Publications

isolation of unguilin, a cyclophilin-like protein with anti-mitogenic, antiviral, and antifungal activities, from black-eyed pea.	a protein designated unguilin was isolated from seeds of the black-eyed pea (vigna unguiculata). it possesses a molecular weight of 18 kda and an n-terminal sequence resembling that of cyclophilins and the cyclophilin-like antifungal protein from mung beans, and was adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-sepharose. unguilin exerted an antifungal effect toward fungi including coprinus comatus, mycosphaerella arachidicola, and botrytis cinerea. in addition, unguilin was capable of inhibiting human i ...	2001	11732686
[controlling effect of parasitoids on population of vegetable leaf miner liriomyza sativae blanchard].	the controlling effect of parasitoids on vegetable leaf miner, liriomyza sativae blanchard, was evaluated by using acting factor life tables and exclusion inex of population control(epic). the results showed that chrysocharis pentheus, neuchrysocharis formosa, chrysonotomyia okazakii, hemiptarsenus varicornis, chrysocharis sp., opius dimidiatus and opius dissitus played an important role in controlling the population of vegetable leaf miner. the eipcs of parasitoids were 1.23, 2.73, 5.98, 5.92 a ...	2001	11757375
the bradyrhizobium japonicum hsfa gene exhibits a unique developmental expression pattern in cowpea nodules.	the bradyrhizobium japonicum host-specific fixation gene hsfa was identified as essential for nitrogen fixation on cowpea, but not required for nitrogen fixation on soybean or siratro. the dna sequence of the hsfa promoter contains a consensus rpon, -24/-12 binding site, suggesting the involvement of a regulatory protein that binds to an upstream activating sequence (uas). to further explore the regulation of this interesting gene, serial deletions of the hsfa promoter were made and fused with t ...	2001	11763126
site-specific single amino acid changes to lys or arg in the central region of the movement protein of a hybrid bromovirus are required for adaptation to a nonhost.	a hybrid cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) [ccmv(b3a)] in which the ccmv 3a movement protein gene is replaced by the 3a (b3a) gene of brome mosaic virus cannot infect cowpea systemically. previously, analysis of rna3 cdna clones constructed from cowpea-adapted mutants derived from ccmv(b3a) revealed that a single codon change in the b3a gene allowed ccmv(b3a) to infect cowpea systemically. in this study, to extend the analysis of the ccmv(b3a) adaptation mechanism, we directly sequenced b3a g ...	2001	11145888
small-scale isolation of viral rna-dependent rna polymerase from protoplasts inoculated with in vitro transcripts.	cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) replicated in tobacco suspension cell protoplasts inoculated with in vitro transcripts of ccmv rna1, 2, and 3. ccmv rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) isolated from these protoplasts specifically recognized ccmv and brome mosaic virus (bmv) subgenomic rna promoters and directed in vitro rna synthesis in a manner indistinguishable from ccmv rdrp more laboriously isolated from systemically infected cowpea leaves. omission of ccmv rna3 from the protoplast inocu ...	2001	18944031
management of rotylenchulus reniformis in pineapple, ananas comosus, by intercycle cover crops.	the effects of intercycle cover crops on rotylenchulus reniformis population densities in pineapple were evaluated in one greenhouse and two field experiments. in the greenhouse, crotalaria juncea, brassica napus, and tagetes erecta were planted for 3 months and then incorporated. these treatments were compared to weedy fallow with or without 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-d) in three soils (makawao fallow, wahiawa fallow, and wahiawa pineapple) naturally infested with r. reniformis. all cover crop in ...	2002	19265916
nolx of sinorhizobium fredii usda257, a type iii-secreted protein involved in host range determination, iis localized in the infection threads of cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp) and soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) nodules.	sinorhizobium fredii usda257 forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) in a cultivar-specific manner. this strain forms nodules on primitive soybean cultivars but fails to nodulate agronomically improved north american cultivars. soybean cultivar specificity is regulated by the nolxwbtuv locus, which encodes part of a type iii secretion system (ttss). nolx, a soybean cultivar specificity protein, is secreted by ttss and shows homology to hrpf of the plant pathogen xanthom ...	2002	11790754
nutritional and sensory evaluation of tempe-fortified maize-based weaning foods.	maize-based weaning foods prepared from whole maize meal or dehydrated fermented maize (ogi) flour fortified with soybean, cowpea or groundbean tempe, with or without the addition of melon seed flour were fed to 40 albino weanling rats. the nutrient quality of the weaning foods was monitored by the measurement of protein efficiency ratio (per), net protein ratio (npr), true digestibility (td), biological value (bv) and net protein utilization (npu). amino acid composition and amino acid scores w ...	2002	11820093
cowpea mosaic virus 32- and 60-kilodalton replication proteins target and change the morphology of endoplasmic reticulum membranes.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) replicates in close association with small membranous vesicles that are formed by rearrangements of intracellular membranes. to determine which of the viral proteins are responsible for the rearrangements of membranes and the attachment of the replication complex, we have expressed individual cpmv proteins encoded by rna1 in cowpea protoplasts by transient expression and in nicotiana benthamiana plants by using the tobacco rattle virus (trv) expression vector. the 32-k ...	2002	12021362
the genomic sequence of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus and its similarities with other potyviruses.	the genomic sequence of a zimbabwe isolate of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv-z) was determined by sequencing overlapping viral cdna clones generated by rt-pcr using degenerate and/or specific primers. the sequence is 9465 nucleotides in length excluding the 3' terminal poly (a) tail and contains a single open reading frame (orf) of 9159 nucleotides encoding a large polyprotein of 3,053 amino acids and predicted mr of 348. the size of the genome and the encoded polyprotein is in agreement ...	2002	12021872
ruminal fermentation kinetics in ewes offered a maize stover basal diet supplemented with cowpea hay, groundnut hay, cotton seed meal or maize meal.	the effect on ruminal digestive kinetics of supplementing maize stover (ms) with cowpea hay (cw), groundnut hay (gn), cotton seed meal (csm) or maize meal (mm) was evaluated in a 5 x 5 latin square using five merino ewes with ruminal cannulae. cw and gn were offered at 30% w/w to ms, while csm and mm were given at 15 g/kg0.75 per day. there were significant time (p < 0.001) and time x diet (p < 0.05) effects on ph but the effect of diet alone was not significant (p > 0.05). there was a significa ...	2002	12094677
a new antifungal peptide from rice beans.	a peptide, possessing a molecular mass of 5 kda and demonstrating remarkable sequence homology to the cowpea 10 kda protein precursor and garden pea disease resistance response protein, was isolated from rice bean seeds. the peptide was adsorbed on cm-sepharose and affi-gel blue gel. it inhibited mycelial growth in the fungi botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum, rhizoctonia solani and mycosphaerella arachidicola. it stimulated incorporation of methyl [3h] thymidine into mouse splenocytes, inhibi ...	2002	12102720
