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identification and characterization of a new virus in the genus potyvirus from wild populations of angelica lucida l. and a. genuflexa nutt., family apiaceae.a novel potyvirus was discovered in angelica lucida l. (wild celery) and a. genuflexa nutt. (kneeling angelica) (family apiaceae) in the matanuska- susitna valley, alaska. the experimental plant host range of the virus included species in three families: chenopodiaceae (chenopodium amaranticolor coste et reyn and chenopodium quinoa willd.), solanaceae (nicotiana benthamiana domin, and n. clevlandii gray.), and apiaceae (anethum graveolens l., apium graveolens l. var. dulce (miller)), daucus caro ...200717558540
a predictive nutritional model for plant cells and hairy roots.a structured nutritional model is proposed to describe growth and nutritional behavior of eschscholtzia californica suspension cells and catharanthus roseus and daucus carota hairy roots in in vitro culture. the model describes the cells specific growth rate from concentration of intracellular nutrients such as inorganic phosphate (pi), nitrogen sources (no(3) (-) and nh(4) (+)) and sugars. two-level michaelis-menten kinetics are used to describe pi and no(3) (-) uptake and simple michaelis-ment ...200817614323
biostimulation of pah degradation with plants containing high concentrations of linoleic acid.many plant species enhance the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs), but there is little understanding of the mechanisms by which this occurs. this research identified phytochemicals that stimulate pyrene degradation using crushed roottissues from 43 plants that were screened in soil spiked with 100 ppm pyrene. among the plants tested, root tissues from apium graveolens (celery), raphanus sativus (radish), solanum tuberosum (potato), and daucus carota (carrot) were most effe ...200717626440
differential effects of hexaconazole and paclobutrazol on biomass, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant potential of daucus carota l.the application of triazole fungicides is a common practice in the cultivation of carrot (daucus carota l.) plants. it is there for seems important to test the changes that are occurring in this food crop under triazoles, the non-traditional plant growth regulators, treatments in order to identify the extent to which it tolerate the fungicide application and thereby make it an economical food crop. a field experiment was conducted to find out the effects of two triazole fungicides (hexaconazole ...200717644352
[advanced study on serk genes family].somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (serk) genes were identified in different plant species, such as daucus carota, arabidopsis thaliana and oryza sativa. studies of these genes showed that they have conserved structures and expression patterns. these genes are not only expressed in embryogenic tissues, but also in post-embryogenic development. they function in embryogenesis and reproductive development and defences in particular, related signal transduction pathways.200717650484
evidence for p-hydroxybenzoate formation involving enzymatic phenylpropanoid side-chain cleavage in hairy roots of daucus carota.in this study, methyl jasmonate (mj)-elicited hairy root cultures of daucus carota were explored to study the enzymatic route to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-hba) biosynthesis. treatment with 100microm mj caused an enhanced accumulation of p-hba as well as total phenolic content in elicited root lines as compared to untreated (controls) lines. using cell-free extract as the source of crude enzymes, attempt was made to reveal the enzymatic route to p-hba formation. the accumulation of p-hba was prece ...200817658659
metabolic engineering of novel ketocarotenoid production in carrot plants.carotenoids constitute a vast group of pigments that are ubiquitous throughout nature. carrot (daucus carota l.) roots provide an important source of dietary beta-carotene (provitamin a), alpha-carotene and lutein. ketocarotenoids, such as canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, are produced by some algae and cyanobacteria but are rare in plants. ketocarotenoids are strong antioxidants that are chemically synthesized and used as dietary supplements and pigments in the aquaculture and neutraceutical indus ...200817682834
(e)-methylisoeugenol and elemicin: antibacterial components of daucus carota l. essential oil against campylobacter jejuni.the essential oil of wild daucus carota l. obtained from aerial parts at the end of the flowering stage (dceo) was reported as antimicrobial against the human enteropathogen campylobacter jejuni. the aim of the present study was to extend this analysis to other campylobacter species and to identify the active compounds of the essential oil, subjected to gc, gc-ms, and (13)c nmr analysis. a minimum inhibitory concentration assay was used to quantify the antimicrobial activity of dceo and the majo ...200717685629
enantioselective hydrolysis of bromo- and methoxy-substituted 1-phenylethanol acetates using carrot and celeriac enzymatic systems.enantioselective hydrolysis of bromo- and methoxy-substituted 1-phenylethanol acetates was conducted using comminuted carrot (daucus carota l.) and celeriac (apium graveolens l. var. rapaceum) roots. hydrolysis of the acetates led to alcohols, preferentially to r-(+)-enantiomers. efficiencies of both reactions - hydrolysis of the acetates with an electron-donating methoxy group and oxidation of the resulting alcohols - increased in the following order: ortho < meta < para. the presence of an ele ...201317708446
arginine decarboxylase and polyamines required for embryogenesis in the wild carrot.embryogenic cultures of daucus carota treated with 1 millimolar alpha-difluoromethylarginine, a specific inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase, exhibited nearly a 50 percent reduction in embryo formation compared with controls. putrescine and spermidine concentrations in the treated cells were greatly reduced. addition of putrescine, spermidine, or spermine to the culture medium restored embryogenesis in the treated cultures. embryogenesis was not significantly affected by alpha-difluoromethylorni ...198417746056
transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants.the luciferase gene from the firefly, photinus pyralis, was used as a reporter of gene expression by light production in transfected plant cells and transgenic plants. a complementary dna clone of the firefly luciferase gene under the control of a plant virus promoter (cauliflower mosaic virus 35s rna promoter) was introduced into plant protoplast cells (daucus carota) by electroporation and into plants (nicotiana tabacum) by use of the agrobacterium tumefaciens tumor-inducing plasmid. extracts ...198617758108
cloning and expression of dcga gene encoding alpha subunit of gtp-binding protein in carrot seedlings.a homology-based cloning strategy yielded a cdna clone designated dcga, presumably encoding alpha subunit of gtp-binding protein, from carrot (daucus carota) seedlings. molecular phylogenetic tree analysis of g protein alpha subunits from various biological sources suggested that, unlike in animal cells, classification of galpha proteins into specific subfamilies could not be applicable to the proteins from higher plants. the restriction digests prepared from genomic dna of carrot showed one or ...200717827744
