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anti-carbohydrate antibodies elicited by polyvalent display on a viral scaffold.tetra- and hexasaccharides were arrayed on the exterior surface of cowpea mosaic virus by using a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. inoculation of chickens with these virus conjugates gave rise to large quantities of polyclonal anti-glycan igy antibodies that displayed excellent avidity and specificity on analysis with printed glycan microarrays. avian igy antibodies are produced in significantly higher yield than is possible for mouse or rabbit igg, and exhibit reduced cross ...200717676704
supplementation with groundnut haulms for sheep fattening in the west african sahel.groundnut haulms along with cowpea hay are major crop residues used for animal fattening in the west african sahel. in traditional sheep fattening, feeds are always provided ad-hoc and in an unregulated fashion, which is rather wasteful. as a preliminary study to establish the optimal feeding levels of groundnut haulms for profitable sheep fattening, a feeding trial was conducted for 70 days with four levels of groundnut haulms (0, 150, 300 and 450 g/day) and a basal diet of bush hay. the effect ...200717691545
development of a novel recombinant encapsidated rna particle: evaluation as an internal control for diagnostic rt-pcr.this report describes the generation of novel encapsidated rna particles and their evaluation as in-tube internal controls in diagnostic real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) assays for the detection of rna viruses. a cassette containing sequences of 2 diagnostic primer sets for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and a set for swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) was engineered into a full-length cdna clone containing the rna-2 segment of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). after co-inoculation ...200717727966
induction of protective immunity in swine by recombinant bamboo mosaic virus expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes.plant viruses can be employed as versatile vectors for the production of vaccines by expressing immunogenic epitopes on the surface of chimeric viral particles. although several viruses, including tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus x and cowpea mosaic virus, have been developed as vectors, we aimed to develop a new viral vaccine delivery system, a bamboo mosaic virus (bamv), that would carry larger transgene loads, and generate better immunity in the target animals with fewer adverse environment ...200717900346
cowpea viruses: effect of single and mixed infections on symptomatology and virus concentration.natural multiple viral infections of cultivated cowpeas have been reported in nigeria. in this study, three nigerian commercial cowpea cultivars ("olo 11", "oloyin" and "white") and two lines from the iita (it86d- 719 and tvu 76) were mechanically inoculated with cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv), bean southern mosaic virus (sbmv) and cowpea mottle virus (cmev) singly, as well as in all possible combinations at 10, 20 and 30 days after planting (dap). samples of leaves or stems were collec ...200717900355
comparison of nutritional quality between chinese indica rice with sck and cry1ac genes and its nontransgenic counterpart.nutritional assessment of transgenic crops used for human food and animal feed is an important aspect of safety evaluations. an insect-resistant rice (irr) was generated by the stable insertion of sck, a modified cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene, and cry1ac, encoding a crystal protein from bacillus thuringiensis into the genome of a common variety of chinese indica rice. the composition of the brown and milled rice grain from the resulted irr line designated liangyou kefeng no. 6 was compared with ...200717995700
molecular and structural characterization of a trypsin highly expressed in larval stage of zabrotes subfasciatus.the mexican bean weevil, zabrotes subfasciatus, feeds on several seeds such as vigna unguiculata, phaseolus vulgaris, and pisum sativum, causing severe crop losses. this ability to obtain essential compounds from different diets could possibly be explained due to a wide variability of digestive proteinases present in the weevil's midgut. these may improve digestion of many different dietary proteins. coleopteran serine-like proteinases have not been thoroughly characterized at the molecular leve ...200718000877
[primary investigation on metabolism of hpt gene in transgenic rice modified with cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene in rats].the metabolism characteristic in the gastrointestinal tract and possibility of transfer from gastrointestinal tract into liver and kidney was investigated.200718095566
biodistribution studies of protein cage nanoparticles demonstrate broad tissue distribution and rapid clearance in vivo.protein cage nanoparticles have the potential to serve as multifunctional cell targeted, imaging and therapeutic platforms for broad applications in medicine. however, before they find applications in medicine, their biocompatibility in vivo needs to be demonstrated. we provide here baseline biodistribution information of two different spherical protein cage nanoplatforms, the 28 nm viral cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and the 12 nm heat shock protein (hsp) cage. in naive and immunized mic ...200718203438
phytostabilization of mine waste: growth and physiological responses of vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.greenhouse experiments were carried out for phytoremediation of the pb/zn abandoned tailings (ph 3.2 and high metal content) of rampura-agucha mines, rajasthan. vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. (cowpea) was chosen as a test crop. on unamended tailings, the seeds of the test plant showed no germination. the tailing was amended with lime (3% on weight basis), 3% lime + npk (diammonium phosphate at 60 kg/ha, muriate of potash at 40 kg/ ha) and 3% lime + fym at 15 t/ha and used for experiments. quantifi ...200718380090
effects of green manures on growth, yield and quality of green okra (abelmoschus esculentus l.) har lium cultivar.this green manure experiment with the use of okra crop as indicator plant was carried out at mahasarakham university experimental farm, mahasarakham province, northeast thailand during may to september 2005 to investigate four types of green manure legume crops on growth, yield and quality of edible fresh pods of okra crop when grown on roi-et soil series (oxic paleustults). the four types of green manure plants include jack bean, cowpea, green gram, and giant sensitive plant. the experiment con ...200719070046
recent developments in design and application of plant virus-based gene vectors.a new horizon is lit up by exploiting plant viruses as the vectors to deliver foreign genes into plants for various purposes such as production of valuable pharmaceutical proteins, to understand pathogenesis of a plant virus, and to establish gene silencing for blocking, for example, production of an undesirable intermediate metabolite in a metabolic pathway. here, the recent patents concerning the design of new gene vectors on the basis of the genomes of the viruses including tobacco mosaic vir ...200719075936
the effect of animal manures on susceptibility of cowpea var. moussa local to infection by root-knot nematode; meloidogyne javanica treub.the effect of three different types of animal manures namely; poultry, goat and cow dung on the susceptibility of cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp) var moussa local to root-knot nematode infection caused by meloidogyne javanica was tested in a replicated pot experiment. manured plants were inoculated with 2000 eggs of m. javanica while uninoculated manured plants served as control for each manure type and unmanured but inoculated plants as general control. the result showed that unmanured and ...200719090213
