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can we predict community-wide effects of herbicides from toxicity tests on macrophyte species?macrophyte communities play an essential role in the way freshwater ecosystems function. it is thus of great concern to understand how environmental factors, especially anthropogenic ones, influence their composition and diversity. the aim of this study was to examine whether the effects of a herbicide mixture (50% atrazine, 35% isoproturon, 15% alachlor) on single macrophyte species can be used to predict its impact at a community level. in a first experiment we tested the sensitivity of six sp ...201020926143
duckweed (lemna minor) as a model plant system for the study of human microbial pathogenesis.plant infection models provide certain advantages over animal models in the study of pathogenesis. however, current plant models face some limitations, e.g., plant and pathogen cannot co-culture in a contained environment. development of such a plant model is needed to better illustrate host-pathogen interactions.201021049039
anti-inflammatory and enzyme inhibitory activities of a crude extract and a pterocarpan isolated from the aerial parts of vitex agnus-castus.a new compound, 6a,11a-dihydro-6h-[1] benzofuro [3,2-c][1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]chromen-9-ol was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of vitex agnus-castus. the structure of this compound was identified with the help of spectroscopic techniques ((13)c nmr, (1)h nmr, hmbc, hmqc, noesy and cosy). the compound showed low urease- (32.0%) and chymotrypsin- (31.4%) inhibitory activity, and moderate (41.3%) anti-inflammatory activity. the crude extract and various fractions obtained from the aerial parts ...201021058321
efficient colonization of plant roots by the plant growth promoting bacterium bacillus amyloliquefaciens fzb42, engineered to express green fluorescent protein.a single copy of the gfp gene linked with the p(spac) promoter and flanked by the terminal fzb42 amye sequences was stably integrated into the chromosome of plant growth promoting bacterium bacillus amyloliquefaciens fzb42 via homologous recombination. a spontaneous mutant, fb01mut, emitting bright fluorescence was detected among the transformants and found suitable for colonization experiments performed with zea mays, arabidopsis thaliana and lemna minor. real-time rt-pcr revealed that fb01mut ...201121237217
complex evaluation of ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of antimicrobials oxytetracycline and flumequine used in aquaculture.ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of widely used veterinary antimicrobials oxytetracycline and flumequine was studied with six model organisms (vibrio fischeri, pseudomonas putida, pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, lemna minor, daphnia magna, escherichia coli). overall median effective concentration (ec50) values ranged from 0.22 mg/l to 86 mg/l. pseudomonas putida was the most sensitive organism (ec50 values for 16-h growth inhibition were 0.22 and 0.82 mg/l for oxytetracycline and flumequine, respec ...201121312248
biomedicine in the environment: cyclotides constitute potent natural toxins in plants and soil bacteria.bioactive compounds produced by plants are easily transferred to soil and water and may cause adverse ecosystem effects. cyclotides are gene-encoded, circular, cystine-rich mini-proteins produced in violaceae and rubiaceae in high amounts. based on their biological activity and stability, cyclotides have promising pharmaceutical and agricultural applications. we report the toxicity of the cyclotides: kalata b1, kalata b2, and cycloviolacin o2 extracted from plants to green algae (pseudokirchneri ...201121337607
acute and chronic toxicity of betanal®expert and its active ingredients on nontarget aquatic organisms from different trophic levels.as a way to improve the efficacy to target organisms, new pesticide generation is based on technologically advanced coformulations of two or more active ingredients. one example is betanal®expert, a postemergence herbicide composed of an advanced micro droplet coformulation of phenmedipham, desmedipham, and ethofumesate. although its composed formulation brings an increase in the pesticide performance, it can also enhance its toxicity to nontarget species. therefore, the present study intends to ...201121374783
aquatic arsenic: phytoremediation using floating macrophytes.phytoremediation, a plant based green technology, has received increasing attention after the discovery of hyperaccumulating plants which are able to accumulate, translocate, and concentrate high amount of certain toxic elements in their above-ground/harvestable parts. phytoremediation includes several processes namely, phytoextraction, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization and phytovolatilization. both terrestrial and aquatic plants have been tested to remediate contaminated soi ...201121435676
phytotoxic, antifungal activities and acute toxicity studies of the crude extract and compounds from diospyros canaliculata.in vitro biological activities including phytotoxic, antifungal activities as well as acute toxicity of the methanol extract, fractions and/or isolated compounds from the stem bark of diospyros canaliculata were investigated. well agar diffusion and macrodilution assays were used for investigating the antifungal activity. a phytotoxicity assay was performed against lemna minor while an acute toxicity assay was performed in mice via oral administration. as a result, plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl- ...201121462073
effects of the pharmaceuticals gemfibrozil and diclofenac on biomarker expression in the zebra mussel (dreissena polymorpha) and their comparison with standardised toxicity tests.pharmaceuticals, including the lipid regulator gemfibrozil and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac have been identified in waste water treatment plant effluents and receiving waters throughout the western world. the acute and chronic toxicity of these compounds was assessed for three freshwater species (daphnia magna, pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, lemna minor) using standardised toxicity tests with toxicity found in the non-environmentally relevant mid mg l(-1) concentration r ...201121489596
cylindrospermopsin inhibits growth and modulates protease activity in the aquatic plants lemna minor l. and wolffia arrhiza (l.) horkel.the toxic effects of cylindrospermopsin (cyanobacterial toxin) on animals have been examined extensively, but little research has focused on their effects on plants. in this study cylindrospermopsin (cyn) caused alterations of growth, soluble protein content and protease enzyme activity were studied on two aquatic plants lemna minor and wolffia arrhiza in short-term (5 days) experiments. for the treatments we used cyn containing crude extracts of aphanizomenon ovalisporum (bgsd-423) and purified ...201021565767
