Publications

investigation of the presence of biogenic amines and ethyl carbamate in kenkey made with maize and maize-cowpea mixtures as influenced by process conditions.	kenkey is a fermented and cooked maize dough from ghana. the effect of manufacturing conditions, i.e. fermentation and cooking, and of protein-enrichment by cowpea addition (20% of total weight) on the occurrence of toxic microbial products, namely biogenic amines and ethyl carbamate, were investigated. the levels of biogenic amines in all-maize kenkey were very low (total amines < 60 ppm), but were significantly increased by addition of red cowpea (total amines < 200 ppm, mainly cadaverine and ...	1994	7926173
the nucleotide sequence of citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus rna-2.	the nucleotide sequence of citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus (cilrv) rna-2 consists of 2990 nucleotides and contains one open reading frame (orf) which encodes a deduced translation product of 832 amino acids with a calculated m(r) of 95,501 (95k). the 5' terminus of the rna has a m7gppp cap. both the nucleotide sequence of cilrv rna-2 and its translated polypeptide share homologies with the nucleotide sequence and translated polypeptide, respectively, of rna-2 of alfalfa mosaic virus (almv). the hom ...	1994	7931176
direct imaging of interactions between an icosahedral virus and conjugate f(ab) fragments by cryoelectron microscopy and x-ray crystallography.	the binding properties of seven mouse monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) raised against cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) were characterized by conventional and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique. mcab binding to cpmv on electron microscope (em) grids was also assayed with gold-labeled anti-mouse antibodies. two of the seven mcabs (5b2 and 10b7) were found to bind tighter to cpmv than the others in the inhibition elisa and the em assay. f(ab) fragments from both of these mcabs we ...	1994	7941346
identification and characterization of a novel bradyrhizobium japonicum gene involved in host-specific nitrogen fixation.	to understand the genetic mechanism of host specificity in the interaction between rhizobia and their hosts, it is important to identify genes that influence both early and late steps in symbiotic development. this paper focuses on the little-understood genetics of host-specific nitrogen fixation. a deletion mutant of bradyrhizobium japonicum, strain nad163, was found to induce effective, nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean and siratro plants but produced ineffective nodules on cowpea plants. add ...	1994	7961425
nod factors of rhizobium are a key to the legume door.	symbiotic interactions between rhizobia and legumes are largely controlled by reciprocal signal exchange. legume roots excrete flavonoids which induce rhizobial nodulation genes to synthesize and excrete lipo-oligosaccharide nod factors. in turn, nod factors provoke deformation of the root hairs and nodule primordium formation. normally, rhizobia enter roots through infection threads in markedly curled root hairs. if nod factors are responsible for symbiosis-specific root hair deformation, they ...	1994	7984092
capsid protein properties of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus confirm the existence of two major subgroups of aphid-transmitted, legume-infecting potyviruses.	a study of the capsid proteins of different legume-infecting potyviruses using specific monoclonal antibodies on immunoblots of crude extracts from infected plants revealed that cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (camv) and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (bicmv) have coat protein m(r) values of 32k and 35k, respectively. immunoblot comparisons of bicmv, peanut stripe mosaic virus (pstv), bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) and azuki bean mosaic virus (azmv) revealed equal reactivity of their 35k coat pro ...	1994	7996147
nucleotide sequence analysis of a cdna clone encoding the 34k movement protein gene of odontoglossum ringspot virus, orsv-cy, the korean isolate.	the partial nucleotide sequence of the 3'-terminal region of the korean isolate of odontoglossum ringspot tobamovirus (orsv-cy) from cool-growing cymbidium was determined. the sequence contained a full length open reading frame (orf) coding for the viral cell-to-cell movement protein (mp). the orf was located upstream of the coat protein gene and 105 nucleotides longer than that of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the orf predicts a polypeptide chain of 303 amino acids with a molecular weight of 3357 ...	1994	8000012
cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus-morocco and south african passiflora virus are strains of the same potyvirus.	high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) profiles of tryptic peptides and partial amino acid sequence analysis have been employed to establish the taxonomic status of the moroccan isolate of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv). some previous reports have suggested cabmv to be very closely related to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (b1cmv) while other reports have concluded that this relationship is distant. in this report a tryptic digest of the coat protein of cabmv-morocco was compared w ...	1994	8002788
