Publications

effect of processing on flatus producing oligosaccharides in cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and the tropical african yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa).	the effect of dehulling, soaking and soaking/cooking on sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in mature dry seeds of nine varieties of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and one variety of tropical african yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa) were investigated. the results showed a progressive decrease in sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose contents. soaking for 12 hours and cooking for 30 min eliminated most of the sucrose, raffinose and stachyose. the sugar contents in whole raw cowpea were sucrose 0.73-4.58%, ...	1997	9629861
molecular characterization and interviral homologies of a potyvirus infecting sesame (sesamum indicum) in georgia.	phylogenetic analyses of the 3' terminal region of a potyvirus naturally infecting sesame (sesamum indicum) in georgia indicated that the virus belongs to the passionfruit woodiness potyvirus subgroup, and is most closely related to cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (cabmv) and south african passiflora potyvirus. based on the sequence identity, this virus is a strain of cabmv. use of degenerate primers, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequence analysis allowed us t ...	1997	9672651
protein quality of raw and autoclaved cowpeas: comparison between some insect resistant and susceptible varieties.	a comparative study was conducted with four improved cowpea (2 pod bug resistant and 2 susceptible) varieties to assess the effect of autoclaving at 105 degrees c under 15 psi for 30 min on their protein quality, as measured by the levels of some antinutritional factors and performance of rats fed the different cowpea diets. also, the relationships between antinutrients in the cowpeas and protein quality indicators were examined. results showed that autoclaving completely eliminated trypsin inhi ...	1997	9477425
reexamination of the intracellular localization of de novo purine synthesis in cowpea nodules.	sucrose and percoll density gradient centrifugation were used to separate organelles from the central zone tissue of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp. cv vita 3: bradyrhizobium strain cb 756) nodules. enzyme activity analysis has shown that both plastids and mitochondria have a full complement of enzymes for de novo purine synthesis. in vitro activities of individual component enzymes (glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase, ec 6.3.4.13; glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase, ec 2.1.2.2; ami ...	1997	12223595
stress responses in alfalfa (medicago sativa l). xxii. cdna cloning and characterization of an elicitor-inducible isoflavone 7-o-methyltransferase.	medicarpin, the major phytoalexin in alfalfa, is synthesized via the isoflavonoid branch of phenylpropanoid metabolism. the methyl group at the 9 position of medicarpin is generally accepted to arise via the methylation of the 4' position (b-ring) of daidzein. surprisingly, the isoflavone-o-methyltransferase (iomt), which is induced along with other enzymes involved in medicarpin biosynthesis, methylates the a-ring 7-hydroxyl group of daidzein in vitro, a reaction that probably does not occur in ...	1998	9484461
air synthetase in cowpea nodules: a single gene product targeted to two organelles?	a cdna (vupur5) encoding phosphoribosyl aminoimidazole (air) synthetase, the fifth enzyme of the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway has been isolated from a cowpea nodule cdna library. it encodes a 388 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 40.4 kda. the deduced amino acid sequence has significant homology with air synthetase from other organisms. air synthetase is present in both mitochondria and plastids of cowpea nodules. a signal sequence encoded by the vupur5 cdna has proper ...	1998	9520274
legume vicilins (7s storage globulins) inhibit yeast growth and glucose stimulated acidification of the medium by yeast cells.	vicilin (7s storage proteins) isolated from different legume seeds were shown to inhibit yeast growth and glucose stimulated acidification of the medium by yeast cells. the degree of growth inhibition varied with the origin of vicilins. it was more than 90% for vicilins from cowpea (vigna unguiculata, cultivar pitiuba) and equal to 65% for vicilins from vigna radiata, in the case of saccharomyces cerevisae. vicilins from cowpea seeds inhibited the glucose stimulated acidification of the medium b ...	1998	9528656
nodd2 of rhizobium sp. ngr234 is involved in the repression of the nodabc operon.	transcriptional regulators of the lysr family largely control the expression of bacterial symbiotic genes. rhizobium sp. ngr234 contains at least four members of this family: two resemble nodd, while two others are more closely related to syrm. part of the extremely broad host range of ngr234 can be attributed to nodd1, although the second gene shares a high degree of dna sequence homology with nodd2 of r. fredii usda191. a nodd2 mutant of ngr234 was constructed by insertional mutagenesis. this ...	1998	9535093
regulation of single-strand rna synthesis of alfalfa mosaic virus in non-transgenic cowpea protoplasts by the viral coat protein.	we have compared the rna synthesis of alfalfa mosaic virus in complete (by rnas 1, 2 and 3) and incomplete infections (by rnas 1 and 2) of cowpea protoplasts. both viral rna polymerase activity and accumulation of viral rna were measured. by annealing rna in solution with 32p-labelled probes of plus and minus polarity followed by treatment with ribonucleases, we determined viral rnas quantitatively in both single- and double-stranded rna fractions. the accumulation of single-stranded rna of posi ...	1998	9572550
genotypic characterization of bradyrhizobium strains nodulating endemic woody legumes of the canary islands by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of genes encoding 16s rrna (16s rdna) and 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacers, repetitive extragenic palindromic pcr genomic fingerprinting, and partial 16s rdna sequencing.	we present a phylogenetic analysis of nine strains of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from nodules of tagasaste (chamaecytisus proliferus) and other endemic woody legumes of the canary islands, spain. these and several reference strains were characterized genotypically at different levels of taxonomic resolution by computer-assisted analysis of 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (pcr-rflps), 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer (igs) rflps, and repetitiv ...	1998	9603820
determination of host specificity of cowpea miscellany rhizobium spp. by nodabc-lacz fusion.	cowpea miscellany group of rhizobia are generally broad host range. transconjugants of these cowpea rhizobial isolates having nodabc-lacz fusion were monitored for flavonoid/root exudate-induced activation of the nod genes in terms of beta-galactosidase activity, thus determining the potential host range of the rhizobial isolates.	1998	9608748
mutations in viral movement protein alter systemic infection and identify an intercellular barrier to entry into the phloem long-distance transport system.	viral systemic infection of a plant host involves two processes, cell-to-cell movement and long-distance transport. molecular determinants associated with these two processes were probed by investigating the effects that alanine scanning mutations in the movement protein (mp) of red clover necrotic mosaic virus (rcnmv) had on viral infection in the plant hosts nicotiana edwardsonii, vigna unguiculata (cowpea), and the experimental plant nicotiana benthamiana. plants were inoculated with rcnmv ex ...	1998	9614869