morphogenetic responses of cultured totipotent cells of carrot (daucus carota var. carota) at zero gravity.an experiment designed to test whether embryos capable of developing from isolated somatic carrot cells could do so under conditions of weightlessness in space was performed aboard the unmanned soviet biosatellite kosmos 782 under the auspices of the joint united states-soviet biological satellite mission. space flight and weightlessness seem to have had no adverse effects on the induction of embryoids or on the development of their organs. a portion of the crop of carrot plantlets originated in ...197817847331
content and in-vitro accessibility of pro-vitamin a carotenoids from sri lankan cooked non-leafy vegetables and their estimated contribution to vitamin a requirement.vitamin a deficiency is a public health problem in sri lanka, which affects especially pre-school children. carrots (daucus carota), pumpkins (cucurbita maxima), squashes (cucurbita moschata) and sweet potatoes (ipomoea batatas) of orange, yellow-fleshed varieties are good sources of provitamin a carotenoids, but have not been studied in sri lanka in terms of the food as eaten. the content of carotenoids in each preparation method and the in-vitro accessibility of beta-carotene and alpha-caroten ...200717852483
little nuclei genes affecting nuclear morphology in arabidopsis thaliana.efforts to understand nuclear organization in plant cells have received little assistance from the better-studied animal nuclei, because plant proteomes do not contain recognizable counterparts to the key animal proteins involved in nuclear organization, such as lamin nuclear intermediate filament proteins. previous studies identified a plant-specific insoluble nuclear protein in carrot (daucus carota), called nuclear matrix constituent protein1 (nmcp1), which contains extensive coiled-coil doma ...200717873096
the zinc binding site of the shaker channel kdc1 from daucus carota.kdc1 is a voltage-dependent shaker-like potassium channel subunit cloned from daucus carota which produces conductive channels in xenopus oocytes only when coexpressed with other plant shaker potassium subunits, such as kat1 from arabidopsis thaliana. external zn(2+) determines a potentiation of the current mediated by the dimeric construct kdc1-kat1, which has been ascribed to zinc binding at a site comprising three histidines located at the s3-s4 (h161, h162) and s5-s6 (h224) linkers of kdc1. ...200817890387
comparative expression of beta-glucuronidase with five different promoters in transgenic carrot (daucus carota l.) root and leaf tissues.tissue-specific patterns and levels of protein expression were characterized in transgenic carrot plants transformed with the beta-glucuronidase (gus) gene driven by one of five promoters: cauliflower mosaic virus 35s (35s) and double 35s (d35s), arabidopsis ubiquitin (ubq3), mannopine synthase (mas2) from agrobacterium tumefaciens or the rooting loci promoter (rold) from a. rhizogenes. five independently transformed carrot lines of each promoter construct were assessed for gus activity. in leav ...200817924115
simultaneous modelling of the thermal degradation kinetics of pectin methylesterase in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) and carrot (daucus carota l.) extracts: analysis of seasonal variation and tissue type.the thermal degradation kinetics of pectin methylesterase (pme) from carrot and lettuce were studied. fresh extracts were exposed to temperatures from 55 to 70 degrees c until the enzyme was inactivated. a model based on the presence of two forms of the enzyme, one active and one non-active, is proposed. the natural variability of the pme activity was taken into the model in the form of normally distributed random effects. the common model parameters obtained (cleavage constant (0.0395+/-0.0062 ...200717928712
improvement of texture properties and flavor of frozen dough by carrot (daucus carota) antifreeze protein supplementation.the effects of concentrated carrot protein (ccp) containing 15.4% (w/w) carrot (daucus carota) antifreeze protein on texture properties of frozen dough and volatile compounds of crumb were studied. ccp supplementation lowered the freezable water content of the dough, resulting in some beneficial effects including holding loaf volume steadily and making the dough softer and steadier during frozen storage. furthermore, spme-gc-ms analysis showed ccp supplementation did not give any negative influe ...200717935294
selecting and evaluating native plants for region-specific phytotoxicity testing.in this study, we evaluated methodology to determine risks to terrestrial native plant species from potential herbecide drift, focusing on 1) selection of native species for testing, 2) growth of these species, and 3) variability in herbicide response among native species and compared with crop plants. native plant species were selected for initial testing on the basis of spatial analysis, which indicated that species from illinois, usa, were at potential risk for off-target effects of herbicide ...200817973566
determination of kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the batch adsorption of mn(ii), co(ii), ni(ii) and cu(ii) from aqueous solution by black carrot (daucus carota l.) residues.in this study, the effect of temperature on the adsorption of mn(ii), ni(ii), co(ii) and cu(ii) from aqueous solution by modified carrot residues (mcr) was investigated. the equilibrium contact times of adsorption process for each heavy metals-mcr systems were determined. kinetic data obtained for each heavy metal by mcr at different temperatures were applied to the lagergren equation, and adsorption rate constants (kads) at these temperatures were determined. these rate constants related to the ...200817980960
mitochondrial nad2 gene is co-transcripted with cms-associated orfb gene in cytoplasmic male-sterile stem mustard (brassica juncea).the transcriptional patterns of mitochondrial respiratory related genes were investigated in cytoplasmic male-sterile and fertile maintainer lines of stem mustard, brassica juncea. there were numerous differences in nad2 (subunit 2 of nadh dehydrogenase) between stem mustard cms and its maintainer line. one novel open reading frame, hereafter named orfb gene, was located at the downstream of mitochondrial nad2 gene in the cms. the novel orfb gene had high similarity with ymf19 family protein, or ...200918046626
mitochondrial regulation of flower development.flower development in plants depends not only on a set of nuclear genes but also on the coordinate action of the mitochondrion. certain mitochondrial genomes in combination with certain nuclear genomes lead to the expression of cytoplasmic male-sterility (cms). both mitochondrial genes that determine male-sterility and nuclear restorer-of-fertility genes that suppress the male-sterile phenotype have been cloned. lately, the interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genes through retrograde ...200818054525
dcmaster transposon display markers as a tool for diversity evaluation of carrot breeding materials and for hybrid seed purity testing.in recent years, transposon insertion polymorphisms have been utilized as molecular markers, and a range of techniques tailored towards identification of insertion sites of various transposable elements have been developed. in the present paper we describe the application of a recently developed dcmaster transposon display system to analyse the genetic diversity of polish breeding materials of carrot (daucus carota) and to identify polymorphisms useful for hybrid seed purity testing. using 3 set ...200818263967