bean common mosaic virus isolates causing different symptoms in asparagus bean in china differ greatly in the 5'-parts of their genomes.	potyvirus isolates from asparagus bean ( vigna sesquipedalis) plants in zhejiang province, china, caused either rugose and vein banding mosaic symptoms (isolate r) or severe yellowing (isolate y) in this host, but were otherwise similar in host range. both isolates were completely sequenced and shown to be isolates of bean common mosaic virus (bcmv). the complete sequences were 9992 (r) or 10062 (y) nucleotides long and shared 91.7% identical nucleotides (93.2% identical amino acids) in their ge ...	2002	12111434
effect of short-term n(2) deficiency on expression of the ureide pathway in cowpea root nodules.	root systems of 28-d-old cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp cv vita 3: bradyrhizobium sp. strain cb756) plants bearing nitrogen-fixing nodules in sand culture were exposed to an atmosphere of ar:o(2) (80:20, v/v) for 48 h and then returned to air. root systems of control plants were maintained in air throughout. nodules were harvested at the same times in control and ar:o(2)-treated root systems. activities of two enzymes of de novo purine synthesis, glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (gar ...	2002	12114575
immune response induced in mice oral immunization with cowpea severe mosaic virus.	there is increasing interest in the immune response induced by plant viruses since these could be used as antigen-expressing systems in vaccination procedures. cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv), as a purified preparation (300 g of leaves, 2 weeks post-inoculation), or crude extract from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) leaves infected with cpsmv both administered by gavage to swiss mice induced a humoral immune response. groups of 10 swiss mice (2-month-old females) were immunized orally with 10 dail ...	2002	12131924
mutation of rpia in enterobacter cloacae decreases seed and root colonization and biocontrol of damping-off caused by pythium ultimum on cucumber.	strains of enterobacter cloacae show promise as biocontrol agents for pythium ultimum-induced damping-off on cucumber and other crops. e. cloacae a145 is a mini-tn5 km transposon mutant of strain 501r3 that was significantly reduced in suppression of damping-off on cucumber caused by p. ultimum. strain a145 was deficient in colonization of cucumber, sunflower, and wheat seeds and significantly reduced in colonization of corn and cowpea seeds relative to strain 501r3. populations of strain a145 w ...	2002	12182339
transgenic plants expressing hc-pro show enhanced virus sensitivity while silencing of the transgene results in resistance.	nicotiana benthamiana plants were engineered to express sequences of the helper component-proteinase (hc-pro) of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (cabmv). the sensitivity of the transgenic plants to infection with parental and heterologous viruses was studied. the lines expressing hc-pro showed enhanced symptoms after infection with the parental cabmv isolate and also after infection with a heterologous potyvirus, potato virus y (pvy) and a comovirus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). on the other ...	2002	12206307
the leaves of green plants as well as a cyanobacterium, a red alga, and fungi contain insulin-like antigens.	we report the detection of insulin-like antigens in a large range of species utilizing a modified elisa plate assay and western blotting. we tested the leaves or aerial parts of species of rhodophyta (red alga), bryophyta (mosses), psilophyta (whisk ferns), lycopodophyta (club mosses), sphenopsida (horsetails), gymnosperms, and angiosperms, including monocots and dicots. we also studied species of fungi and a cyanobacterium, spirulina maxima. the wide distribution of insulin-like antigens, which ...	2002	11887207
effect of cowpea hay, groundnut hay, cotton seed meal and maize meal supplementation to maize stover on intake, digestibility, microbial protein supply and acetate kinetics in weaner lambs.	ten weaner lambs were used in a double 5 x 5 latin square design to evaluate the effect of supplementing maize stover (ms) with cowpea hay (cw), groundnut hay (gn), cotton seed meal (csm) or maize meal (mm) on the intake, digestion kinetics and acetate clearance rate. cw and gn were offered at 30% w/w to ms, while csm and mm were given at 15 g/kg0.75 per day. supplementation reduced (p < 0.01) ms intake but enhanced (p < 0.01) total dry matter intake. there were no significant differences (p > 0 ...	2002	11887421
effect of supplementation with leguminous crop residues or concentrates on the voluntary intake and performance of kirdi sheep.	twenty young kirdi (west african dwarf) rams, averaging 22 kg live weight and 15 months of age, were randomly assigned to four feeding groups of 5 animals each. the groups were subjected to an 8-week feeding trial to determine the effect of different protein supplements on their voluntary intake of rice straw and on their performance. the animals in one of the groups were maintained on a daily basal diet of rice straw given ad libitum and 250 g of rice bran per animal (control). other groups wer ...	2002	11887422
molecular characterisation and evolutionary relationships of a potyvirus infecting crotalaria in brazil. brief report.	the 3' terminal genomic region of a potyvirus causing mosaic disease in several crotalaria species has been cloned and sequenced. comparisons of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the cloned cdna with those from other potyviruses show that the crotalaria-infecting virus (designated crotalaria mosaic virus; crmv) is closely related to cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv). maximum identity (95.4%) at the coat protein (cp) aa level was observed between crmv and a brazilian s ...	2002	11890532
agroinfection as a rapid method for propagating cowpea mosaic virus-based constructs.	to increase the efficiency of infections with cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-based constructs, clones suitable for agroinfection were constructed. full-length copies of rna-1 and rna-2 were inserted between the sequence of a cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter and a nos terminator and were introduced into the agrobacterium tumefaciens plasmid, pbinplus. infiltration of leaves of either nicotiana benthamiana or cowpea (vigna unguiculata) with a bacterial suspension containing a mixture of th ...	2002	12270666
protein-rna interactions and virus stability as probed by the dynamics of tryptophan side chains.	the correlation between dynamics and stability of icosahedral viruses was studied by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence approaches. we compared the environment and dynamics of tryptophan side chains of empty capsids and ribonucleoprotein particles of two icosahedral viruses from the comovirus group: cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). we found a great difference between tryptophan fluorescence emission spectra of the ribonucleoprotein particles and the empty cap ...	2002	12359712
microbiological evaluation of ghanaian maize dough co-fermented with cowpea.	fermented maize dough meals form a large proportion of people's diet in ghana. to enhance the nutritive value of these carbohydrate-rich foods, protein complementation was introduced. in this study, microbial ecology of fermenting maize dough fortified with 20% cowpea was investigated. a total of 106 microbial strains were isolated from different batches of the fermenting dough at periodic intervals. ten genera of microorganisms namely lactobacillus, leuconostoc, saccharomyces, debaryomyces, can ...	2002	12396461