removal of chlorpyrifos by water lettuce (pistia stratiotes l.) and duckweed (lemna minor l.).the potential of water lettuce (pistia stratiotes l.) and duckweed (lemna minor l.) to remove chlorpyrifos in water was investigated under laboratory greenhouse conditions. at initial chlorpyrifos concentrations of 0.0, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/l, the relative growth rates (rgr) of l. minor and p. stratiotes were not significantly different. in contrast, in the presence of 1 mg/l chlorpyrifos the rgr was significantly inhibited, giving an observed fresh weight based rgr(fw) for p. stratiotes and l. minor ...201121598800
ecotoxicity evaluation of selected sulfonamides.sulfonamides (sas) are a group of antibiotic drugs widely used in veterinary medicine. the contamination of the environment by these pharmaceuticals has raised concern in recent years. however, knowledge of their (eco)toxicity is still very basic and is restricted to just a few of these substances. even though their toxicological analysis has been thoroughly performed and ecotoxicological data are available in the literature, a systematic analysis of their ecotoxicological potential has yet to b ...201121752420
Removal of faecal bacteria from septage by treating it in a full-scale duckweed-covered pond system.Performance of a full-scale duckweed-covered treatment system in removing faecal bacteria is presented. The system consisted of three ponds in series and received septage from holding tanks. Inflow averaged between 36 m(3) d(-1) in the cold season and 60 m(3) d(-1) in the warm season, resulting in a total hydraulic retention time of 88 and 58 days, respectively. Duckweed (Lemna minor) colonized the ponds in the summer and continued to grow in the cold season. Due to the difficult harvesting proc ...201121872385
assessment of a full-scale duckweed pond system for septage treatment.environmental conditions and wastewater treatment performance in a full-scale duckweed pond system are presented. the treatment system consisted of three stabilization ponds in series and was fed with septage. vacuum trucks pumped the septage from residential holding tanks and discharged it to the system daily. the inflow rates averaged 36 m3 d(-1) in the cold season and 60 m3 d(-1) in the warm season. duckweed (lemna minor) colonized the ponds in the warm months and survived during the cold sea ...201121879554
Toxicity of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin to photoautotrophic aquatic organisms.The present study investigated the growth inhibition effect of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin on four photoautotrophic aquatic species: the freshwater microalga Desmodesmus subspicatus, the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae, the monocotyledonous macrophyte Lemna minor, and the dicotyledonous macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum. Both antibiotics, which act by inhibiting the bacterial DNA gyrase, demonstrated high toxicity to A. flos-aquae and L. minor and moderate to ...201121919043
high-throughput sequencing of three lemnoideae (duckweeds) chloroplast genomes from total dna.chloroplast genomes provide a wealth of information for evolutionary and population genetic studies. chloroplasts play a particularly important role in the adaption for aquatic plants because they float on water and their major surface is exposed continuously to sunlight. the subfamily of lemnoideae represents such a collection of aquatic species that because of photosynthesis represents one of the fastest growing plant species on earth.201121931804
evaluation of the hazardous impact of landfill leachates by toxicity and biodegradability tests.the aim of our research was to assess the ecotoxicity and biodegradability of leachates originating from two parts of a municipal landfill before and after biological treatment in the existing treatment plant. biotests represent important tools for adequate environmental characterization of landfill leachates and could be helpful in reliable assessment and monitoring of the treatment plant efficiency. for ecotoxicity testing of landfill leachate before and after biological treatment, different o ...201121970176
Phytotoxicity testing of lysimeter leachates from aided phytostabilized Cu-contaminated soils using duckweed (Lemna minor L.).Aided phytostabilization of a Cu-contaminated soil was conducted at a wood preservation site located in southwest France using outdoor lysimeters to study leaching from the root zone and leachate ecotoxicity. The effects of Cu-tolerant plants (Agrostis gigantea L. and Populus trichocarpa x deltoides cv. Beaupré) and four amendments were investigated with seven treatments: untreated soil without plants (UNT) and with plants (PHYTO), and planted soils amended with compost (OM, 5% per air-dried soi ...201122000292
[uses of algae and mosses in medicinal manuscripts].in this study medicinal uses of algae and mosses are investigated in manuscripts of ibn-i baytar (ibn al baithar), ibn-i sina (avicenna), huneyn bin ishak (joannitus), dioscorides and plinius. ulva lactuca and fucus sp. have been identified according to the descriptions given in these manuscripts. it is designated that the arabic term "tuhlub" occupies both the meanings of any algal species and lemna minor of spermatophyta.201122164736
acute and chronic toxicity of benzotriazoles to aquatic organisms.purpose: resulting from their intensive use as corrosion inhibitors in aircraft deicing and anti-icing fluids (adaf) and for silver protection in dishwasher detergents benzotriazoles (bts) are widespread in european surface waters. the current study aimed on an ecotoxicological characterization of 1h-benzotriazole (1h-bt) and 5-methyl-1h-benzotriazole (5mbt). methods: acute and chronic oecd guideline tests were c ...201122203403
stress responses of duckweed (lemna minor l.) and water velvet (azolla filiculoides lam.) to anionic surfactant sodium-dodecyl-sulphate (sds).surfactants are used for several purposes and recently they have attracted the attention for their ability to modify the behavior of other preexistent or co-disposed contaminants, although their use or discharge in wastewaters can represent a real or potential risk for the environment. lemna minor l. and azolla filiculoides lam. are floating aquatic macrophytes, very effective in accumulating several pollutants including sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds). in this work we evaluated the effects of sds ...201122277247
gram-positive rhizobacterium bacillus amyloliquefaciens fzb42 colonizes three types of plants in different patterns.the colonization of three types of different plants, zea mays, arabidopsis thaliana, and lemna minor, by gfp-labeled gram-positive rhizobacterium bacillus amyloliquefaciens fzb42 was studied in gnotobiotic systems using confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy. it was demonstrated that fzb42 was able to colonize all the plants. on one hand, similar to some gram-negative rhizobacteria like pseudomonas, fzb42 favored the areas such as the concavities in root surfaces and the junc ...201222367935