survival and flowering of hybrids between cultivated and wild carrots (daucus carota) in danish grasslands.many crop species are able to hybridize with related weedy or wild relatives, which could lead to transfer of cultivar genes, and among them transgenes, into wild populations. it is not clear, however, whether the hybrids and their descendants are able to survive and reproduce in natural habitats, as inherited cultivar traits may be maladaptive under such conditions. to test this, we produced hybrid (f(1)) seeds by controlled crosses between wild [see text for formula] and cultivated carrots (da ...200818289499
epr as an analytical tool in assessing the mineral nutrients and irradiated food products-vegetables.epr spectral investigations of some commonly available vegetables in south india, which are of global importance like daucus carota (carrot), cyamopsis tetragonoloba (cluster beans), coccinia indica (little gourd) and beta vulgaris (beet root) have been carried out. in all the vegetable samples a free radical corresponding to cellulose radical is observed. almost all the samples under investigation exhibit mn ions in different oxidation states. the temperature variation epr studies are done and ...200818372211
cadmium accumulation in the edible parts of different cultivars of radish, raphanus sativus l., and carrot, daucus carota var. sativa, grown in a cd-contaminated soil.cadmium accumulation among 12 cultivars of radish (raphanus sativus) and 10 cultivars of carrot (daucus carota var. sativa) was studied in a cd-contaminated soil. the cd concentration in the edible parts of radish and carrot ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 and 0.14 to 0.19 mg kg(-1) fresh weight, respectively. all the tested carrot cultivars and 33% of the tested radish cultivars exceeded the chinese allowable limit for cd. the study showed a greater scope for selecting radish cultivars than for carrot ...200818392549
a carrot g-box binding factor-type basic region/leucine zipper factor dcbz1 is involved in abscisic acid signal transduction in somatic embryogenesis.carrot (daucus carota) somatic embryogenesis has been extensively used as an experimental system for studying embryogenesis. in maturing zygotic embryos, abscisic acid (aba) is involved in acquisition of desiccation tolerance and dormancy. on the other hand, somatic embryos contain low levels of endogenous aba and show desiccation intolerance and lack dormancy, but tolerance and dormancy can be induced by exogenous application of aba. in aba-treated carrot embryos, some aba-inducible genes are e ...201618407508
purple carrot (daucus carota l.) polyacetylenes decrease lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory proteins in macrophage and endothelial cells.carrots ( daucus carota l.) contain phytochemicals including carotenoids, phenolics, polyacetylenes, isocoumarins, and sesquiterpenes. purple carrots also contain anthocyanins. the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and phytochemicals from purple carrots was investigated by determining attenuation of the response to lipopolysaccharide (lps). a bioactive chromatographic fraction (sephadex lh-20) reduced lps inflammatory response. there was a dose-dependent reduction in nitric oxide production ...200818433135
ionic thiocyanate (scn(-)) production, fate, and phytotoxicity in soil amended with brassicaceae seed meals.brassicaceae seed meals produce ionic thiocyanate (scn (-)), a bioherbicidal compound. this study determined the fate of scn (-) in a field soil amended with seed meals of sinapis alba, brassica juncea, and brassica napus and quantified crop phytotoxicity by monitoring carrot ( daucus carota) emergence. meals were applied at 1 or 2 t ha (-1), and soils were sampled to 35 cm for scn (-). maximum scn (-) (211 micromol kg (-1) of soil) was measured at 5 days in 0-5 cm samples from plots amended wit ...200818442242
spatial and temporal expression profiling of cell-wall invertase genes during early development in hybrid poplar.cell-wall invertase genes are spatially and temporally regulated in several plant species, including daucus carota l., lycopersicon esculentum l. and solanum tuberosum l. however, few studies of cell-wall invertase genes of trees have been conducted, despite the importance of trees as a source of lignocellulosic biopolymers. we identified three putative cell-wall invertase genes in hybrid poplar (populus alba l. x grandidentata michx.) that showed higher homology to each other than to cell-wall ...200818450570
color evolution of aqueous solutions obtained by thermal processing of carrot (daucus carota l.) roots: influence of light.the color of aqueous solutions obtained by heating carrot (daucus carota l.) roots in water ("stocks") is different when the thermal treatment is applied with or without exposure to light. cie l*, a*, and b* scale values of stocks processed for different times were recorded and 4 patterns were initially observed. to explain the 1st part of this evolution (patterns 1 and 2), pectin extraction and beta-elimination in stocks were studied. light dependence was investigated to explain patterns 3 and ...200818460127
novel mechanism of modulating natural antioxidants in functional foods: involvement of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria nrrl b-30488.the significance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) mediated increase in antioxidant potential in vegetables is yet unknown. the plant growth-promoting bacterium bacillus lentimorbus nrrl b-30488 (b-30488) mediated induction of dietary antioxidant in vegetables ( trigonella foenum-graecum, lactuca sativa, spinacia oleracea, and daucus carota) and fruit ( citrus sinensis) after minimal processing (fresh, boiled, and frozen) was tested by estimating the total phenol content, level of a ...200818491912
prepenetration apparatus assembly precedes and predicts the colonization patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within the root cortex of both medicago truncatula and daucus carota.arbuscular mycorrhizas (am) are widespread, ancient endosymbiotic associations that contribute significantly to soil nutrient uptake in plants. we have previously shown that initial fungal penetration of the host root is mediated via a specialized cytoplasmic assembly called the prepenetration apparatus (ppa), which directs am hyphae through the epidermis (genre et al., 2005). in vivo confocal microscopy studies performed on medicago truncatula and daucus carota, host plants with different patte ...200818515499
diversity of dcmaster-like elements of the pif/harbinger superfamily in the carrot genome.transposable elements constitute a significant fraction of plant genomes. both autonomous and non-autonomous elements of the dcmaster family, residing in the carrot genome, were described previously. dcmaster elements were classified as members of the pif/harbinger superfamily. in the present paper we report on the identification of other groups of dcmaster-like elements. beside the previously described, relatively highly abundant miniature inverted repeat element (mite) family krak (ca. 3,600 c ...200918535910
asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones to chiral alcohols catalyzed by plants tissue.as an important organic compound, chiral alcohols are the key chiral building blocks to many single enantiomer pharmaceuticals. asymmetric reduction of the corresponding prochiral ketones to produce the chiral alcohols by biocatalysis is one of the most promising routes. asymmetric reduction of different kinds of non-natural prochiral ketones catalyzed by various plants tissue was studied in this work. acetophenone, 4'-chloroacetophenone and ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate were chosen as the model su ...200818548304