subcellular location of the helper component-proteinase of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus.	the helper component-proteinase (hc-pro) of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) was expressed in escherichia coli and used to obtain hc-pro antiserum that was used as an analytical tool for hc-pro studies. the antiserum was used in immunofluorescence assays to study the subcellular location of hc-pro expressed with other viral proteins in cowpea protoplasts in a natural cabmv infection, or in protoplasts transfected with a transient expression construct expressing hc-pro separately from othe ...	2002	12416684
inhibitory effects of antifungal proteins on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase.	a variety of antifungal proteins were isolated from seeds of leguminous plants including french bean, cowpea, field bean, mung bean, peanut and red kidney bean. they were assayed for ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase, enzymes essential to the life cycle of hiv-1 . it was found that the cowpea beta-antifungal protein had a high potency in inhibiting hiv-1 protease and hiv-1 integrase. cowpea alpha-antifungal protein was po ...	2002	11855377
bruchins, plant mitogens from weevils: structural requirements for activity.	bruchins are 3-hydroxypropanoate esters of long-chain alpha,omega-diols from pea weevils and cowpea weevils that have been shown to initiate callus formation on pea pods at extremely low application rates. synthetic analogs have been prepared and examined to evaluate structural requirements for inducing this unusual neoplastic response. chain length (optimum length c22-c24) is important, whereas unsaturation within the chain is relatively unimportant. difunctionality is required for maximum acti ...	2002	12564796
diversity among bradyrhizobium isolates nodulating yardlong bean and sunnhemp in guam.	to isolate and characterize bradyrhizobia that nodulate yardlong bean and sunnhemp in guam.	2002	12234340
molecular structures of viruses from raman optical activity.	a vibrational raman optical activity (roa) study of a range of different structural types of virus exemplified by filamentous bacteriophage fd, tobacco mosaic virus, satellite tobacco mosaic virus, bacteriophage ms2 and cowpea mosaic virus has revealed that, on account of its sensitivity to chirality, roa is an incisive probe of their aqueous solution structures at the molecular level. protein roa bands are especially prominent from which, as we have shown by comparison with the roa spectra of p ...	2002	12237443
characterization of plant proteins that interact with cowpea mosaic virus '60k' protein in the yeast two-hybrid system.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) replication occurs in close association with small membranous vesicles in the host cell. the cpmv rna1-encoded 60 kda nucleotide-binding protein ('60k') plays a role in the formation of these vesicles. in this study, five cellular proteins were identified that interacted with different domains of 60k using a yeast two-hybrid search of an arabidopsis cdna library. two of these host proteins (termed vap27-1 and vap27-2), with high homology to the vap33 family of snare-li ...	2002	11907339
the crystallographic structure of brome mosaic virus.	the structure of brome mosaic virus (bmv), the type member of the bromoviridae family, has been determined from a single rhombohedral crystal by x-ray diffraction, and refined to an r value of 0.237 for data in the range 3.4-40.0 a. the structure, which represents the native, compact form at ph 5.2 in the presence of 0.1 m mg(2+), was solved by molecular replacement using the model of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), which bmv closely resembles. the bmv model contains amino acid residues 41 ...	2002	11916381
novel strategy for inhibiting viral entry by use of a cellular receptor-plant virus chimera.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has recently been developed as a biomolecular platform to display heterologous peptide sequences. such cpmv-peptide chimeras can be easily and inexpensively produced in large quantities from experimentally infected plants. this study utilized the cpmv chimera platform to create an antiviral against measles virus (mv) by displaying a peptide known to inhibit mv infection. this peptide sequence corresponds to a portion of the mv binding site on the human ...	2002	11932408
difference in delta(15)n signatures between nodulated roots and shoots of soybean is indicative of the contribution of symbiotic n(2) fixation to plant n.	symbiotic n(2) fixation has a variable effect on the (15)n abundance of different parts of legumes. increases in fixation result in (15)n enrichment of nodules, while decreases, in combination with an increased uptake of mineral n, result in (15)n depletion of the root system. the difference between soybean shoot and below-ground delta(15)n (deltadelta(15)n=delta(15)n(shoot)-delta(15)n(belowground)) was assessed in hydroponic culture over a range of rates of supply of mineral n. the fractional c ...	2002	11971922
influence of biosolids compost on the bradyrhizobial genotypes recovered from cowpea and soybean nodules.	the interaction of biosolids compost application to soil and bradyrhizobial genotypes recovered from nodules was examined. among 170 isolates, seven genotypes were recovered from soils receiving either no biosolids application or rates of 73 or 146 mg/ha for three successive years. with the exception of one genotype, the distribution of the bacterial genotypes recovered from nodules was interrelated with the level of biosolids. two of the genotypes nodulated both soybean and cowpea. because soyb ...	2002	11976752
role of rhizobial biosynthetic pathways of amino acids, nucleotide bases and vitamins in symbiosis.	rhizobia require the availability of 20 amino acids for the establishment of effective symbiosis with legumes. some of these amino acids are synthesized by rhizobium, whereas the remaining are supplied by the host plant. the supply from plant appears to be plant-type specific. alfalfa provides arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, valine and tryptophan, and cowpea and soybean provide histidine. the production of ornithine and anthranilic acid, the intermediates in the biosynthetic pathways of arginine ...	2002	12597544
a preliminary study on the use of tempe-based formula as a weaning diet in nigeria.	tempe, an indonesian mold fermented food, was prepared from cowpeas and soybeans using the traditional oriental process with modifications where appropriate. four complementary foods were developed from whole maize meal or dehydrated fermented maize (ogi) flour fortified with either cowpea tempe or soybean tempe. wholesomeness and potentials of the vanilla-flavored foods as weaning diets were determined. the nutrient content of all the developed products were within the range prescribed by the f ...	2002	12602942
talisia esculenta lectin and larval development of callosobruchus maculatus and zabrotes subfasciatus (coleoptera: bruchidae).	bruchid larvae cause major losses in grain legume crops throughout the world. some bruchid species, such as the cowpea weevil and the mexican bean weevil, are pests that damage stored seeds. plant lectins have been implicated as antibiosis factors against insects, particularly the cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus. talisia esculenta lectin (tel) was tested for anti-insect activity against c. maculatus and zabrotes subfasciatus larvae. tel produced ca. 90% mortality to these bruchids when i ...	2002	12049788
control of witchweed striga hermonthica by intercropping with desmodium spp., and the mechanism defined as allelopathic.	during investigations into the control of insect damage to maize crops in subsistence farming in kenya, which involved intercropping with repellent plants, the fodder legumes silverleaf (desmodium uncinatum) and greenleaf (d. intortum) were also found to reduce dramatically the infestation of maize by parasitic witchweeds such as striga hermonthica. this effect was confirmed by further field testing and shown to be significantly greater than that observed with other legumes, e.g., cowpea, as wer ...	2002	12449513