effect of sowing distances on edible pod yields and yield components of three vegetable cowpea cultivars (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) sesquipedalis subspecies, grown in northeast thailand.this experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, mahasarakham university, mahasarakham 44000, northeast thailand in the 2006 (august to october) to investigate effect of sowing distances on edible pod yields and yield components of three vegetable cowpea cultivars (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) sesquipedalis subspecies. the experiment was laid in a split plot arranged in a randomize complete block design with four replications. five sowing distances were used as main plots (50x10, 50x20, 50 ...200719090281
effect of cowpea seeds contamination rate by the cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus on epidemics development.cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (cabmv) diseased seeds provide at seedling, virus infected plants which are the only source of primary inoculum. secondary infections are bequeathed by aphids. the objective of this research is to study the development of the secondary infection in field. therefore, eight cowpea varieties with different seed contamination rate (0, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 5%) were used over consecutive four years. the infected plants were recorded every week from the tenth day after so ...200719093498
crystallization, data collection and processing of the chymotrypsin-btci-trypsin ternary complex.a ternary complex of the black-eyed pea trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor (btci) with trypsin and chymotrypsin was crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method with 0.1 m hepes ph 7.5, 10%(w/v) polyethylene glycol 6000 and 5%(v/v) 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol as precipitant. btci is a small protein with 83 amino-acid residues isolated from vigna unguiculata seeds and is able to inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin simultaneously by forming a stable ternary complex. x-ray data were collected ...200718084102
traditional leafy vegetables in senegal: diversity and medicinal uses.six administrative regions of senegal were investigated. forty species of vegetable leaves which are traditionally consumed in senegal have been inventoried. all species are members of twenty-one families the most numerous of which are amaranthaceae juss., malvaceae juss., moraceae link., the papilionaceae giseke and tiliaceae juss. the species are subdivided into three groups: cultivated leafy vegetables, plants gathered annually, perennial sub-ligneous and ligneous species. the gathered specie ...200720161914
expression and self-assembly of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus-like particles in pseudomonas fluorescens.coat protein of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), a plant bromovirus, has been expressed in a soluble form in a prokaryote, pseudomonas fluorescens, and assembled into virus-like particles (vlps) in vivo that were structurally similar to the native ccmv particles derived from plants. the ccmv vlps were purified by peg precipitation followed by separation on a sucrose density gradient and analyzed by size exclusion chromatography, uv spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. dna ...200717113675
sobemoviruses possess a common cfmv-like genomic organization.based on structural differences in the orf2 region, the sobemoviruses have been subdivided into southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv)-like and cocksfoot mottle virus (cfmv)-like types of genome organization. however, nearly identical amino acid sequences are encoded by these subgroups in different reading frames of orf2, suggesting that insertion or deletion of appropriate nucleotides could restore similar genomic organizations for these viruses. we resequenced the regions of inconsistency for is ...200717115301
interaction between a 54-kilodalton mammalian cell surface protein and cowpea mosaic virus.cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), a plant virus that is a member of the picornavirus superfamily, is increasingly being used for nanotechnology applications, including material science, vascular imaging, vaccine development, and targeted drug delivery. for these applications, it is critical to understand the in vivo interactions of cpmv within the mammalian system. although the bioavailability of cpmv in the mouse has been demonstrated, the specific interactions between cpmv and mammalian cells need t ...200717121801
introduction of the anti-apoptotic baculovirus p35 gene in passion fruit induces herbicide tolerance, reduced bacterial lesions, but does not inhibits passion fruit woodiness disease progress induced by cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv).the introduction of anti-apoptotic genes into plants leads to resistance to environmental stress and broad-spectrum disease resistance. the anti-apoptotic gene (p35) from a baculovirus was introduced into the genome of passion fruit plants by biobalistics. eleven regenerated plants showed the presence of the p35 gene by pcr and/or dot blot hybridization. transcriptional analysis of regenerated plants showed the presence of specific p35 transcripts in 9 of them. regenerated plants containing the ...200717016672
high-level constitutive expression in pichia pastoris and one-step purification of phospholipase d from cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp).phospholipase d (pld) is one of the main enzymes involved in signal transduction, vesicle trafficking and membrane metabolism processes. here we describe the heterologous high-yield expression in the yeast pichia pastoris, one-step purification and characterization of catalytically active pldalpha from cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp). immunoblotting experiments showed that recombinant pldalpha is recognized by a polyclonal antibody raised against native soybean pldalpha. a single calcium-depe ...200716949301
early legume responses to inoculation with rhizobium sp. ngr234.interactions between legumes and rhizobia are controlled by the sequential exchange of symbiotic signals. two different techniques, 2d-page electrophoresis and differential display were used to study the effects of rhizobial signals on legume development. application of variously substituted lipo-oligo-saccharidic nod-factors to roots of vigna unguiculata resulted in changes in the phosphorylation patterns of microsomal proteins. reliable amino-acid sequences were obtained for one nod-factor enh ...200716887234
toxic effects of low concentrations of cu on nodulation of cowpea (vigna unguiculata).although cu is phytotoxic at cu(2+) activities as low as 1-2 microm, the effect of cu(2+) on the nodulation of legumes has received little attention. the effect of cu(2+) on nodulation of cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. cv. caloona) was examined in a dilute solution culture system utilising a cation exchange resin to buffer solution cu(2+). the nodulation process was more sensitive to increasing cu(2+) activities than both shoot and root growth; whilst a cu(2+) activity of 1.0 microm corres ...200716678321
roots and leaves display contrasting oxidative response during salt stress and recovery in cowpea.in this study, we compare some antioxidative responses of leaves and roots associated to growth reduction in cowpea plants (vigna unguiculata) during short-term salt stress and recovery. the salt treatment was imposed (200 mm nacl) for six consecutive days and the salt withdrawal after 3 d. the salt treatment caused an almost complete cessation in the relative growth rate of both leaves and roots. although nacl withdrawal has induced an intense reduction in the na(+) content from the leaves and ...200716690169