a semicontinuous culture model that links cell growth to extracellular nutrient concentration.during semicontinuous culture, a sample of fixed volume is removed at regular time intervals to make measurements and/or harvest culture components, and an equal volume of fresh medium is immediately added to the culture, thereby instantaneously enhancing nutrient concentrations and diluting cell concentration. the resulting cell concentration versus time curve (i.e., the actual cell growth curve) has a saw-toothed appearance because of the periodic dilution of cell concentration. the observed c ...198618553861
effect of decontamination agents on the microbial population, sensorial quality, and nutrient content of grated carrots (daucus carota l.).several decontamination agents including water, sodium hypochlorite, peroxyacetic acid, neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water, and chlorine dioxide gas were tested for their effectiveness to reduce the natural microflora on grated carrots. microbial reductions of the total aerobic count obtained after the different treatments varied between 0.11 and 3.29 log colony-forming units (cfu)/g. whether or not a decontamination step induced significant changes in the sensory attributes of grated carrots ...200818582083
upregulation of the promoter activity of the carrot (daucus carota) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (dcpal3) is caused by new members of the transcriptional regulatory proteins, dcerf1 and dcerf2, which bind to the gcc-box homolog and act as an activator to the dcpal3 promoter.the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) gene, dcpal3, was expressed during the synthesis of anthocyanin in suspension-cultured cells of carrot (daucus carota). there were two putative cis-elements in the dcpal3 promoter region: the box-l and gcc-box homologs. both of these are committed to the upregulation of promoter activity. although box-l is known as the conserved cis-element present in the promoter region of most pal genes of many plant species targeted by the r2r3-myb protein, among pal gene ...200818584290
essential oil of daucus carota subsp. halophilus: composition, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity.essential oils are known to possess antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of bacteria and fungi. daucus carota l. is used since olden times in traditional medicine, due to recognized therapeutic properties, namely the antimicrobial activity of their essential oils.200818606215
population and biomass kinetics in fed-batch cultures of daucus carota l. somatic embryos.the population dynamics of developing somatic embryos of carrot (daucur carota l.) was investigated in batch and fed-batch cultures using modified murashige and skoog medium. these substrate limitations coincided not only with stoppage of biomass increase, but also with the increase in total concentration of embryos as well as the advancement of the embryo into a more mature stage. both glucose and ammonium were depleted from the culture. restoring either glucose, or ammonium and nitrate, as to ...199318609625
expression and assembly of cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) in transgenic carrot (daucus carota l.).we expressed the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) fused to an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (sekdel) in carrot roots using an agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. fourteen independent transgenic lines were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis after 6 months of culture. the sctb gene was detected in the genomic dna of transgenic carrot by pcr amplification. expressions and assembly of sctb protein into oligomeric structures of pentameric size were observed in transgenic plant extr ...200918642102
functional characteristics of a tiny but specialized olfactory system: olfactory receptor neurons of carrot psyllids (homoptera: triozidae).with only approximately 50 olfactory receptor neurons (orns), the carrot psyllid trioza apicalis (homoptera: psylloidea) may have the smallest olfactory system described in adult neopteran insects. using single sensillum recordings (ssr) and gas chromatograph-linked ssr, we characterized 4 olfactory sensilla forming a distinct morphological type, which together house approximately 25% of all orns. we recorded responses to extracts and single constituents from daucus carota ssp. sativus, from the ...200818653644
structural responses of daucus carota root-organ cultures and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, glomus intraradices, to 12 pharmaceuticals.pharmaceuticals and personal care products may enter the terrestrial environment through the amendment of agricultural soils with manure or biosolids with potential impacts on beneficial soil microbe populations. the beneficial symbiotic relationship between most plant species and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is a primary determinant of plant health and soil fertility. as such, there is increasing recognition of the need to study the impacts of anthropogenic stressors on plant-microbe interactio ...200818656230
partial nucleotide sequence of a carlavirus from carrot (daucus carota l.). 200818751883
isolation of development-related genes in somatic embryo radicle of carrot (daucus carota l.) using modified cdna rda.using modified cdna rda capitalizing on the high affinity of streptavidin for biotin and magnetic-absorption-based separation, we have obtained four bands of specifically expressed cdna in the carrot somatic embryo deregulated for 12 h, which were designated as nr-1, nr-2, nr-3 and nr-4, respectively. as revealed by homology analysis of their dna sequences after cloning them into pbs, remarkable homology was demonstrated in nr-2, nr-3 and nr-4 with the genes coding for lea (late embryogenesis ab ...200018763115
lowering of intraocular pressure by topical application of daucus carota seed extract in rabbits.in normotensive rabbits topical application of daucus carota seed extract at the concentration of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2% resulted in mean iop reduction of 19.33. 23.20 and 25.61% respectively from baseline. as no significant difference was observed between the change in iop in 0.6 and 1.2% extract treated groups, 0.6% concentration was chosen for further evaluation in rabbits with experimentally elevated iop. in water loaded rabbits, maximum mean iop reduction with 0.6% extract was 29.39%, which was ...200818807759
reinvestigation of the bitter compounds in carrots (daucus carota l.) by using a molecular sensory science approach.in order to reinvestigate the key molecules inducing bitter off-taste of carrots ( daucus carota l.), a sensory-guided fractionation approach was applied to bitter carrot extracts. besides the previously reported bitter compounds, 6-methoxymellein (1), falcarindiol (2), falcarinol (3), and falcarindiol-3-acetate (4), the following compounds were identified for the first time as bitter compounds in carrots with low bitter recognition thresholds between 8 and 47 micromol/l: vaginatin (5), isovagin ...200818922011