scope for using plant viruses to present epitopes from animal pathogens.	epitope presentation to the immune system for vaccination purposes can be achieved either via an inactivated or attenuated form of a pathogen or via its isolated antigenic sequences. when free, these peptides can adopt a variety of conformations, most of which will not exist in their native environment. conjugation to carrier proteins restricts mobility of the peptides and increases their immunogenicity. a high local concentration of epitopes boosts the immune response further and can be generat ...	1998	10398492
enhanced transgenic plant resistance to nematodes by dual proteinase inhibitor constructs.	plant defence strategies usually involve the action of several gene products. transgenic resistance strategies are likely to have enhanced efficacy when they involve more than one transgene. here we explore possible mechanisms for the co-delivery of multiple effectors via a single transgene. as an example we report the co-delivery of two distinct proteinase inhibitors in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. to examine resistance against plant parasitic nematodes. a cysteine and serine proteinase inh ...	1998	9684370
characterization of the nucleic acid binding properties of tomato spotted wilt virus nucleocapsid protein.	tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (tswv) is the type member of the plant-infecting viruses of the genus tospovirus in the family bunyaviridae. the three tswv rnas are encapsidated with nucleocapsid (n) protein to form ribonucleoprotein (rnp) which serves as the template for viral transcription and replication. regions of the open reading frame coding for the n protein on the small (s) rna were subcloned into pet protein expression vectors and expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3) cells. full-len ...	1998	9705250
potassium contents of northeastern thai foods.	from our previous nutritional assessment, low potassium (k) intake among northeastern thai males has been clearly demonstrated. this prompted us to undertake a survey of the k content of local foods. food samples comprised of 57 animal and 142 plant products which were collected from various places in the northeast of thailand. the dry ashing method was used to prepare the samples for k analysis using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. foods could be divided into 7 groups according to their ...	1998	9737115
the genome-linked protein (vpg) of southern bean mosaic virus is encoded by the orf2.	the sequence of the 20 n-terminal amino acids of the viral protein (vpg) which is covalently attached to the genomic rna of the bean strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-b) has been determined. the obtained vpg sequence mapped to position 327 to 346 of the sbmv-b orf2 product, downstream of the putative protease domain and in front of the rna-dependent rna polymerase. thus indicating that the sobemovirus genomic arrangement is similar to that of subgroup ii luteoviruses. comparison with ot ...	1998	9778784
sequences of the coat protein gene of five peanut stripe virus (pstv) strains from thailand and their evolutionary relationship with other bean common mosaic virus sequences.	the coat protein gene and part of the 3' non-coding region of five strains of peanut stripe virus (pstv) from thailand have been cloned and sequenced. phylogenetic comparisons of these strains, known as t1, t3, t5, t6 and t7, and related sequences showed that these strains are indeed strains of pstv. further, pstv strains appear to be related to each other according to their geographic origin. that is, the thai strains are more closely related to each other than they are to strains from the usa ...	1998	9787652
the neutralizing antibody response against a conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 (amino acid residues 731-752) is uniquely directed against a conformational epitope.	amino acids 731-752 (731prgpdrpegieeeggerdrdrs752) of the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) are conserved in most virus isolates and are controversially reported to be implicated in virus neutralization. the humoral response in infected patients against this region is poor and humans immunized with gp160 show high levels of antibodies against the peptide but poor neutralization titres. nonetheless, several groups have succeeded in obtaining neutralizi ...	1998	9820146
intranasal immunization with a plant virus expressing a peptide from hiv-1 gp41 stimulates better mucosal and systemic hiv-1-specific iga and igg than oral immunization.	control of pandemic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection ideally requires specific mucosal immunity to protect the genital regions through which transmission more often occurs. thus a vaccine that stimulates a disseminated mucosal and systemic protective immune response would be extremely useful. here we have investigated the ability of a chimeric plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), expressing a 22 amino acid peptide (residues 731-752) of the transmembrane gp41 protein of h ...	1998	9839930
the responses of cytochrome redox state and energy metabolism to dehydration support a role for cytoplasmic viscosity in desiccation tolerance	to characterize the depression of metabolism in anhydrobiotes, the redox state of cytochromes and energy metabolism were studied during dehydration of soaked cowpea (vigna unguiculata) cotyledons and pollens of typha latifolia and impatiens glandulifera. between water contents (wc) of 1.0 and 0.6 g h2o/g dry weight (g/g), viscosity as measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy increased from 0.15 to 0.27 poise. this initial water loss was accompanied by a 50% decrease in respiration rates, ...	1998	9847099
nucleotide sequence of a resistance breaking mutant of southern bean mosaic virus.	sbmv-s is a resistance-breaking mutant of an arkansas isolate of the bean strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-bark) that is able to move systemically in phaseolus vulgaris cvs. pinto and great northern, whereas the wild-type sbmv-bark causes local necrotic lesions and is restricted to the inoculated leaves of these hosts. sequence analysis of the 4136 nucleotide genomes of sbmv-bark and sbmv-s revealed seven nucleotide differences, but only four deduced amino acid changes. a single amino ...	1998	9856101
a chestnut seed cystatin differentially effective against cysteine proteinases from closely related pests.	cystatin csc, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from chestnut (castanea sativa) seeds, has been purified and characterized. its full-length cdna clone was isolated from an immature chestnut cotyledon library. the inhibitor was expressed in escherichia coli and purified from bacterial extracts. identity of both seed and recombinant cystatin was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis, two-dimensional electrophoresis and n-terminal sequencing. csc has a mo ...	1998	9869428
subgenomic rna promoters dictate the mode of recognition by bromoviral rna-dependent rna polymerases.	both the brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrps) were found to recognize the bmv core subgenomic promoter in the same manner, requiring specific functional groups at positions -17, -14, -13, and -11 relative to the subgenomic initiation site (+1). for ccmv subgenomic rna synthesis, both rdrps required the same nucleotides and four additional nucleotides at positions -20, -16, -15, and -10. the -20 nucleotide is partially responsible ...	1998	9875310
identification of viral genes required for cell-to-cell movement of southern bean mosaic virus.	inoculation of vigna unguiculata (cowpea) with transcripts synthesized in vitro from a genome-length cdna clone of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-c) resulted in a systemic sbmv-c infection of this host. capped rna was about five times more infectious than uncapped rna as determined by a local lesion assay. the sbmv-c cdna clone was also used for mutagenesis of the four sbmv-c open reading frames (orfs). orf1, orf3, and coat protein (cp) mutants were not infectious in cowpe ...	1998	9878617
