparative genome-wide transcriptional analysis of al-responsive genes reveals novel al tolerance mechanisms in rice.	rice (oryza sativa) is the most aluminum (al)-tolerant crop among small-grain cereals, but the mechanism underlying its high al resistance is still not well understood. to understand the mechanisms underlying high al-tolerance, we performed a comparative genome-wide transcriptional analysis by comparing expression profiling between the al-tolerance cultivar (koshihikari) and an al-sensitive mutant star1 (sensitive to al rhizotoxicity 1) in both the root tips and the basal roots. exposure to 20 µ ...	23110212
functional characterization of wheat ent-kaurene(-like) synthases indicates continuing evolution of labdane-related diterpenoid metabolism in the cereals.	wheat (triticum aestivum) and rice (oryza sativa) are two of the most agriculturally important cereal crop plants. rice is known to produce numerous diterpenoid natural products that serve as phytoalexins and/or allelochemicals. specifically, these are labdane-related diterpenoids, derived from a characteristic labdadienyl/copalyl diphosphate (cpp), whose biosynthetic relationship to gibberellin biosynthesis is evident from the relevant expanded and functionally diverse family of ent-kaurene syn ...	23009879
pre-attachment striga hermonthica resistance of new rice for africa (nerica) cultivars based on low strigolactone production.	striga hermonthica (striga) is an obligate hemiparasitic weed, causing severe yield losses in cereals, including rice, throughout sub-saharan africa. striga germination depends on strigolactones (germination stimulants) exuded by the host roots. the interspecific new rice for africa (nerica) cultivars offer a potentially interesting gene pool for a screen for low germination-inducing rice cultivars. exudates were collected from all nerica cultivars and their parents (oryza sativa and oryza glabe ...	21883233
functional characterization of wheat copalyl diphosphate synthases sheds light on the early evolution of labdane-related diterpenoid metabolism in the cereals.	two of the most agriculturally important cereal crop plants are wheat (triticum aestivum) and rice (oryza sativa). rice has been shown to produce a number of diterpenoid natural products as phytoalexins and/or allelochemicals--specifically, labdane-related diterpenoids, whose biosynthesis proceeds via formation of an eponymous labdadienyl/copalyl diphosphate (cpp) intermediate (e.g., the ent-cpp of gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis). similar to rice, wheat encodes a number of cpp synthases ( ...	23009878
long-range and targeted ectopic recombination between the two homeologous chromosomes 11 and 12 in oryza species.	whole genome duplication (wgd) and subsequent evolution of gene pairs have been shown to have shaped the present day genomes of most, if not all, plants and to have played an essential role in the evolution of many eukaryotic genomes. analysis of the rice (oryza sativa ssp. japonica) genome sequence suggested an ancestral wgd ∼50-70 ma common to all cereals and a segmental duplication between chromosomes 11 and 12 as recently as 5 ma. more recent studies based on coding sequences have demonstrat ...	21616911
convergent starvation signals and hormone crosstalk in regulating nutrient mobilization upon germination in cereals.	germination is a unique developmental transition from metabolically quiescent seed to actively growing seedling that requires an ensemble of hydrolases for coordinated nutrient mobilization to support heterotrophic growth until autotrophic photosynthesis is established. this study reveals two crucial transcription factors, mybs1 and mybga, present in rice (oryza sativa) and barley (hordeum vulgare), that function to integrate diverse nutrient starvation and gibberellin (ga) signaling pathways du ...	22773748
mechanisms for coping with submergence and waterlogging in rice.	rice (oryza sativa l.), unlike other cereals, can grow well in paddy fields and is highly tolerant of excess water stress, from either submergence (in which part or all of the plant is under water) or waterlogging (in which excess water in soil limits gas diffusion). rice handles submergence stress by internal aeration and growth controls. a quiescence strategy based on submergence-1a (sub1a) or an escape strategy based on snorkel1 (sk1) and snorkel2 (sk2) is used for the growth controls. on the ...	24764502
effect of ultraviolet-b radiation in laboratory on morphological and ultrastructural characteristics and physiological parameters of selected cultivar of oryza sativa l.	ultraviolet-b radiation (uvbr) affects plants in many important ways, including reduction of growth rate and primary productivity, and changes in ultrastructures. rice (oryza sativa) is one of the most cultivated cereals in the world, along with corn and wheat, representing over 50% of agricultural production. in this study, we examined o. sativa plants exposed to ambient outdoor radiation and laboratory-controlled photosynthetically active radiation (par) and par + uvbr conditions for 2 h/day d ...	23708376