comparison of electrical properties of viruses studied by ac capacitance scanning probe microscopy.capacitances of five types of viruses, adenovirus type 5 (av5), herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1), simian virus 40 (sv40), vaccinia (mva), and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), were compared by ac capacitance scanning probe microscopy. this technique, using a pt-coated afm tip as an electrode to probe capacitance of materials between the tip and a bottom electrode, has been applied to study surface structures of semiconductors and polymers with nanometer spatial resolution; however, biological sample ...200818092777
isolation, characterization and cloning of a cdna encoding a new antifungal defensin from phaseolus vulgaris l. seeds.the pvd1 defensin was purified from phaseolus vulgaris (cv. pérola) seeds, basically as described by terras et al. [terras frg, schoofs hme, de bolle mfc, van leuven f, ress sb, vanderleyden j, cammue bpa, broekaer twf. analysis of two novel classes of plant antifungal proteins from radish (raphanus sativus l.) seeds. j biol chem 1992;267(22):15301-9], with some modifications. a deae-sepharose, equilibrated with 20mm tris-hcl, ph 8.0, was initially utilized for the separation of peptides after a ...200818786582
an evaluation on intensity of infection of pseudocercospora leaf spot disease of cowpea cultivars (vigna unguiculata l. walp), with respect to infector rows, dates of inoculation and cultivars, grown under field conditions in northeast thailand.this investigation was carried out at the experimental farm, faculty of agriculture, khon kaen university, khon kaen, thailand to evaluate intensity of infection of pseudocercospora leaf spot disease of cowpea cultivars, grown under field conditions with the use of yasothon soil series (oxic paleustults). the experimental design used was a strip split plot design with four replications. the experiment consisted of three factors, i.e., with and without infector rows (factor a), with and without i ...200818819548
inheritance characteristics of f1 and f2 offsprings obtained from full diallele crosses of five cowpea cultivars (vigna unguiculata l. walp) against pseudocercospora leaf spot disease.the experiment was carried out at the experimental farm, department of agricultural technology, mahasarakham university, mahasarakham province in the 2005 (february to april) for f1 offsprings and also at the experimental farm, khon kaen university, khon kaen province, northeast thailand for f2 offsprings (july to october), i.e., four experiments were carried out, each location had two experiments. the research aimed to investigate inheritance characteristics of f1 and f2 offsprings derived from ...200818819644
improved diagnosis for nine viral diseases considered as notifiable by the world organization for animal health.nine viral diseases included in the world organization for animal health list of notifiable diseases (former list a) were chosen for their contagiousness and high capacity of spreading to improve their diagnosis using new and emerging technologies. all the selected diseases--foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, vesicular stomatitis, classical swine fever, african swine fever, bluetongue, african horse sickness, newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza--are considered a ...200818666965
a simple technique for separation of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus from cucumber mosaic virus in natural mixed infections.a simple technique was developed to separate cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) from cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) in natural mixed infections. sap from cowpea leaves infected naturally with a mixture of ccmv and cmv was inoculated mechanically on the first tri-foliolate leaf of cowpea seedlings. both inoculated and non-inoculated upper leaves were sampled 3 or 8 days post-inoculation and tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using primers specific to ccmv and cmv. r ...200818755217
cloning and characterization of drought-stimulated phosphatidic acid phosphatase genes from vigna unguiculata.under environmental stresses, several lipolytic enzymes are known to be activated and to contribute to membrane lipid turnover and generation of second messengers. in animal cells, phosphatidic acid phosphatase (pap, ec 3.1.3.4), which dephosphorylates phosphatidic acid generating diacylglycerol, is long known as an enzyme involved in lipid synthesis and cell signalling. however, knowledge on pap in plants remains very limited. the aim of this work was to isolate and characterize pap genes in th ...200818755595
extremely high-level and rapid transient protein production in plants without the use of viral replication.plant-based overexpression of heterologous proteins has attracted much interest and development in recent years. to date, the most efficient vectors have been based on rna virus-derived replicons. a system based on a disabled version of cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 has been developed, which overcomes limitations on insert size and introduces biocontainment. this system involves positioning a gene of interest between the 5' leader sequence and 3' untranslated region (utr) of rna-2, thereby emulating ...200818775971
transgenic cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds expressing a bean alpha-amylase inhibitor 1 confer resistance to storage pests, bruchid beetles.cowpea is one of the important grain legumes. storage pests, callosobruchus maculatus and c. chinensis cause severe damage to the cowpea seeds during storage. we employ a highly efficient agrobacterium-mediated cowpea transformation method for introduction of the bean (phaseolus vulgaris) alpha-amylase inhibitor-1 (alphaai-1) gene into a commercially important indian cowpea cultivar, pusa komal and generated fertile transgenic plants. the use of constitutive expression of additional vir genes in ...200818784925
mechanisms of size control and polymorphism in viral capsid assembly.we simulate the assembly dynamics of icosahedral capsids from subunits that interconvert between different conformations (or quasi-equivalent states). the simulations identify mechanisms by which subunits form empty capsids with only one morphology but adaptively assemble into different icosahedral morphologies around nanoparticle cargoes with varying sizes, as seen in recent experiments with brome mosaic virus (bmv) capsid proteins. adaptive cargo encapsidation requires moderate cargo-subunit i ...200818950240
population dynamics of sesamia inferens on transgenic rice expressing cry1ac and cpti in southern china.genetically modified insect-resistant rice lines containing the cry1ac gene from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) or the cpti (cowpea trypsin inhibitor) gene developed for the management of lepidopterous pests are highly resistant to the major target pests, chilo suppressalis (walker), cnaphalocrocis medinalis (guenée), and scirpophaga incertulas (walker), in the main rice-growing areas of china. however, the effects of these transgenic lines on sesamia inferens (walker), an important lepidopterous r ...200819036217
proteomic analysis of metarhizium anisopliae secretion in the presence of the insect pest callosobruchus maculatus.crop improvement in agriculture generally focuses on yield, seed quality and nutritional characteristics, as opposed to resistance to biotic stresses. consequently, natural antifeedant toxins are often rare in seed material, with commercial crops being prone to insect pest predation. in the specific case of cowpea (vigna unguiculata), smallholder cropping is affected by insect pests that reproduce inside the stored seeds. entomopathogenic organisms can offer an alternative to conventional pestic ...200819047744