a novel nadph-dependent aldehyde reductase gene from vigna radiata confers resistance to the grapevine fungal toxin eutypine.	eutypine, 4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-3-butene-1-ynyl) benzyl aldehyde, is a toxin produced by eutypa lata, the causal agent of eutypa dieback of grapevines. it has previously been demonstrated that tolerance of some cultivars to this disease was correlated with their capacity to convert eutypine to the corresponding alcohol, eutypinol, which lacks phytotoxicity. we have thus purified to homogeneity a protein from vigna radiata that exhibited eutypine-reducing activity and have isolated the correspond ...	1998	9881154
evidence that whitefly-transmitted cowpea mild mottle virus belongs to the genus carlavirus.	two strains of whitefly-transmitted cowpea mild mottle virus (cpmmv) causing severe (cpmmv-s) and mild (cpmmv-m) disease symptoms in peanuts were collected from two distinct agro-ecological zones in india. the host-range of these strains was restricted to leguminosae and chenopodiaceae, and each could be distinguished on the basis of symptoms incited in different hosts. the 3'-terminal 2500 nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna of both the strains was 70% identical and contains five open readin ...	1998	9638146
the 105-kda polyprotein of southern bean mosaic virus is translated by scanning ribosomes.	the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-c) is a positive-sense rna virus. three open reading frames (orf-1, orf2, and orf3) are expressed from the genomic rna. the orf1 and orf2 initiation codons are located at nucleotide (nt) positions 49 and 570, respectively. orf1 is expressed by a 5' end-dependent scanning mechanism, but it is not known how ribosomes gain access to the orf2 initiation codon. in experiments described here, it was demonstrated that the translation of orf2 was sen ...	1998	9656991
differential interactions among isolates of peanut stunt cucumovirus and its satellite rna.	the interactions of seven isolates of peanut stunt cucumovirus (psv) originating from north america, europe and africa, and two variants of psv satellite rna (sat rna) were analysed. electrophoretic and immunoblot analyses of the coat protein (cp) and northern blot hybridization analyses of the viral rnas showed that isolates psv f352, 1339 and 1507 belonged to subgroup i, and isolates psv w, su and b to subgroup ii. the seventh isolate, robinia mosaic virus (romv) clustered with subgroup i isol ...	1998	9460940
localization of nod, nif, and acidic exopolysaccharide determinants on a large plasmid in slow-growing cowpea rhizobium sp. s2.	slow-growing cowpea rhizobium sp. s2, a pigeon pea isolate, showed excessive synthesis of exopolysaccharide (eps) and nod factor(s) only when grown in the presence of corresponding host root exudate (re) or naringenin (a flavonoid present in re of pigeon pea). muc- strain, a plasmid-cured derivative of the parent strain, showed negligible eps production and failed to synthesize the nod factor(s) under similar growth conditions. the nod factor(s) was extracted and partially purified from the tota ...	1998	9405744
hplc profile analysis of oleanene-glucuronides in several edible beans.	hplc analysis and yield of oleanene-glucuronide (og) was done on some commercially available edible beans: seeds of glycine max, glycine max cv. kuromame, phaseolus vulgaris cv. torosuku, phaseolus vulgaris cv. toramame, phaseolus vulgaris cv. taishokintoki, phaseolus coccineus cv. ooshirobana, phaseolus coccineus cv. murasakihanamame, vigna unguiculata cv. chuguro, vigna angularis cv. dainagon, arachis hypogaea, pisum sativum, and vicia faba. all the beans listed above have og, though in varyin ...	1998	9571771
defective movement of viruses in the family bromoviridae is differentially complemented in nicotiana benthamiana expressing tobamovirus or dianthovirus movement proteins.	abstract taxonomically distinct tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (tmv), red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus (rcnmv), cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (cmv), brome mosaic bromovirus (bmv), and cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) exhibit differences in their host range. each of these viruses encodes a functionally similar nonstructural movement protein (mp) that is essential for cell-to-cell movement of a progeny virus. despite the lack of significant amino acid identity among the mps of cmv, tmv, ...	1998	18944938
crystalline cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.		1998	21302
one amino acid change in cucumber mosaic virus rna polymerase determines virulent/avirulent phenotypes on cowpea.	abstract the elicitation of the hypersensitive response (hr) is known to depend on the interaction between a resistance gene of a host plant and a corresponding avirulence gene of a pathogen. the cv. kurodane-sanjaku of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) has the cry locus that confers resistance against cucumber mosaic virus strain y (cmv-y). the resistance is overcome by infection with a legume strain of cmv (cmv-l). rna 2, which codes for the 2a protein, a subunit of the viral replicase components, ha ...	1999	18944644
differential effects of cooking in open cups and in sealed cellophane bags on the residual cyanide content of moi-moi, a processed legume product.	bean pastes from the black eyed bean (vigna unguiculata), pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) and ife brown (v. unguiculata) were processed into a popular west african snack moi-moi, cooked in open aluminium cups and in sealed, thin, transparent cellophane bags. the residual total, free and bound cyanide levels of moi-moi from both processes were determined using a combination of enzymatic and colorimetric procedures. results showed that in all cases, cooking of moi-moi in open aluminium cups caused rete ...	1999	10496375
nymphal survival and movement of crawlers of bemisia argentifolii (homoptera: aleyrodidae) on leaf surfaces of selected vegetables.	bemisia argentifolii bellows & perring generally feeds and develops on the under leaf surface of most host plants, but in excess of 50% of the immature population may be found on the upper surface of some host species. this study determined the influence of leaf surface on survival of immature b. argentifolii and the likelihood of movement by the crawler (1st instar) from the upper (adaxial) leaf surface on selected vegetable hosts. laboratory, tests were conducted on 5 vegetables: cantaloupe, c ...	1999	11543187
effect of c-terminal deletions in the movement protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus on cell-to-cell and long-distance movement.	in order to elucidate the function of the c-terminal region of cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) movement protein (mp) in cell-to-cell movement, a set of deletions ranging from 10 to 80 amino acids (deltamp10, deltamp20, deltamp33, deltamp43, deltamp60 and deltamp80) was engineered into the mp gene encoded by the biologically active clone c3/deltacp-egfp, a variant of ccmv rna3 that contained wild-type (wt) mp and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene in place of the coat pr ...	1999	10374951
occurrence and expression of members of the ferritin gene family in cowpeas.	ferritin gene expression has been demonstrated in a variety of plants including maize, arabidopsis, cowpeas, soybeans, beans and peas. most available evidence shows that the mature protein is located in plastids and its production is under gene transcriptional control. in maize, two different ferritin genes have been identified; they were found to express protein under different physiological conditions. only single gene products have been found until now in the other plants, with the exception ...	1999	9895297