control of abscisic acid catabolism and abscisic acid homeostasis is important for reproductive stage stress tolerance in cereals.	drought stress at the reproductive stage causes pollen sterility and grain loss in wheat (triticum aestivum). drought stress induces abscisic acid (aba) biosynthesis genes in anthers and aba accumulation in spikes of drought-sensitive wheat varieties. in contrast, drought-tolerant wheat accumulates lower aba levels, which correlates with lower aba biosynthesis and higher aba catabolic gene expression (aba 8'-hydroxylase). wheat taaba8'oh1 deletion lines accumulate higher spike aba levels and are ...	21502188
an in planta, agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression method for inducing gene silencing in rice (oryza sativa l.) leaves.	localized introduction and transient expression of t-dna constructs mediated by agro-infiltration of leaf tissues has been largely used in dicot plants for analyzing the transitivity and the cell-to cell movement of the rnai signal. in cereals, however, the morphology of the leaf and particularly the structure of the leaf epidermis, prevent infiltration of a bacterial suspension in cells by simple pressure, a method otherwise successful in dicots leaves. this study aimed at establishing a rapid ...	24279881
the family of dof transcription factors in brachypodium distachyon: phylogenetic comparison with rice and barley dofs and expression profiling.	transcription factors (tfs) are proteins that have played a central role both in evolution and in domestication, and are major regulators of development in living organisms. plant genome sequences reveal that approximately 7% of all genes encode putative tfs. the dof (dna binding with one finger) tf family has been associated with vital processes exclusive to higher plants and to their close ancestors (algae, mosses and ferns). these are seed maturation and germination, light-mediated regulation ...	23126376
evident and latent plasticity across the rice diterpene synthase family with potential implications for the evolution of diterpenoid metabolism in the cereals.	the evolution of natural product biosynthetic pathways can be envisioned to occur via a number of mechanisms. in the present study we provide evidence that latent plasticity plays a role in such metabolic evolution. in particular, rice (oryza sativa) produces both ent- and syn-cpp (copalyl diphosphate), which are substrates for downstream diterpene synthases. in the present paper we report that several members of this enzymatic family exhibit dual reactivity with some pairing of ent-, syn- or no ...	21323642
septum formation in amyloplasts produces compound granules in the rice endosperm and is regulated by plastid division proteins.	storage tissues such as seed endosperm and tubers store starch in the form of granules in the amyloplast. in the rice (oryza sativa) endosperm, each amyloplast produces compound granules consisting of several dozen polyhedral, sharp-edged and easily separable granules; whereas in other cereals, including wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare) and maize (zea mays), each amyloplast synthesizes one granule. despite extensive studies on mutants of starch synthesis in cereals, the molecu ...	20685968
megabase level sequencing reveals contrasted organization and evolution patterns of the wheat gene and transposable element spaces.	to improve our understanding of the organization and evolution of the wheat (triticum aestivum) genome, we sequenced and annotated 13-mb contigs (18.2 mb) originating from different regions of its largest chromosome, 3b (1 gb), and produced a 2x chromosome survey by shotgun illumina/solexa sequencing. all regions carried genes irrespective of their chromosomal location. however, gene distribution was not random, with 75% of them clustered into small islands containing three genes on average. a t ...	20581307
development of a novel aluminum tolerance phenotyping platform used for comparisons of cereal aluminum tolerance and investigations into rice aluminum tolerance mechanisms.	the genetic and physiological mechanisms of aluminum (al) tolerance have been well studied in certain cereal crops, and al tolerance genes have been identified in sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and wheat (triticum aestivum). rice (oryza sativa) has been reported to be highly al tolerant; however, a direct comparison of rice and other cereals has not been reported, and the mechanisms of rice al tolerance are poorly understood. to facilitate al tolerance phenotyping in rice, a high-throughput imaging s ...	20538888