alteration of microtubule dynamic instability during preprophase band formation revealed by yellow fluorescent protein-clip170 microtubule plus-end labeling.	at the onset of mitosis, plant cells form a microtubular preprophase band that defines the plane of cell division, but the mechanism of its formation remains a mystery. here, we describe the use of mammalian yellow fluorescent protein-tagged clip170 to visualize the dynamic plus ends of plant microtubules in transfected cowpea protoplasts and in stably transformed and dividing tobacco bright yellow 2 cells. using plus-end labeling, we observed dynamic instability in different microtubular confor ...	2003	12615935
effects of the cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus beta-hexamer structure on virion assembly.	the x-ray crystal structure of cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) revealed a unique tubular structure formed by the interaction of the n-termini from six coat protein subunits at each three-fold axis of the assembled virion. this structure, termed the beta-hexamer, consists of six short beta-strands. the beta-hexamer was postulated to play a critical role in the assembly and stability of the virion by stabilizing hexameric capsomers. mutational analyses of the beta-hexamer structure, util ...	2003	12642101
dual intracellular localization and targeting of aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase in cowpea.	de novo purine biosynthesis is localized to both mitochondria and plastids isolated from bradyrhizobium sp.-infected cells of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp) nodules, but several of the pathway enzymes, including aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (airs [ec 6.3.3.1], encoded by vupur5), are encoded by single genes. immunolocalization confirmed the presence of airs protein in both organelles. enzymatically active airs was purified separately from nodule mitochondria and plastids. n-termi ...	2003	12644656
the movement protein gene is involved in the virus-specific requirement of the coat protein in cell-to-cell movement of bromoviruses.	brome mosaic virus (bmv) requires the coat protein (cp) for cell-to-cell movement whereas cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), from the same genus, does not. chimeric viruses created by exchanging the movement protein (mp) gene between the viruses can move from cell to cell. we show that interference in cp expression impaired the movement of the chimeric ccmv with the bmv mp gene but not of the chimeric bmv with the ccmv mp gene. we thus conclude that the mp gene plays a crucial role in determi ...	2003	12664302
mycoflora and fumonisin mycotoxins associated with cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp] seeds.	cowpea seed samples from south africa and benin were analyzed for seed mycoflora. fusariumspecies detected were f. equiseti, f. chlamydosporum, f. graminearum, f. proliferatum, f. sambucinum, f. semitectum, and f. subglutinans. cowpea seed from south africa and benin and f. proliferatum isolates from benin, inoculated onto maize patty medium, were analyzed for fumonisin production. samples were extracted with methanol/water and cleaned up on strong anion exchange solid phase extraction cartridge ...	2003	12670154
effects of black-eyed pea trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor on proteolytic activity and on development of anthonomus grandis.	the cotton boll weevil anthonomus grandis (boheman) is one of the major pests of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the new world. this feeds on cotton floral fruits and buds causing severe crop losses. digestion in the boll weevil is facilitated by high levels of serine proteinases, which are responsible for the almost all proteolytic activity. aiming to reduce the proteolytic activity, the inhibitory effects of black-eyed pea trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor (bt ...	2003	12737983
effect of feeding maize/legume mixtures on biochemical indices in rats.	protein-energy malnutrition is one of the major public health problems in developing countries of the world due to prevailing socio-economic problems. this study aimed to observe the effect of formulated complementary blends on biochemical parameters of rats. extruded complementary blends from maize fortified with cowpea or soybean at a level of 35% and 25% respectively were fed to 4 groups of rats for 28 days. similarly, 3 other groups of rats were placed on casein, non-protein or rat pellet di ...	2003	12743470
competition among bradyrhizobium strains for nodulation of green gram (vigna radiata): use of dark-nodule strain.	the competitiveness of dual-strain inoculum of bradyrhizobium strains s24 and gr4 was demonstrated for nodulation of green gram (vigna radiata). strain s24 formed pink nodules, gr4 produced visually distinguishable dark-brown nodules. when a mixture of these bradyrhizobium strains was applied as inoculum, nodules of both pink and dark-brown types were formed on the same root. the strain gr4, which was less competitive than strain s24, was mutagenized with n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine to ...	2003	12744082
an investigation into the involvement of defense signaling pathways in components of the nonhost resistance of arabidopsis thaliana to rust fungi also reveals a model system for studying rust fungal compatibility.	seventeen accessions of arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with the cowpea rust fungus uromyces vignae exhibited a variety of expressions of nonhost resistance, although infection hypha growth typically ceased before the formation of the first haustorium, except in ws-0. compared with wild-type plants, there was no increased fungal growth in ndr1 or eds1 mutants defective in two of the signal cascades regulated by the major class of arabidopsis host resistance genes. however, in the col-0 backgroun ...	2003	12744510
effect of priming/booster immunisation protocols on immune response to canine parvovirus peptide induced by vaccination with a chimaeric plant virus construct.	expression of a 17-mer peptide sequence from canine parvovirus expressed on cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) to form chimaeric virus particles (cvps) creates vaccine antigens that elicit strong anti-peptide immune responses in mice. systemic (subcutaneous, s.c.) immunisation and boosting with such cvp constructs produces igg(2a) serum antibody responses, while mucosal (intranasal, i.n.) immunisation and boosting elicits intestinal iga responses. combinations of systemic and mucosal routes for priming ...	2003	12744877
sources of semiochemicals mediating host finding in callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae).	bruchid pests such as callosobruchus chinensis (linnaeus) endanger stored legume seeds throughout the tropical belt. the chemical composition of the headspace volatiles from healthy and fourth instar larvae-infested cowpea seeds were identified, characterized, and compared using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. y-tube olfactometer bioassays were performed to evaluate the effect of these chemicals on the orientation of conspecific adult females. analysis of volatiles released from healthy an ...	2003	12762860
use of spring beauty latent virus to identify compatible interactions between bromovirus components required for virus infection.	spring beauty latent virus (sblv) is a member of the genus bromovirus, and is closely related to brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv). compatible interactions between viral components are required for successful infection of plants by bmv and ccmv. to further our understanding of interactions between bromovirus components, we used sblv to produce reassortants among the three bromoviruses. we found that sblv rna 2 functioned with heterologous bromovirus rna 1 in infec ...	2003	12771403