host suitability of potential cover crops for root-knot nematodes.	several potential cover crops were evaluated for their susceptibility to meloidogyne arenaria race 1, m. incognita race 1, and m. javanica in a series of five greenhouse experiments. no galls or egg masses were observed on roots of castor (ricinus communis), cowpea (vigna unguiculata cv. iron clay), crotalaria (crotalaria spectabilis), or american jointvetch (aeschynomene americana). occasional egg masses (rating </=1.0 on 0-5 scale) were observed on marigold (tagetes minuta) in one test with m. ...	1999	19270926
effects of dietary substitution with raw and heat-treated cowpea (vigna unguiculata) on intestinal transport and pancreatic enzymes in the pig.	tropical grain legumes represent potentially important feed for farm animals. however, diarrhoea and poor growth performance have been reported, due to the various anti-nutritional factors they contain. this study addressed in particular whether dietary cowpea impaired the growth of pigs, whether the small intestinal na+/d-glucose coabsorptive transport capacity was decreased, whether the cl- secretory capacity was increased, and, finally, whether these parameters were affected by heat treatment ...	1999	10638295
selection of virulent isolates of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes against clavigralla tomentosicollis stål. and evaluation in cage experiment using three cowpea varieties.	the virulence of 8 isolates of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes against adult and 5th instar nymph of clavigralla tomentosicollis was evaluated in the laboratory at 4 different concentrations of inoculum. at all concentrations, beauveria bassiana cpd 9 and metarhizium anisopliae cpd 5 caused the highest mortality in adult bug ranging from 58 to 97% and 53 to 100%, respectively at 7 days post inoculation. the same isolates had the shortest lt50 (3.5 and 4.1 days, respectively) and the lowest lc50 (1 ...	1999	11189764
expression and characterization of the 3a movement protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus.	cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) 3a protein is required for cell-to-cell movement of the virus in host plants. the 3a protein was produced in escherichia coli using an expression vector. gel retardation analysis and uv cross-linking experiments demonstrated that the ccmv 3a protein (cc3a) bound single-stranded (ss) rna cooperatively without sequence specificity. binding competition analysis showed that cc3a bound ss-nucleic acids more strongly than double-stranded nucleic acids.	1999	10664397
insecticidal activity of transgenic tobacco plants expressing both bt and cpti genes on cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera).	transgenic tobacco plants expressing both bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal protein and cowpea trypsin inhibitor (cpti) genes was used to evaluate the insecticidal activity on the cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera) compared with transgenic tobacco with bt insecticidal protein gene alone. mortality of first to third instar larvae fed on transgenic two genes tobacco for three days was significantly higher than that fed on transgenic bt tobacco. first to fourth instar larvae fed on trans ...	1999	10668128
chimeric plant virus particles administered nasally or orally induce systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice.	the humoral immune responses to the d2 peptide of fibronectin-binding protein b (fnbp) of staphylococcus aureus, expressed on the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), were evaluated after mucosal delivery to mice. intranasal immunization of these chimeric virus particles (cvps), either alone or in the presence of iscom matrix, primed cpmv-specific t cells and generated high titers of cpmv- and fnbp-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) in sera. furthermore, cpmv- and fnbp-specific iga and igg could ...	1999	9882293
rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 and r. fredii usda257 share exceptionally broad, nested host ranges.	genetically, rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 and r. fredii usda257 are closely related. small differences in their nodulation genes result in ngr234 secreting larger amounts of more diverse lipo-oligosaccharidic nod factors than usda257. what effects these differences have on nodulation were analyzed by inoculating 452 species of legumes, representing all three subfamilies of the leguminosae, as well as the nonlegume parasponia andersonii, with both strains. the two bacteria nodulated p. andersonii, ...	1999	10188270
analysis of the ability of five adjuvants to enhance immune responses to a chimeric plant virus displaying an hiv-1 peptide.	the ability of five different adjuvants (alum, complete freund's adjuvant, quil a, adjuprime and ribi) to stimulate humoral and t-cell mediated immune responses against a purified chimeric virus particle was investigated. each adjuvant was administered subcutaneously to adult mice together with 10 microg of wildtype (wt) cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) or a chimeric cpmv displaying the hiv-1 gp41 peptide, residues 731-752. all preparations elicited strong antibody responses to cpmv, but quil a elicit ...	1999	10195771
identification of a cell surface protein from crandell feline kidney cells that specifically binds aleutian mink disease parvovirus.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) is the etiological agent of aleutian disease of mink. the acute disease caused by adv consists of permissive infection of alveolar type ii cells that results in interstitial pneumonitis. the permissive infection is experimentally modeled in vitro by infecting crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells with a tissue culture-adapted isolate of adv, adv-g. adv-g vp2 empty virions expressed in a recombinant baculovirus system were analyzed for the ability to bind to t ...	1999	10196278
pseudomonas aeruginosa outer-membrane protein f epitopes are highly immunogenic in mice when expressed on a plant virus.	a synthetic peptide (peptide 10) representing a surface-exposed, linear b cell epitope from outer-membrane (om) protein f of pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown previously to afford protection in mice from p. aeruginosa infection. this peptide was expressed in tandem with the protein f peptide 18 on each of the two coat proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the chimaeric virus particles (cvps) expressing the peptides on the s (small) coat protein (cpmv-pae4) and l (large) coat protein (cpmv-pae5) ...	1999	10206701
immunogenicity of peptides derived from a fibronectin-binding protein of s. aureus expressed on two different plant viruses.	the d2 peptide derived from an s. aureus fibronectin-binding protein (fnbp) was expressed on the surface of the icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus (amino acids 1-30 of d2) or on the rod-shaped potato virus x (amino acids 1-38 of d2), termed cpmv-mast1 and pvx-mast8, respectively. mice and rats were immunized subcutaneously with cpmv-mast1 and mice with pvx-mast8 in adjuvant and high titres of fnbp-specific antibody were obtained. the mouse igg was predominantly of the igg2a and igg2b isotypes, whic ...	1999	10217582
position-dependent processing of peptides presented on the surface of cowpea mosaic virus.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been developed as an epitope-presentation system. numerous epitopes have been expressed in the betab-betac loop of the cpmv small coat protein, all of which undergo a cleavage reaction between their two carboxy-terminal residues. although many peptides presented in this manner give an authentic immune response, this was not the case for the nim-1a epitope from human rhinovirus-14. crystallography revealed significant differences between the structur ...	1999	10223342