use of heteroduplex mobility assay for identification and differentiation of phytoplasmas in the aster yellows group and the clover proliferation group.abstract this paper describes the identification and differentiation of phytoplasmas by a highly sensitive diagnostic technique, dna heteroduplex mobility assay (hma). closely related phytoplasma isolates of clover proliferation (cp), potato witches'-broom (pwb), and alfalfa witches'-broom (awb) were collected from the field from 1990 to 1999. the entire 16s rrna gene and 16/23s spacer region were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from the field samples and standard cp, pwb, and awb p ...200118943942
long-term biosanitation by application of coniothyrium minitans on sclerotinia sclerotiorum-infected crops.abstract the effect of the fungal mycoparasite coniothyrium minitans applied as a spray to crops infected with sclerotinia sclerotiorum (causal agent of white mold) on contamination of soil with s. sclerotiorum sclerotia was studied in a 5-year field experiment. sclerotial survival also was monitored during two subsequent years, when the field was returned to commercial agriculture. in a randomized block design, factorial combinations of four crops and three treatments were repeated 10 times. po ...199918944788
a small rna resembling the beet western yellows luteovirus st9-associated rna is a component of the california carrot motley dwarf complex.abstract virions were purified from anthriscus cerefolium or coriandrum sativum plants infected with the viruses that cause california carrot motley dwarf. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of virion preparations yielded a single prominent protein species of approximately 28,000 molecular weight; however, denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis showed that virions contained three prominent single-stranded rnas of approximately 5.6, 4.2, and 2.8 kb. northern hybridization a ...199818944986
chemical characterization and biological activity of essential oils from daucus carota l. subsp. carota growing wild on the mediterranean coast and on the atlantic coast.the essential oils and supercritical co(2) extracts of wild daucus carota l. subsp. carota growing spontaneously in sardinia and in portugal were investigated. the main components in the sardinian essential oil of flowering and mature umbels with seeds are beta-bisabolene (17.6-51.0%) and 11-alpha-(h)-himachal-4-en-1-beta-ol (9.0-21.6%); instead, the oils from portuguese samples are predominantly composed of geranyl acetate (5.2-65.0%) and alpha-pinene (3.5-37.9%). supercritical extracts contain ...200918950693
sulfur transfer through an arbuscular mycorrhiza.despite the importance of sulfur (s) for plant nutrition, the role of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis in s uptake has received little attention. to address this issue, 35s-labeling experiments were performed on mycorrhizas of transformed carrot (daucus carota) roots and glomus intraradices grown monoxenically on bicompartmental petri dishes. the uptake and transfer of 35so4(2-) by the fungus and resulting 35s partitioning into different metabolic pools in the host roots was analyzed wh ...200918978070
dna analysis of a radiotolerant bacterium pantoea agglomerans by ft-ir spectroscopy.a radiation tolerance strain, pantoea agglomerans was isolated from gamma-irradiated carrot samples (daucus carota). d(10) determination showed that the radioresistance of this bacterium is five-fold higher than escherichia coli, both belonging to the family of enterobacteriaceae. dna isolated from untreated and irradiated bacterial cells was analyzed by ft-ir spectroscopy to investigate the radiotolerance of this bacterium. at doses <5kgy, an alteration of the interbase hydrogen networks was ob ...200719071550
fungal plant pathogens in portugal: alternaria dauci.a leaf blight of carrot (daucus carota) caused by alternaria dauci was found in alentejo (ourique, portugal). morphological characteristics of the fungus are described.200819071897
characterization of a deep-coverage carrot (daucus carota l.) bac library and initial analysis of bac-end sequences.carrot is the most economically important member of the apiaceae family and a major source of provitamin a carotenoids in the human diet. however, carrot molecular resources are relatively underdeveloped, hampering a number of genetic studies. here, we report on the synthesis and characterization of a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library of carrot. the library is 17.3-fold redundant and consists of 92,160 clones with an average insert size of 121 kb. to provide an overview of the compos ...200919104839
effect of wild flowers on oviposition of hippodamia variegata (coleoptera: coccinellidae) in the laboratory.marginal vegetation in crops is very important for natural enemies and their pest control capacity. the effects of brassica nigra l. (brassicaceae), daucus carota l. (apiaceae), and sonchus oleraceous l. (asteraceae) flowers as supplemental food on the number of eggs laid during 7 d and on the preoviposition time in hippodamia variegata (goeze, 1777) were studied in the laboratory under conditions of several densities of acyrthosiphon pisum (harris, 1776). the results show the presence of flower ...200819133458
molecular characterization of two alphacryptovirus dsrnas isolated from daucus carota. 200919165417
production of the p24 capsid protein from hiv-1 subtype c in arabidopsis thaliana and daucus carota using an endoplasmic reticulum-directing sekdel sequence in protein expression constructs.an optimized gene expression construct was designed in order to increase the accumulation of the hiv-1 subtype c p24 protein in arabidopsis thaliana and carrot (daucus carota) plants. an er retention signal was introduced into the genetic construct generating a p24 protein containing a sekdel amino acid sequence at its c-terminus. mature a. thaliana plants and carrot cells were transformed using agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the improved pgreen0229/p24_sekdel vector. several transgenic plan ...200919167502
ginsenoside rb1 in asymmetric somatic hybrid calli of daucus carota with panax quinquefolius.american ginseng (panax quinquefolius l.) is one of the most valuable herbs in the world. its major active components are ginsenosides. in order to produce ginsenoside heterogeneously, somatic hybridization, a novel approach for genetic introgression, was employed in this study. protoplasts derived from respective calli of carrot (daucus carota var. sativus hoffm.) and american ginseng (p. quinquefolius l.) were used as the fusion partners. hybrid calli derived from single cell lines containing ...200919199101
daucus carota mediated-reduction of cyclic 3-oxo-amines.carrots (daucus carota) were used to reduce cyclic amino-ketones in high yields and enantiomeric excesses. this cheap, eco-compatible, and efficient reducing reagent allows the easy access to precursors of biologically active products.200919215083
effect of home freezing and italian style of cooking on antioxidant activity of edible vegetables.in this study, we analyzed the modifications of antioxidant activity consequent to 3 typical home cooking practices (steaming, boiling, and microwave cooking) in fresh and home frozen vegetables. six different vegetable species were examined: carrots (daucus carota l.), zucchini (cucurbita pepo l.), tomatoes (solanumn lycopersicum l.), green beans (phaseolus vulgaris l.), peas (pisum sativum l.), and yellow peppers (capsicum annuum l.). all vegetables were conventional products and were analyzed ...200819241586