ecotoxicological effects of ciprofloxacin on freshwater species: data integration and derivation of toxicity thresholds for risk assessment.although antibiotics have been increasingly used and detected in natural samples, their ecotoxicological effects on aquatic wildlife are not yet extensively studied. considering the environmental threat posed by the biological activity of antibiotics it is quite relevant to assess the resulting impact, especially on sub-lethal endpoints. as such, this study evaluated the effects of ciprofloxacin on pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and lemna minor growth, on the survival and reproduction of daphni ...201222373897
exploring the applications of invertebrate host-pathogen models for in vivo biofilm infections.in the natural environment, microorganisms exist together in self-produced polymeric matrix biofilms. often, several species, which can belong to both bacterial and fungal kingdoms, coexist and interact in ways which are not completely understood. biofilm infections have become prevalent largely in medical settings because of the increasing use of indwelling medical devices such as catheters or prosthetics. these infections are resistant to common antimicrobial therapies because of the inherent ...201222533965
whole effluent toxicity assessment at a wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation using aquatic key species.ozonation as final wastewater (ww) polishing step, following conventional activated sludge treatment is increasingly implemented in sewage treatment for contaminant degradation to prevent surface water pollution. while the oxidative degradation of chemicals has been extensively investigated, the in vivo toxicological characteristics of ozonated whole effluents are rarely a matter of research. in the present study, whole effluents were toxicologically evaluated with an in vivo test battery before ...201222560180
phytoremediation of the toxic effluent generated during recovery of precious metals from polymetallic sea nodules.recovery of metals from the polymetallic sea nodules at the pilot plant at national metallurgical laboratory, jamshedpur, india has generated a highly toxic effluent. this effluent contains several metals like mn, cu, zn, fe, pb, cr, and cd that pollute the neighboring water bodies when discharged. hence detoxification of this effluent was practiced using two plants: lemna minor and azolla pinnata for 7 days. during investigation a. pinnata removed 96% of mn, 97% of cu, 98% of zn, 70% of fe, 96% ...201222567724
phytoremediation of the coalmine effluent.coal mine effluent was subjected to detoxification by phytoremediation using two macrophytes azolla pinnata and lemna minor. both plants were kept separately in the effluents for 7 day. the initial concentration (mg l⁻¹) of eight metals: fe, mn, cu, zn, ni, pb, cr and cd investigated in the effluent were 22.91±0.02, 9.61±1.6, 2.04±0.23, 1.03±0.15, 0.86±0.19, 0.69±0.11, 0.18±0.007 and 0.06±0.008 respectively. the initial fresh biomass of each plant was 100g. after one week, metals removed in a. p ...201222571948
biological removal of azo and triphenylmethane dyes and toxicity of process by-products.increasing environmental pollution is connected with broad applications of dyes and imperfection of dyeing technology. decolourization of triphenylmethane brilliant green and disazo evans blue by bacterial and fungal strains and toxicity (phyto- and zootoxicity) of degradation by-products were investigated. influence of incubation method on dyes removal was evaluated (static, semi-static, shaken). dead biomass was used for sorption estimation. toxicity of treated dyes was measured to estimate po ...201122593606
sublethal effects of trimethoprim on four freshwater organisms.sublethal effects of trimethoprim (tmp) were evaluated in four freshwater organisms: pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and lemna minor (growth inhibition), daphnia magna (reproduction and growth inhibition) and poecilia reticulata (swimming activity inhibition). cytochrome p4501a induction was also evaluated in p. reticulata. tmp showed varying levels of toxicity in the four test performed, with noec for the various endpoints in the range of 3.12-25 mg l(-1). the compound was active on p. reticula ...201222687886
phomentrioloxin: a phytotoxic pentasubstituted geranylcyclohexentriol produced by phomopsis sp., a potential mycoherbicide for carthamus lanatus biocontrol.a new phytotoxic geranylcyclohexenetriol, named phomentrioloxin, was isolated from the liquid culture of phomopsis sp., a fungal pathogen proposed for the biological control of carthamus lanatus, a widespread and troublesome thistle weed belonging to the asteraceae family causing severe crop and pastures losses in australia. the structure of phomentrioloxin was established by spectroscopic, x-ray, and chemical methods as (1s,2s,3s,4s)-3-methoxy-6-(7-methyl-3-methylene-oct-6-en-1-ynyl)cyclohex-5- ...201222694489
ecotoxicological assessment and evaluation of a pine bark biosorbent treatment of five landfill leachates.when selecting a landfill leachate treatment method the contaminant composition of the leachate should be considered in order to obtain the most cost-effective treatment option. in this study the filter material pine bark was evaluated as a treatment for five landfill leachates originating from different cells of the same landfill in sweden. the objective of the study was to determine the uptake, or release, of metals and dissolved organic carbon (doc) during a leaching test using the pine bark ...201222703999
growing lemna minor in agricultural wastewater and converting the duckweed biomass to ethanol.duckweed (lemna minor) was grown in swine lagoon wastewater and schenk & hildebrandt medium with a growth rate of 3.5 and 14.1 g m(-2)day(-1) (dry basis), respectively detected. the rapid accumulation of starch in duckweed biomass (10-36%, w/w) was triggered by nutrient starvation or growing in dark with addition of glucose. the harvested duckweed biomass (from culture in wastewater) contained 20.3% (w/w) total glucan, 32.3% (w/w) proteins, trace hemicellulose and undetectable lignin. without pr ...201222985823
ecotoxicological effects evoked in hydrophytes by leachates of invasive acer negundo and autochthonous alnus glutinosa fallen off leaves during their microbial decomposition.throughout 90-day biodegradation under microaerobic conditions, invasive to lithuania species boxelder maple (acer negundo) leaves lost 1.5-fold more biomass than that of autochthonous black alder (alnus glutinosa), releasing higher contents of n(tot), ammonium and generating higher bod(7). boxelder maple leaf leachates were characterized by higher total bacterial numbers and colony numbers of heterotrophic and cellulose-decomposing bacteria than those of black alder. the higher toxicity of a. n ...201323202636