genotypic and phenotypic analysis of bromovirus adaptive mutants derived from a single plant.	eight adaptive mutant clones have been made from the total rna extracted from uninoculated upper leaves of a single cowpea plant exhibiting systemic infection after inoculation with a hybrid cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) with the 3a movement protein gene of ccmv replaced by that of cowpea-nonadapted brome mosaic bromovirus (bmv). sequence and mutational analyses of these clones showed genotypic and phenotypic diversity of the cloned virus population, but all examined clones had the a ...	1999	10229274
complete nucleotide sequence of bean pod mottle virus rna1: sequence comparisons and evolutionary relationships to other comoviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of bean pod mottle comovirus (bpmv) rna 1 was determined. it is 5983 nucleotides long, excluding the poly(a) tail, and encodes a polyprotein of 1850 amino acid (aa) residues. multiple alignments of the deduced aa sequence of bpmv polyprotein with those of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), red clover mottle virus (rcmv) and cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) indicated that bpmv rna1 encodes the predicted set of five mature proteins: the equivalent of cpmv 32k protease c ...	1999	10403699
a chimaeric plant virus vaccine protects mice against a bacterial infection.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is an efficient carrier of foreign peptides for the generation of strong humoral immune responses. peptides derived from both viruses and bacteria are strongly immunogenic when displayed on the surface of cpmv and elicit high titres of peptide-specific antibody. however, the protective effects of antibodies generated using bacterial epitopes in this system have yet to be demonstrated. in this study the ability of chimaeric virus particles (cvps) to affo ...	1999	10463172
faba bean necrotic yellows virus (genus nanovirus) requires a helper factor for its aphid transmission.	purified faba bean necrotic yellows virus (fbnyv; genus nanovirus) alone is not transmissible by its aphid vector, acyrthosiphon pisum, regardless of whether it is acquired from artificial diets or directly microinjected into the aphid's hemocoel. the purified virus contains all of the genetic information required for its infection cycle as it readily replicated in cowpea protoplasts and systemically infected vicia faba seedlings that were biolistically inoculated using gold particles coated wit ...	1999	10489354
studies on hybrid comoviruses reveal the importance of three-dimensional structure for processing of the viral coat proteins and show that the specificity of cleavage is greater in trans than in cis.	a series of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-based hybrid comoviral rna-2 molecules have been constructed. in these, the region encoding both the large (l) and small (s) viral coat proteins was replaced by the equivalent region from bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). the hybrid rna-2 molecules were able to replicate in cowpea protoplasts in the presence of cpmv rna-1. though processing of the hybrid polyproteins by the cpmv-specific 24k proteinase at the site between the 58/48k and l proteins could readily ...	1999	10544093
glutathione and homoglutathione synthesis in legume root nodules.	high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with fluorescence detection was used to study thiol metabolism in legume nodules. glutathione (gsh) was the major non-protein thiol in all indeterminate nodules examined, as well as in the determinate nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata), whereas homoglutathione (hgsh) predominated in soybean (glycine max), bean (phaseolus vulgaris), and mungbean (vigna radiata) nodules. all nodules had greater thiol concentrations than the leaves and roots of the s ...	1999	10557236
structural fingerprinting: subgrouping of comoviruses by structural studies of red clover mottle virus to 2.4-a resolution and comparisons with other comoviruses.	red clover mottle virus (rcmv) is a member of the comoviruses, a group of picornavirus-like plant viruses. the x-ray structure of rcmv strain s has been determined and refined to 2.4 a. the overall structure of rcmv is similar to that of two other comoviruses, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). the sequence of the coat proteins of rcmv strain o were modeled into the capsid structure of strain s without causing any distortion, confirming the close resemblance between the ...	2000	10590139
immunogenic and antigenic dominance of a nonneutralizing epitope over a highly conserved neutralizing epitope in the gp41 envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: its deletion leads to a strong neutralizing response.	the kennedy peptide, (731)prgpdrpegieeeggerdrdrs(752), from the cytoplasmic domain of the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein of hiv-1 contains a conformationally dependent neutralizing epitope (erdrd) and a linear nonneutralizing epitope (ieee). no recognized murine t cell epitope is present. the peptide usually stimulates virus-specific antibody, but this is not always neutralizing. here we show that ieee (or possibly ieee plus adjacent sequence) is immunogenically and antigenically domin ...	2000	10612661
complementation of the host range restriction of southern cowpea mosaic virus in bean by southern bean mosaic virus.	vigna unguiculata (cowpea) and phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) are permissive hosts for southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) and southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv), respectively. neither of these two sobemoviruses systemically infects the permissive host of the other. although bean cells are permissive for scpmv rna synthesis, they do not support the assembly of this virus. thus, the host range restriction of scpmv in bean may occur at the level of movement and may involve the inability of scpmv ...	2000	10612668
three new nifa-regulated genes in the bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiotic gene region discovered by competitive dna-rna hybridization.	the so-called symbiotic region of the bradyrhizobium japonicum chromosome (c. kündig, h. hennecke, and m. göttfert, j. bacteriol. 175:613-622, 1993) was screened for the presence of genes controlled by the nitrogen fixation regulatory protein nifa. southern blots of restriction enzyme-digested cosmids that represent an ordered, overlapping library of the symbiotic region were competitively hybridized with in vitro-labeled rna from anaerobically grown wild-type cells and an excess of rna isolated ...	2000	10692350
evolutionarily related sindbis-like plant viruses maintain different levels of population diversity in a common host.	the levels of population diversity of three related sindbis-like plant viruses, tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), in infections of a common host, nicotiana benthamiana, established from genetically identical viral rna were examined. despite probably having a common evolutionary ancestor, the three viruses maintained different levels of population diversity. cmv had the highest levels of diversity, tmv had an intermediate level of d ...	2000	10708428
chimeric animal and plant viruses expressing epitopes of outer membrane protein f as a combined vaccine against pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection.	outer membrane protein f of pseudomonas aeruginosa has vaccine efficacy against infection by p. aeruginosa as demonstrated in a variety of animal models. through the use of synthetic peptides, three surface-exposed epitopes have been identified. these are called peptides 9 (aa 261-274 in the mature f protein, tdaynqklserran), 10 (aa 305-318, nataegrainrrve), and 18 (aa 282-295, neygveggrvnavg). both the peptide 9 and 10 epitopes are protective when administered as a vaccine. in order to develop ...	2000	10727884
