Publications

translation of the shallot virus x tgb3 gene depends on non-aug initiation and leaky scanning.	triple gene block (tgb), a conserved gene module found in the genomes of many filamentous and rod-shaped plant viruses, encodes three proteins, tgb1, tgb2 and tgb3, required for viral cell-to-cell movement through plasmodesmata and systemic transport via the phloem. the genome of shallot virus x, the type species of the genus allexivirus, includes tgb1 and tgb2 genes, but contains no canonical orf for tgb3 protein. however, a tgb3-like protein-encoding sequence lacking an aug initiator codon has ...	2015	26296665
a reversible renilla luciferase protein complementation assay for rapid identification of protein-protein interactions reveals the existence of an interaction network involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis in the plant golgi apparatus.	a growing body of evidence suggests that protein-protein interactions (ppis) occur amongst glycosyltransferases (gts) required for plant glycan biosynthesis (e.g. cell wall polysaccharides and n-glycans) in the golgi apparatus, and may control the functions of these enzymes. however, identification of ppis in the endomembrane system in a relatively fast and simple fashion is technically challenging, hampering the progress in understanding the functional coordination of the enzymes in golgi glyca ...	2015	25326916
molecular characterization of two lysophospholipid:acyl-coa acyltransferases belonging to the mboat family in nicotiana benthamiana.	in the remodeling pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (pc), acyl-coa-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine (lysopc) acyltransferase (lpcat) catalyzes the reacylation of lysopc. a number of genes encoding lpcats have been cloned and characterized from several plants in recent years. using arabidopsis and other plant lpcat sequences to screen the genome database of nicotiana benthamiana, we identified two cdnas encoding the putative tobacco lpcats (nblpcat1 and nblpcat2). both of them wer ...	2015	26684752
phenylpropanoids accumulation in eggplant fruit: characterization of biosynthetic genes and regulation by a myb transcription factor.	phenylpropanoids are major secondary metabolites in eggplant (solanum melongena) fruits. chlorogenic acid (cga) accounts for 70-90% of total phenolics in flesh tissues, while anthocyanins are mainly present in the fruit skin. as a contribution to the understanding of the peculiar accumulation of these health-promoting metabolites in eggplant, we report on metabolite abundance, regulation of cga and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and characterization of candidate cga biosynthetic genes in s. melongena ...	2015	26858726
physiological functions of the copi complex in higher plants.	copi vesicles are essential to the retrograde transport of proteins in the early secretory pathway. the copi coatomer complex consists of seven subunits, termed α-, β-, β'-, γ-, δ-, ε-, and ζ-cop, in yeast and mammals. plant genomes have homologs of these subunits, but the essentiality of their cellular functions has hampered the functional characterization of the subunit genes in plants. here we have employed virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) and dexamethasone (dex)-inducible rnai of the copi ...	2015	26434491
a protein kinase binds the c-terminal domain of the readthrough protein of turnip yellows virus and regulates virus accumulation.	turnip yellows virus (tuyv), a phloem-limited virus, encodes a 74kda protein known as the readthrough protein (rt) involved in virus movement. we show here that a tuyv mutant deleted of the c-terminal part of the rt protein (tuyv-∆rtcter) was affected in long-distance trafficking in a host-specific manner. by using the c-terminal domain of the rt protein as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a phloem cdna library from arabidopsis thaliana we identified the calcineurin b-like protein-interact ...	2015	26402374
arabidopsis seipin proteins modulate triacylglycerol accumulation and influence lipid droplet proliferation.	the lipodystrophy protein seipin is important for lipid droplet (ld) biogenesis in human and yeast cells. in contrast with the single seipin genes in humans and yeast, there are three seipin homologs in arabidopsis thaliana, designated seipin1, seipin2, and seipin3. essentially nothing is known about the functions of seipin homologs in plants. here, a yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) seipin deletion mutant strain and a plant (nicotiana benthamiana) transient expression system were used to test t ...	2015	26362606
structural basis of pathogen recognition by an integrated hma domain in a plant nlr immune receptor.	plants have evolved intracellular immune receptors to detect pathogen proteins known as effectors. how these immune receptors detect effectors remains poorly understood. here we describe the structural basis for direct recognition of avr-pik, an effector from the rice blast pathogen, by the rice intracellular nlr immune receptor pik. avr-pikd binds a dimer of the pikp-1 hma integrated domain with nanomolar affinity. the crystal structure of the pikp-hma/avr-pikd complex enabled design of mutatio ...	2015	26304198
the maize cytochrome p450 cyp79a61 produces phenylacetaldoxime and indole-3-acetaldoxime in heterologous systems and might contribute to plant defense and auxin formation.	plants produce a group of aldoxime metabolites that are well known as volatiles and as intermediates in cyanogenic glycoside and glucosinolate biosynthesis in particular plant families. recently it has been demonstrated that aldoximes can also accumulate as part of direct plant defense in poplar. cytochrome p450 enzymes of the cyp79 family were shown to be responsible for the formation of aldoximes from their amino acid precursors.	2015	26017568
in vivo localization of iris yellow spot tospovirus (bunyaviridae)-encoded proteins and identification of interacting regions of nucleocapsid and movement proteins.	localization and interaction studies of viral proteins provide important information about their replication in their host plants. tospoviruses (family bunyaviridae) are economically important viruses affecting numerous field and horticultural crops. iris yellow spot virus (iysv), one of the tospoviruses, has recently emerged as an important viral pathogen of allium spp. in many parts of the world. we studied the in vivo localization and interaction patterns of the iysv proteins in uninfected an ...	2015	25781476
petal loss, a trihelix transcription factor that represses growth in arabidopsis thaliana, binds the energy-sensing snrk1 kinase akin10.	organogenesis in plants involves differential growth. rapidly growing primordia are distinguished from the meristem and each other by slower growing boundaries. petal loss (ptl) is a trihelix transcription factor of arabidopsis that represses growth in boundaries between newly arising sepals. to identify partners involved in this growth limitation, a young inflorescence cdna library was screened by yeast two-hybrid technology with ptl as bait. the most frequent prey identified was akin10, the ca ...	2015	25697797
movement and nucleocapsid proteins coded by two tospovirus species interact through multiple binding regions in mixed infections.	negative-stranded tospoviruses (family: bunyaviridae) are among the most agronomically important viruses. some of the tospoviruses are known to exist as mixed infections in the same host plant. iris yellow spot virus (iysv) and tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) were used to study virus-virus interaction in dually infected host plants. viral genes of both viruses were separately cloned into binary psite-bifc vectors. bifc results showed that the n and nsm proteins of iysv interact with their count ...	2015	25666522