host-specific races in the holoparasitic angiosperm orobanche minor: implications for speciation in parasitic plants.orobanche minor is a root-holoparasitic angiosperm that attacks a wide range of host species, including a number of commonly cultivated crops. the extent to which genetic divergence among natural populations of o. minor is influenced by host specificity has not been determined previously. here, the host specificity of natural populations of o. minor is quantified for the first time, and evidence that this species may comprise distinct physiological races is provided.200919251714
possible involvement of dna methylation on expression regulation of carrot lec1 gene in its 5'-upstream region.dna methylation plays important roles in various developmental processes in many organisms. in carrots, the treatment of embryogenic cells (ecs) with dna methylation inhibitors induces hypomethylation and blocks somatic embryogenesis. carrot-leafy cotyledon 1 (c-lec1) is an important transcription factor for embryo development that shows embryo-specific expression in ecs and somatic and zygotic embryos. however, the regulation of embryo-specific transcription factor genes such as c-lec1 in plant ...200919264116
a pathotype system to describe intraspecific variation in pathogenicity of meloidogyne chitwoodi.tests of eight dutch meloidogyne chitwoodi isolates to the differential set for host races 1 and 2 in m. chitwoodi provided no evidence for the existence of host race 2 in the netherlands. the data showed deviations from expected reactions on the differential hosts, which raised doubts of the usefulness of the host race classification in m. chitwoodi. the term ''pathotype'' is proposed for groups of isolates of one meloidogyne sp. that exhibit the same level of pathogenicity on genotypes of one ...199919270911
survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the united states for 1994.previous reports of crop losses to plant-parasitic nematodes have relied on published results of survey data based on certain commodities, including tobacco, peanuts, cotton, and soybean. reports on crop-loss assessment by land-grant universities and many commodity groups generally are no longer available, with the exception of the university of georgia, the beltwide cotton conference, and selected groups concerned with soybean. the society of nematologists extension committee contacted extensio ...199919270925
damage to italian crops caused by cyst-forming nematodes.investigations were undertaken in 1982-88 to estimate yield losses of carrot, sugarbeet, wheat, and potato caused by cyst-forming nematodes (heterodera and globodera species) in several provinces of italy. soil samples were collected at planting in 0.5-ha sampling areas distributed in each crop's major production area. yield loss estimates were based on nematode population estimates and on curves derived earlier relating nematode densities with crop yields in italy. estimated yield loss values w ...199319279850
effects of cropping sequences on population densities of meloidogyne hapla and carrot yield in organic soil.the influence of various cropping sequences on population densities of meloidogyne hapla and carrot yield was studied in organic soil under microplot-and field conditions. spinach, radish, barley, oat, and wheat were poor or nonhosts for m. hapla. population densities of m. hapla were maintained or increased on cabbage, celery, lettuce, leek, marigold, and potato. marketable percent-age and root weight of carrots were greater following spinach, oat, radish, and fallow-onion than those following ...199219283022
distribution of heterodera carotae and meloidogyne hapla in michigan carrot production.during 1986 and 1988, selected farms in all of the major carrot-growing counties of michigan were surveyed to determine the extent of infestation by heterodera carotae and meloidogyne hapla. both species were found in all eight counties surveyed, but not on all farms. heterodera carotae was recovered from 67.4% of the fields surveyed. meloidogyne hapla was detected in 24.8% of the samples and from 69.8% of the fields. in most cases, h. carotae and m. hapla occurred in the same field.199219283061
growth of carrot and tomato from oxamyl-coated seed and control of meloidogyne hapla.oxamyl was coated on carrot (daucus carota l. cv. spartan fancy-80) and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill. cv. glamour) seeds with a polymer sticker for the control of meloidogyne hapla. the sticker diluted in water 1:1 delayed carrot seedling emergence. oxamyl at 40 mg/ml in a 1:5 dilution of sticker lowered the rate of carrot seedling emergence until day 13 and plant growth until day 28. oxamyl at 20 or 40 mg/ml in a 1:5 dilution of sticker on carrot seeds planted in m. hapla-infested muck ...199019287706
effect of combining soil solarization with certain nematicides on target and nontarget organisms and plant growth.field experiments compared pesticidal and plant growth effects of soil solarization, alone and in combination, with overall applications of several nematicides. nematodes, including meloidogyne incognita j2, that were targeted for control were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by solarization, 1,3-dichloropropene (44 and 132 liter/ha), ethoprop (13.5 kg/ha), metham sodium (64 liter/ha), formaldehyde (111 liter/ha), and by solarization-nematicide combinations. control of pythium ultimum also was o ...198719290287
cropping effects of marigolds, corn, and okra on population levels of meloidogyne javanica and on carrot yields. 198419294045
penetration, development, reproduction, and sex ratio of meloidogyne javanica in three carrot cultivars. 198619294200
varietal response and estimates of heritability of resistance to meloidogyne javanica in carrots.with methods developed in this study, varietal responses to m. javanica were evaluated and heritability of resistance of two promising carrot cultivars was estimated. more egg masses were found on root systems inoculated with eggs added to the soil in three holes in 250 cm(3) cups than by mixing the inoculum with soil in the cups. a resistant breeding line, cnph 1437, was discriminated from susceptible cultivar nova kuroda with inoculum levels higher than 2,000 eggs per cup. greenhouse and field ...198619294218
ontogeny of daucus carota infected with meloidogyne hapla.the ontogeny of carrots (daucus carota cv. 'spartan premium') grown under greenhouse conditions in pots of organic soil infected with meloidogyne hapla was influenced detrimentally as early as 4 days after seeding, as determined through analysis of plant surface area, dry weight, fresh weight, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, and leaf-area ratio. only 58% of the diseased carrots were suitable for fresh market, compared with 97% of those grown in nematode-free soil. growth and develop ...197819305837
accumulation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in hairy roots of daucus carota 2: confirming biosynthetic steps through feeding of inhibitors and precursors.biosynthesis of hydroxybenzoates even at enzymatic level is poorly understood. in this report, effect of feeding of putative biosynthetic precursors and pathway-specific enzyme inhibitors of early phenylpropanoid pathway on p-hydroxybenzoic acid accumulation in chitosan-elicited hairy roots of daucus carota was studied. three selective metabolic inhibitors of plant phenylpropanoid pathway, namely, aminooxyacetic acid (aoaa), piperonylic acid (pip) and 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid (mdca), whic ...200919342120