phylogenetic analysis of two potyvirus pathogens of commercial cowpea lines: implications for obtaining pathogen-derived resistance.	as a prelude to developing engineered resistance to two important potyvirus pathogens of cowpea, a phylogenetic analysis of strains of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) and bean common mosaic virus--blackeye cowpea strain (bcmv-b1c) was undertaken. nucleotide sequences for the coat protein genes and 3'-untranslated regions of four cabmv and one bcmv-b1c strains were determined and included in an analysis with published sequences. while all the newly sequenced viruses showed strong homology ...	2000	10766309
bruchins: insect-derived plant regulators that stimulate neoplasm formation.	pea weevil (bruchus pisorum l.) oviposition on pods of specific genetic lines of pea (pisum sativum l.) stimulates cell division at the sites of egg attachment. as a result, tumor-like growths of undifferentiated cells (neoplasms) develop beneath the egg. these neoplasms impede larval entry into the pod. this unique form of induced resistance is conditioned by the np allele and mediated by a recently discovered class of natural products that we have identified from both cowpea weevil (callosobru ...	2000	10811915
influence of three-dimensional structure on the immunogenicity of a peptide expressed on the surface of a plant virus.	the influence of peptide structure on immunogenicity has been investigated by constructing a series of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) chimaeras expressing the 14 amino acid nim-1a epitope from human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) at different positions on the capsid surface. biochemical and crystallographic analysis of a cpmv/hrv chimaera expressing the nim-1a epitope inserted into the betac'-betac" loop of the s protein revealed that, although the inserted peptide was free at its c-terminus, it adopted a c ...	2000	10822251
cowpea mosaic virus infection induces a massive proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum but not golgi membranes and is dependent on de novo membrane synthesis.	replication of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is associated with small membranous vesicles that are induced upon infection. the effect of cpmv replication on the morphology and distribution of the endomembrane system in living plant cells was studied by expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and the golgi membranes. cpmv infection was found to induce an extensive proliferation of the er, whereas the distribution and morphology of the golgi stacks remain ...	2000	10864669
effect of various essential oils on callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera: bruchidae).	essential oils were extracted from four west african plant species [tagetes minuta (family compositae), hyptis suaveolens (family labiatae), white basil ocimum canum (family labiatae), and sweet basil o. basilicum (family labiatae)] by steam distillation. the oil of the pepper piper guineense (family piperaceae), was extracted from the fruits by hydro distillation and ethanol extraction. mixed essential oil and total ethanol extract was used. kaolin powder (clay) was mixed (aromatized) with thes ...	2000	10880813
one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresic identification of african yam bean seed proteins.	seed proteins were extracted from the african yam bean (ayb; sphenostylis stenocarpa), an underutilized west african food legume. one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was then used to analyze the albumin fraction, galactose-specific lectins purified on immobilized galactose-sepharose 4b, and abundant non-lectin seed proteins left over following affinity chromatography. n-terminal sequencing of prominently resolved polypetide bands led to identification of proteins having s ...	2000	10888540
an evaluation of the effect of bacillus cells and bacillus spores in association with cowpea granules as starter cultures for the fermentation of african oil bean (pentaclethra macrophylla bentham) to 'ugba'.	studies on the improvement of the traditional production of 'ugba', a protein-rich fermented african oil bean seed product, were undertaken, by developing starter cultures of bacillus subtilis cells and spores in association with cowpea granules. the viability of the cells in association remained stable at 94.5% for 6 months at 30 degrees c and for up to 10 months at 4 degrees c while the viability of the spores in association remained stable at ca. 96% for up to 10 months at both 4 and 30 degre ...	2000	10898482
the structure of cucumber mosaic virus and comparison to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	the structure of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv; strain fny) has been determined to a 3.2-a resolution using x-ray crystallography. despite the fact that cmv has only 19% capsid protein sequence identity (34% similarity) to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), the core structures of these two members of the bromoviridae family are highly homologous. as suggested by a previous low-resolution structural study, the 305-a diameter (maximum) of cmv is approximately 12 a larger than that of ccmv. in ccmv ...	2000	10906212
improvement of the traditional processing and fermentation of african oil bean (pentaclethra macrophylla bentham) into a food snack--'ugba'.	inocula for the improvement of the traditional production of 'ugba' were developed by attaching pure cultures of bacillus subtilis responsible for the natural fermentation of the african oil bean seeds on cowpea granules. changes in ph, amino-nitrogen and protease activity were used as fermentation indicators. in comparison with the natural fermentation, changes in these process variables were more pronounced. results also showed that the production time could be significantly reduced. in additi ...	2000	11020043
structure of native and expanded sobemoviruses by electron cryo-microscopy and image reconstruction.	rice yellow mottle virus (rymv) and southern bean mosaic virus, cowpea strain (scpmv) are members of the sobemovirus genus of rna-containing viruses. we used electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-em) and icosahedral image analysis to examine the native structures of these two viruses at 25 a resolution. both viruses have a single tightly packed capsid layer with 180 subunits assembled on a t=3 icosahedral lattice. distinctive crown-like pentamers emanate from the 12 5-fold axes of symmetry. the exterio ...	2000	11023786
bromovirus movement protein conditions for the host specificity of virus movement through the vascular system and affects pathogenicity in cowpea.	previously, we reported that ccmv(b3a), a hybrid of bromovirus cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) with the 3a cell-to-cell movement protein (mp) gene replaced by that of cowpea-nonadapted bromovirus brome mosaic virus (bmv), can form small infection foci in inoculated cowpea leaves, but that expansion of the foci stops between 1 and 2 days postinoculation. to determine whether the lack of systemic movement of ccmv(b3a) is due to restriction of local spread at specific leaf tissue interfaces, w ...	2000	11059486
mechanism of capsid assembly for an icosahedral plant virus.	capsids of spherical viruses share a common architecture: an icosahedral arrangement of identical proteins. we suggest that there may be a limited number of common assembly mechanisms for such viruses. previous assembly mechanisms were proposed on the basis of virion structure but were not rigorously tested. here we apply a rigorous analysis of assembly to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), a typical, small, positive-strand rna virus. the atomic resolution structure of ccmv revealed an interl ...	2000	11080492
co-expression of the capsid proteins of cowpea mosaic virus in insect cells leads to the formation of virus-like particles.	the regions of rna-2 of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) that encode the large (l) and small (s) coat proteins were expressed either individually or together in spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells using baculovirus vectors. co-expression of the two coat proteins from separate promoters in the same construct resulted in the formation of virus-like particles whose morphology closely resembled that of native cpmv virions. no such particles were formed when the individual l and s proteins were expressed. s ...	2000	11086140