abce1 is a highly conserved rna silencing suppressor.	atp-binding cassette sub-family e member 1 (abce1) is a highly conserved protein among eukaryotes and archaea. recent studies have identified abce1 as a ribosome-recycling factor important for translation termination in mammalian cells, yeast and also archaea. here we report another conserved function of abce1. we have previously described atrli2, the homolog of abce1 in the plant arabidopsis thaliana, as an endogenous suppressor of rna silencing. in this study we show that this function is cons ...	2015	25659154
identification and characterization of plant-specific nac gene family in canola (brassica napus l.) reveal novel members involved in cell death.	nac transcription factors are plant-specific and play important roles in plant development processes, response to biotic and abiotic cues and hormone signaling. however, to date, little is known about the nac genes in canola (or oilseed rape, brassica napus l.). in this study, a total of 60 nac genes were identified from canola through a systematical analysis and mining of expressed sequence tags. among these, the cdna sequences of 41 nac genes were successfully cloned. the translated protein se ...	2015	25616736
osc2 and cyp716a14v2 catalyze the biosynthesis of triterpenoids for the cuticle of aerial organs of artemisia annua.	artemisia annua is widely studied for its ability to accumulate the antimalarial sesquiterpenoid artemisinin. in addition to producing a variety of sesquiterpenoids, a. annua also accumulates mono-, di-, and triterpenoids, the majority of which are produced in the glandular trichomes. a. annua also has filamentous trichomes on its aerial parts, but little is known of their biosynthesis potential. here, through a comparative transcriptome analysis between glandular and filamentous trichomes, we i ...	2015	25576188
soybean actin-depolymerizing factor 2 interacts with soybean mosaic virus-encoded p3 protein.	soybean mosaic virus (smv), a member of the potyvirus genus, is one of the most prevalent and devastating viral pathogens in soybean-growing regions worldwide. it is generally accepted that symptom development of a viral plant disease results from molecular interactions between the virus and its host plant. p3 protein is the most variable polyprotein in potyviruses, which potentially plays an important role in the process of the evolution of virus type specialization. however, p3 not only plays ...	2015	25537947
interaction of hsp20 with a viral rdrp changes its sub-cellular localization and distribution pattern in plants.	small heat shock proteins (shsps) perform a fundamental role in protecting cells against a wide array of stresses but their biological function during viral infection remains unknown. rice stripe virus (rsv) causes a severe disease of rice in eastern asia. oshsp20 and its homologue (nbhsp20) were used as baits in yeast two-hybrid (yth) assays to screen an rsv cdna library and were found to interact with the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) of rsv. interactions were confirmed by pull-dow ...	2015	26359114
analysis of genetic variation and diversity of rice stripe virus populations through high-throughput sequencing.	plant rna viruses often generate diverse populations in their host plants through error-prone replication and recombination. recent studies on the genetic diversity of plant rna viruses in various host plants have provided valuable information about rna virus evolution and emergence of new diseases caused by rna viruses. we analyzed and compared the genetic diversity of rice stripe virus (rsv) populations in oryza sativa (a natural host of rsv) and compared it with that of the rsv populations ge ...	2015	25852724
p5-2 of rice black-streaked dwarf virus is a non-structural protein targeted to chloroplasts.	the genome segment s5 of rice black-streaked dwarf virus (genus fijivirus, family reoviridae) is functionally bicistronic in infected plants. it has a conserved second orf (p5-2) partially overlapping the major orf in a different reading frame, but its function remains unknown. p5-2 was detected in infected plants, but not in purified viral particles by western blotting, indicating that it is a non-structural protein. in immunoelectron microscopy, polyclonal antibodies against p5-2 specifically ...	2015	25749897
p2 of rice grassy stunt virus (rgsv) and p6 and p9 of rice ragged stunt virus (rrsv) isolates from vietnam exert suppressor activity on the rna silencing pathway.	in vietnam, the two main viruses that cause disease in rice are the rice grassy stunt virus (rgsv) and the rice ragged stunt virus (rrsv). outbreaks of these two viruses have dramatically decreased rice production in vietnam. because natural resistance genes are unknown, an rnai strategy may be an alternative method to develop resistance to rgsv and rrsv. however, this strategy will be efficient only if putative silencing suppressors encoded by the two viruses are neutralized. to identify these ...	2015	26215087
functional comparison of rna silencing suppressor between the p5 protein of rice grassy stunt virus and the p3 protein of rice stripe virus.	rice grassy stunt virus (rgsv) is a member of the genus tenuivirus, which includes rice stripe virus (rsv), as the type species. a viral suppressor of rna silencing (vsr) of rgsv has not been identified, whereas the p3 protein of rsv (rsvp3) encoded by the viral-sense (v) strand of rna3 has been reported to act as a vsr. in this study, we examined the vsr function of the p5 protein of rgsv (rgsvp5), encoded by vrna5. expecting it to correspond to the vrna3 of rsv, we compared the vsr function of ...	2015	25836276
fluorescently tagged potato virus y: a versatile tool for functional analysis of plant-virus interactions.	potato virus y (pvy) is an economically important plant virus that infects solanaceous crops such as tobacco and potato. to date, studies into the localization and movement of pvy in plants have been limited to detection of viral rna or proteins ex vivo. here, a pvy n605 isolate was tagged with green fluorescent protein (gfp), characterized and used for in vivo tracking. in nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi, pvy n605-gfp was biologically comparable to nontagged pvy n605, stable through three plant-to ...	2015	25761209
cell death-inducing stresses are required for defense activation in ds1-phosphatidic acid phosphatase-silenced nicotiana benthamiana.	we previously identified ds1 plants that showed resistance to compatible ralstonia solanacearum with accelerated defense responses. here, we describe activation mechanisms of defense responses in ds1 plants. after inoculation with incompatible r. solanacearum 8107, ds1 plants showed hyperinduction of hypersensitive response (hr) and reactive oxygen species (ros) generation. transient expression of popp1 and avra induced hyperinduction of hr and ros generation. furthermore, pseudomonas cichorii ( ...	2015	26188395
pseudomonas corrugata crpcde is part of the cyclic lipopeptide corpeptin biosynthetic gene cluster and is involved in bacterial virulence in tomato and in hypersensitive response in nicotiana benthamiana.	pseudomonas corrugata cfbp 5454 produces two kinds of cyclic lipopeptides (clps), cormycin a and corpeptins, both of which possess surfactant, antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities. in this study, we identified genes coding for a putative non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and an abc-type transport system involved in corpeptin production. these genes belong to the same transcriptional unit, designated crpcde. the genetic organization of this locus is highly similar to other pseudomonas clp biosy ...	2015	25231335
the arabidopsis lectin euls3 is involved in stomatal closure.	plants synthesize carbohydrate binding proteins in response to adverse environmental conditions such as drought, heat, pathogen attack, etc. the arabidopsis euls3 lectin (referred to as aratheuls3, encoded by at2g39050) has recently been linked to the drought stress response. in this study, endogenous binding partners for this protein have been investigated. tandem affinity purifications and mass spectrometry analyses allowed the identification of two putative interacting proteins, embryo-specif ...	2015	26259197