chemical composition of certain tribal pulses in south india.	raw seeds of tribal pulses atylosia scarabaeoides, canavalia gladiata, lablab purpureus var. lignosus, neonotonia wightii var. coimbatorensis, rhynchosia filipes, vigna trilobata and vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata were investigated for their proximate composition, minerals, vitamins (niacin and ascorbic acid) and certain anti-nutritional substances. the seeds of l. purpureus var. lignosus and v. trilobata had a higher content of crude protein than the commonly consumed indian pulses. the s ...	2003	12775370
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of the eukaryotic iron superoxide dismutase (fesod) from vigna unguiculata.	eukaryotic iron superoxide dismutases (fesods) are homodimeric proteins that constitute a fundamental protection against free radicals, which can damage essential cellular mechanisms. the protein was cloned and overexpressed in escherichia coli with an n-terminal his tag. crystallization experiments of the protein resulted, after several refined screenings, in crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction analysis. the crystals belong to the monoclinic space group c2, with unit-cell parameters a = 82. ...	2003	12777777
the molecular basis of the antigenic cross-reactivity between measles and cowpea mosaic viruses.	two nonrelated viruses, cowpea mosaic virus (wtcpmv) and measles virus (mv), were found to induce cross-reactive antibodies. the nature of this cross-reactivity was studied and results are presented here demonstrating that antiserum raised against wtcpmv reacted with peptide from the fusion (f) protein of mv. furthermore, the f protein of mv was shown to share an identical conformational b cell epitope with the small subunit of cpmv coat protein. passive transfer of anti-wtcpmv antibodies into b ...	2003	12788642
a protein with amino acid sequence homology to bovine insulin is present in the legume vigna unguiculata (cowpea).	since the discovery of bovine insulin in plants, much effort has been devoted to the characterization of these proteins and elucidation of their functions. we report here the isolation of a protein with similar molecular mass and same amino acid sequence to bovine insulin from developing fruits of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) genotype epace 10. insulin was measured by elisa using an anti-human insulin antibody and was detected both in empty pods and seed coats but not in the embryo. the highest co ...	2003	12937781
preliminary study of l-lysine production by bacillus species using various agricultural by-products.	the production of lysine by bacillus megaterium sp-14 and bacillus circulans tx-22 using agricultural by-products as carbon and nitrogen sources was assessed. among the carbon substrates used were potato, sorghum, plantain, millet, yam, cassava, and corn starches, while the nitrogen sources include cowpea, bambara-nut, cotton seed, groundnut, soybean, and blood meals. the effect of natural nitrogen sources (1.0% w/v) and synthetic nitrogen source (4.0% w/v (nh4)2so4) on lysine production by the ...	2003	13678257
crystallization, data collection and phasing of black-eyed pea trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor in complex with bovine beta-trypsin.	the black-eyed pea trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor (btci) is a bowman-birk-type inhibitor from vigna unguiculata seeds. a complex of btci with bovine beta-trypsin was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method with ammonium sulfate as precipitant. crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 59.3, b = 61.8, c = 80.0 a. diffraction data were collected to 2.36 a resolution and were processed to give an overall r(sym) of 0.137. the ma ...	2003	14501128
effect of sugars on the association between cowpea vicilin (7s storage proteins) and fungal cells.	vicilins (7s storage proteins) found in various legume seeds have been previously shown to interfere with the germination of spores or conidia of phytopathogenic fungi and inhibit yeast growth and glucose stimulated acidification of the medium by yeast cells. in the present work vicilins from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds were added to the growth medium of saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and fusarium oxysporum conidia. helix pomatia lectin, wheat germ agglutinin and ulex europaeus lectin were ...	2003	14510235
functional characterization and expression of a cytosolic iron-superoxide dismutase from cowpea root nodules.	an iron-superoxide dismutase (fesod) with an unusual subcellular localization, vufesod, has been purified from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) nodules and leaves. the enzyme has two identical subunits of 27 kd that are not covalently bound. comparison of its n-terminal sequence (nvaginll) with the cdna-derived amino acid sequence showed that vufesod is synthesized as a precursor with seven additional amino acids. the mature protein was overexpressed in escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was ...	2003	14512518
cucumovirus- and bromovirus-encoded movement functions potentiate cell-to-cell movement of tobamo- and potexviruses.	cucumber mosaic virus (cmv, a cucumovirus) and brome mosaic virus (bmv, a bromovirus) require the coat protein (cp) in addition to the 3a movement protein (mp) for cell-to-cell movement, while cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv, a bromovirus) does not. using bombardment-mediated transcomplementation assays, we investigated whether the movement functions encoded by these viruses potentiate cell-to-cell movement of movement-defective tomato mosaic virus (tomv, a tobamovirus) and potato virus x (p ...	2003	14592759
reduction of bladder cancer cell growth in response to hcgbeta ctp37 vaccinated mouse serum.	the free beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcgbeta) is well established as an ectopic product of epithelial tumors. originally explained as an epi-phenomenon, hcgbeta production by many types of carcinoma is increasingly regarded as a significant tumor event. studies in bladder cancer have shown that hcgbeta production, while not diagnostic, is a very good indicator for poor prognosis through correlations with resistance to radiotherapy and rapid metastasis. these clinical findings ...	2003	14649543
fermentation of vigna sinensis var. carilla flours by natural microflora and lactobacillus species.	natural fermentation and an inoculum containing 10% (vol/vol) lactobacillus fermentum or lactobacillus plantarum were used to obtain fermented flours from vigna sinensis l. var. carilla seeds that had been washed with distilled water and dried at 55 degrees c for 24 h. to optimize the fermentation parameters (lactic acid bacterium level, bean flour concentration, and fermentation time), several small-scale fermentation processes were carried out. on the basis of the results obtained, fermentor-s ...	2003	14672230
expression & immunogenicity of malaria merozoite peptides displayed on the small coat protein of chimaeric cowpea mosaic virus.	foreign peptide sequences can be inserted into the betab-betac loop of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) small coat protein (scp) to yield functional chimaeric viruses. immunisation with chimaeric cpmv elicits immune responses that protect against human immunodeficiency and mink enteritis viruses. the present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of a b cell epitope from the merozoite surface antigen-1 of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum (pfmsp1) in cpmv for an epitope based ...	2003	14700344