a highly conserved gene island of three genes on chromosome 3b of hexaploid wheat: diverse gene function and genomic structure maintained in a tightly linked block.	the complexity of the wheat genome has resulted from waves of retrotransposable element insertions. gene deletions and disruptions generated by the fast replacement of repetitive elements in wheat have resulted in disruption of colinearity at a micro (sub-megabase) level among the cereals. in view of genomic changes that are possible within a given time span, conservation of genes between species tends to imply an important functional or regional constraint that does not permit a change in genom ...	20507561
targeted mapping of cdu1, a major locus regulating grain cadmium concentration in durum wheat (triticum turgidum l. var durum).	some durum wheat (triticum turgidum l. var durum) cultivars have the genetic propensity to accumulate cadmium (cd) in the grain. a major gene controlling grain cd concentration designated as cdu1 has been reported on 5b, but the genetic factor(s) conferring the low cd phenotype are currently unknown. the objectives of this study were to saturate the chromosomal region harboring cdu1 with newly developed pcr-based markers and to investigate the colinearity of this wheat chromosomal region with ri ...	20559817
comparative proteomic analysis of rice shoots exposed to high arsenate.	consumption of arsenic contaminated water and cereals is a serious threat to humans all over the world. rice (oryza sativa "nipponbare"), as a main cereal crop, can accumulate arsenic more than 10-fold that of in other cereals. to gain a comprehensive understanding of the response of rice subjected to 100 µm arsenate stress, a comparative proteomic analysis of rice shoots in combination with morphological and biochemical investigations have been performed in this study. the results demonstrated ...	23773616
[product development on the basis of cereal and leguminous flours to coeliac disease in children aged 6-24 months; ii: properties of the mixtures].	the nutritional formulations of high protein content, provided by a flour mixture from two andean cultures, quinua (chenopodium quinua willd) and lupino (lupinus albus l), with two traditional cereals, maize (zea mays l.) and rice (oryza sativa l.), entailed to the preparation of a "sweet mixture" for the elaboration of "queques" and another "dessert mixture" flavoured with banana, that can be prepared with water or milk, constituted a good alternative as food supplement for the nutrition of chi ...	21519743
[product development on the basis of cereal and leguminous flours to coeliac disease in children between 6-24 months; i: formulation and acceptability].	the revaluation of the andean cultivations, quinua (chenopodium quinua willd) and lupin (lupinus albus l.), to be used in nutritional mixtures, with traditional cereals like corn (zea mays l.) and rice (oryza sativa l.), originate mixtures without gluten which constitute a good alternative for the nutrition of children under 24 months that suffer from celiac disease, since they improve the quality of the protein, by essential amino acids compensation, and also impacts in the product's diversific ...	21519742
crop management techniques to enhance harvest index in rice.	a major challenge in rice (oryza sativa l.) production is to enhance water use efficiency (wue) and maintain or even increase grain yield. wue, if defined as the biomass accumulation over water consumed, may be fairly constant for a given species in given climate. wue can be enhanced by less irrigation. however, such enhancement is largely a trade-off against lower biomass production. if wue is defined as the grain production per unit amount of water irrigated, it would be possible to increase w ...	20421195
maize (zea mays): a model organism for basic and applied research in plant biology.	zea mays ssp. mays is one of the world's most important crop plants, boasting a multibillion dollar annual revenue. in addition to its agronomic importance, maize has been a keystone model organism for basic research for nearly a century. within the cereals, which include other plant model species such as rice (oryza sativa), sorghum (sorghum bicolor), wheat (triticum spp.), and barley (hordeum vulgare), maize is the most thoroughly researched genetic system. several attributes of the maize plan ...	20147033
nanosims analysis of arsenic and selenium in cereal grain.	cereals are an important source of selenium (se) to humans and many people have inadequate intakes of this essential trace element. conversely, arsenic (as) is toxic and may accumulate in rice grain at levels that pose a health risk. knowledge of the localization of selenium and arsenic within the cereal grain will aid understanding of their deposition patterns and the impact of processes such as milling. high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanosims) was used to determine the loca ...	19895416