expression and functional roles of the pepper pathogen-induced bzip transcription factor cabzip2 in enhanced disease resistance to bacterial pathogen infection.	a pepper bzip transcription factor gene, cabzip2, was isolated from pepper leaves infected with a virulent strain of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. transient expression analysis of the cabzip2-gfp fusion protein in nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the cabzip2 protein is localized in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. the acidic domain in the n-terminal region of cabzip2 that is fused to the gal4 dna-binding domain is required to activate the transcription of reporter genes in yeas ...	2015	25738319
the npr1 homolog ghnpr1 plays an important role in the defense response of gladiolus hybridus.	ghnpr1 shares similar functions as arabidopsis npr1 . silencing of ghnpr1 in gladiolus results in an enhanced susceptibility to curvularia gladioli. we propose that ghnpr1 plays important roles in plant immunity. gladiolus plants and corms are susceptible to various types of pathogens including fungi, bacteria and viruses. understanding the innate defense mechanism in gladiolus is a prerequisite for the development of new protection strategies. the non-expressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (n ...	2015	25708873
differential response of diverse solanaceous hosts to tomato leaf curl new delhi virus infection indicates coordinated action of nbs-lrr and rnai-mediated host defense.	tomato leaf curl new delhi virus (tolcndv) is a bipartite begomovirus (family geminiviridae) that infects a wide range of plants. tolcndv has emerged as an important pathogen and a serious threat to tomato production in india. a comparative and molecular analysis of tolcndv pathogenesis was performed on diverse solanaceous hosts (capsicum annuum, nicotiana benthamiana, n. tabacum, and solanum lycopersicum). n. benthamiana was found to be the most susceptible host, whereas c. annuum showed resist ...	2015	25894479
small rna profiles of wild-type and silencing suppressor-deficient tomato spotted wilt virus infected nicotiana benthamiana.	tospoviruses are plant-infecting viruses belonging to the family bunyaviridae. we used a collection of wild-type, phylogenetically distinct tomato spotted wilt virus isolates and related silencing-suppressor defective mutants to study the effects on the small rna (srna) accumulation during infection of nicotiana benthamiana. our data showed that absence of a functional silencing suppressor determined a marked increase of the total amount of viral srnas (vsrnas), and specifically of the 21 nt cla ...	2015	26047586
untranslatable tospoviral nss fragment coupled with l conserved region enhances transgenic resistance against the homologous virus and a serologically unrelated tospovirus.	tospoviruses cause severe damages to important crops worldwide. in this study, nicotiana benthamiana transgenic lines carrying individual untranslatable constructs comprised of the conserved region of the l gene (denoted as l), the 5' half of nss coding sequence (nss) or the antisense fragment of whole n coding sequence (n) of watermelon silver mottle virus (wsmov), individually or in combination, were generated. a total of 15-17 transgenic n. benthamiana lines carrying individual transgenes wer ...	2015	25721329
genetic diversity and silencing suppression activity of the p22 protein of tomato chlorosis virus isolates from tomato and sweet pepper.	as for other bipartite criniviruses (genus crinivirus, family closteroviridae), the genome of tomato chlorosis virus encodes an rna silencing suppressor, the protein p22, in the 3'-proximal region of rna1. this protein has been reported as having one of the longest lasting local suppressor activities when transiently expressed in nicotiana benthamiana. here, we examined the genetic diversity of the p22 gene in tocv isolates from tomato and sweet pepper. the p22 gene sequences clearly grouped int ...	2015	26334965
mitochondrial alternative oxidase is involved in both compatible and incompatible host-virus combinations in nicotiana benthamiana.	the alternative oxidase (aox) functions in the resistance to biotic stress. however, the mechanisms of aox in the systemic antiviral defense response and n (a typical resistance gene)-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) are elusive. a chemical approach was undertaken to investigate the role of nbaox in the systemic resistance to rna viruses. furthermore, we used a virus-induced gene-silencing (vigs)-based genetics approach to investigate the function of aox in the n-mediated resist ...	2015	26398788
properties of satellite tobacco mosaic virus phenotypes expressed in the presence and absence of helper virus.	in this study, we assembled an agrobacterium-based transient expression system for the ectopic expression of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (stmv) (+) or (-) transcripts and their biological activity was confirmed when nicotiana benthamiana plants were co-expressed with helper tobacco mosaic virus replicase. characterization of stmv in the presence and absence of its hv revealed: (i) hv-dependent expression of stmv (+) in n. benthamiana, but not in n. tabacum, generated a replication-deficient b ...	2015	25974867
the relationship between the plant-encoded rna-dependent rna polymerase 1 and alternative oxidase in tomato basal defense against tobacco mosaic virus.	salicylic acid (sa) plays a critical role in plant defense against pathogen attack. the sa-induced viral defense in plants is distinct from the pathways mediating bacterial and fungal defense, which is pathogenesis-related protein-independent but involves an rna-dependent rna polymerase 1 (rdr1)-mediated rna silencing mechanism and/or an alternative oxidase (aox)-associated defense pathway. however, the relationship between these two viral defense-related pathways remains unclear. in this study, ...	2015	25408506
salicylic acid binding of mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase e2 affects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain components and plays a role in basal defense against tobacco mosaic virus in tomato.	salicylic acid (sa) plays a critical role in plant defense against pathogen invasion. sa-induced viral defense in plants is distinct from the pathways mediating bacterial and fungal defense and involves a specific pathway mediated by mitochondria; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. the sa-binding activity of the recombinant tomato (solanum lycopersicum) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (slα-kgdh) e2 subunit of the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle was characterized. the bio ...	2015	25365924
activity and specificity of trv-mediated gene editing in plants.	plant trait engineering requires efficient targeted genome-editing technologies. clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (crisprs)/ crispr associated (cas) type ii system is used for targeted genome-editing applications across eukaryotic species including plants. delivery of genome engineering reagents and recovery of mutants remain challenging tasks for in planta applications. recently, we reported the development of tobacco rattle virus (trv)-mediated genome editing in nicotiana be ...	2015	26039254
complete nucleotide sequences of two closely related tobacco rattle virus rna2s for which previously possibly only deletion/recombination mutants had been described.	the almost complete nucleotide (nt) sequences lacking only short primer-derived 5' and 3' terminal portions were determined for the rna2s of two closely related tobacco rattle virus (trv) isolates which were detected in recently infected roots of nicotiana benthamiana bait plants (isolate hab) or of field-grown potato plants (isolate haw), respectively. the sequences of c. 1350 5' proximal nts in these rna2s were almost identical to those in four previously described trv isolates from potatoes i ...	2015	25791737