nod factors activate both heterotrimeric and monomeric g-proteins in vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.	nod factors are lipo-chito-oligosaccharides secreted by rhizobia that initiate many responses in the root hairs of the legume hosts, culminating in deformed hairs. the heterotrimeric g-protein agonists mastoparan, mas7, melittin, compound 48/80 and cholera toxin provoke root hair deformation, whereas the heterotrimeric g-protein antagonist pertussis toxin inhibits mastoparan and nod factor nodngr[s]- (from rhizobiumsp. ngr234) induced root hair deformation. another heterotrimeric g-protein antag ...	2003	12569410
nutritional and physiological responses of young growing rats to diets containing raw cowpea seed meal, protein isolate (globulins), or starch.	the nutritional and physiological effects of raw cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l) walp.) seed meal, protein isolate (globulins), or starch on the metabolism of young growing rats have been evaluated in 14-day trials. wet and dry weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, and lipid and protein accretion were significantly reduced as a result of inclusion of seed meal, globulins, or starch in the diet, with growth retardation being most marked with the seed meal. the proportional weights of the small i ...	2003	12502427
complete nucleotide sequence of spring beauty latent virus, a bromovirus infectious to arabidopsis thaliana.	spring beauty latent virus (sblv), a bromovirus, systemically and efficiently infected arabidopsis thaliana, whereas the well-studied bromoviruses brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) did not infect and poorly infected a. thaliana, respectively. we constructed biologically active cdna clones of sblv genomic rnas and determined their complete nucleotide sequences. interestingly, sblv rna3 contains both the box b motif in the intercistronic region, as does bmv, and the ...	2003	12536302
[fusion expression, purification and bioactivity assay of cpti in escherichia coli].	cpti (cowpea trypsin inhibitor) is a widely used insect resistance gene in the plant genetic engineering for its high insecticidal activity and the minimal ability of the insects to evolve resistance to it. to facilitate the safety assessment of genetically modified foods (gmfs) with cpti protein, we need to produce gram quantities of this protein in microbes. with the pgex fusion expression system, we expressed the gst-cpti protein in e. coli bl21, which accounted for approximately 40% of germ ...	2003	15969038
variation in responses to susceptible and resistant cowpeas among west african populations of callosobruchus maculatus (coleoptera: bruchidae).	the cowpea seed beetle, sometimes also known as the cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus (f.), is a major pest of stored cowpeas (vigna unguiculata walpers) in west africa. control methods have included development of 'resistant' varieties as an environmentally benign alternative to insecticides, but there is concern over their effectiveness because of population variation among the insects and the possibility of adaptation overcoming seed resistance. populations of c. maculatus from nigeria, ...	2003	14994820
effects of acibenzolar-s-methyl application to rotylenchulus reniformis and meloidogyne javanica.	effects of acibenzolar-s-methyl, an inducer of systemic acquired resistance in plants, on rotylenchulus reniformis and meloidogyne javanica in vitro and in vivo were determined. a single foliar application of acibenzolar at 50 mg/liter (5 ml of solution per plant) to 7-day-old cowpea or soybean seedlings decreased r. reniformis and m. javanica egg production by 50% 30 days after inoculation. the mechanism of acibenzolar on plant-parasitic nematodes was then investigated. acibenzolar at 50 to 200 ...	2003	19265983
cowpea (vigna unguiculata) vicilins bind to the peritrophic membrane of larval sugarcane stalk borer (diatraea saccharalis).	in this work, we show that vicilins from two vigna unguiculata (cowpea) genotypes, epace-10 and it 81d-1045, which are susceptible and resistant to attack by the cowpea weevil callosobruchus maculatus, respectively, associate with the peritrophic membrane (pm) from larvae of diatraea saccharalis. solutions with increasing concentrations of vicilins were incubated with pm of the larvae and subsequently analysed by electrophoresis with sds. it was observed that the majority of the bands of approxi ...	2003	16256689
biology of cerotoma arcuatus (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) and field validation of a laboratory model for temperature requirements.	cerotoma arcuatus olivier is a polyphagous pest of legumes [soybean, glycine max (l.); dry beans, phaseolus vulgaris (l.); and cowpeas, vigna unguiculata (l.)], all of which are considered important protein sources for humans and domestic animals. studies on the biology and temperature requirements of c. arcuatus were made under laboratory and field (cage) conditions. in the laboratory, insects were reared on soybean plants in incubators held at 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, or 32 degrees c, 70 +/- 10 ...	2003	12852595
use of commercial freezers to control cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus (coleoptera: bruchidae), in organic garbanzo beans.	one california processor of organic garbanzo beans (cicer arietinum l.), unable to use chemical fumigants, relies on 30-d storage at -18 degrees c to disinfest product of the cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus (f). to determine whether the storage period may be shortened, the most cold-tolerant life stage of the cowpea weevil was identified. laboratory studies showed that the egg stage was most tolerant to -18 degrees c and that adults were most susceptible. to examine the efficacy of cold ...	2003	14977138
stimulation of ribonuclease activity and its isoenzymes in germinating seeds of cowpea (vigna sinensis) by gibberellic acid and adenosine-3',5-cyclic monophosphate.	application of ga3 and cyclic amp to cowpea seedings caused a 2-3 fold stimulation of rnaase activity, together with the augmentation of rnaase isoenzymes. inhibitor studies indicated the requirement of fresh rna and protein synthesis for enzyme stimulation.	2003	179839
a method for the purification of large quantities of biologically active ribonucleic acid components from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, a multicomponent plant virus.	cowpea chlorotic mottle virus rna has been prepared in comparatively high yield (at least 50%) by a modified phenol extraction method. the preparation, which has high biological activity, has been resolved into four components by zonal centrifugation on a 15-40% (w/v) sucrose density gradient. the components obtained have been tested for biological activity against whole plants and plant protoplasts. each of the two largest components rna 1 and rna 2 was by itself infective (50-90% of the specif ...	2003	141815
a newly identified role for tomato bushy stunt virus p19 in short distance spread.	summary this study identified a role for the tomato bushy stunt virus (tbsv) p19 protein (p19) in local lesion expansion on cowpea (vigna unguiculata), and cell-to-cell movement in pepper (capsicum annuum). the contribution to short distance spread in both hosts was strongly influenced by a cluster of charged amino acids between positions 72 and 78 on the 172 amino acid p19. charged amino acids near this region between positions 43 and 85 were required for long distance spread in pepper. these r ...	2003	20569364