detection of a resistance gradient to passion fruit woodiness virus and selection of 'yellow' passion fruit plants under field conditions.productivity of 'yellow' passion fruit (passiflora edulis sims. f. flavicarpa o. deg.) is reduced by infection with cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv). we examined resistance in 72 yellow passion fruit plants grown from open-pollinated commercial seed. plants were mechanically inoculated with cabmv virus and maintained in the field in order to select contrasting genotypes for resistance. isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaves of yellow passion fruit plants from field production in l ...200819048500
[use of cowpea (vigna sinensis) as a chicken complement in an infant formula].legumes represent an important protein source worldwide. in venezuela, they are generally prepared at home and are consumed by adults, as soup or stew, while children eat them in very small quantities. in order to include legumes in the children's diet, the following work was done using cowpea (vigna sinensis) as an complement of chicken in the preparation of a nutritionally balanced formula, adapted to the requirements of children. several formulas were developed and three of them were selected ...200819137993
detection and some properties of cowpea mild mottle virus isolated from soybean in iran.during 2006-2007 growing seasons, survey were carried to identify a virus disease causing mosaic of soybean in the field in southern region (khozestan province) of iran. to detect the viral infection, diseased leaf samples showing mild mosaic and leaf malformation were collected from soybean fields in dezful, located in khozestan province. infected samples were carried to the lab in a proper condition on ice packages. tpia and das-elisa serological tests were applied to identify the viral agent. ...200819630214
hydroxamate siderophores produced by streptomyces acidiscabies e13 bind nickel and promote growth in cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.) under nickel stress.the siderophore-producing ability of nickel-resistant streptomyces acidiscabies e13 and the role of the elicited siderophores in promoting plant growth under iron and nickel stress are described. siderophore assays indicated that s. acidiscabies e13 can produce siderophores. electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (esi-ms) revealed that the bacterium simultaneously produces 3 different hydroxamate siderophores. esi-ms showed that in addition to iron, all 3 siderophores can bind nickel. in vitr ...200818388987
additional virulence genes in conjunction with efficient selection scheme, and compatible culture regime enhance recovery of stable transgenic plants in cowpea via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.a critical step in the development of robust agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system in recalcitrant grain legume, cowpea is the establishment of optimal conditions for efficient t-dna delivery into target tissue and recovery of transgenic plants. a dramatic increase in efficiency of t-dna delivery was achieved by constitutive expression of additional vir genes in resident psb1 vector in agrobacterium strain lba4404. a geneticin based selection system permitted rapid and efficie ...200818394740
cowpea mosaic virus capsid: a promising carrier for the development of carbohydrate based antitumor vaccines.immunotherapy targeting tumor cell surface carbohydrates is a promising approach for cancer treatment. however, the low immunogenecity of carbohydrates presents a formidable challenge. we describe here the enhancement of carbohydrate immunogenicity by an ordered display on the surface of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) capsid. the tn glycan, which is overexpressed on numerous cancer cell surfaces, was selected as the model antigen for our study. previously it has been shown that it is difficult t ...200818431733
use of recombinant iron-superoxide dismutase as a marker of nitrative stress.superoxide dismutases (sods; ec 1.15.1.1) are a group of metalloenzymes which are essential to protect cells under aerobic conditions. in biological systems, it has been reported that sods and other proteins are susceptible to be attacked by peroxynitrite (onoo(-)) which can be originated from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide radical. onoo(-) is a strong oxidant molecule capable of nitrating peptides and proteins at the phenyl side chain of the tyrosine residues. in the present work, ...200818433650
the attraction of spodoptera frugiperda neonates to cowpea seedlings is mediated by volatiles induced by conspecific herbivory and the elicitor inceptin.neonate fall armyworms [faw; spodoptera frugiperda (smith)] often encounter conspecific herbivore damage as they disperse from an egg mass to an initial feeding site. we investigated the orientation responses of dispersing neonates to herbivore damage in cowpea seedlings, specifically examining whether neonate behaviors were affected by inceptin, the primary elicitor of faw-induced defenses in cowpea leaves. we focused on responses to damage caused by conspecific first instars, as might occur du ...200818256881
a mosaic of beach bean (canavalia rosea) caused by an isolate of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) in brazil.beach bean (canavalia rosea) plants showing mosaic symptoms were found at massaguaçú beach, caraguatatuba, brazil. a potyvirus was found to be responsible for the symptoms, based on transmission assays and electron microscopy. a positive reaction in elisa was obtained against cowpea aphid-borne mosaic (cabmv) antisera. viral identity was confirmed by rt-pcr using specific primers to amplify part of the nib and the entire cp coding region of the genome and the 3'ntr. comparison of the amplified s ...200818273677
dietary fibre and fermentability characteristics of root crops and legumes.the dietary fibre and fermentability characteristics of local root crops and legumes were determined. total, soluble and insoluble fibre were determined in six root crops (kamote, gabi, potato, tugi, ube, cassava) and ten legumes (mungbean, soyabean, peanut, pole sitao, cowpea, chickpea, green pea, lima bean, kidney bean and pigeon pea) using association of official analytical chemists methods. the dietary fibre from test foods was isolated and fermented in vitro using human faecal inoculum simu ...200818331664
a novel technology to improve drinking water quality using natural treatment methods in rural tanzania.it is estimated that one billion people worldwide do not have access to treated drinking water. this paper reports on an investigation into the potential of indigenous or natural water treatment methods as alternatives to conventional chemical water treatment methods. the seeds of five natural plant species--vigna unguiculata, phaseolus mungo, glycine max, pisum sativam, and arachis hypogea--were evaluated for the removal of turbidity, and their efficiency was compared with that of alum. the use ...200818348392
novel insights on the mechanism of action of alpha-amylase inhibitors from the plant defensin family.plant defensins are small cysteine-rich proteins commonly synthesized in plants, encoded by large multigene families. most plant defensins that have been characterized to date show potent antifungal and/or bactericidal activities. this report describes vud1, an unusual defensin that is able to inhibit insect-pest alpha-amylases. vud1 was cloned from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds and expressed in a heterologous system. inhibitory enzyme assays showed that vud1 efficiently inhibits alpha-amylas ...200818498107
cowpea golden mosaic disease in gujarat is caused by a mungbean yellow mosaic india virus isolate with a dna b variant.it has long been assumed that cowpea golden mosaic disease (cgmd) in southern asia is caused by a begomovirus distinct from those causing disease in other legumes. the components of a begomovirus causing cgmd in western india were isolated, cloned and sequenced. analysis of the sequences shows the virus to be an isolate of mungbean yellow mosaic india virus, but with a distinct dna b component with greater similarity to components of a second legume-infecting begomovirus occurring in the region, ...200818516489