a transporter at the node responsible for intervascular transfer of silicon in rice.	the concentration of essential mineral nutrients in the edible portion of plants such as grains may affect the nutritional value of these foods, while concentrations of toxic minerals in the plant are matter of food safety. minerals taken up by the roots from soils are normally redirected at plant nodes before they are finally transported into developing seeds. however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process have not been identified so far. herein, we report on a transporter (lsi6) re ...	19734433
nonrandom distribution and frequencies of genomic and est-derived microsatellite markers in rice, wheat, and barley.	earlier comparative maps between the genomes of rice (oryza sativa l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were linkage maps based on cdna-rflp markers. the low number of polymorphic rflp markers has limited the development of dense genetic maps in wheat and the number of available anchor points in comparative maps. higher density comparative maps using pcr-based anchor markers are necessary to better estimate the conservation of colinearity among cereal genomes. the pu ...	15720707
quantitative and qualitative studies of silica in different rice samples grown in north of iran using uv-vis, xrd and ir spectroscopy techniques.	silicon is an essential trace element and is found in vegetables, fruits, cereals, water, pasta and rice (oryza sativa). in this work, the silica content of different types of rice grains were measured. here, we used the heteropoly blue photometric method with a double beam uv-vis spectrophotometer to determine the amount of silicon in rice samples (n=7) that were collected in the north of iran. the samples were digested with wet-ashing method by microwave-assisted heating and then treated with ...	18970836
mutations of genes in synthesis of the carotenoid precursors of aba lead to pre-harvest sprouting and photo-oxidation in rice.	pre-harvest sprouting (phs) or vivipary in cereals is an important agronomic trait that results in significant economic loss. a considerable number of mutations that cause phs have been identified in several species. however, relatively few viviparous mutants in rice (oryza sativa l.) have been reported. to explore the mechanism of phs in rice, we carried out an extensive genetic screening and identified 12 phs mutants (phs). based on their phenotypes, these phs mutants were classified into thre ...	18208525
targeting the aluminum tolerance gene alt3 region in rye, using rice/rye micro-colinearity.	characterization and manipulation of aluminum (al) tolerance genes offers a solution to al toxicity problems in crop cultivation on acid soil, which composes approximately 40% of all arable land. by exploiting the rice (oryza sativa l.)/rye (secale cereale l.) syntenic relationship, the potential for map-based cloning of genes controlling al tolerance in rye (the most al-tolerant cereal) was explored. an attempt to clone an al tolerance gene (alt3) from rye was initiated by using dna markers fla ...	15688201
two ancient rounds of polyploidy in rice genome.	an ancient genome duplication (ppp1) that predates divergence of the cereals has recently been recognized. we report here another potentially older large-scale duplication (ppp2) event that predates monocot-dicot divergence in the genome of rice (oryza sativa l.), as inferred from the age distribution of pairs of duplicate genes based on recent genome data for rice. our results suggest that paleopolyploidy was widespread and played an important role in the evolution of rice.	15633242
alpha-amylase production is induced by sulfuric acid in rice aleurone cells.	the hydrolytic enzyme alpha-amylase (ec 3.2.1.1) is produced mainly in aleurone cells of germinating cereals, and the phytohormone gibberellin (ga) is essential for its induction. however, in rice (oryza sativa l.), sulfuric acid (h(2)so(4)) induces alpha-amylase production in aleurone tissue even in the absence of ga. here, the pre-treatment of rice aleurone cells with h(2)so(4) and incubation in water induced alpha-amylase activity, as if the cells had been incubated in ga solution.	17988885
conservation and divergence of apetala1/fruitfull-like gene function in grasses: evidence from gene expression analyses.	duplicated apetala1/fruitfull (ap1/ful) genes show distinct but overlapping patterns of expression within rice (oryza sativa) and within ryegrass (lolium temulentum), suggesting discrete functional roles in the transition to flowering, specification of spikelet meristem identity, and specification of floral organ identity. in this study, we analyzed the expression of the ap1/ful paralogues ful1 and ful2 across phylogenetically disparate grasses to test hypotheses of gene function. in combination ...	17666026