screening of solanum surrattense for antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic and haemagglutination.plants produce a variety of useful bioactive materials that have been used to cure different ailments of human beings. with the same idea in mind, the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of solanum surrattense were screened for antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic and heamagglutination activities.201223427398
bioassay analysis of efficacy of phytoremediation in decontamination of coal mine effluent.phytoremediation efficacy of lemna minor and azolla pinnata in decontaminating metals from coal mine effluent (cme) was analyzed using bioassays. catfish heteropneustes fossilis were exposed to both the phytoremediated cmes for the metal bioaccumulation analysis and biochemical alteration in seven vital tissues. gross concentration of metals accumulated in liver, kidneys, air breathing organs (abo), skin and muscle were greater in fish exposed to a. pinnata remediated cme (ap-cme) than those exp ...201323566881
genetic transformation of indian isolate of lemna minor mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens and recovery of transgenic plants.transgenic plants of an indian isolate of lemna minor have been developed for the first time using agrobacterium tumefaciens and hard nodular cell masses 'nodular calli' developed on the bap - pretreated daughter frond explants in b5 medium containing sucrose (1.0 %) with 2,4-d (5.0 μm) and 2-ip (50.0 μm) or 2,4-d (50.0 μm) and tdz (5.0 μm) under light conditions. these calli were co-cultured with a. tumefaciens strain eha105 harboring a binary vector that contained genes for β-glucuronidase wit ...201123573002
acute toxicity and environmental risk of teflubenzuron to daphnia magna, poecilia reticulata and lemna minor in the absence and presence of sediment.this study aimed to estimate the acute toxicity of teflubenzuron (1-(3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea) (tfb) for daphnia magna, lemna minor and poecilia reticulata, in the absence and presence of sediment; evaluate the effect of sediment on the tfb bioavailability; and to classify this insecticide according to its environmental poisoning risk for agricultural and aquaculture uses. the tests of tfb acute toxicity were conducted in static system in a completely randomiz ...201323581694
influence of the bioaccessible fraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the ecotoxicity of historically contaminated soils.sequential supercritical fluid extraction together with a two-site desorption model were employed to estimate the bioaccessible fraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in four historically contaminated soils. the ecotoxicity of the soils was assayed by four different contact tests. the same soils were exposed to exhaustive extraction and the extracts were returned to the soils to ensure total 100% bioaccessibility of the pollutants. then the soils were assayed again. statistical eval ...201323611796
effectiveness of dyes removal by mixed fungal cultures and toxicity of their metabolites.decolorization of brilliant green (0.06 g/l), evans blue (0.15 g/l), and their mixture (total concentration 0.08 g/l, proportion 1:1 w/w) by fungi was studied. fungal strains [pleurotus ostreatus (bwph), gloeophyllum odoratum (dca), and fusarium oxysporum (g1)] were used separately and as a mixture of them. zootoxicity (daphnia magna) and phytotoxicity (lemna minor) changes were estimated after the end of experiment. mixtures of fungal strains were less effective in decolorization process than t ...201323687394
aquatic toxicity of four veterinary drugs commonly applied in fish farming and animal husbandry.doramectin (dor), metronidazole (met), florfenicol (flo), and oxytetracycline (oxt) are among the most widely used veterinary drugs in animal husbandry or in aquaculture. contamination of the environment by these pharmaceuticals has given cause for concern in recent years. even though their toxicity has been thoroughly analyzed, knowledge of their ecotoxicity is still limited. we investigated their aquatic toxicity using tests with marine bacteria (vibrio fischeri), green algae (scenedesmus vacu ...201323689096
bioassay-guided isolation of a low molecular weight phb from burkholderia sp. with phytotoxic activity.this work reports on the bioassay-guided isolation and identification of the macrocyclic pentolide 1, a cyclic polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) with low molecular weight. this metabolite is produced by burkholderia sp. and it exhibited phytotoxic activity in a lemna minor bioassay. its structure was determined by (1)h and (13)c nmr, heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, ir, and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analyses. the period for maxim ...201323722946
mercury toxicity to freshwater organisms: extrapolation using species sensitivity distribution.mercury toxicity to aquatic organisms was evaluated in different taxonomic groups showing the following species sensitivity gradient: daphnia magna > daphnia longispina > pseudokirchneriella subcapitata > chlorella vulgaris > lemna minor > chironomus riparius. toxicity values ranged from 3.49 μg/l (48 h-ec₅₀ of d. magna) to 1.58 mg/l (48 h-ec₅₀ of c. riparius). a species sensitivity distribution was used to estimate hazardous mercury concentration at 5 % level (hc5) and the predicted no effect c ...201323771310
assessment of surface water in the vicinity of fertilizer factory using fish and plants.the genotoxic and toxic potential of polluted surface water exposed to a fertilizer factory effluent was evaluated using assays with fish (cyprinus carpio) and plant (lemna minor) model organisms. beside classical physicochemical parameters, the contents of fluorides, some heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed as well. surface water caused inhibition of plant growth and decrease of photosynthetic pigment content. regarding dna damage and oxidative stress parameters, bot ...201323871567
ecotoxicity of climbazole, a fungicide contained in antidandruff shampoo.emerging pollutants such as personal care products can reach the environment via effluents from wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) and digested sludge. only recently, the antidandruff agent and antimycotic climbazole was detected for the first time in a wwtp effluent with concentrations up to 0.5 µg/l. climbazole acts as a c14-demethylase inhibitor (dmi) fungicide and thus has a high efficacy against fungi, but knowledge of its potential environmental impact is lacking. therefore, the aim of th ...201323982925
ecotoxicity of artificial sweeteners and stevioside.produced, consumed and globally released into the environment in considerable quantities, artificial sweeteners have been identified as emerging pollutants. studies of environmental concentrations have confirmed the widespread distribution of acesulfame (ace), cyclamate (cyc), saccharin (sac) and sucralose (suc) in the water cycle at levels that are among the highest known for anthropogenic trace pollutants. their ecotoxicity, however, has yet to be investigated at a larger scale. the present st ...201324036324