layer-by-layer assembly of viral nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes: the film architecture is different for spheres versus rods.the development of tuneable thin film assemblies that contain (bio)nanoparticles is an emerging field in nanobiosciences/nanotechnology. our research focuses on the utilisation of viral nanoparticles (vnps) as tools and building blocks for materials science. in previous reports we studied multilayered arrays of chemically modified cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) particles and linker molecules. to extend these studies and to gain more insights into the architecture of the arrays, we report here on the ...200818536062
cowpea and peanut in southern africa are nodulated by diverse bradyrhizobium strains harboring nodulation genes that belong to the large pantropical clade common in africa.cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and peanut (arachis hypogaea) in southern africa are nodulated by a genetically diverse group of bradyrhizobium strains. to determine the identity of these bacteria, a collection of 22 isolates originating from the root nodules of both hosts in botswana and south africa was investigated using the combined sequences for the core genome genes rrs, reca, and glnii. these data separated the majority of the isolates into one of three unique lineages that most likely represe ...200818539053
bradyrhizobium elkanii, bradyrhizobium yuanmingense and bradyrhizobium japonicum are the main rhizobia associated with vigna unguiculata and vigna radiata in the subtropical region of china.cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and mung bean (vigna radiata) are important legume crops yet their rhizobia have not been well characterized. in the present study, 62 rhizobial strains isolated from the root nodules of these plants grown in the subtropical region of china were analyzed via a polyphasic approach. the results showed that 90% of the analyzed strains belonged to or were related to bradyrhizobium japonicum, bradyrhizobium liaoningense, bradyrhizobium yuanmingense and bradyrhizobium elkani ...200818564340
the prehistory of potyviruses: their initial radiation was during the dawn of agriculture.potyviruses are found world wide, are spread by probing aphids and cause considerable crop damage. potyvirus is one of the two largest plant virus genera and contains about 15% of all named plant virus species. when and why did the potyviruses become so numerous? here we answer the first question and discuss the other.200818575612
the effect feeding forage legumes as nitrogen supplement on growth performance of sheep.the effect of feeding forage legumes, cowpea, silverleaf desmodium and oxley fine stem stylo, as protein supplements to natural pasture (veld) hay on intake, growth rate and nitrogen metabolism in growing lambs was evaluated. thirty growing lambs were stratified according to body weight and randomly assigned, within a stratum, to five diets in a completely randomised design. the diets were veld hay alone (v), veld hay supplemented with either 10 g/kg of urea (vu), veld hay supplemented with 250 ...200818575974
[production of hepatitis b virus core particles protein in plants, by using cowpea mosaic virus-based vector].the core antigen of hepatitis b virus (hbcag) has attracted considerable attention as a carrier for antigenic sequences for various diagnostic and vaccine applications. the hepatitis b core protein has been expressed in different expression systems. at present, for reasons of cost, scale, and safety, the plant-based expression systems are attracting increasing interest. the expression and assembly for the hepatitis b core protein were investigating in n. benthamiana plants using the new expressi ...200818590129
the structure of melon necrotic spot virus determined at 2.8 a resolution.the structure of melon necrotic spot virus (mnsv) was determined at 2.8 a resolution. although mnsv is classified into the genus carmovirus of the family tombusviridae, the three-dimensional structure of mnsv showed a higher degree of similarity to tomato bushy stunt virus (tbsv), which belongs to the genus tombusvirus, than to carnation mottle virus (cmtv), turnip crinkle virus (tcv) or cowpea mottle virus (cpmtv) from the genus carmovirus. thus, the classification of the family tombusviridae a ...200818097092
zeta potential: a surface electrical characteristic to probe the interaction of nanoparticles with normal and cancer human breast epithelial cells.we demonstrate the use of surface zeta potential measurements as a new tool to investigate the interactions of iron oxide nanoparticles and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) nanoparticles with human normal breast epithelial cells (mcf10a) and cancer breast epithelial cells (mcf7) respectively. a substantial understanding in the interaction of nanoparticles with normal and cancer cells in vitro will enable the capabilities of improving diagnostic and treatment methods in cancer research, such as imaging ...200818165903
biological and molecular characterization of tospoviruses in thailand.twenty-eight isolates of tospoviruses associated with tomato, pepper, cucurbits, peanut, and physalis plants collected from fields in different regions of thailand were characterized. on the basis of n gene and protein sequence relationships, three tospoviruses were identified, namely watermelon silver mottle virus (wsmov), capsicum chlorosis virus (cacv), and melon yellow spot virus (mysv). clustal analysis of selected n protein sequences showed different isolates of cacv in three distinct clad ...200818188501
functional analysis of brome mosaic virus coat protein rna-interacting domains.the coat proteins (cp) of cowpea chlorotic mottle (ccmv) and brome mosaic virus (bmv), two members of the genus bromovirus, share 70% identity at the amino acid (aa) level and contain four highly conserved regions, identified as putative rna-interacting domains (rids). to assess the contribution of the conserved aa sequence within each rid and the structural features contained therein toward virion assembly and rna packaging, we engineered a set of fourteen independent mutations (deletions and s ...200818066637
protection of vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. plants from salt stress by paclobutrazol.a pot culture experiment was conducted to estimate the stress ameliorating ability of paclobutrazol, a triazole fungicide in vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. plants. treatments were given as 80 mm nacl, 80 mm nacl+15 mg l(-1) paclobutrazol and 15 mg l(-1) paclobutrazol alone. the samples were collected on 60 and 80 days after sowing (das). nacl stress inhibited the root and stem length, total leaf area, fresh weight (fw), dry weight (dw) and activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutas ...200817961996
isolation and identification of alectrol as (+)-orobanchyl acetate, a germination stimulant for root parasitic plants.alectrol, a germination stimulant for root parasitic plants, was purified from root exudates of red clover (trifolium pratense l.) and identified as a strigolactone, (+)-orobanchyl acetate [(3as,4s,8bs,e)-8,8-dimethyl-3-(((r)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)methylene)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8b-octahydro-2h-indeno[1,2-b]furan-4-yl acetate], by 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy and esi- and ei-ms spectrometry. orobanchyl acetate afforded an [m-42](+) ion in ei-ms and thus had been recognized as an ...200817822727
interaction between glomus mosseae and soil yeasts on growth and nutrition of cowpea.a glass house experiment was conducted to study the interaction between the mycorrhizal fungus, glomus mosseae and six soil yeasts (rhodotorula mucilaginosa, metschnikowia pulcherrima, trichosporon cutaneum var. cutaneum, saccharomyces cerevisiae, cryptococcus laurentii, debaryomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis), and their effect on growth and nutrition of cowpea. all the yeasts had a synergistic interaction with the mycorrhizal fungus and dual inoculation improved plant growth compared to si ...200817324563