accumulation of transcripts encoding a lipid transfer-like protein during deformation of nodulation-competent vigna unguiculata root hairs.	a cdna library was constructed from rna of vigna unguiculata root hairs harvested 1 day and 4 days after inoculation with rhizobium sp. ngr234. a heterologous probe was used to identify a cdna clone, the predicted 99-amino-acid sequence of which shares homology with a nonspecific lipid transfer protein (ltp) of hordeum vulgare. other characteristics, including an estimated molecular weight of 10.4 kd, an isoelectric point of 8.6, and a signal peptide with a hydrophobic region at the amino-termin ...	1994	8012050
development of cowpea mosaic virus as a high-yielding system for the presentation of foreign peptides.	it has recently been shown that cowpea plants can be infected with a cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) chimera containing an antigenic site from foot-and-mouth disease virus (usha et al., virology 197, 366-374, 1993). analysis of progeny rna produced during such an infection has revealed that the inserted sequence is rapidly lost during serial passaging, probably by a process of homologous recombination. using the information gained from this analysis, we have redesigned the chimeras in such a way that ...	1994	8030255
replication and translation of cowpea mosaic virus rnas are tightly linked.	the genome of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is divided among two positive strand rna molecules. b-rna is able to replicate independently from m-rna in cowpea protoplasts. replication of mutant b-transcripts could not be supported by co-inoculated wild-type b-rna, indicating that b-rna cannot be efficiently replicated in trans. hence replication of a b-rna molecule is tightly linked to its translation and/or at least one of the replicative proteins functions in cis only. remarkably also for efficien ...	1994	8032269
adaptation of positive-strand rna viruses to plants.	the vast majority of positive-strand rna viruses (more than 500 species) are adapted to infection of plant hosts. genome sequence comparisons of these plant rna viruses have revealed that most of them are genetically related to animal cell-infecting counterparts; this led to the concept of "superfamilies". comparison of genetic maps of representative plant and animal viruses belonging to the same superfamily (e.g. cowpea mosaic virus [cpmv] versus picornaviruses and tobacco mosaic virus versus a ...	1994	8032285
sequence analysis and location of capsid proteins within rna 2 of strawberry latent ringspot virus.	the nucleotide sequence of the rna 2 of a strawberry isolate (h) of strawberry latent ringspot virus (slrsv) comprised 3824 nucleotides and contained one long open reading frame with a theoretical coding capacity of 890 amino acids equivalent to a protein of 98.8k. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of virion-derived proteins were determined by edman degradation allowing the capsid coding regions to be located and serine/glycine cleavage sites to be identified within the polyprotein. the amino ...	1994	8077958
characterization of a soybean beta-conglycinin-degrading protease cleavage site.	protease c1, an enzyme from soybean (glycine max [l.] merrill cv amsoy 71) seedling cotyledons, was previously determined to be the enzyme responsible for the initial degradation of the alpha' and alpha subunits, but not the beta subunit, of beta-conglycinin storage protein. the sizes of the proteolytic products generated by the action of protease c1 suggest that the cleavage sites on the alpha' and alpha subunits of beta-conglycinin may be located in their n-terminal domain, which is not found ...	1994	8115542
ultrastructural changes in rat epididymides induced by cowpeas.	the ultrastructure of tubular inclusions of caput and cauda epididymides were studied in rats that were fed only cowpeas from weaning (20-22 days old) to 130 days. the results showed significant (p < .001) fall in body weight and testicular, caput, and cauda epididymal weights in the cowpea-fed animals. although the walls of the epididymides remained intact, the lumina of both segments showed cellular inclusions of various types amid sperm clumps. unlike controls, where sperm flagella and headpi ...	1994	8166576
effects of hormones and cysteine protease modulators on infection of hepg2 cells by plasmodium berghei sporozoites in vitro determined by elisa immunoassay.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) detecting a plasmodium berghei liver-stage-specific protein pbl-1 is described. the quantitative detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 microgram of parasite protein. qualitatively the assay detected as little as 0.001 microgram pbl-1 per well. using the elisa dexamethasone and insulin together was shown to promote higher parasite infections in hepg2 cells compared to unsupplemented medium. anti-cowpea-protease cysteine inhibitor significantly incr ...	1994	8195943
host response of ornamental palms to rotylenchulus reniformis.	the responses of 20 species of ornamental palms and one cycad (cycas revoluta) to two populations of the reniform nematode, rotylenchulus reniformis, from southern florida were studied in two greenhouse experiments conducted in 1989-1991 and 1991-92. ornamental palms in pots were exposed to initial population densities of 400 and 1,500 r. reniformis/l00 cm(3) soil for 16 and 15 months, respectively. nematode reproduction occurred on acoelorrhaphe wrightii and washingtonia robusta, but not on the ...	1994	19279956