from sub cellular to community level: toxicity of glutaraldehyde to several aquatic organisms.the biocide glutaraldehyde (ga) is widely used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent against bacteria and virus in hospital and veterinary facilities. ga or its metabolites may reach aquatic ecosystems due to incomplete or inadequate treatment of wastewaters. data about ga effects at lethal and a sub lethal level to non-target organisms is needed so that a risk assessment to aquatic ecosystems can be done. thus, in this work a battery of toxicity tests with primary producers, primary consumers ...201424131562
common duckweed (lemna minor) is a versatile high-throughput infection model for the burkholderia cepacia complex and other pathogenic bacteria.members of the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) have emerged in recent decades as problematic pulmonary pathogens of cystic fibrosis (cf) patients, with severe infections progressing to acute necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis. this study presents evidence that lemna minor (common duckweed) is useful as a plant model for the bcc infectious process, and has potential as a model system for bacterial pathogenesis in general. to investigate the relationship between bcc virulence in duckweed and gall ...201324223216
stimulation of nitrogen removal in the rhizosphere of aquatic duckweed by root exudate components.plants can stimulate bacterial nitrogen (n) removal by secretion of root exudates that may serve as carbon sources as well as non-nutrient signals for denitrification. however, there is a lack of knowledge about the specific non-nutrient compounds involved in this stimulation. here, we use a continuous root exudate-trapping system in two common aquatic duckweed species, spirodela polyrrhiza (hz1) and lemna minor (wx3), under natural and aseptic conditions. an activity-guided bioassay using denit ...201324271005
effects of magnesium, chromium, iron and zinc from food supplements on selected aquatic organisms.the aim of this study was to determine the effect of uncontrolled environmental disposal of food supplements containing magnesium (mg), chromium (cr), iron (fe) and zinc (zn) on selected aquatic organisms including freshwater algae scenedesmus subspicatus and raphidocelis subcapitata, water flea daphnia magna and duckweed lemna minor. thirty different food supplements containing mg, cr, fe and zn were analyzed. results were expressed as effective concentration 50 (ec50), i.e. growth inhibiting m ...201324308244
complete genome sequence of exiguobacterium sp. strain mh3, isolated from rhizosphere of lemna minor.we report the complete genome sequence of exiguobacterium sp. strain mh3, isolated from the rhizosphere of duckweed. the genome assembly is 3.16 mb, with a g+c content of 47.24%, and it may provide useful information about plant-microbe interactions and the genetic basis for the tolerance of the strain to various environmental stresses.201324356831
plant growth-promoting bacterium acinetobacter calcoaceticus p23 increases the chlorophyll content of the monocot lemna minor (duckweed) and the dicot lactuca sativa (lettuce).acinetobacter calcoaceticus p23 is a plant growth-promoting bacterium that was isolated from the surface of duckweed (lemna aoukikusa). the bacterium was observed to colonize on the plant surfaces and increase the chlorophyll content of not only the monocotyledon lemna minor but also the dicotyledon lactuca sativa in a hydroponic culture. this effect on the lactuca sativa was significant in nutrient-poor (×1/100 dilution of h2 medium) and not nutrient-rich (×1 or ×1/10 dilutions of h2 medium) co ...201424468072
phytochrome-mediated growth responses in green and etiolated lemna minor.the growth of lemna minor in darkness is log-linear, at a much reduced rate compared to growth in white or red light. this rate of frond production in darkness is stimulated by kinetin, yeast extract, and thiamine either in green plants transferred directly from the light or in plants which had been grown in the dark for 54 days. (fig. 1).the magnitude of the stimulation of frond production by interruption of darkgrowth with red light (fig. 2) is smaller in green than in etiolated plants, and is ...197224474160
[assimilation of nitrate in the dark by lemna minor l].1. lemna minor is able to reduce nitrate in the dark when the nutrient medium contains yeast extract and glucose in addition to minerals salts. 2. when organic n is offered as a source of n in addition to nitrate, the former is assimilated preferentially, but both assimilation processes take place simultaneously. 3. assimilation of nitrate in the dark under ecological conditions can be excluded.197024500129
[studies on the role of silicic acid in the development of higher plants].germanium acid, a specific inhibitor of the silicic acid metabolism in diatoms, inhibits the growth of sinapis alba, lemna minor, wolffia arrhiza, nicotiana tabacum, tradescantia spec, zinnia elegans, and secale cereale when applied in the same concentrations as those used in the case of diatoms (15-75 μg geo2/ml medium). the growth of aspergillus niger, phycomyces blakesleanus, escherichia coli k 12, euglena gracilis and pandorina morum is not influenced by these and higher concentrations of ge ...196724549376
assessment of river water quality using an integrated physicochemical, biological and ecotoxicological approach.in order to maintain and improve the water quality in european rivers, the water framework directive (wfd) requires an integrated approach for assessing water quality in a river basin. although the wfd aims at a holistic understanding of ecosystem functioning, it does not explicitly establish cause-effect relationships between stressors and changes in aquatic communities. to overcome this limitation, the present study combines the typical wfd physicochemical and biological approaches with an eco ...201424715158
a marriage of convenience; a simple food chain comprised of lemna minor (l.) and gammarus pulex (l.) to study the dietary transfer of zinc.macrophytes contribute significantly to the cycling of metals in aquatic systems, through accumulation during growth and release during herbivory or decomposition. accumulation of high levels of metals has been extensively documented in lemnaceae (duckweeds). however, the degree of trophic transfer of metals from lemnaceae to secondary consumers remains poorly understood. this study demonstrates that zinc accumulated in lemna minor is bioavailable to the herbivore consumer gammarus pulex. overal ...201524731282
development of sensitive and reliable lc-ms/ms methods for the determination of three fluoroquinolones in water and fish tissue samples and preliminary environmental risk assessment of their presence in two rivers in northern poland.antibiotic consumption (e.g. fluoroquinolones (fqs)) and, as a consequence, their presence in the environment, have received a lot of attention in the last several years due to increasing numbers of diseases and infections that are becoming resistant to traditional treatments for both humans and animals. in addition, even though antibiotics are safe for human and veterinary usage, ecosystems may be exposed to these substances. in this study, analytical methods for determining enrofloxacin (enr), ...201425016107