gene targeting by homologous recombination as a biotechnological tool for rice functional genomics.	the modification of an endogenous gene into a designed sequence by homologous recombination, termed gene targeting (gt), has broad implications for basic and applied research. rice (oryza sativa), with a sequenced genome of 389 mb, is one of the most important crops and a model plant for cereals, and the single-copy gene waxy on chromosome 6 has been modified with a frequency of 1% per surviving callus by gt using a strong positive-negative selection. because the strategy is independent of gene- ...	17449652
fine mapping of a grain-weight quantitative trait locus in the pericentromeric region of rice chromosome 3.	as the basis for fine mapping of a grain-weight qtl, gw3.1, a set of near isogenic lines (nils), was developed from an oryza sativa, cv. jefferson x o. rufipogon (irgc105491) population based on five generations of backcrossing and seven generations of selfing. despite the use of an interspecific cross for mapping and the pericentromeric location of the qtl, we observed no suppression of recombination and have been able to narrow down the location of the gene underlying this qtl to a 93.8-kb reg ...	15611185
allele mining for stress tolerance genes in oryza species and related germplasm.	allele mining exploits the deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) sequence of one genotype to isolate useful alleles from related genotypes. the international project to sequence the genome of oryza sativa l cv. nipponbare will make allele mining possible for all genes of rice and possibly related cereals. we used a rice calmodulin gene, a rice gene encoding a late embryogenesis-associated protein, and salt-inducible rice gene to optimize the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for allele mining of stress tole ...	15208452
induction of cytoplasmic mannose-binding jacalin-related lectins is a common phenomenon in cereals treated with jasmonate methyl ester.	treatment of whole plants with jasmonic acid methyl ester induces lectin activity in leaves of oryza sativa, hordeum vulgare, triticum vulgare, secale cereale and zea mays. purification and characterization of the lectins revealed that they all have a very similar molecular structure and carbohydrate-binding properties. further analysis of the cdna clones encoding the lectins revealed that they all belong to the family of cytoplasmic mannose-specific jacalin-related lectins.	15560260
comparative sequence analysis of the region harboring the hardness locus in barley and its colinear region in rice.	the ancestral shared synteny concept has been advocated as an approach to positionally clone genes from complex genomes. however, the unified grass genome model and the study of grasses as a single syntenic genome is a topic of considerable controversy. hence, more quantitative studies of cereal colinearity at the sequence level are required. this study compared a contiguous 300-kb sequence of the barley (hordeum vulgare) genome with the colinear region in rice (oryza sativa). the barley sequenc ...	15466237
putative fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-proteins (fla) in wheat (triticum aestivum) and rice (oryza sativa): identification and bioinformatic analyses.	putative plant adhesion molecules include arabinogalactan-proteins having fasciclin-like domains. in animal, fasciclin proteins participate in cell adhesion and communication. however, the molecular basis of interactions in plants is still unknown and none of these domains have been characterized in cereals. this work reports the characterization of 34 wheat (triticum aestivum) and 24 rice (oryza sativa) fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-proteins (flas). bioinformatics analyses show that cereal fla ...	16944204
computational prediction and experimental verification of hva1-like abscisic acid responsive promoters in rice (oryza sativa).	abscisic acid (aba) is one of the central plant hormones, responsible for controlling both maturation and germination in seeds, as well as mediating adaptive responses to desiccation, injury, and pathogen infection in vegetative tissues. thorough analyses of two barley genes, hva1 and hva22, indicate that their response to aba relies on the interaction of two cis-acting elements in their promoters, an aba response element (abre) and a coupling element (ce). together, they form an aba response pr ...	16845480