novel cytopathological structures induced by mixed infection of unrelated plant viruses.	abstract when two unrelated plant viruses infect a plant simultaneously, synergistic viral interactions often occur resulting in devastating diseases. this study was initiated to examine ultrastructural virus-virus interactions of mixed viral infections. mixed infections were induced using potyviruses and viruses from other plant virus families. novel ultrastructural paracrystalline arrays composed of co-infecting viruses, referred to as mixed virus particle aggregates (mvpas), were noted in the ...	2004	18943827
effect of winter cover crops on nematode population levels in north florida.	two experiments were conducted in north-central florida to examine the effects of various winter cover crops on plant-parasitic nematode populations through time. in the first experiment, six winter cover crops were rotated with summer corn (zea mays), arranged in a randomized complete block design. the cover crops evaluated were wheat (triticum aestivum), rye (secale cereale), oat (avena sativa), lupine (lupinus angustifolius), hairy vetch (vicia villosa), and crimson clover (trifolium incarnat ...	2004	19262833
characterization of the proteins from vigna unguiculata seeds.	the proteins from vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. (cowpea) seeds were investigated. globulins constitute over 51% of the total seed protein, with albumins composing approximately 45%. the globulins may be fractionated by native electrophoresis or anion exchange chromatography into three main components, which were termed (in decreasing order of anodic mobility) alpha-vignin, beta-vignin, and gamma-vignin. alpha-vignin, with a sedimentation coefficient of 16.5s, is a major, nonglycosylated globulin, ...	2004	15030230
heterologous expression of the modified coat protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus results in the assembly of protein cages with altered architectures and function.	we have developed methods for producing viral-based protein cages in high yield that are amenable to genetic modification. expression of the structural protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) using the yeast-based pichia pastoris heterologous expression system resulted in the assembly of particles that were visibly indistinguishable from virus particles produced in the natural host. we have shown that a collection of non-infectious ccmv coat protein mutants expressed in the p. pasto ...	2004	15039547
structure of cowpea mottle virus: a consensus in the genus carmovirus.	cowpea mottle virus (cpmov) is a t = 3 virus that belongs to carmovirus genus of the tombusviridae family. here, we report the crystal structure of cpmov determined to a resolution of 7.0 angstroms. the structures and sequences of three carmoviruses, cpmov, turnip crinkle virus (tcv), and carnation mottle virus (carmv) have been compared to tbsv from the tombusvirus genus. cpmov, tcv, and carmv all have a deletion in betac strand in the s domain relative to tbsv that may be distinctive to the ge ...	2004	15051394
genetics of promiscuous nodulation in soybean: nodule dry weight and leaf color score.	the symbiotic relationship between the soybean plant and rhizobium results in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (n(2)) in the root nodules, with the result that nitrogenous fertilization of the soybean is unnecessary. the effectiveness of nodule formation and n(2) fixation with rhizobial strains is under genetic control with two general categories identified: (1) promiscuous, which produces functional nodules with cowpea-type rhizobial strains; and (2) nonpromiscuous, which forms no or nonfunctio ...	2004	15073231
qualitative and quantitative variation among volatile profiles induced by tetranychus urticae feeding on plants from various families.	many plant species are known to emit herbivore-induced volatiles in response to herbivory. the spider mite tetranychus urticae koch is a generalist that can feed on several hundreds of host plant species. volatiles emitted by t. urticae-infested plants of 11 species were compared: soybean (glycine max), golden chain (laburnum anagyroides), black locust (robinia pseudo-acacia), cowpea (vigna unguiculata), tobacco (nicotiana tabacum), eggplant (solanum melalonga), thorn apple (datura stramonium), ...	2004	15074658
[study on the teratogenicity effects of genetically modified rich which expressed cowpea trypsin inhibitor on rats].	rats were fed by transgenic rice which expressed insecticidal protein cpti (cowpea trypsin inhibitor) to study if the transgenic rice possessed potential teratogenicity effects.	2004	15098484
a kunitz-type inhibitor of coleopteran proteases, isolated from adenanthera pavonina l. seeds and its effect on callosobruchus maculatus.	the cowpea weevil callosobruchus maculatus is one of the major pests of vigna unguiculata cowpea. digestion in the cowpea weevil is facilitated by high levels of cysteine and aspartic acid proteinases. plants synthesize a variety of molecules, including proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors, to defend themselves against attack by insects. in this work, a trypsin inhibitor (apti) isolated from adenanthera pavonina seeds showed activity against papain. the inhibition of papain by apti was of the non ...	2004	15113152
requirements for brome mosaic virus subgenomic rna synthesis in vivo and replicase-core promoter interactions in vitro.	based solely on in vitro results, two contrasting models have been proposed for the recognition of the brome mosaic virus (bmv) subgenomic core promoter by the replicase. the first posits that the replicase recognizes at least four key nucleotides in the core promoter, followed by an induced fit, wherein some of the nucleotides base pair prior to the initiation of rna synthesis (s. adkins and c. c. kao, virology 252:1-8, 1998). the second model posits that a short rna hairpin in the core promote ...	2004	15163702
nolr regulates diverse symbiotic signals of sinorhizobium fredii hh103.	we have investigated in sinorhizobium fredii hh103-1 (=hh103 str(r)) the influence of the nolr gene on the production of three different bacterial symbiotic signals: nod factors, signal responsive (sr) proteins, and exopolysaccharide (eps). the presence of multiple copies of nolr (in plasmid pmus675) repressed the transcription of all the flavonoid-inducible genes analyzed: noda, nodd1, nolo, nolx, noel, rhcj, hesb, and y4pf. inactivation of nolr (mutant svq517) or its overexpression (presence o ...	2004	15195950
[study on food safety of genetically modified rice which expressed cowpea trypsin inhibitor by 90 day feeding test on rats].	rats were fed by transgenic rice which expressed insecticidal protein cpti (cowpea trypsin inhibitor) to study if the transgenic rice possessed potential toxic or adverse effects.	2004	15208998
processing of a cowpea--groundnut blend into a miso-like product.	a traditional salt-miso process was used to produce a miso-like product from a 50-50 mixture of cowpea and groundnuts in a 60-day fermentation process as part of a study to determine the suitability of local legumes as raw materials for the production of miso. the koji was freshly prepared from a locally obtained rice and aspergillus oryzae spores obtained from japan. an old miso sample also obtained from japan was used as the source of lactic acid bacteria. the physico-chemical changes in the p ...	2004	15223597
chemical conjugation of heterologous proteins on the surface of cowpea mosaic virus.	genetic economy leads to symmetric distributions of chemically identical subunits in icosaherdal and helical viruses. modification of the subunit genes of a variety of viruses has permitted the display of polypeptides on both the infectious virions and virus particles made in expression systems. icosahedral chimeric particles of this type often display novel properties resulting in high local concentrations of the insert. here we report an extension of this concept in which entire proteins were ...	2004	15264868