alternative soil quality indices for evaluating the effect of intensive cropping, fertilisation and manuring for 31 years in the semi-arid soils of india.soil quality assessment provides a tool for evaluating the sustainability of alternative soil management practices. our objective was to develop the most sensitive soil quality index for evaluating fertilizer, farm yard manure (fym), and crop management practices on a semiarid inceptisol in india. soil indicators and crop yield data from a long-term (31 years) fertilizer, manure, and crop rotation (maize, wheat, cowpea, pearl millet) study at the indian agricultural research institute (iari) nea ...200817457684
physico-chemical and microbiological analyses of fermented corn cob, rice bran and cowpea husk for use in composite rabbit feed.an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermentation on the proximate composition of corn cob, rice bran and cowpea husk for use in composite rabbit feed formulations. the test ingredients were moistened with tap water and allowed to ferment naturally at room temperature. during fermentation, samples of the fermenting materials were extracted at zero, 24 and 48 h for physico-chemical and microbiological analyses using standard procedures. the microorganisms associated with the ferm ...200817502134
histological characterization of root-knot nematode resistance in cowpea and its relation to reactive oxygen species modulation.root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary endoparasites with a broad host range which includes economically important crop species. cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp) is an important food and fodder legume grown in many regions where root-knot nematodes are a major problem in production fields. several sources of resistance to root-knot nematode have been identified in cowpea, including the widely used rk gene. as part of a study to elucidate the mechanism of rk-mediated resistance, t ...200818375605
effects of progressive drought stress on the expression of patatin-like lipid acyl hydrolase genes in arabidopsis leaves.patatin-like genes have recently been cloned from several plant species and found to be involved in stress responses and development. in previous work, we have shown that a patatin-like gene encoding a galactolipid acyl hydrolase (ec 3.1.1.26) was stimulated by drought in the leaves of the tropical legume, vigna unguiculata l. walp. the aim of the present work was to study the expression of patatin-like genes in arabidopsis thaliana under water deficit. expression of six genes was studied by rev ...200818435822
long-distance pollen flow assessment through evaluation of pollinator foraging range suggests transgene escape distances.foraging range, an important component of bee ecology, is of considerable interest for insect-pollinated plants because it determines the potential for outcrossing among individuals. however, long-distance pollen flow is difficult to assess, especially when the plant also relies on self-pollination. pollen movement can be estimated indirectly through population genetic data, but complementary data on pollinator flight distances is necessary to validate such estimates. by using radio-tracking of ...200818768793
yellow sticky trap catches of parasitoids of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) in vegetable crops and their relationship to in-field populations.we examined the relationship of yellow sticky trap captures of bemisia tabaci (gennadius) biotype b parasitoids to the local population of parasitoids as measured by leaf samples of parasitized whiteflies and mass release of parasitoids. traps were placed in experimental collard and cowpea field plots in charleston, sc, and in commercial organic fields of spring cantaloupe and watermelon in the imperial valley, ca. the exotic parasitoid eretmocerus emiratus zolnerowich and rose was released in i ...200818419911
cowpeas as growth substrate do not support the production of aflatoxin byaspergillus sp.a number of 21aspergillus sp. strains isolated from cowpeas from benin (africa) were characterized by rapd methodology. seven of these strains grouped witha. flavus in the dendrogram generated with the rapd data. only three were able to produce aflatoxin in significant amounts. twelve other isolates grouped witha. parasiticus. all of these strains except 3 produced aflatoxin. two additional strains neither fit with thea. flavus group, nor thea. parasiticus group according to their rapd pattern. ...200823604687
detection and validation of single feature polymorphisms in cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp) using a soybean genome array.cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp) is an important food and fodder legume of the semiarid tropics and subtropics worldwide, especially in sub-saharan africa. high density genetic linkage maps are needed for marker assisted breeding but are not available for cowpea. a single feature polymorphism (sfp) is a microarray-based marker which can be used for high throughput genotyping and high density mapping.200818307807
a consensus genetic map of cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l) walp.] and synteny based on est-derived snps.consensus genetic linkage maps provide a genomic framework for quantitative trait loci identification, map-based cloning, assessment of genetic diversity, association mapping, and applied breeding in marker-assisted selection schemes. among "orphan crops" with limited genomic resources such as cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.] (2n = 2x = 22), the use of transcript-derived snps in genetic maps provides opportunities for automated genotyping and estimation of genome structure based on synteny ...200919826088
phytohormone-based activity mapping of insect herbivore-produced elicitors.in response to insect attack, many plants exhibit dynamic biochemical changes, resulting in the induced production of direct and indirect defenses. elicitors present in herbivore oral secretions are believed to positively regulate many inducible plant defenses; however, little is known about the specificity of elicitor recognition in plants. to investigate the phylogenic distribution of elicitor activity, we tested representatives from three different elicitor classes on the time course of defen ...200919124770
design, synthesis, and insecticidal activities of novel analogues of neonicotinoids: replacement of nitromethylene with nitroconjugated system.to replace nitromethylene pharmacophore with a nitroconjugated system, a series of novel neonicotinoid analogues bearing five-membered aromatic heterocycles were designed and synthesized. bioassays indicated that some of the synthesized compounds exhibited higher insecticidal activities than imidacloprid against cowpea aphids ( aphis craccivora ), armyworm ( pseudaletia separate walker), nephotettix bipunctatus (fabricius), and small brown rice planthopper ( laodelphasx striatellus ). exhilarati ...200919138119
mesorhizobium shangrilense sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of caragana species.five strains of bacteria isolated from nodules of caragana bicolor and caragana erinacea in yunnan province of china were classified within the genus mesorhizobium in the class alphaproteobacteria. the highest degree of 16s rrna gene sequence similarity was determined to be to mesorhizobium loti lmg 6125(t) (99.7 %) and mesorhizobium ciceri upm-ca7(t) (99.7 %). polyphasic taxonomic methods including sds-page of whole-cell soluble proteins, comparative housekeeping sequence analysis of atpd, glni ...200919643905