heterogeneous expression patterns and separate roles of the sepallata gene leafy hull sterile1 in grasses.	sepallata (sep) genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression and function in the grass species rice (oryza sativa) and maize (zea mays), suggesting that the role of the genes has changed during the evolution of the family. here, we examine expression of the sep-like gene leafy hull sterile1 (lhs1) in phylogenetically disparate grasses, reconstruct the pattern of gene expression evolution within the family, and then use the expression patterns to test hypotheses of gene function. our data suppor ...	15208396
from weeds to crops: genetic analysis of root development in cereals.	root development of arabidopsis, zea mays (maize) and oryza sativa (rice) differs in both overall architecture and the anatomy of individual roots. in maize and rice, the post-embryonic shoot-borne root system becomes the major backbone of the root stock; in arabidopsis, the embryonic root system formed by a simple primary root and its lateral roots remains dominant. recently, several specific root mutants and root-specific genes have been identified and characterized in maize and rice. interest ...	14729218
structural and histochemical studies on grain-filling in the caryopsis of rice (oryza sativa l.).	the endosperm and embryo that constitute the filial tissues of rice caryopsis are isolated from the maternal tissues by the absence of any symplastic continuity. nutrients are transported to the endosperm through a single ovular vascular trace present on the ventral side of the ovary. initially solute enters through the chalaza into the nucellar projection and then into the endosperm. at later stages transport occurs through the nucellar epidermis, centripetally towards the endosperm. the cell w ...	12799492
rapid evolution in sequence and length of the nuclear-located gene for mitochondrial l2 ribosomal protein in cereals.	the l2 ribosomal protein is typically one of the most conserved proteins in the ribosome and is universally present in bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic cytosolic and organellar ribosomes. it is usually 260-270 amino acids long and its binding to the large-subunit ribosomal rna near the peptidyl transferase center is mediated by a beta-barrel rna-binding domain with 10 beta strands. in the diverse land plants marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) and oryza sativa (rice), the mitochondrial-encoded ...	16604111
posttranslational regulation of pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase in developing rice (oryza sativa) seeds.	pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (ppdk; e.c.2.7.9.1) is most well known as a photosynthetic enzyme in c4 plants. the enzyme is also ubiquitous in c3 plant tissues, although a precise non-photosynthetic c3 function(s) is yet to be validated, owing largely to its low abundance in most c3 organs. the single c3 organ type where ppdk is in high abundance, and, therefore, where its function is most amenable to elucidation, are the developing seeds of graminaceous cereals. in this report, we suggest a ...	16596412
grain filling of cereals under soil drying.	monocarpic plants require the initiation of whole-plant senescence to remobilize and transfer assimilates pre-stored in vegetative tissues to grains. delayed whole-plant senescence caused by either heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer or adoption of lodging-resistant cultivars/hybrids that remain green when the grains are due to ripen results in a low harvest index with much nonstructural carbohydrate (nsc) left in the straw. usually, water stress during the grain-filling period induces early senesc ...	16411926
high transferability of bread wheat est-derived ssrs to other cereals.	the increasing availability of expressed sequence tags (ests) in wheat (triticum aestivum) and related cereals provides a valuable resource of non-anonymous dna molecular markers. in this study, 300 primer pairs were designed from 265 wheat ests that contain microsatellites in order to develop new markers for wheat. their level of transferability in eight related species [triticum durum, t. monococcum, aegilops speltoides, ae. tauschii, rye (secale cereale), barley (hordeum vulgare), agropyron e ...	16034582
adventitious root formation in rice requires osgnom1 and is mediated by the ospins family.	the fibrous root system in cereals comprises primarily adventitious roots (ars), which play important roles in nutrient and water uptake. current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism underlying ar development is still limited. we report here the isolation of four rice (oryza sativa l.) mutants, from different genetic backgrounds, all of which were defective in ar formation. these mutants exhibited reduced numbers of lateral roots (lrs) and partial loss of gravitropism. the mutants also di ...	19546891