crop growth and development effects on surface albedo for maize and cowpea fields in ghana, west africa.	the albedo (alpha) of vegetated land surfaces is a key regulatory factor in atmospheric circulation and plays an important role in mechanistic accounting of many ecological processes. this paper examines the influence of the phenological stages of maize (zea mays) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata) fields on observed albedo at a tropical site in ghana. the crops were studied for the first and second planting dates in the year 2002. crop management was similar for both seasons and measurements were t ...	2004	15278686
expression of the two nested overlapping reading frames of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna is enhanced by a 5' cap and by 5' and 3' viral sequences.	the translation efficiency of an mrna molecule is typically determined by its 5'- and/or 3'-untranslated regions (utrs). previously, we have found that the 3'-utr of turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) rna enhances translation synergistically with a 5' cap. here, we use a luciferase reporter system in cowpea protoplasts to show that the 5' 217 nucleotides from tymv genomic rna enhance expression relative to a vector-derived 17-nucleotide 5'-utr. maximum expression was observed from rnas with a cap ...	2004	15308727
genetic architecture of population differences in oviposition behaviour of the seed beetle callosobruchus maculatus.	few studies have examined the genetic architecture of population differences in behaviour and its implications for population differentiation and adaptation. even fewer have examined whether differences in genetic architecture depend on the environment in which organisms are reared or tested. we examined the genetic basis of differences in oviposition preference and egg dispersion between asian (si) and african (bf) populations of the seed beetle, callosobruchus maculatus. we reared and tested f ...	2004	15312086
cratylia argentea seed lectin, a possible defensive protein against plant-eating organisms: effects on rat metabolism and gut histology.	this present work was undertaken to answer two basic questions (a) is c. argentea lectin part of the general defensive strategy of the plant against predation by animals? (b) if so, how does it act on them? to achieve these goals the lectin from c. argentea seeds was purified to homogeneity and included at a 2% level in a diet containing 10% total protein and given to growing rats for 10 days. in vivo it was noted that the lectin from c. argentea is resistant to gut proteolysis, binds to the cel ...	2004	15350671
spatial analysis for exclusive interactions between subgroups i and ii of cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea.	the dynamics of virus interference in cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) infection in cowpea were investigated by tissue-blotting and in situ hybridization. using co-inoculation assays, we discovered that spatial competition between cmv-le (subgroup i) and cmv-m2 (subgroup ii) occurred in the inoculated leaves. interestingly, competitive interactions between the two viruses also could be observed in the non-inoculated upper leaf tissues of the plants. furthermore, the pattern of exclusive distribution ...	2004	15380357
normal mode based flexible fitting of high-resolution structure into low-resolution experimental data from cryo-em.	a new method for the flexible fitting of high-resolution structures into low-resolution maps of macromolecular complexes from electron microscopy has been recently described in applications to simulated electron density maps. this method uses a linear combination of low-frequency normal modes in an iterative manner to deform the structure optimally to conform to the low-resolution electron density map. gradient-following techniques in the coordinate space of collective normal modes are used to o ...	2004	15450300
surface-exposed c-terminal amino acids of the small coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus are required for suppression of silencing.	the small (s) coat protein of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been identified previously as a virus-encoded suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs). deletions within the c-terminal 24 aa of this protein affect the yield and systemic spread of the virus, suggesting that the c-terminal amino acids of the s protein, which are exposed on the surface of assembled virus particles, may be responsible for the suppressor activity. to investigate this, versions of cpmv rna-2 with deletions ...	2004	15483261
flavonoids, nodd1, nodd2, and nod-box nb15 modulate expression of the y4wefg locus that is required for indole-3-acetic acid synthesis in rhizobium sp. strain ngr234.	flavonoids secreted by host plants activate, in conjunction with the transcriptional activator nodd, nod gene expression of rhizobia resulting in the synthesis of nod factors, which trigger nodule organogenesis. interestingly, addition of inducing flavonoids also stimulates the production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) in several rhizobia. here, the molecular basis of iaa synthesis in rhizobium sp. ngr234 was investigated. mass spectrometric analysis of culture supernatants indic ...	2004	15497408
purification, identification and preliminary crystallographic characterization of a novel seed protein from vigna unguiculata.	a tropical legume, vigna unguiculata, was explored in order to identify potential allergens among the abundant seed proteins and to attempt their crystallographic study. salt fractionation of the seed extract followed by chromatographic separation led to the purification of a 25 kda protein. gel-filtration chromatography of the 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation fraction led to separation of this protein in pure form, which was subjected to n-terminal sequencing. the n-terminal sequences of inte ...	2004	15502340
competition between wild-type virus and a reassortant from subgroups i and ii of cmv and activation of antiviral responses in cowpea.	to investigate the interactions between rna3 and rna4 from subgroups i and ii in mixed infections, accumulation of cmv rna were analyzed. in the mixed inoculation assays with cmv-le (le, subgroup i) and a reassortant llm consisting of rna1 and rna2 from le, and rna3 from cmv-m2 (m2, subgroup ii), le rna3 and rna4 could systemically spread in the plants, whereas those of m2 could not. furthermore, accumulation of virus short rna and a cowpea-encoded rna-directed rna polymerase gene (vurdrp1) mrna ...	2004	15593425
plant uptake of aldicarb from contaminated soil and its enhanced degradation in the rhizosphere.	experiments were conducted to investigate the degradation of aldicarb, an oxime carbamate insecticide, in sterile, non-sterile and plant-grown soils, and the capability of different plant species to accumulate the pesticide. the degradation of aldicarb in soil followed first-order kinetics. half lives (t1/2) of aldicarb in sterile and non-sterile soil were 12.0 and 2.7 days, respectively, which indicated that microorganisms played an important part in the degradation of aldicarb in soil. aldicar ...	2004	14581059
properties of a virus isolated from vernonia amygdalina del. in lagos, nigeria.	a previously uncharacterized virus tentatively named vernonia green vein-banding virus (vgvbv) was isolated from vernonia amygdalina del. ("bitterleaf") from lagos, nigeria. the virus was mechanically transmissible but had a narrow host range restricted to nicotiana benthamiana, chenopodium quinoa and c. amaranticolor. it was also transmissible in a non-persistent manner by myzus persicae. the virus was purified from n. benthamiana and about 750 nm long flexuous rod-shaped particles were observe ...	2004	15745049