toxicity of hydrolyzed vicilins toward callosobruchus maculatus and phytopathogenic fungi.studies have shown that vicilins (7s storage proteins) from seeds were able to bind to the surface of the callosobruchus maculatus larval midgut and to the peritrophic matrices of the midguts of diatraea saccharalis and tenebrio molitor , inhibiting larval development. vicilins were also shown to inhibit yeast growth and bind to yeast cells through the association with chitin-containing structures. the present work studies the association of peptides from vicilins of genotypes of vigna unguicula ...200919658384
host specialization and phylogenetic diversity of corynespora cassiicola.the fungus corynespora cassiicola is primarily found in the tropics and subtropics, and is widely diverse in substrate utilization and host association. isolate characterization within c. cassiicola was undertaken to investigate how genetic diversity correlates with host specificity, growth rate, and geographic distribution. c. cassiicola isolates were collected from 68 different plant species in american samoa, brazil, malaysia, and micronesia, and florida, mississippi, and tennessee within the ...200919671003
an apigenin-induced decrease in k-antigen production by sinorhizobium sp. ngr234 is y4gm- and nodd1-dependent.cultured cells of sinorhizobium sp. ngr234 produce an abundance of capsular polysaccharides, or k antigens; however, cells that are cultured in the presence of apigenin, a nod gene inducer, exhibited a significant reduction in k-antigen production. the flavonoid-induced modulation in capsule production appeared to be related to the phase-shift changes associated with bacteroid differentiation. therefore, the polysaccharides were extracted from sinorhizobium sp. ngr234 bacteroids recovered from v ...200919679303
nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of a newly identified member of the genus carmovirus, soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus, from soybean.the viral genome of soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus (symmv) from infected soybean (glycine max) in korea was cloned and sequenced. the complete monopartite single-stranded rna genome of symmv consists of 4009 base pairs with six putative open reading frames and includes 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of 39 and 229 nucleotides, respectively. the nucleotide and coat protein sequences of symmv share the highest sequence identity with those of cowpea mottle virus. based on its genomic organizati ...200919701603
efficient generation of cowpea mosaic virus empty virus-like particles by the proteolytic processing of precursors in insect cells and plants.to elucidate the mechanism of formation of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) particles, rna-2-encoded precursor proteins were expressed in spodoptera frugiperda cells. processing of the 105k and 95k polyproteins in trans to give the mature large (l) and small (s) coat proteins required both the 32k proteinase cofactor and the 24k proteinase itself, while processing of vp60, consisting of the fused l-s protein, required only the 24k proteinase. release of the l and s proteins resulted in the formation o ...200919733890
[cowpea mosaic virus chimeric particles bearing ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (m2e) of influenza a virus: production and characteristics].the epitope presentation system for ectodomain of m2-protein of influenza a virus (m2e) based on cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) was constructed for expression in plants vigna unguiculata. cpmv is widely used as a vector for production of immunogenic chimeric virus particles (cvps) bearing epitopes of different infectious human and animal pathogens. to produce chimeric cpmv virus particles in plants, two binary vectors were constructed bearing modified gene coding for s-coat protein of cpmv with inse ...200919807038
isoforms of gbssi and ssii in four legumes and their phylogenetic relationship to their orthologs from other angiosperms.multiple isoforms of starch synthases (sss) have been found in plants. in addition, at least two isoforms of granule-bound ss (gbss) and ssii have further diverged in cereals into two or three subisoforms. here, we report the occurrence, phylogeny, and expression patterns of two different forms of both gbssi and ssii in four legumes: birdsfoot trefoil, cowpea, mung bean, and soybean. the phylogenetic data acquired indicate that the putative proteins of both ss duplicates have diverged into two d ...200919888543
buckyballs meet viral nanoparticles: candidates for biomedicine.fullerenes such as c(60) show promise as functional components in several emerging technologies. for biomedical applications, c(60) has been used in gene- and drug-delivery vectors, as imaging agents, and as photosensitizers in cancer therapy. a major drawback of c(60) for bioapplications is its insolubility in water. to overcome this limitation, we covalently attached c(60) derivatives to cowpea mosaic virus and bacteriophage qbeta virus-like particles, which are examples of naturally occurring ...200919904938
estimating the broad-sense heritability of early growth of cowpea.cowpea is an important tropical crop. it provides a large proportion of the food resource for the african human population and their livestock. the yield and quality of cowpea have been dramatically improved through traditional breeding strategies for the past few decades. however, reports of heritability estimates for early growth of cowpea are rare. we designed a simple experiment to estimate the broad-sense heritability of early growth. we randomly selected 15 cowpea varieties among a total o ...200919536344
vigna mungo, v. radiata and v. unguiculata plants sampled in different agronomical-ecological-climatic regions of india are nodulated by bradyrhizobium yuanmingense.vigna mungo, vigna radiata and vigna unguiculata are important legume crops cultivated in india, but little is known about the genetic resources in native rhizobia that nodulate these species. to identify these bacteria, a core collection of 76 slow-growing isolates was built from root nodules of v. mungo, v. radiata and v. unguiculata plants grown at different sites within three agro-ecological-climatic regions of india. the genetic diversity of the bacterial collection was assessed by restrict ...200919541444
rhizobacteria-mediated resistance against the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of bean common mosaic virus in cowpea (vigna unguiculata).the present study investigated the effect of seven bacillus-species plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) seed treatments on the induction of disease resistance in cowpea against mosaic disease caused by the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of bean common mosaic virus (bcmv).200919569083
cowpea mosaic virus nanoscaffold as signal enhancement for dna microarrays.previous studies have shown that a functionalized viral nanoparticle can be used as a fluorescent signal-generating element and enhance detection sensitivity for immunoassays and low density microarrays. in this study, we further tested this ability in commercial dna microarrays, including affymetrix high density resequencing microarray. optimum conditions for neutravidin and dye coupling to a double-cysteine mutant of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) were found to be comparable to the commonly used s ...200919576757
host-dependent roles of the viral 5' untranslated region (utr) in rna stabilization and cap-independent translational enhancement mediated by the 3' utr of red clover necrotic mosaic virus rna1.the genome of red clover necrotic mosaic virus (rcnmv) consists of rna1 and rna2, both lacking a cap structure and a poly(a)tail. rna1 has a translational enhancer element (3'te-dr1) in the 3' untranslated region (utr). in this study, we analyzed the roles of 5' and 3' utrs of rna1 in 3'te-dr1-mediated cap-independent translation in cowpea and tobacco by-2 protoplasts using a dual-luciferase (luc) reporter assay system. most mutations introduced into rna1 5' utr in reporter luc mrna abolished or ...200919577782