influence of legume blends on fried papad quality.	legumes and their blends are widely used for the production of papads. papads with low fat content would be a boon to populations looking for low-calorie foods with retention of organoleptic profile. judicious blending of legumes such as black gram, green gram, bengal gram, red gram and cowpea revealed that low-fat fried papads could be prepared from a blend of 40:36:24 blend of bengal gram:black gram:green gram flours. the blend had 15.6% lower fat content as compared to the control prepared fr ...	2000	11103303
structurally dissimilar proteins with antiviral and antifungal potency from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds.	evidence is presented for the existence of multiple proteins with antifungal and antiviral potency in cowpea seeds. the two proteins, designated alpha- and beta-antifungal proteins in accordance with their order of elution from the cm-sepharose column, were capable of inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) reverse transcriptase and one of the glycohydrolases associated with hiv infection, alpha-glucosidase, but beta-glucuronidase was not repressed. the ability of the proteins in retarding ...	2000	11191627
evidence for participation of rna 1-encoded elicitor in cowpea mosaic virus-mediated concurrent protection.	the cowpea (vigna unguiculata) line arlington, inoculated with cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), showed no symptoms, and no infectivity or accumulation of capsid antigen was detected at several days after inoculation. coinoculation, but not sequential inoculation, of cpmv with similar concentrations of another comovirus; cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv), resulted in reduced numbers of cpsmv-induced lesions. this apparent, cpmv-mediated reduction in number of cpsmv-induced infection centers was terme ...	2000	10639316
engineering cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 into a vector to express heterologous proteins in plants.	a series of new cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna-2-based expression vectors were designed. the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) was introduced between the movement protein (mp) and the large (l) coat protein or downstream of the small (s) coat protein. release of the gfp inserted between the mp and l proteins was achieved by creating artificial processing sites each side of the insert, either by duplicating the mp-l cleavage site or by introducing a sequence encoding the foot-and-mouth di ...	2000	10662612
divergent bradyrhizobium symbionts on tachigali versicolor from barro colorado island, panama.	relationships of root-nodule bacteria from the tree tachigali versicolor (legume subfamily caesalpinioideae) were analyzed for 20 isolates sampled from juvenile plants growing on barro colorado island (bci), panama. bacterial genetic diversity appeared to be low. in the highly polymorphic 5' intervening sequence region of 23s rrna, all isolates had the same length variant. a 472 bp segment spanning this region was sequenced in four isolates, and all proved to be identical at every nucleotide pos ...	2000	11249030
chemical evaluation of multimixes formulated from some local staples for use as complementary foods in nigeria.	the nutrient compositions of eight multimixes formulated for use as complementary foods from processed soybeans, cowpeas, maize, sorghum, yams, cocoyams, plantains and sweet potatoes were examined. the foods were processed by sprouting, cooking and fermentation. the samples were separately dried and milled to fine flours. a ratio of 65% cereal, 30% legume and 5% starchy staple (65:30:5) calculated on a protein basis was used to formulate the multimixes. the blends were chemically analyzed using ...	2000	11030479
analysis of a ferric leghemoglobin reductase from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) root nodules.	ferric leghemoglobin reductase (flbr), an enzyme reducing ferric leghemoglobin (lb) to ferrous lb, was purified from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) root nodules by sequential chromatography on hydroxylapatite followed by mono-q hr5/5 fplc and sephacryl s-200 gel filtration. the purified cowpea flbr had a specific activity of 216 nmol lb(2+)o(2) formed min(-1) mg(-1) of enzyme for cowpea lb(3+) and a specific activity of 184 nmol lb(2+)o(2) formed min(-1) mg(-1) of enzyme for soybean lb(3+). a cdna c ...	2000	10729615
effects of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (soybean strain) on chemical composition of davis soybeans.		2000	5528923
some aspects of the biology and control using botanicals of the rice moth, corcyra cephalonica (stainton), on some pulses.	the life cycle of corcyra cephalonica was studied under ambient laboratory conditions (temperature range 27.5-30 degrees c and 60-73% r.h.) on groundnut, bambara groundnut and cowpea. the mean developmental period ranged from 33.2+/-0.2 to 45.3+/-1.8 days on whole, broken and powdered forms of the food media. egg hatchability was found to be 83%, while adult longevity ranged from 1.5+/-0.5 to 11.9+/-1.3 days for males and 1.5+/-0.5 to 16.5+/-1.2 days for females. sex ratio (male symbol:female sy ...	2000	10758262
effect of solvent residues of vitex negundo linn. and cassia fistula linn. on pulse beetle, callosobruchus maculatus fab. and its larval parasitoid, dinarmus vagabundus (timberlake).	effect of solvent residues of vitex negundo l. and cassia fistula l. leaves (0.5 and 1%) was studied on egg laying and adult emergence of callosobruchus maculatus fab. and on percentage of larval parasitism by dinarmus vagabundus (timberlake). cowpea seeds treated with methanol and aqueous extract of vitex, at these concentrations (0.5 and 1%), significantly reduced the number of eggs and emergence of f1 adults of c. maculatus. both vitex and cassia extracts did not affect the percentage of para ...	2000	10927878
genetic relationships among biotypes of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) based on aflp analysis.	genetic similarities between 13 samples belonging to nine reference biotypes and two field populations of bemisia tabaci (gennadius), one field population of b. medinae gómez-menor and another of b. afer priesner & hosny, were evaluated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) markers. the results indicate that b. tabaci biotypes can be grouped together with a minimum similarity coefficient of 0.32 and separated from the two other species with a similarity coefficient of 0.07. bemisia ...	2000	11082556
potential of combining neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) seed oil with varietal resistance for the management of the cowpea bruchid, callosobruchus maculatus (f.).	the efficacy of different rates (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/5 g seed) of application of neem (azadirachta indica) seed oil (nso) was assessed on four cowpea varieties (kanannado, it89kd-391, borno brown and it89kd-374) with differing susceptibilities to callosobruchus maculatus. the different rates of nso significantly interacted with cowpea varietal resistance and reduced oviposition and percentage adult emergence of c. maculatus. the interaction of the strategies also significantly reduced percenta ...	2000	10758260
identification of a fab interaction footprint site on an icosahedral virus by cryoelectron microscopy and x-ray crystallography.	biological processes frequently require the formation of multi-protein or nucleoprotein complexes. some of these complexes have been produced in homogeneous form, crystallized, and analysed at high resolution by x-ray crystallography (for example, see refs 1-3). most, however, are too large or too unstable to crystallize. individual components of such complexes can often be purified and analysed by crystallography. here we report how the coordinated application of cryoelectron microscopy, three- ...	2000	1731227