inheritance of resistance to potyviruses in phaseolus vulgaris l. iii. cosegregation of phenotypically similar dominant responses to nine potyviruses.	we have identified monogenic dominant resistance to azuki bean mosaic poty virus (azmv), passionfruit woodiness potyvirus-k (pwv-k), zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (zymv), and a dominant factor that conditioned lethal necrosis to thailand passiflora potyvirus (thpv), in phaseolus vulgaris 'black turtle soup 1'. resistance to azmv, pwv-k, zymv, watermelon mosaic potyvirus, cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus, blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus, and lethal necrosis to soybean mosaic potyvirus and ...	1994	24178089
genome conservation among three legume genera detected with dna markers.	a set of 219 dna clones derived from mungbean (vigna radiata), cowpea (v. unguiculata), common bean (phaseolus vulgaris), and soybean (glycine max) were used to generate comparative linkage maps among mungbean, common bean, and soybean. the maps allowed an assessment of linkage conservation and collinearity among the three genomes. mungbean and common bean, both of the subtribe phaseolinae, exhibited a high degree of linkage conservation and preservation of marker order. most linkage groups of m ...	1995	18470218
structures of the native and swollen forms of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus determined by x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy.	rna-protein interactions stabilize many viruses and also the nucleoprotein cores of enveloped animal viruses (e.g. retroviruses). the nucleoprotein particles are frequently pleomorphic and generally unstable due to the lack of strong protein-protein interactions in their capsids. principles governing their structures are unknown because crystals of such nucleoprotein particles that diffract to high resolution have not previously been produced. cowpea chlorotic mottle virions (ccmv) are typical o ...	1995	7743132
effect of processing on the composition of dietary fibre and starch in some legumes.	the effect of processing on the total dietary fibre (tdf) insoluble (idf) and water-soluble (sdf) fractions as well as total (ts), available (as) and resistant (rs) starch were studied in three legumes, viz. bengalgram (cicer arietinum l.), cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and greengram (vigna radiata). the processes studied were fermentation, germination, pressure-cooking and roasting. the dietary fibre (df) content and its components were determined using the enzymatic-gravimetric method. the ts con ...	1995	7783778
human immunodeficiency virus type 1-neutralizing antibodies raised to a glycoprotein 41 peptide expressed on the surface of a plant virus.	an oligonucleotide encoding the amino acids 731-752 of the gp41 envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain iiib, which is known to induce cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in humans, was inserted into a full-length clone of the rna encoding the coat proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (rna 2 of cpmv). when transfected together with rna 1 of cpmv, transcribed rna 2 was able to replicate in plants and form infectious virions (cpmv-hiv). purified virions were injected subcu ...	1995	7786579
host-specificity restriction by bromovirus cell-to-cell movement protein occurs after initial cell-to-cell spread of infection in nonhost plants.	the nonstructural 3a protein of the positive-strand rna bromoviruses is required for infection spread in plants and is a crucial determinant of host specificity in systemic infection. to determine the paths of wild-type (wt) bromovirus infection spread, the step at which 3a mutants are arrested, and the nature of the host specificity associated with the 3a gene, we used in situ hybridization to examine infection spread by cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) and its derivatives at the level ...	1995	7831782
nucleotide sequence of the bean strain of southern bean mosaic virus.	the genome of the bean strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-b) comprises 4109 nucleotides and thus is slightly shorter than those of the two other sequenced sobemoviruses (southern bean mosaic virus, cowpea strain (sbmv-c) and rice yellow mottle virus (rymv)). sbmv-b has an overall sequence similarity with sbmv-c of 55% and with rymv of 45%. three potential open reading frames (orfs) were recognized in sbmv-b which were in similar positions in the genomes of sbmv-c and rymv. however, there ...	1995	7831784
functional characterization of the proteolytic activity of the tomato black ring nepovirus rna-1-encoded polyprotein.	translation of tomato black ring virus (tbrv) rna-1 in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate leads to the synthesis of a 250k polyprotein which cleaves itself into smaller proteins of 50, 60, 120, and 190k. polypeptides synthesized from synthetic transcripts corresponding to different regions of tbrv rna-1 are processed only when they encode the 23k protein delimited earlier by sequence homology with the cowpea mosaic virus 24k protease. the proteolytic activity of this protein is completely lost by muta ...	1995	7831791