the c-glycosylation of flavonoids in cereals.	flavonoids normally accumulate in plants as o-glycosylated derivatives, but several species, including major cereal crops, predominantly synthesize flavone-c-glycosides, which are stable to hydrolysis and are biologically active both in planta and as dietary components. an enzyme (oscgt) catalyzing the udp-glucose-dependent c-glucosylation of 2-hydroxyflavanone precursors of flavonoids has been identified and cloned from rice (oryza sativa ssp. indica), with a similar protein characterized in wh ...	19411659
evolutionary and expression study of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) gene superfamily in rice (oryza sativa).	aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) superfamily represents a group of nad(p)(+)-dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids. a total of twenty aldh genes were identified in the rice genome. they were grouped into 10 distinct families based on protein sequence identity. the whole genome duplication (wgd) predating the divergence of cereals and tandem duplications represent the major mechanism for this superfamily expansion. i ...	19071198
arl1, a lob-domain protein required for adventitious root formation in rice.	adventitious roots constitute the bulk of the fibrous root system in cereals. compared with the current understanding of shoot development, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of development of the adventitious roots of cereals is limited. we have isolated and characterized a novel gene controlling the initiation of adventitious root primordia in rice (oryza sativa l.). the gene, designated adventitious rootless1 (arl1), encodes a protein with a lateral organ boundaries (lob) domain. it is exp ...	15960615
the evolution of constans-like gene families in barley, rice, and arabidopsis.	the co (constans) gene of arabidopsis has an important role in the regulation of flowering by photoperiod. co is part of a gene family with 17 members that are subdivided into three classes, termed group i to iii here. all members of the family have a cct (co, co-like, toc1) domain near the carboxy terminus. group i genes, which include co, have two zinc finger b-boxes near the amino terminus. group ii genes have one b-box, and group iii genes have one b-box and a second diverged zinc finger. an ...	12692345
convergent evolution of perenniality in rice and sorghum.	annual and perennial habit are two major strategies by which grasses adapt to seasonal environmental change, and these distinguish cultivated cereals from their wild relatives. rhizomatousness, a key trait contributing to perenniality, was investigated by using an f(2) population from a cross between cultivated rice (oryza sativa) and its wild relative, oryza longistaminata. molecular mapping based on a complete simple sequence-repeat map revealed two dominant-complementary genes controlling rhi ...	12642667
sugar modulation of alpha-amylase genes under anoxia.	tolerance to low oxygen availability is likely to be due to the interaction of several factors. sugar availability is one of the elements required to support anaerobic metabolism. in cereal grains the availability of soluble sugars is limited, while starch is stored in large amounts. degradation of starch under anoxia is therefore needed to avoid sugar starvation leading to rapid cell death. the striking difference in the ability to produce alpha-amylase when comparing the anoxia-tolerant rice ( ...	12509335
mapping of genes controlling aluminum tolerance in rice: comparison of different genetic backgrounds.	aluminum toxicity is the main factor limiting the productivity of crop plants in acid soils, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. in this study, a doubled-haploid population derived from the rice ( oryza sativa l.) breeding lines ct9993 and ir62266 was used to map genes controlling al tolerance. a genetic linkage map consisting of 280 dna markers (rflp, aflp and ssr) was constructed to determine the position and nature of quantitative trait loci (qtls) affecting al tolerance. three charac ...	12207224
barley cbf3 gene identification, expression pattern, and map location.	although cold and drought adaptation in cereals and other plants involve the induction of a large number of genes, inheritance studies in triticeae (wheat [triticum aestivum], barley [hordeum vulgare], and rye [secale cereale]) have revealed only a few major loci for frost or drought tolerance that are consistent across multiple genetic backgrounds and environments. one might imagine that these loci could encode highly conserved regulatory factors that have global effects on gene expression; the ...	12177491