small-scale isolation of viral rna-dependent rna polymerase from protoplasts inoculated with in vitro transcripts.	cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) replicated in tobacco suspension cell protoplasts inoculated with in vitro transcripts of ccmv rna1, 2, and 3. ccmv rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) isolated from these protoplasts specifically recognized ccmv and brome mosaic virus (bmv) subgenomic rna promoters and directed in vitro rna synthesis in a manner indistinguishable from ccmv rdrp more laboriously isolated from systemically infected cowpea leaves. omission of ccmv rna3 from the protoplast inocu ...	2001	18944031
complete nucleotide sequence of sesbania mosaic virus: a new virus species of the genus sobemovirus.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the sesbania mosaic virus (semv) genomic rna was determined by sequencing overlapping cdna clones. the semv genome is 4149 nucleotides in length and encodes four potential overlapping open reading frames (orfs). comparison of the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the four orfs of semv with that of other sobemoviruses revealed that semv was closest to southern bean mosaic virus arkansas isolate (sbmv-ark, 73% identity). the 5' non-codin ...	2001	11315633
detecting structural changes in viral capsids by hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry.	amide hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry have been used to study the ph-induced structural changes in the capsid of brome mosaic virus (bmv). capsid protein was labeled in a structurally sensitive way by incubating intact viral particles in d(2)o at ph 5.4 and 7.3. deuterium levels in the intact coat protein and its proteolytic fragments were determined by mass spectrometry. the largest deuterium increases induced by structural alteration occurred in the regions around the quasi-threefold a ...	2001	11369862
root mucilage from pea and its utilization by rhizosphere bacteria as a sole carbon source.	plant roots secrete a complex polysaccharide mucilage that may provide a significant source of carbon for microbes that colonize the rhizosphere. high molecular weight mucilage was separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography gel filtration from low molecular weight components of pea root exudate. purified pea root mucilage generally was similar in sugar and glycosidic linkage composition to mucilage from cowpea, wheat, rice, and maize, but appeared to contain an unusually high amount of mat ...	2001	11386373
a universal pcr primer to detect members of the potyviridae and its use to examine the taxonomic status of several members of the family.	a universal primer (sprimer: 5'-ggx aay aay agy ggx caz cc-3', x = a, g, c or t; y = t or c; z = a or g), designed from the consensus sequences that code for the conserved sequence gnnsgqp in the nib region of members of the family potyviridae, was used to amplify by rt-pcr the 3'-terminal genome regions from infected plant samples representing 21 different viruses in the family. sequencing of some of the fragments (c. 1.7 kb) showed that the type strain (attc pv-107) of oat necrotic mottle viru ...	2001	11402861
peptides from pinto bean and red bean with sequence homology to cowpea 10-kda protein precursor exhibit antifungal, mitogenic, and hiv-1 reverse transcriptase-inhibitory activities.	peptides with a molecular weight of 5 kda have been isolated from seeds of the pinto bean and red bean, respectively. the peptides manifest an n-terminal sequence with remarkable resemblance to those of cowpea 10-kda protein precursor and garden pea disease resistance response protein. the bean peptides possess potent antifungal activity toward a variety of fungal species including botrytis cinerea, mycosphaerella arachidicola, and fusarium oxysporum. the proteins also demonstrate mitogenic acti ...	2001	11444860
in vitro analysis of an rna binding site within the n-terminal 30 amino acids of the southern cowpea mosaic virus coat protein.	southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) is a positive-sense rna virus with t = 3 icosahedral symmetry. the coat protein (cp) has two domains, the random (r) domain and the shell (s) domain. the r domain is formed by the n-terminal 64 amino acids (aa) and is localized to the interior of the particle where it is expected to interact with the viral rna. the r domain (aa 1--57) was expressed in escherichia coli as a recombinant protein (rwtr) containing a nonviral c-terminal extension with two histidin ...	2001	11485399
membrane activity of the southern cowpea mosaic virus coat protein: the role of basic amino acids, helix-forming potential, and lipid composition.	southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) is a spherical rna virus with t = 3 icosahedral symmetry. the particle is composed of 180 subunits of the coat protein (cp) and one copy of the positive-sense viral rna. the cp has two domains, the random (r) domain formed by the n-terminal 64 aa and the shell (s) domain (aa 65--260). the r domain is highly charged, with 11 of the n-terminal 30 residues being basic. it is localized to the interior of the native particle where it may interact with the viral rn ...	2001	11878899
light regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and mode of action.	some phenotypic effects produced in plants by light are very similar to those induced by hormones. in this review, the light-gibberellin (ga) interaction in germination, de-etiolation, stem growth, and tuber formation (process regulated by gas) are discussed. germination of lettuce and arabidopsis seeds depends on red irradiation (r), which enhances the expression of ga 3-oxidase genes (ga3ox) and leads to an increase in active ga content. de-etiolation of pea seedling alters the expression of g ...	2001	11986761
evaluation of selected food attributes of four advanced lines of ungerminated and germinated nigerian cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.).	the chemical composition and functional properties of ungerminated and germinated seeds of four advanced lines of cowpeas (it81d-699, it82e-18, it84s-2246-4 and tvx 3236) were investigated. ungerminated seeds contained 20.1 to 25.8% crude protein, 2.0 to 2.2% lipid, 115.1 to 210.0 mg phytic acid/100 g and 8.9 to 9.6 mg iron/100 g. the polyphenol contents of the brown- and cream-colored beans were similar (192.0 to 196.0 mg/100 g) but were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the amount (99.8 mg/ ...	2001	11213169
condensed tannin and saponin content of vigna unguiculata (l.) walp, desmodium uncinatum, stylosanthes guianensis and stylosanthes scabra grown in zimbabwe.	samples of the tropical forage legumes vigna unguiculata (l.) walp (cowpea), desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf desmodium), stylosanthes guianensis (oxley fine stem stylo) and stylosanthes scabra (fitzroy) and of natural pasture (veld) hay were analysed and ranked according to their proanthocyanidin (pa) and saponin content. silverleaf desmodium and fitzroy leaf and stem samples of different ages were also separately analysed for the pa contents. all the samples analysed contained some pa but no sa ...	2001	11234193
intracanopy lighting reduces electrical energy utilization by closed cowpea stands.	the high planting densities needed to grow edible biomass in sustainable space life support systems will create problems for planophile crops that form closed, self-shading canopies. the use of traditional overhead-lighting configurations will reduce the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (par) into such canopies and will result in substantial shading of understory leaves. intracanopy lighting, an irradiation approach that allows plants to grow around fixed arrays of low-intensit ...	2001	11676456