developmentally regulated plasma membrane protein of nicotiana benthamiana contributes to potyvirus movement and transports to plasmodesmata via the early secretory pathway and the actomyosin system.	the intercellular movement of plant viruses requires both viral and host proteins. previous studies have demonstrated that the frame-shift protein p3n-pipo (for the protein encoded by the open reading frame [orf] containing 5'-terminus of p3 and a +2 frame-shift orf called pretty interesting potyviridae orf and embedded in the p3) and cylindrical inclusion (ci) proteins were required for potyvirus cell-to-cell movement. here, we provide genetic evidence showing that a tobacco vein banding mosaic ...	2015	25540331
two novel motifs of watermelon silver mottle virus nss protein are responsible for rna silencing suppression and pathogenicity.	the nss protein of watermelon silver mottle virus (wsmov) is the rna silencing suppressor and pathogenicity determinant. in this study, serial deletion and point-mutation mutagenesis of conserved regions (cr) of nss protein were performed, and the silencing suppression function was analyzed through agroinfiltration in nicotiana benthamiana plants. we found two amino acid (aa) residues, h113 and y398, are novel functional residues for rna silencing suppression. our further analyses demonstrated t ...	2015	25993336
plant-based production of two chimeric monoclonal igg antibodies directed against immunodominant epitopes of vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide.	we have produced and characterized two chimeric human igg1 monoclonal antibodies that bind different immunodominant epitopes on vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide (lps). mab 2d6 igg1 recognizes ogawa o-polysaccharide antigen, while mab zac-3 igg1 recognizes core/lipid a moiety of ogawa and inaba lps. both antibodies were expressed using a nicotiana benthamiana-based rapid antibody-manufacturing platform (ramp) and evaluated in vitro for activities associated with immunity to v. cholerae, includi ...	2015	25865265
a spectrum of hrt-dependent hypersensitive responses elicited by the 52 amino acid n-terminus of turnip crinkle virus capsid protein and its mutants.	the capsid protein (cp) of turnip crinkle virus (tcv) is the elicitor of hypersensitive response (hr) and resistance mediated by the resistance protein hrt in the di-17 ecotype of arabidopsis. here we identified the n-terminal 52-amino-acid r domain of tcv cp as the elicitor of hrt-dependent hr in nicotiana benthamiana. mutating this domain at position 6 (r6a), but not at positions 8 (r8a) or 14 (g14a), abolished hr in n. benthamiana. however, on di-17 arabidopsis leaves only r8a r domain elicit ...	2015	25656064
crispr/cas9-mediated viral interference in plants.	the crispr/cas9 system provides bacteria and archaea with molecular immunity against invading phages and conjugative plasmids. recently, crispr/cas9 has been used for targeted genome editing in diverse eukaryotic species.	2015	26556628
rna interference-based resistance in transgenic tomato plants against tomato yellow leaf curl virus-oman (tylcv-om) and its associated betasatellite.	tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), a monopartite begomovirus (family geminiviridae) is responsible for heavy yield losses for tomato production around the globe. in oman at least five distinct begomoviruses cause disease in tomato, including tylcv. unusually, tylcv infections in oman are sometimes associated with a betasatellite (tomato leaf curl betasatellite [tolcb]; a symptom modulating satellite). rna interference (rnai) can be used to develop resistance against begomoviruses at either t ...	2015	25890080
over-expression of rice cbs domain containing protein, oscbsx3, confers rice resistance to magnaporthe oryzae inoculation.	cystathionine β-synthase (cbs) domain containing proteins (cdcps) constitute a big family in plants and some members in this family have been implicated in a variety of biological processes, but the precise functions and the underlying mechanism of the majority of this family in plant immunity remain to be elucidated. in the present study, a cbs domain containing protein gene, oscbsx3, is functionally characterized in rice resistance against magnaporthe oryzae (m. oryzae). by quantitative real-t ...	2015	26184180
global genome and transcriptome analyses of magnaporthe oryzae epidemic isolate 98-06 uncover novel effectors and pathogenicity-related genes, revealing gene gain and lose dynamics in genome evolution.	genome dynamics of pathogenic organisms are driven by pathogen and host co-evolution, in which pathogen genomes are shaped to overcome stresses imposed by hosts with various genetic backgrounds through generation of a variety of isolates. this same principle applies to the rice blast pathogen magnaporthe oryzae and the rice host; however, genetic variations among different isolates of m. oryzae remain largely unknown, particularly at genome and transcriptome levels. here, we applied genomic and ...	2015	25837042
the multifunctional protein ci of potyviruses plays interlinked and distinct roles in viral genome replication and intercellular movement.	the multifunctional cylindrical inclusion (ci) protein of potyviruses contains atp binding and rna helicase activities. as part of the viral replication complex, it assists viral genome replication, possibly by binding to rna and unwinding the rna duplex. it also functions in viral cell-to-cell movement, likely via the formation of conical structures at plasmodesmata (pd) and the interaction with coat protein (cp).	2015	26373859
gene targeting by the tal effector pthxo2 reveals cryptic resistance gene for bacterial blight of rice.	bacterial blight of rice is caused by the γ-proteobacterium xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, which utilizes a group of type iii tal (transcription activator-like) effectors to induce host gene expression and condition host susceptibility. five sweet genes are functionally redundant to support bacterial disease, but only two were experimentally proven targets of natural tal effectors. here, we report the identification of the sucrose transporter gene ossweet13 as the disease-susceptibility gene for ...	2015	25824104
the type iii effector avrbs2 in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola suppresses rice immunity and promotes disease development.	xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak, is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in rice. however, little is known about the functions of individual type iii effectors in virulence and pathogenicity of x. oryzae pv. oryzicola. here, we examined the effect of the mutations of 23 putative nontranscription activator-like effector genes on x. oryzae pv. oryzicola virulence. the avrbs2 knock-out mutant was significantly attenuated in virulence to rice. in ...	2015	25688911
mutations in the predicted active site of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae xopq differentially affect virulence, suppression of host innate immunity, and induction of the hr in a nonhost plant.	xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, secretes a number of effectors through a type 3 secretion system. one of these effectors, called xopq, is required for virulence and suppression of rice innate immune responses induced by the plant cell-wall-degrading enzyme lipase/esterase a (lipa). bioinformatic analysis suggested that xopq is homologous to inosine-uridine nucleoside hydrolases (nh). a structural model of xopq with the protozoan crithidia fasciculata purine ...	2015	25353365
multiple avirulence loci and allele-specific effector recognition control the pm3 race-specific resistance of wheat to powdery mildew.	in cereals, several mildew resistance genes occur as large allelic series; for example, in wheat (triticum aestivum and triticum turgidum), 17 functional pm3 alleles confer agronomically important race-specific resistance to powdery mildew (blumeria graminis). the molecular basis of race specificity has been characterized in wheat, but little is known about the corresponding avirulence genes in powdery mildew. here, we dissected the genetics of avirulence for six pm3 alleles and found that three ...	2015	26452600