antioxidant phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of biofortified carrots (daucus carota l.) of various colors.antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of seven colored carrots were determined. five anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and four carotenoids were quantified by hplc. total phenolic content was determined according to the folin-ciocalteu method. antioxidant capacities of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions were determined by using the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (abts) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) methods. the relative antioxidant capacity i ...200919358535
daucus carota l.--an old model for cell reprogramming gains new importance through a novel expansion pattern of alternative oxidase (aox) genes.the paper highlights daucus carota l. as an ideal model to complement plant stress research on arabidopsis thaliana l. recently, alternative oxidase (aox) is discussed as functional marker candidate for cell reprogramming upon stress. carrot is the most studied species for cell reprogramming and our current research reveals that it is the only one that has expanded both aox sub-family genes. we point to recently published, but not discussed results on conserved differences in the vicinity of the ...200919372042
host-driven divergence in the parasitic plant orobanche minor sm. (orobanchaceae).many parasitic angiosperms have a broad host range and are therefore considered to be host generalists. orobanche minor is a nonphotosynthetic root parasite that attacks a range of hosts from taxonomically disparate families. in the present study, we show that o. minor sensu lato may comprise distinct, genetically divergent races isolated by the different ecologies of their hosts. using a three-pronged approach, we tested the hypothesis that intraspecific taxa o. minor var. minor and o. minor ss ...200819378406
daucus carota as a novel model to evaluate the effect of light on carotenogenic gene expression.carotenoids are synthesized in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. in plants and algae, these lipophilic molecules possess antioxidant properties acting as reactive oxygen species scavengers and exert functional roles in hormone synthesis, photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis and in photoprotection. during the past decade almost all carotenogenic genes have been identified as a result of molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches utilizing arabidopsis thaliana as the model system. studies car ...200819399342
expression of rabies virus g protein in carrots (daucus carota).antigens derived from various pathogens can readily be synthesized at high levels in plants in their authentic forms. such antigens administered orally can induce an immune response and, in some cases, result in protection against a subsequent challenge. we here report the expression of rabies virus g protein into carrots. the g gene was subcloned into the pucpssrabg vector and then used to transform carrot embryogenic cells by particle bombardment. the carrot cells were selected in liquid mediu ...200919479338
suboptimal temperature favors reserve formation in biennial carrot (daucus carota) plants.in response to suboptimal temperatures, temperate annual plants often increase root:shoot ratios, build-up carbohydrates and display typical morphological and anatomical changes. we know less about the responses of biennials such as carrot. as a model plant, carrot has the additional feature of two functionally and morphologically distinct root parts: the taproot, which stores carbohydrate and other compounds, and the fibrous root system involved in acquisition of water and nutrients. here, we a ...200919493310
identification and characterization of bzip-type transcription factors involved in carrot (daucus carota l.) somatic embryogenesis.seed dormancy is an important adaptive trait that enables seeds of many species to remain quiescent until conditions become favorable for germination. abscisic acid (aba) plays an important role in these developmental processes. like dormancy and germination, the elongation of carrot somatic embryo radicles is retarded by sucrose concentrations at or above 6%, and normal growth resumes at sucrose concentrations below 3%. using a yeast one-hybrid screening system, we isolated two bzip-type transc ...200919519801
flower and root oils of the tunisian daucus carota l. ssp. maritimus (apiaceae): integrated analyses by gc, gc/ms, and 13c-nmr spectroscopy, and in vitro antibacterial activity.the essential oils from flowers and roots of daucus carota l. ssp. maritimus were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by combination of gc, gc/ms, and (13)c-nmr. the chemical composition of the flower and root oils of this subspecies is reported here for the first time. thirty-two and six compounds were identified in flower and root oils, respectively. a remarkable difference was found between the constituent percentages of the two organs. the chemical composition of the essential oil fro ...200919551729
overexpressing atpap15 enhances phosphorus efficiency in soybean.low phosphorus (p) availability is a major constraint to crop growth and production, including soybean (glycine max), on a global scale. however, 50% to 80% of the total p in agricultural soils exists as organic phosphate, which is unavailable to plants unless hydrolyzed to release inorganic phosphate. one strategy for improving crop p nutrition is the enhanced activity of acid phosphatases (apases) to obtain or remobilize inorganic phosphate from organic p sources. in this study, we overexpress ...200919587103
development and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies as probes to assess the differences between two tomato pectin methylesterase isoenzymes.the enzyme pectin methylesterase (pme) was purified from red ripe tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) and through affinity chromatography two isoenzymes were fractionated (t1pme and t2pme). further analysis of these two isoenzymes, both having a molar mass of 34.5kda, revealed a difference in the n-terminal sequence and in amino acid composition. t1pme was identified as the major isoenzyme of pme in tomato fruit. in this study the aim was to develop a toolbox, consisting of monoclonal antibodies, ...200919686752
genetic and physiological determinants of streptomyces scabies pathogenicity.summary common scab is a severe disease worldwide affecting tap root crops and potato tubers. it is caused by soil-borne filamentous bacteria belonging to the genus streptomyces. streptomycetes usually are saprophytic microorganisms, but a few species have acquired the ability to infect underground plant tissues. the predominant causal agent of potato scab worldwide is streptomyces scabies. the production of phytotoxins called thaxtomins is essential for the virulence of common scab-causing agen ...200919694949
a new sesquiterpene from the fruits of daucus carota l.phytochemical investigation of the fruits of daucus carota l. resulted in the isolation of a new sesquiterpene named as daucucarotol (1). its structure was elucidated on the basis of 1d and 2d nmr experiments, coupled with ms studies. to our knowledge, compound 1 is the first example for a natural eudesmane sesquiterpene with a hydroxymethyl group located at a methine carbon rather than a usual quaternary carbon in the two fused six-membered ring systems.200919701130