a draft sequence of the rice genome (oryza sativa l. ssp. japonica).	the genome of the japonica subspecies of rice, an important cereal and model monocot, was sequenced and assembled by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. the assembled sequence covers 93% of the 420-megabase genome. gene predictions on the assembled sequence suggest that the genome contains 32,000 to 50,000 genes. homologs of 98% of the known maize, wheat, and barley proteins are found in rice. synteny and gene homology between rice and the other cereal genomes are extensive, whereas synteny with ar ...	11935018
futile transmembrane nh4(+) cycling: a cellular hypothesis to explain ammonium toxicity in plants.	most higher plants develop severe toxicity symptoms when grown on ammonium (nh(4)(+)) as the sole nitrogen source. recently, nh(4)(+) toxicity has been implicated as a cause of forest decline and even species extinction. although mechanisms underlying nh(4)(+) toxicity have been extensively sought, the primary events conferring it at the cellular level are not understood. using a high-precision positron tracing technique, we here present a cell-physiological characterization of nh(4)(+) acquisit ...	11274450
aldose reductase in rice (oryza sativa l.): stress response and developmental specificity.	aldose reductase (ar) protein and enzyme (alditol: nad (p)(+) 1-oxidoreductase, ec 1.1.1.21) activity have been identified in mature seeds of indica rice cultivars. the protein begins to accumulate 15 days after pollination, reaches a peak at seed maturity and disappears upon imbibition. furthermore, ar is induced in vegetative tissues in response to exogenous aba application and other stress conditions, such as peg mediated water stress and salinity. increase in ar protein levels upon stress ar ...	11164587
amylolytic activities in cereal seeds under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.	an adequate carbohydrate supply contributes to the survival of seeds under conditions of limited oxygen availability. the amount of soluble, readily fermentable carbohydrates in dry cereal seeds is usually very limited, with starch representing the main storage compound. starch breakdown during the germination of cereal seeds is the result of the action of hydrolytic enzymes and only through the concerted action of [alpha]-amylase (ec 3.2.1.1), [beta]-amylase (ec 3.2.1.2), debranching enzyme (ec ...	12228653
purification and characterization of phospholipase d (pld) from rice (oryza sativa l.) and cloning of cdna for pld from rice and maize (zea mays l.).	phospholipase d (pld) was purified to high homogeneity from rice bran (oryza sativa l.). two peaks of pld activity were resolved by mono q anion-exchange chromatography. the molecular mass of pld in both peaks was 82 kda on sds-page and 78 kda in gel filtration. antibodies raised against the protein in one of the peaks precipitated the enzyme activities in both peaks. enzymatic characteristics of pld in the two peaks were identical except for a difference of 0.1 in the isoelectric points. sequen ...	7551587
physical mapping of the 5s rdna gene complex in rice (oryza sativa).	this study was designed to use biotin labelling in situ hybridization to physically map the 5s rdna genes to a chromosome arm location in rice. chromosome preparations were made using an improved protoplast technique, which resulted in more mitotic cells with less overlying cytoplasmic and cellular debris. cells in which both chromatids were labelled were observed. the hybridization detection level for the 5s rdna gene complex was 17.22%. the results established that the 5s rdna gene complex of ...	18470015
malting and brewing qualities of some nigerian rice (oryza sativa l.) varieties and some thoughts on the assessment of malts from tropical cereals.	the maiting qualities of six varieties of nigerian rice were studied and compared with malts from sorghum and barley. a minimum of seven days was necessary for maximum yield of extract from malted rice. the beer brewed from the six rice malts were similar to each other and to those from sorghum and barley in analytical properties. the appropriateness of using methods designed for assessing barley malt should be re-examined for studying malts from tropical cereals. meanwhile, it should be suffici ...	24429992
transient gene expression in maize, rice, and wheat cells using an airgun apparatus.	an airgun apparatus has been constructed for transient gene expression studies of monocots. this device utilizes compressed air from a commercial airgun to propel macroprojectile and dna-coated tungsten particles. the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene was used to monitor transient expression in three distinct cell types of maize (zea mays), rice (oryza sativa), and wheat (triticum aestivum). the highest level of gus activity in cultured maize cells was observed when distance between stoppin ...	16667278