l-type lectin receptor kinases in nicotiana benthamiana and tomato and their role in phytophthora resistance.	membrane-bound receptors play crucial roles as sentinels of plant immunity against a large variety of invading microbes. one class of receptors known to be involved in self/non-self-surveillance and plant resistance comprises the l-type lectin receptor kinases (lecrks). previously, we reported that several arabidopsis lecrks play a role in resistance to phytophthora pathogens. in this study, we determined whether homologues of these lecrks from the solanaceous plants nicotiana benthamiana and to ...	2015	26248665
arabidopsis lectin receptor kinases lecrk-ix.1 and lecrk-ix.2 are functional analogs in regulating phytophthora resistance and plant cell death.	l-type lectin receptor kinases (lecrk) are potential immune receptors. here, we characterized two closely-related arabidopsis lecrk, lecrk-ix.1 and lecrk-ix.2, of which t-dna insertion mutants showed compromised resistance to phytophthora brassicae and phytophthora capsici, with double mutants showing additive susceptibility. overexpression of lecrk-ix.1 or lecrk-ix.2 in arabidopsis and transient expression in nicotiana benthamiana increased phytophthora resistance but also induced cell death. p ...	2015	26011556
two cytoplasmic effectors of phytophthora sojae regulate plant cell death via interactions with plant catalases.	plant pathogenic oomycetes, such as phytophthora sojae, secrete an arsenal of host cytoplasmic effectors to promote infection. we have shown previously that p. sojae pscrn63 (for crinkling- and necrosis-inducing proteins) induces programmed cell death (pcd) while pscrn115 blocks pcd in planta; however, they are jointly required for full pathogenesis. here, we find that pscrn63 alone or pscrn63 and pscrn115 together might suppress the immune responses of nicotiana benthamiana and demonstrate that ...	2015	25424308
the ghkl atpase morc1 modulates species-specific plant immunity in solanaceae.	the microrchidia (morc) proteins, a subset of the ghkl atpase superfamily, were recently described as components involved in transcriptional gene silencing and plant immunity in arabidopsis. to assess the role of morc1 during resistance to phytophthora infestans in solanaceous species, we altered the expression of the corresponding morc1 homologs in potato, tomato, and nicotiana benthamiana. basal resistance to p. infestans was compromised in stmorc1-silenced potato and enhanced in overexpressin ...	2015	25822715
immune activation mediated by the late blight resistance protein r1 requires nuclear localization of r1 and the effector avr1.	resistance against oomycete pathogens is mainly governed by intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nlr) receptors that recognize matching avirulence (avr) proteins from the pathogen, rxlr effectors that are delivered inside host cells. detailed molecular understanding of how and where nlr proteins and rxlr effectors interact is essential to inform the deployment of durable resistance (r) genes. fluorescent tags, nuclear localization signals (nlss) and nuclear export signals (ness) ...	2015	25760731
additional diterpenes from physcomitrella patens synthesized by copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase (ppcps/ks).	the bifunctional diterpene synthase, copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase from the moss physcomitrella patens (ppcps/ks), catalyses the formation of at least four diterpenes, including ent-beyerene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaur-16-ene, and 16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene. the enzymatic activity has been confirmed through generation of a targeted ppcps/ks knock-out mutant in p. patens via homologous recombination, through transient expression of ppcps/ks in nicotiana benthamiana, and expression of p ...	2015	26248039
towards elucidating carnosic acid biosynthesis in lamiaceae: functional characterization of the three first steps of the pathway in salvia fruticosa and rosmarinus officinalis.	carnosic acid (ca) is a phenolic diterpene with anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and neuroprotective properties that is produced by a number of species from several genera of the lamiaceae family, including salvia fruticosa (cretan sage) and rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). to elucidate ca biosynthesis, glandular trichome transcriptome data of s. fruticosa were mined for terpene synthase genes. two putative diterpene synthase genes, namely sfcps and sfksl, showing similarities to copa ...	2015	26020634
construction of an infectious clone of a plant rna virus in a binary vector using one-step gibson assembly.	the construction of full-length infectious clones of rna viruses is often laborious due to the many cloning steps required and the dna exclusion within the plasmid during escherichia coli transformation. we demonstrate single-step cloning procedure of an infectious cdna of the tomato blistering mosaic virus (tobmv) using gibson assembly (ga), which drastically reduces the number of cloning steps. by agro-inoculation with the construct obtained by this procedure, tobmv was recovered six days post ...	2015	25986144
[[expression of house dust mite allergens der f1 and der f2 in nicotiana benthamiana leaves].	the class e immunoglobulins (ige) is known to recognize conformational epitopes and therefore the native conformation of recombinant allergens is essential for their using in test-systems. recombinant dermatophagoides farinae house dust mite (hdm) allergens der f1 and der f2 were expressed in bacteria escherichia coli and nicotiana benthamiana plants. it has been shown that ige in sera from children allergic to hdm recognizes der f2 expressed both in e. coli and n. benthamiana. mature form of de ...	2015	25898757
immunogenicity of h1n1 influenza virus-like particles produced in nicotiana benthamiana.	the h1n1 influenza pandemic of 2009 stimulated interest in developing safe and effective subunit influenza vaccines using rapid and cost-effective recombinant technologies that can avoid dependence on hens' eggs supply and live viruses for production. among alternative approaches to subunit vaccine development, virus-like particles (vlps) represent an attractive strategy due to their safety and immunogenicity. previously, we have produced a recombinant monomeric hemagglutinin (ha) protein derive ...	2015	25483524
subcellular localization and membrane association of the replicase protein of grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus, family betaflexiviridae.	as a member of the newly established betaflexiviridae family, grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (grspav) has an rna genome containing five orfs. orf1 encodes a putative replicase polyprotein typical of the alphavirus superfamily of positive-strand ssrna viruses. several viruses of this superfamily have been demonstrated to replicate in structures designated viral replication complexes associated with intracellular membranes. however, structure and cellular localization of the rep ...	2015	25502653
gbnv encoded movement protein (nsm) remodels er network via c-terminal coiled coil domain.	plant viruses exploit the host machinery for targeting the viral genome-movement protein complex to plasmodesmata (pd). the mechanism by which the non-structural protein m (nsm) of groundnut bud necrosis virus (gbnv) is targeted to pd was investigated using agrobacterium mediated transient expression of nsm and its fusion proteins in nicotiana benthamiana. gfp:nsm formed punctuate structures that colocalized with mcherry:plasmodesmata localized protein 1a (pdlp 1a) confirming that gbnv nsm local ...	2015	25863878
analysis of tospovirus nss proteins in suppression of systemic silencing.	rna silencing is a sequence-specific gene regulation mechanism that in plants also acts antiviral. in order to counteract antiviral rna silencing, viruses have evolved rna silencing suppressors (rss). in the case of tospoviruses, the non-structural nss protein has been identified as the rss. although the tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) tospovirus nss protein has been shown to exhibit affinity to long and small dsrna molecules, its ability to suppress the non-cell autonomous part of rna silencin ...	2015	26275304