a comparative study between detached leaf and plastic growth pouches techniques on the infection of pseudocercospora leaf spot disease of cowpea cultivars (vigna unguiculata l. walp) in northeast thailand.this glasshouse experiment was carried out in the 2004 at the department of agricultural production, faculty of technology, mahasarakham university, mahasarakham 4400, northeast thailand to compare amounts of infection of pseudocercospora leaf spot disease in leaves of cowpea cultivars being screened between detached leaf and plastic growth pouches techniques. the experiment was laid in a factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with four replications. kvc7, it81d-1228-14- ...200919579981
exploitation of plant and archaeal viruses in bionanotechnology.cpmv (cowpea mosaic virus), a plant virus, is a naturally occurring sphere-like nanoparticle, and is used as a synthon and/or template in bionanoscience. the virions formed by cpmv can be regarded as programmable nanobuilding blocks with a diameter of approximately 30 nm. a range of molecules have been attached to this viral nanoscaffold, yielding stable nanoparticles that display multiple copies of the desired molecule. it has been shown that, in addition to surface amine groups, surface carbox ...200919614572
sinorhizobium fredii hh103 cgs mutants are unable to nodulate determinate- and indeterminate nodule-forming legumes and overproduce an altered eps.sinorhizobium fredii hh103 produces cyclic beta glucans (cg) composed of 18 to 24 glucose residues without or with 1-phosphoglycerol as the only substituent. the s. fredii hh103-rifr cgs gene (formerly known as ndvb) was sequenced and mutated with the lacz-gentamicin resistance cassette. mutant svq562 did not produce cg, was immobile, and grew more slowly in the hypoosmotic gym medium, but its survival in distilled water was equal to that of hh103-rifr. lipopolysaccharides and k-antigen polysacc ...200919348575
morphology, associated protein analysis, and identification of 58-kda starch synthase in mungbean (vigna radiata l. cv. kps1) starch granule preparations.raw starch granules of mature mungbean (vigna radiata l. cv. kps1) seeds were prepared by two methods into crude and cesium chloride (cscl)-washed forms. the purity, shape, size distribution, and associated protein profiles were examined. the appearance of raw starch granules showed a bimodal type distribution in which average granules had typical ovoid shapes, whereas the small ones were spherical. abnormal granule surface with distinct tumor-like or dented hole features were also observed in r ...200919371027
viral nanoparticles associate with regions of inflammation and blood brain barrier disruption during cns infection.targeted treatment of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (cns) remains problematic due to the complex pathogenesis of these disorders and difficulty in drug delivery. the plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), has recently been explored as a nanoparticle delivery system for therapeutics targeting a number of diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. to understand the biodistribution of cpmv in the cns, we examined cpmv uptake during infection of mice with neurotropic mo ...200919394707
endothelial targeting of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) via surface vimentin.cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is a plant comovirus in the picornavirus superfamily, and is used for a wide variety of biomedical and material science applications. although its replication is restricted to plants, cpmv binds to and enters mammalian cells, including endothelial cells and particularly tumor neovascular endothelium in vivo. this natural capacity has lead to the use of cpmv as a sensor for intravital imaging of vascular development. binding of cpmv to endothelial cells occurs via inter ...200919412526
carbohydrate-rich foods: glycaemic indices and the effect of constituent macronutrients.the glycaemic index (gi) ranks foods according to their acute glycaemic impact and is used in planning meals for patients invoking glycaemic control through diet. kurakkan (eleusine coracana) flour roti, rice flour roti, atta flour roti, boiled breadfruit (artocarpus altilis/artocarpus communis) and boiled legumes (mungbean, cowpea and chickpea) were categorized as low-gi foods (relative to white bread; prima crust top), and the corresponding gi (+/- standard error of the mean) values were 70+/- ...200919418327
intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention by sheep supplemented with warm-season legume haylages or soybean meal.the high cost of commercial supplements necessitates evaluation of alternatives for ruminant livestock fed poor quality warm-season grasses. this study determined how supplementing bahiagrass haylage (paspalum notatum flügge cv. tifton 9) with soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.] meal or warm-season legume haylages affected the performance of lambs. forty-two dorper x katadhin lambs (27.5 +/- 5 kg) were fed for ad libitum intake of bahiagrass haylage (67.8% ndf, 9.6% cp) alone (control) or supplemen ...200919502512
intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention by sheep supplemented with warm-season legume hays or soybean meal.the increasing cost of feed supplements necessitates evaluation of alternatives for ruminant livestock grazing poor quality warm-season grasses. this study determined how supplementing bahiagrass hay (paspalum notatum flügge cv. pensacola) with soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.] meal or warm-season legume hays affected intake, digestibility, and n utilization by lambs. dorper x katadhin crossbred lambs (30.6 +/- 5.5 kg; n = 42) were fed bahiagrass hay (73.8% ndf, 8.1% cp) for ad libitum intake and ...200919502513
tissue specific expression of potent insecticidal, allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal) in important pulse crop, chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) to resist the phloem feeding aphis craccivora.the phloem sap-sucking hemipteran insect, aphis craccivora, commonly known as cowpea aphid, cause major yield loss of important food legume crop chickpea. among different plant lectins allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal), a mannose binding lectin was found to be potent antifeedant for sap sucking insect a. craccivora. present study describes expression of asal in chickpea through agrobacterium-mediated transformation of "single cotyledon with half embryo" explant. asal was expressed under the ...200919184504
molecular genetics of race-specific resistance of cowpea to striga gesnerioides (willd.).cowpea, vigna unguiculata (l.) walp., is an important warm-season legume grown primarily in the semi-arid tropics. the majority of cowpea is grown by subsistence farmers in west and central sub-saharan africa, where its grain and leaves are valued as human food and its stover is used for animal forage. like all crop plants, cowpea is subject to yield losses resulting from a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. among the important biotic constraints to cowpea production is parasitism by the ro ...200919222045
y4lo of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 is a symbiotic determinant required for symbiosome differentiation.type 3 (t3) effector proteins, secreted by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia with a bacterial t3 secretion system, affect the nodulation of certain host legumes. the open reading frame y4lo of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 encodes a protein with sequence similarities to t3 effectors from pathogenic bacteria (the yopj effector family). transcription studies showed that the promoter activity of y4lo depended on the transcriptional activator ttsi. recombinant y4lo protein expressed in escherichia coli did not ...200919060155
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