proteomics as a way to identify extra-radicular fungal proteins from glomus intraradices- rit-dna carrot root mycorrhizas.to identify fungal proteins involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, root-inducing transferred-dna transformed roots of carrot (daucus carota l.) were in vitro inoculated with glomus intraradices. proteins extracted from the extra-radical fungus were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. a fungal reference map displaying 438 spots was set up. four proteins, among the 14 selected for tandem mass spectrometry analysis, were identified including a nmra-like protein, an oxido-red ...200419712309
transmission of different isolates of spiroplasma citri to carrot and citrus by circulifer tenellus (hemiptera: cicadellidae).carrot purple leaf disease was first reported in 2006 in the state of washington and was associated with spiroplasma citri. the disease also was reported in california in 2008. the objectives of this work were to fulfill koch's postulates and to determine 1) whether the beet leafhopper, circulifer tenellus (baker) (hemiptera: cicadellidae), transmits carrot [daucus carota l. subsp. sativus (hoffm.) arcang] isolates of s. citri; and 2) whether carrot and citrus [citrus sinensis (l.) osb.]-derived ...200919736751
splinkbes: a splinkerette-based method for generating long end sequences from large insert dna libraries.we report on the development of a novel splinkerette-based method for generating long end sequences from large insert library clones, using a carrot (daucus carota l.) bac library as a model. the procedure involves digestion of the bac dna with a 6-bp restriction enzyme, followed by ligation of splinkerette adaptors that serve as primer-annealing sites for pcr amplification of the bac ends. the resulting amplicons are sequenced from both directions, and when overlapping, the pairs of sequences a ...200919737131
differential expression and co-regulation of carrot aox genes (daucus carota).alternative oxidase (aox) is a mitochondrial protein encoded by the nuclear genome. in higher plants aox genes form a small multigene family mostly consisting of the two subfamilies aox1 and aox2. daucus carota l. is characterized by a unique extension pattern of aox genes. different from other plant species studied so far it contains two genes in both subfamilies. therefore, carrot was recently highlighted as an important model in aox stress research to understand the evolutionary importance of ...200919825008
gene transcription analysis of carrot allergens by relative quantification with single and duplex reverse transcription real-time pcr.single and duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) systems have been developed to quantify specific mrna transcription of genes coding for the major daucus carota allergen isoforms dau c 1.01 and dau c 1.02. methods were tested with samples from the local market. whereas the gene transcription levels for dau c 1.01 were consistently high in all investigated samples, significant differences for the dau c 1.02 transcription could be demonstrated in randomly collected market samples. the g ...201019834694
structure determination of bisacetylenic oxylipins in carrots (daucus carota l.) and enantioselective synthesis of falcarindiol.although bisacetylenic oxylipins have been demonstrated to exhibit diverse biological activities, the chemical structures of many representatives of this class of phytochemicals still remain elusive. as carrots play an important role in our daily diet and are known as a source of bisacetylenes, an extract made from daucus carota l. was screened for bisacetylenic oxylipins, and, after isolation, their structures were determined by means of lc-ms and 1d/2d nmr spectroscopy. besides the previously ...200919845355
broad-spectrum disease resistance to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens in transgenic carrots (daucus carota l.) expressing an arabidopsis npr1 gene.the development of transgenic plants highly resistant to a range of pathogens using traditional signal gene expression strategies has been largely ineffective. modification of systemic acquired resistance (sar) through the overexpression of a controlling gene such as npr1 (non-expressor of pr genes) offers an attractive alternative for augmenting the plants innate defense system. the arabidopsis (at) npr1 gene was successfully introduced into 'nantes coreless' carrot under control of a camv 35s ...200919859731
alternative oxidase involvement in daucus carota somatic embryogenesis.plant alternative oxidase (aox) is a mitochondrial inner membrane enzyme involved in alternative respiration. the critical importance of the enzyme during acclimation upon stress of plant cells is not fully understood and is still an issue of intensive research and discussion. recently, a role of aox was suggested for the ability of plant cells to change easily its fate upon stress. in order to get new insights about aox involvement in cell reprogramming, quantitative real-time polymerase chain ...200919863756
response to uv-c radiation in topo i-deficient carrot cells with low ascorbate levels.in animal cells, recent studies have emphasized the role played by dna topoisomerase i (topo i) both as a cofactor of dna repair complexes and/or as a damage sensor. all these functions are still unexplored in plant cells, where information concerning the relationships between dna damage, pcd induction, and topo i are also limited. the main goal of this study was to investigate the possible responses activated in topo i-depleted plant cells under oxidative stress conditions which induce dna dama ...201019917599
quantitative permeability imaging of plant tissues.a method for mapping tissue permeability based on time-dependent diffusion measurements is presented. a pulsed field gradient sequence to measure the diffusion encoding time dependence of the diffusion coefficients based on the detection of stimulated spin echoes to enable long diffusion times is combined with a turbo spin echo sequence for fast nmr imaging (mri). a fitting function is suggested to describe the time dependence of the apparent diffusion constant in porous (bio-)materials, even if ...201019921172
structure of the major carrot allergen dau c 1.dau c 1 is a major allergen of carrot (daucus carota) which displays ige cross-reactivity with the homologous major birch-pollen allergen bet v 1. the crystal structure of dau c 1 has been determined to a resolution of 2.7 a, revealing tight dimers. the structure of dau c 1 is similar to those of the major allergens from celery, api g 1, and birch pollen, bet v 1. electron density has been observed in the hydrophobic cavity of each monomer and has been modelled with polyethylene glycol oligomers ...200919923716
carrot alternative oxidase gene aox2a demonstrates allelic and genotypic polymorphisms in intron 3.single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and insertion-deletions (indels) are becoming important genetic markers for major crop species. in this study, we focus on variations at genomic level of the daucus carota l. aox2a gene. the use of gene-specific primers designed in exon regions on the boundaries of introns permitted to recognize intron length polymorphism (ilp) in intron 3 aox2a by simple polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays. the length of intron 3 can vary in individual carrot plants. th ...200919941625
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