analysis of globodera rostochiensis effectors reveals conserved functions of sprysec proteins in suppressing and eliciting plant immune responses.	potato cyst nematodes (pcns), including globodera rostochiensis (woll.), are important pests of potato. plant parasitic nematodes produce multiple effector proteins, secreted from their stylets, to successfully infect their hosts. these include proteins delivered to the apoplast and to the host cytoplasm. a number of effectors from g. rostochiensis predicted to be delivered to the host cytoplasm have been identified, including several belonging to the secreted spry domain (sprysec) family. sprys ...	2015	26322064
high temperature, high ambient co₂ affect the interactions between three positive-sense rna viruses and a compatible host differentially, but not their silencing suppression efficiencies.	we compared infection of nicotiana benthamiana plants by the positive-sense rna viruses cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), potato virus y (pvy), and by a potato virus x (pvx) vector, the latter either unaltered or expressing the cmv 2b protein or the pvy hcpro suppressors of silencing, at 25°c vs. 30°c, or at standard (~401 parts per million, ppm) vs. elevated (970 ppm) co2 levels. we also assessed the activities of their suppressors of silencing under those conditions. we found that at 30°c, accumula ...	2015	26313753
visual monitoring of cucumber mosaic virus infection in nicotiana benthamiana following transmission by the aphid vector myzus persicae.	the single-stranded, positive-sense and tripartite rna virus cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) was used in this study as a method for monitoring the initial stages of virus infection following aphid transmission. the rna2 of cmv was modified to incorporate, in a variety of arrangements, an open reading frame (orf) encoding an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp). the phenotypes of five engineered rna2s were tested in nicotiana tabacum, nicotiana clevelandii and nicotiana benthamiana. only one con ...	2015	25979730
satellite rnas interfere with the function of viral rna silencing suppressors.	viral satellite rnas (satrnas) are small subviral rnas and depend on the helper virus for replication and spread. satrnas can attenuate helper virus-induced symptoms, the mechanism of which remains unclear. here, we show that two virus-encoded suppressors of rna silencing (vsrs), cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) 2b and tombusvirus p19, suppress hairpin rna (hprna)-induced silencing of a β-glucuronidase (gus) gene in nicotiana benthamiana. this suppression can be overcome by cmv y-satellite rna (y-sat ...	2015	25964791
heterologous replicase driven 3' end repair of cucumber mosaic virus satellite rna.	to investigate the extent of the 3' end repair in a satellite rna of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) strain q (q(sat)) by a heterologous tomato aspermy virus (tav), a set of biologically active agrotransformants corresponding to the three genomic rnas of tav was developed. analysis of nicotiana benthamiana plants agroinfiltrated with tav and either wild type or each of the six 3' deletion mutants of q(sat) revealed that (i) heterologous replicase failed to generate q(sat) multimers, a hallmark featu ...	2015	25705791
a single amino acid at n-terminal region of the 2b protein of cucumber mosaic virus strain m1 has a pivotal role in virus attenuation.	host responses to infection by a mild strain of cucumber mosaic virus, termed cmv-m1, were re-examined in several plant species in comparison with those by a severe strain cmv-y. mild systemic symptoms were developed on the six plant species inoculated with cmv-m1. virus titer in the nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with cmv-m1 was significantly lower than those infected with cmv-y, although infection by cmv-m1 interfered with further infection by cmv-y in the plants. subsequently, the atte ...	2015	25541532
three gene products of a begomovirus-betasatellite complex restore expression of a transcriptionally silenced green fluorescent protein transgene in nicotiana benthamiana.	single-stranded dna geminiviruses replicate via double-stranded dna intermediates forming mini-chromosomes that are targets for transcriptional gene silencing (tgs) in plants. the ability of the cotton leaf curl kokhran virus (clcukov)-cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite (clcumub) proteins, replication-associated protein (rep), transcriptional activator protein (trap), c4, v2 and βc1, to suppress tgs was investigated by using the nicotiana benthamiana line 16-tgs (16-tgs) harbouring a transcri ...	2015	25537949
characterisation and diagnosis of frangipani mosaic virus from india.	frangipani mosaic virus (frmv) is known to infect frangipani tree (plumeria rubra f. acutifolia) in india but the virus has not been characterized at genomic level and diagnosis is not available. in the present study, an isolate of frmv (frmv-ind-1) showing greenish mosaic and vein-banding symptoms in p. rubra f. acutifolia in new delhi was characterized based on host reactions, serology and genome sequence. the virus isolate induced local symptoms on several new experimental host species: capsi ...	2015	26239043
rnai mediated broad-spectrum transgenic resistance in nicotiana benthamiana to chilli-infecting begomoviruses.	two rnai constructs were designed targeting chilli-infecting begomoviruses and associated betasatellites. broad-spectrum resistance was achieved against multiple begomoviruses associated with leaf curl disease of chillies in india. chilli leaf curl disease (chilcd) caused by begomoviruses (family: geminiviridae) has emerged as one of the most devastating viral diseases of chilli, especially in the indian sub-continent. the severity of disease incidence is expanding at an alarming rate due to the ...	2015	25916177
complete genome sequence of nine isolates of canna yellow streak virus reveals its relationship to the sugarcane mosaic virus (scmv) subgroup of potyviruses.	complete genome sequences were obtained from nine isolates of canna yellow streak virus (caysv). caysv belongs to the sugarcane mosaic virus (scmv) subgroup of potyviruses with johnsongrass mosaic virus (jgmv) as its closest relative. multiple sequence alignments showed a pattern of amino acid substitutions in the cp sequences, which enabled us to relate these isolates to south east asian or european isolates. biological characterization of caysv identified nicotiana benthamiana, chenopodium qui ...	2015	25567205
establishment of an agrobacterium-mediated inoculation system for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus.	the infectious full-length cdna clones of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv) isolates kw and kom, which were isolated from watermelon and oriental melon, respectively, were constructed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter. we successfully inoculated nicotiana benthamiana with the cloned cgmmv isolates kw and kom by agrobacterium-mediated infiltration. virulence and symptomatic characteristics of the cloned cgmmv isolates kw and kom were tested on several indicat ...	2015	26674677
overexpression of a phytophthora cytoplasmic crn effector confers resistance to disease, salinity and drought in nicotiana benthamiana.	the crinkler (crn) effector family is produced by oomycete pathogens and may manipulate host physiological and biochemical events inside host cells. here, pscrn161 was identified from phytophthora sojae based on its broad and strong cell death suppression activities. the effector protein contains two predicted nuclear localization signals and localized to nuclei of plant cells, indicating that it may target plant nuclei to modify host cell physiology and function. the chimeric gene gfp:pscrn161 ...	2015	26546319