aquatic toxicity of the macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin and its metabolites.the human macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin is widespread in surface waters. our study shows that its major metabolite 14-hydroxy(r)-clarithromycin is found in surface waters in comparable amounts. this metabolite is known to be pharmacologically active. additionally, clarithromycin is partly metabolised to n-desmethyl-clarithromycin, which has no antimicrobial activity. for clarithromycin, some ecotoxicological studies on aquatic organisms have been published. however, many of them are not co ...201525051235
isolation of vibrio cholera el tor inaba from lemna minor and eichhornia crassipens roots in veracruz, mexico.during epidemic periods, the strain vibrio cholera el tor has been isolated from the aquatic macrophyte roots of eichhornia crassipens and lemna minor, suggesting that aquatic plants could be environmental reservoirs through either a non-specific association or a commensalism relationship. therefore, it is important to understand v. cholera reservoirs in order to establish prevention strategies against this pathogen.201425147681
toxicity of anthelmintic drugs (fenbendazole and flubendazole) to aquatic organisms.flubendazole (flu) and fenbendazole (fen) belong to benzimidazoles-pharmaceuticals widely used in veterinary and human medicine for the treatment of intestinal parasites as well as for the treatment of systemic worm infections. in recent years, usage of these drugs increased, which resulted in a larger contamination of the environment and possible negative effects on biota. hence, in our research, we investigated an aquatic ecotoxicity of these pharmaceuticals towards: marine bacteria (vibrio fi ...201525189803
antibacterial, anti-fungal and phytotoxic activities of ferula narthex boiss.crude methanolic extract of roots, aerial parts and its subsequent fractions of ferula narthex boiss were tested for antibacterial, anti-fungal and phytotoxic activities. crude methanolic extract of roots and its fractions showed significant antibacterial effect against p.aeruginosa (86.95%, 73.91, 69.59, 78.26 & 73.91%) represented by percent inhibition except ethyl acetate (etoac) fraction. the etoac fraction of roots and aerial parts showed significant activity against e. coli (80%), s. t ...201425362591
effects of a rhizobacterium on the growth of and chromium remediation by lemna minor.duckweed has shown great potential for both energy and environmental applications, particularly in wastewater treatment and fuel ethanol production. a rhizobacterium, exiguobacterium sp. mh3, has been reported to associate with the duckweed lemna minor for symbiotic growth. the aim of this work is to study the effects of rhizobacterium mh3 on l. minor growth and chromium (cr) remediation. it appeared to have a synergism between the rhizobacterium mh3 and duckweed; the presence of strain mh3 prom ...201525631740
study of the influence of platinum, palladium and rhodium on duckweed (lemna minor).road traffic pollutants and the residues of cytostatics that are widely used in anti-cancer therapy are a significant sources of platinum group elements (pge; pt, pd and rh) in environment. these metals can migrate into sewage and thus pollute surface waters. the purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of ptcl4 on the antioxidant and enzymatic activity of duckweed (lemna minor), a bioindicator of the aquatic environment.201425638364
[adhesion of bacillus subtilis on the surface of pectin-calcium gel].pectin-calcium gels obtained based on pectins of callus cultures are able to adhere to the surface of cells of gram-positive bacteria bacillus subtilis to various degrees and this is thanks to the structural features of pectin. rapid adhesion of the cells to gels obtained from the pectin of tanacetum vulgare (tvc) callus cultures is associated with a high content of the linear region in the carbohydrate chain of pectin, a high molecular weight, and a low degree of methyl etherification of pectin ...201625842905
phosphogypsum as a soil fertilizer: ecotoxicity of amended soil and elutriates to bacteria, invertebrates, algae and plants.phosphogypsum (pg) is a metal and radionuclide rich-waste produced by the phosphate ore industry, which has been used as soil fertilizer in many parts of the world for several decades. the positive effects of pg in ameliorating some soil properties and increasing crop yields are well documented. more recently concerns are emerging related with the increase of metal/radionuclide residues on soils and crops. however, few studies have focused on the impact of pg applications on soil biota, as well ...201525855616
assessing the ecotoxicity of metal nano-oxides with potential for wastewater treatment.the rapid development of nanotechnology and the increasing use of nanomaterials (nms) raise concern about their fate and potential effects in the environment, especially for those that could be used for remediation purposes and that will be intentionally released to the environment. despite the remarkable emerging literature addressing the biological effects of nms to aquatic organisms, the existing information is still scarce and contradictory. therefore, aimed at selecting nms for the treatmen ...201525940480
some arguments in favor of a myriophyllum aquaticum growth inhibition test in a water-sediment system as an additional test in risk assessment of herbicides.the present study compares the practicability, reproducibility, power, and sensitivity of a myriophyllum aquaticum growth inhibition test in a water-sediment system with the recently accepted myriophyllum spicatum test in an equivalent testing system and the standard lemna sp. test. special consideration was given to endpoints based on m. aquaticum control plant growth and variability of relative growth rate and yield: shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and root weight. sensitivity analysis ...201525943248
application of simple and low-cost toxicity tests for ecotoxicological assessment of industrial wastewaters.the objective of this study was to identify and to apply appropriate biotests having the advantages of being highly sensitive, easy to run, relatively inexpensive and able to substitute fish toxicity tests due to ethical reasons of animal welfare. to perform an ecotoxicological assessment of industrial wastewaters, different microbiotests were conducted to substitute the fish toxicity test with lebistes reticulatus through vibrio fischeri, thamnocephalus platyurus, daphnia magna, lemna minor and ...201525951939