functional analysis of cotton leaf curl kokhran virus/cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite rna silencing suppressors.	in south asia, cotton leaf curl disease (clcud) is caused by a complex of phylogenetically-related begomovirus species and a specific betasatellite, cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite (clcumub). the post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs) suppression activities of the transcriptional activator protein (trap), c4, v2 and βc1 proteins encoded by cotton leaf curl kokhran virus (clcukov)/clcumub were assessed in nicotiana benthamiana. a variable degree of local silencing suppression was observ ...	2015	26512705
complete genome sequence and construction of infectious full-length cdna clones of tobacco ringspot nepovirus, a viral pathogen causing bud blight in soybean.	tobacco ringspot virus (trsv, genus nepovirus), causes severe diseases in soybean and tobacco plants. trsv-induced bud blight disease significantly reduced both the yield and quality of soybeans. the function of the encoded viral gene product involved in trsv infection was unclear due to the limitation of reverse genetics studies on the viral genome. here, we represent the successful construction of infectious full-length cdna clones of trsv genome (rna1 and rna2). the cdnas of trsv rna1 and rna ...	2015	26159876
mutations within a 35 amino acid region of p6 influence self-association, inclusion body formation, and caulimovirus infectivity.	cauliflower mosaic virus gene vi product (p6) is an essential protein that forms cytoplasmic, inclusion bodies (ibs). p6 contains four regions involved in self-association, termed d1-d4. d3 binds to d1, along with d4 and contains a spacer region (termed d3b) between two rna-binding domains. here we show d3b binds full-length p6 along with d1 and d4. full-length p6s harboring single amino acid substitutions within d3b showed reduced binding to both d1 and d4. full-length p6s containing d3b mutati ...	2015	25506670
development of three full-length infectious cdna clones of distinct brassica yellows virus genotypes for agrobacterium-mediated inoculation.	brassica yellows virus is a newly identified species in the genus of polerovirus within the family luteoviridae. brassica yellows virus (bryv) is prevalently distributed throughout mainland china and south korea, is an important virus infecting cruciferous crops. based on six bryv genomic sequences of isolates from oilseed rape, rutabaga, radish, and cabbage, three genotypes, bryv-a, bryv-b, and bryv-c, exist, which mainly differ in the 5' terminal half of the genome. bryv is an aphid-transmitte ...	2015	25499296
differential contributions of plant dicer-like proteins to antiviral defences against potato virus x in leaves and roots.	members of the plant dicer-like (dcl) protein family are the critical components of the rna-silencing pathway that mediates innate antiviral defence. the distinct antiviral role of each individual dcl protein has been established with mostly based on observations of aerial parts of plants. thus, although the roots are closely associated with the life cycle of many plant viruses, little is known about the antiviral activities of dcl proteins in roots. we observed that antiviral silencing strongly ...	2015	25619543
rice stripe tenuivirus p2 may recruit or manipulate nucleolar functions through an interaction with fibrillarin to promote virus systemic movement.	rice stripe virus (rsv) is the type species of the genus tenuivirus and represents a major viral pathogen affecting rice production in east asia. in this study, rsv p2 was fused to yellow fluorescent protein (p2-yfp) and expressed in epidermal cells of nicotiana benthamiana. p2-yfp fluorescence was found to move to the nucleolus initially, but to leave the nucleolus for the cytoplasm forming numerous distinct bright spots there at later time points. a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bi ...	2015	25431002
a critical domain of sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus nucleotide-binding protein (nabp) for rna silencing suppression, nuclear localization and viral pathogenesis.	rna silencing is an important mechanism of antiviral defence in plants. to counteract this resistance mechanism, many viruses have evolved rna silencing suppressors. in this study, we analysed five proteins encoded by sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (spcfv) for their abilities to suppress rna silencing using a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-based transient expression assay in nicotiana benthamiana line 16c plants. our results showed that a putative nucleotide-binding protein (nabp), but not ...	2015	25138489
transgenic down-regulation of argonaute2 expression in nicotiana benthamiana interferes with several layers of antiviral defenses.	the present study aimed to analyze the contribution of nicotiana benthamiana argonaute2 (nbago2) to its antiviral response against different viruses. for this purpose, dsrna hairpin technology was used to reduce nbago2 expression in transgenic plants as verified with rt-pcr. this reduction was specific because the expression of other nbagos was not affected, and did not cause obvious developmental defects under normal growth conditions. inoculation of transgenic plants with an otherwise silencin ...	2015	26454664
effects of elevated co₂and temperature on pathogenicity determinants and virulence of potato virus x/potyvirus-associated synergism.	infections of plants by multiple viruses are common in nature and may result in synergisms in pathologies. several environmental factors influence plant-virus interactions and act on virulence and host defense responses. mixed viral infections may be more frequent under environmental conditions associated with global warming. here, we address how changes in the two main parameters behind global warming, carbon dioxide concentrations ([co₂]) and temperature, may affect virulence of potato virus x ...	2015	26422405
rice grassy stunt virus nonstructural protein p5 serves as a viral suppressor of rna silencing and interacts with nonstructural protein p3.	rice grassy stunt virus (rgsv), a member of the genus tenuivirus, causes serious rice disease in southeast asian countries. in this study, a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-based transient expression assay was conducted to show that p5, encoded on rna5 in the viral sense, is a viral suppressor of rna silencing (vsr). protein-protein interactions (ppis) between p5 and all rgsv proteins except pc1 and pc2 were investigated using gal4-based yeast two-hybrid (y2h) experiments. the results demonstrat ...	2015	26296721
in vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation of plant virus nanocarriers.	the use of biological self-assembling materials, plant virus nanoparticles in particular, appears very intriguing as it allows a great choice of symmetries and dimensions, easy chemical and biological engineering of both surface and/or internal cavity as well as safe and rapid production in plants. in this perspective, we present an initial evaluation of the safety profile of two structurally different plant viruses produced in nicotiana benthamiana l. plants: the filamentous potato virus x and ...	2015	25847457
rapid high-yield expression of a candidate influenza vaccine based on the ectodomain of m2 protein linked to flagellin in plants using viral vectors.	the extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (m2e) of influenza a virus is a promising target for the development of a universal vaccine against influenza because m2e sequences are highly conserved among human influenza a strains. however, native m2e is poorly immunogenic, but its immunogenicity can be increased by delivery in combination with adjuvants or carrier particles. it was previously shown that fusion of m2e to bacterial flagellin, the ligand for toll-like receptor (tlr) 5 and powerful ...	2015	26022390
the ac5 protein encoded by mungbean yellow mosaic india virus is a pathogenicity determinant that suppresses rna silencing-based antiviral defenses.	it is generally accepted that begomoviruses in the family geminiviridae encode four proteins (from ac1/c1 to ac4/c4) using the complementary-sense dna as template. although ac5/c5 coding sequences are increasingly annotated in databases for many begomoviruses, the evolutionary relationships and functions of this putative protein in viral infection are obscure. here, we demonstrate several important functions of the ac5 protein of a bipartite begomovirus, mungbean yellow mosaic india virus (mymiv ...	2015	26010321
suppression of rnai by dsrna-degrading rnaseiii enzymes of viruses in animals and plants.	certain rna and dna viruses that infect plants, insects, fish or poikilothermic animals encode class 1 rnaseiii endoribonuclease-like proteins. dsrna-specific endoribonuclease activity of the rnaseiii of rock bream iridovirus infecting fish and sweet potato chlorotic stunt crinivirus (spcsv) infecting plants has been shown. suppression of the host antiviral rna interference (rnai) pathway has been documented with the rnaseiii of spcsv and heliothis virescens ascovirus infecting insects. suppress ...	2015	25747942
analysis of pineapple mealybug wilt associated virus -1 and -2 for potential rna silencing suppressors and pathogenicity factors.	higher plants use rna silencing to defend against viral infections. as a counter defense, plant viruses have evolved proteins that suppress rna silencing. mealybug wilt of pineapple (mwp), an important disease of pineapple, has been associated with at least three distinct viruses, pineapple mealybug wilt associated virus -1, -2, and -3 (pmwav-1, -2, and -3). selected open reading frames (orfs) of pmwav-1 and pmwav-2 were screened for their local and systemic suppressor activities in agrobacteriu ...	2015	25751306
plant expression and characterization of the transmission-blocking vaccine candidate pfgap50.	despite the limited success after decades of intensive research and development efforts, vaccination still represents the most promising strategy to significantly reduce the disease burden in malaria endemic regions. besides the ultimate goal of inducing sterile protection in vaccinated individuals, the prevention of transmission by so-called transmission blocking vaccines (tbvs) is being regarded as an important feature of an efficient malaria eradication strategy. recently, plasmodium falcipar ...	2015	26625934
heat-precipitation allows the efficient purification of a functional plant-derived malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate fusion protein.	malaria is a vector-borne disease affecting more than two million people and accounting for more than 600,000 deaths each year, especially in developing countries. the most serious form of malaria is caused by plasmodium falciparum. the complex life cycle of this parasite, involving pre-erythrocytic, asexual and sexual stages, makes vaccine development cumbersome but also offers a broad spectrum of vaccine candidates targeting exactly those stages. vaccines targeting the sexual stage of p. falci ...	2015	25615702
detailed functional characterization of glycosylated and nonglycosylated variants of malaria vaccine candidate pfama1 produced in nicotiana benthamiana and analysis of growth inhibitory responses in rabbits.	one of the most promising malaria vaccine candidate antigens is the plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (pfama1). several studies have shown that this blood-stage antigen can induce strong parasite growth inhibitory antibody responses. pfama1 contains up to six recognition sites for n-linked glycosylation, a post-translational modification that is absent in p. falciparum. to prevent any potential negative impact of n-glycosylation, the recognition sites have been knocked out in most ...	2015	25236489
differentially expressed genes in healthy and plum pox virus-infected nicotiana benthamiana plants.	viruses use both material and energy sources of their hosts and redirect the production of disposable compounds in order to make viral replication more efficient. metabolism of infected organisms is modified by these enhanced requirements as well by their own defense response. resulting complex story consists of many regulation events on various gene expression levels. elucidating these processes may contribute to the knowledge on virus-host interactions and to evolving new antiviral strategies. ...	2015	26666187
aphid transmission of the ontario isolate of plum pox virus.	utilization of timed virus acquisition access probes in studies of plum pox virus (ppv) transmission by aphids demonstrated that endemic species transmitted the virus readily from plum, prunus domestica (l.) batsch; peach, p. persica (l.); or dwarf flowering almond, p. glandulosa thunberg., to peach seedlings. the green peach aphid, myzus persicae (sulzer), was shown to be the most efficient vector. acquisition of virus by green peach aphids from infected peach leaves resulted in 18-28% infected ...	2015	26453705
the p25 protein of potato virus x (pvx) is the main pathogenicity determinant responsible for systemic necrosis in pvx-associated synergisms.	most plant viruses counter the rna silencing-based antiviral defense by expressing viral suppressors of rna silencing (vsrs). in this sense, vsrs may be regarded as virulence effectors that can be recognized by the host as avirulence (avr) factors to induce r-mediated resistance. we made use of agrobacterium-mediated transient coexpression of vsrs in combination with potato virus x (pvx) to recapitulate in local tissues the systemic necrosis (sn) caused by pvx-potyvirus synergistic infections in ...	2015	25473046
complete genome sequences of two biologically distinct isolates of asparagus virus 1.	the complete genome sequences of two asparagus virus 1 (av-1) isolates differing in their ability to cause systemic infection in nicotiana benthamiana were determined. their genomes had 9,741 nucleotides excluding the 3'-terminal poly(a) tail, encoded a polyprotein of 3,112 amino acids, and shared 99.6 % nucleotide sequence identity. they differed at 37 nucleotide and 15 amino acid sequence positions (99.5 % identity) scattered over the polyprotein. the closest relatives of av-1 in amino acid se ...	2015	25216774
importin-α-mediated nucleolar localization of potato mop-top virus triple gene block1 (tgb1) protein facilitates virus systemic movement, whereas tgb1 self-interaction is required for cell-to-cell movement in nicotiana benthamiana.	recently, it has become evident that nucleolar passage of movement proteins occurs commonly in a number of plant rna viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. systemic movement of potato mop-top virus (pmtv) involves two viral transport forms represented by a complex of viral rna and triple gene block1 (tgb1) movement protein and by polar virions that contain the minor coat protein and tgb1 attached to one extremity. the integrity of polar virions ensures the efficient movement of rna-cp, which e ...	2015	25576325
rnai mediated inhibition of viroid infection in transgenic plants expressing viroid-specific small rnas derived from various functional domains.	previous attempts to develop rnai-mediated viroid-resistant transgenic plants using nearly full-length potato spindle tuber viroid (pstvd) hairpin rna (hprna) were successful; however unusual phenotypes resembling viroid infection occurred. therefore, in the present work, transgenic nicotiana benthamiana lines expressing both partial and truncated versions of pstvd hprna were developed. specifically, seven partial or truncated versions of pstvd sequences were selected according to the hotspots o ...	2015	26656294
expression of sant/hth myb mrna, a plant morphogenesis-regulating transcription factor, changes due to viroid infection.	potato spindle tuber viroid (pstvd) belongs to plant-pathogenic, circular, non-coding rnas. its propagation is accompanied by (mis)regulation of host genes and induction of pathogenesis symptoms including changes of leaf morphogenesis depending on the strength of viroid variant. we found strong genotype-dependent suppression of tomato morphogenesis-regulating transcription factor sant/hth-myb (slmyb) due to viroid pathogenesis. its relative mrna level was found to be significantly decreased in p ...	2015	26118459