expression of h5 hemagglutinin vaccine antigen in common duckweed (lemna minor) protects against h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus challenge in immunized chickens.a synthetic hemagglutinin (ha) gene from the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus a/chicken/indonesia/7/2003 (h5n1) (indo/03) was expressed in aquatic plant lemna minor (rlemna-ha). in experiment 1, efficacy of rlemna-ha was tested on birds immunized with 0.2μg or 2.3 μg ha and challenged with 10(6) mean chicken embryo infectious doses (eid50) of homologous virus strain. both dosages of rlemna-ha conferred clinical protection and dramatically reduced viral shedding. almost all the bird ...201526067184
the cryoprotectant effect of polysaccharides from plants and microalgae on human white blood cells.the use of carbohydrates as cryoprotectants is increasing. in this study the effects of incorporating polysaccharides extracted from plants and microalgae originating in northern russia, into cryoprotectant solutions used to preserve human white blood cells were investigated. cells in the presence of the polysaccharides were cooled to either -40°c or -80°c, using a two-step cooling process. the morphological and functional indicators of the cryopreserved leukocytes were assessed by light microsc ...201526186407
assessing the ecological long-term impact of wastewater irrigation on soil and water based on bioassays and chemical analyses.the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation and groundwater recharge can counteract water scarcity and reduce pollution of surface waters, but assessing its environmental risk should likewise consider effects associated to the soil. the present study therefore aimed at determining the impact of wastewater irrigation on the habitat quality of water after soil passage and of soil after percolation by applying bioassays and chemical analysis. lab-scale columns of four different soils encompassin ...201526207878
simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam exploded duckweed: improvement of the ethanol yield by increasing yeast titre.this study investigated the conversion of lemna minor biomass to bioethanol. the biomass was pre-treated by steam explosion (se, 210°c, 10 min) and then subjected to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf) using cellic® ctec 2 (20 u or 0.87 fpu g(-1) substrate) cellulase plus β-glucosidase (2 u g(-1) substrate) and a yeast inoculum of 10% (v/v or 8.0×10(7) cells ml(-1)). at a substrate concentration of 1% (w/v) an ethanol yield of 80% (w/w, theoretical) was achieved. however at a su ...201526210138
efficacy of fungal decolorization of a mixture of dyes belonging to different classes.dyes are the most difficult constituents to remove by conventional biological wastewater treatment. colored wastewater is mainly eliminated by physical and chemical procedures, which are very expensive and have drawbacks. therefore, the advantage of using biological processes, such as the biotransformation of dyes, is that they may lead to complete mineralization or formation of less toxic products. to prove the possibility of using fungal processes for decolorization and other applications, the ...201526273256
the enzymatic and antioxidative stress response of lemna minor to copper and a chloroacetamide herbicide.lemna minor l., a widely used model plant for toxicity tests has raised interest for its application to phytoremediation due to its rapid growth and ubiquitous occurrence. in rural areas, the pollution of water bodies with heavy metals and agrochemicals poses a problem to surface water quality. among problematic compounds, heavy metals (copper) and pesticides are frequently found in water bodies. to establish duckweed as a potential plant for phytoremediation, enzymatic and antioxidative stress ...201526286797
the effect of ph on chronic aquatic nickel toxicity is dependent on the ph itself: extending the chronic nickel bioavailability models.the environmental quality standard for ni in the european commission's water framework directive is bioavailability based. although some of the available chronic ni bioavailability models are validated only for ph ≤ 8.2, a considerable fraction of european surface waters has a ph > 8.2. therefore, the authors investigated the effect of a change in ph from 8.2 to 8.7 on chronic ni toxicity in 3 invertebrate (daphnia magna, lymnaea stagnalis, and brachionus calyciflorus) and 2 plant species (pseud ...201626335781
phytotoxicity of wastewater-born micropollutants--characterisation of three antimycotics and a cationic surfactant.sewage sludge applied to soil may be a valuable fertiliser but can also introduce poorly degradable and highly adsorptive wastewater-born residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (ppcps) to the soil, posing a potential risk to the receiving environment. three azole antimycotics (climbazole, ketoconazole and fluconazole), and one quaternary ammonium compound (benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride, bdda) that are frequently detected in municipal sewage sludge and/or treated wastewat ...201626552532
toxicological and chemical assessment of arsenic-contaminated groundwater after electrochemical and advanced oxidation treatments.owing to its proven toxicity and mutagenicity, arsenic is regarded a principal pollutant in water used for drinking. the objective of this study was the toxicological and chemical evaluation of groundwater samples obtained from arsenic enriched drinking water wells before and after electrochemical and ozone-uv-h2o2-based advanced oxidation processes (eaop). for this purpose, acute toxicity test with daphnia magna and chronic toxicity test with lemna minor l. were employed as well as in vitro bio ...201626580737
assessment of acrylamide toxicity using a battery of standardised bioassays.acrylamide is a monomer widely used as an intermediate in the production of organic chemicals, e.g. polyacrylamides (pams). since pams are low cost chemicals with applications in various industries and waste- and drinking water treatment, a certain amount of non-polymerised acrylamide is expected to end up in waterways. pams are non-toxic but acrylamide induces neurotoxic effects in humans and genotoxic, reproductive, and carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals. in order to evaluate the effec ...201526751864
cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and phytotoxicity of tannery effluent discharged into palar river basin, tamil nadu, india.ambur, a town located on the banks of palar river, is considered one of the most polluted areas in india and occupied by hundreds of tanneries and leather product units. the present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effect of discharged tannery effluent (te) on model agricultural crops, ecofriendly microorganisms, and human blood cells. the phytotoxic effects of te tested on allium cepa and lemna minor revealed inhibition of root growth and significant reduction in number of fronds, prote ...201526839546
antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, antioxidant and hemagglutination activities of organic fractions of arisaema tortuosum.in the current study, the antimicrobial, phytotoxic, haemagglutination and antioxidant potential of crude methanolic extract (crd. meoh ext.) and four organic fractions of arisaema tortuosum was investigated. all fractions have been screened for antimicrobial properties against eight bacterial pathogens and six fungal pathogens using agar well diffusion and tube dilution method, respectively. furthermore, the organic fractions were also screened for its phytotoxicity against lemna minor. haemagg ...201627166544
aquatic hazard assessment of mon 0818, a commercial mixture of alkylamine ethoxylates commonly used in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations. part 2: roles of sediment, temperature, and capacity for recovery following a pulsed exposure.a series of toxicity tests with mon 0818, a commercial surfactant mixture of polyoxyethylene tallow amines, were performed: 1) in the presence of sediment for benthic invertebrates and fish: 2) to examine the recovery capacity of daphnia magna and 4 primary producers after a pulsed (24-h) exposure; and 3) to examine the potential effect of increased water temperature on toxicity of mon 0818 to 2 cold-water fishes. in the presence of sediment, no acute (24-h) mortality was observed for 3 of the 5 ...201727420807
mechanistic insight into the biosynthesis and detoxification of fumonisin mycotoxins.fumonisins, notably fb1, fb2, fb3, and fb4, are economically important mycotoxins produced by a number fusarium sp. that occur on corn, rice, and sorghum as well as by aspergillus sp. on grapes. the fumonisin scaffold is comprised of a c18 polyketide backbone functionalized with two tricarballylic esters and an alanine derived amine. these functional groups contribute to fumonisin's ability to inhibit sphingolipid biosynthesis in animals, plants, and yeasts. we report for the first time the isol ...201627444057
ecotoxicological assessment of biosolids by microcosms.biosolids have been applied as soil amendments to improve and maintain the soil fertility and faster plant growth. in spite of its beneficial use, the potential risks of land disposal should be analyzed, considering potential ecological receptors in soil and water. this work describes the use of an early warning laboratory microcosm system to evaluate the integrated ecotoxicological potential of two biosolids: bio-1 and bio-2 (18 and 28 months after landfarming, respectively), from an effluent t ...201627448314
tio2 nanoparticles for the remediation of eutrophic shallow freshwater systems: efficiency and impacts on aquatic biota under a microcosm experiment.the application of nanomaterials (nms) in the remediation of eutrophic waters, particularly in the control of internal loading of nutrients, has been started, but limited investigations evaluated the effectiveness of these new treatment approaches and of their potential impacts on species from shallow freshwater lakes. the present work investigated, under a microcosm experiment, the application of a tio2 nanomaterial both for reducing nutrient (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen forms) desorption an ...201627471045
environmental behavior of the chiral insecticide fipronil: enantioselective toxicity, distribution and transformation in aquatic ecosystem.the enantioselective environmental behaviors of the chiral insecticide fipronil and its metabolites in lab-scale aquatic ecosystems were studied and the toxicity of fipronil enantiomers and the metabolites to non-target organisms lemna minor (l. minor) and anodonta woodiana (a. woodiana) was also investigated in this work. water-sediment, water-l. minor, water-a. woodiana, and water-sediment-l. minor-a. woodiana ecosystems were set up and exposed to fipronil through a 90-day period. the results ...201627614034
the fate of the herbicide propanil in plants of the littoral zone of the three gorges reservoir (tgr), china.the anti-seasonal hydrology with 30m water fluctuations in the three gorges reservoir (tgr) of china attracts growing environmental and ecological concerns. we investigated the biotransformation of the herbicide propanil in plants dominating in the littoral zone of the tgr by applying the (14)c-ring-labeled herbicide into non-aseptic hydroponic plant systems (cynodon dactylon, nelumbo nucifera and bidens pilosa), aseptic plants (lemna minor and lemna gibba) and cell suspension cultures (c. dacty ...201627745669
fate and risk of atrazine and sulfentrazone to nontarget species at an agriculture site.the present study evaluated the risk associated with the application and co-occurrence of 2 herbicides, atrazine and sulfentrazone, applied to a 32-ha corn and soybean rotational field. field concentrations of the compounds were measured in soil, runoff water, and groundwater, with peak mean atrazine and sulfentrazone concentrations found in the soil (144 ng/g dry wt, and 318 ng/g dry wt, respectively). individual and mixture laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the effects of atrazi ...201627779324
colletochlorins e and f, new phytotoxic tetrasubstituted pyran-2-one and dihydrobenzofuran, isolated from colletotrichum higginsianum with potential herbicidal activity.a new tetrasubstituted pyran-2-one and a new dihydrobenzofuran, named colletochlorins e and f (1 and 2, respectively), were isolated from the culture filtrates of the fungus colletotrichum higginsianum together with the already known colletochlorin a, 4-chloroorcinol, and colletopyrone. colletochlorin e, the main metabolite, and colletochlorin f were characterized by spectroscopic (nmr, hresims) and chemical methods as 3-[7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-6-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofu ...201728042942
survival, reproduction, growth, and parasite resistance of aquatic organisms exposed on-site to wastewater treated by advanced treatment processes.advanced wastewater treatment technologies are generally known to be an effective tool for reducing micropollutant discharge into the aquatic environment. nevertheless, some processes such as ozonation result in stable transformation products with often unknown toxicity. in the present study, whole effluents originating from nine different steps of advanced treatment combinations were compared for their aquatic toxicity. assessed endpoints were survival, growth and reproduction of lumbriculus va ...201728284153
short communication: pharmacognostic and pharmacological evaluation of ruellia tuberosa l.ruellia tuberosa linn. of family acanthaceae was studied to investigate the microscopical, vein islet and vein termination numbers, palisade ratio, stomatal index and different chemical parameters. the antibacterial, antifungal and phytotoxic activities of the crude extract of the plant were also determined. five bacterial species were used, of which, salmonella typhi, escherichia coli, and pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most susceptible bacterial species to crude extract with mics 10, 4.0 and ...201628375130
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