host-specific alterations in viral rna accumulation and infection spread in a brome mosaic virus isolate with an expanded host range.	to facilitate studies of virus-host interaction and the determinants of viral host range, we constructed full-length cdna clones to all three genomic rnas of an unusual brome mosaic virus (bmv) isolate with an expanded host range. while other bmv strains, including the previously cloned m1 strain, systemically infect barley and other grasses but not legumes, the expanded-host-range isolate and the set of transcripts from its cdna clones, designated the m2 strain of bmv, systemically infect both ...	1995	7853481
highly insect-resistant transgenic tobacco plants containing both b.t. and cpti genes.	the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (cpti) gene was synthesized according to its cdna sequence using dna synthesizer and confirmed by dna sequencing. the cpti gene and modified bacillus thuringiensis (b.t.) delta-endotoxin gene were cotransformed to tobacco explants mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens. the integrations of b.t and cpti genes were confirmed by pcr and southern hybridization. three kinds of transgenic plants were obtained: (1) containing cpti gene, (2) containing b.t gene, (3) containin ...	1995	7548766
the effects of processing on the availability of lysine in kenkey, a ghanaian fermented maize food.	the effects of processing steps such as soaking, fermentation, cooking and drying on the availability of lysine in kenkey were investigated. soaking increased lysine availability by 21% and 22% for maize and maize-cowpea mixtures, respectively. cooking of soaked samples further improved lysine availability by 68% and 31% for maize and maize-cowpea mixtures, respectively. further significant improvements in lysine availability were effected by fermentation and cooking and values of 3.42 and 4.43 ...	1995	7584163
the nucleotide sequence of cowpea mottle virus and its assignment to the genus carmovirus.	the genome of cowpea mottle virus (cpmov) is a positive ssrna of 4029 nucleotides with six major open reading frames (orfs). a non-coding region of 34 nucleotides precedes the first aug. orf1 encodes a 25 kda polypeptide of unknown function and orf2 encodes a 56 kda putative rna replicase. like other members of carmoviruses, suppression of the amber termination codon of orf1 would produce a readthrough polypeptide of 83 kda. orf3 and orf4 encode two small proteins of 7.8 and 9.8 kda, respectivel ...	1995	7595392
consumption of diets containing raw soya beans (glycine max), kidney beans (phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) or lupin seeds (lupinus angustifolius) by rats for up to 700 days: effects on body composition and organ weights.	feeding trials have been done with rats to assess the effects of long-term (700 d) consumption of diets based on raw cowpeas (vigna unguiculata; moderate bowman-birk inhibitor content, low lectin content), lupin seeds (lupinus angustifolius; low lectin and protease inhibitor content) or soya beans (glycine max; high kunitz inhibitor content, moderate bowman-birk inhibitor content, moderate lectin content) or diets containing low levels of raw kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris; high lectin content, ...	1995	7857911
in vitro assembly of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus from coat protein expressed in escherichia coli and in vitro-transcribed viral cdna.	the small spherical plant virus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), provides an ideal system to examine spherical virus assembly. we have modified the ccmv in vitro assembly system to produce virions from coat protein expressed in escherichia coli and viral rna transcribed in vitro from full-length cdnas. examination of the in vitro-assembled particles with cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction techniques demonstrates that the particles are indistinguishable from plant purified par ...	1995	7886952
identification of a coat protein binding site on southern bean mosaic virus rna.	the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-c), a t = 3 icosahedral rna virus, was dissociated to yield a ribonucleoprotein complex (rnpc) composed of the viral rna and coat protein subunits. to determine if the coat protein subunits were bound to a specific site on the viral rna, the rnpc was treated with ribonuclease, and the remaining coat protein--rna complexes were recovered by filter binding. a single species of rna was isolated by this procedure and further characterized by sequ ...	1995	7886960
coding changes in the 3a cell-to-cell movement gene can extend the host range of brome mosaic virus systemic infection.	the m1 and m2 strains of brome mosaic virus (bmv) both systemically infect the monocot host barley, but only the m2 strain systemically infects the dicot cowpea line tvu-612. we have shown previously that this difference in host range maps primarily to rna3. to further characterize the role of rna3 in host specificity, a series of rna3 hybrids were tested, in inoculations with m1 rna1 and rna2, for ability to systemically infect tvu-612 cowpea. although all hybrids were amplified well in cowpea ...	1995	8553548
elaboration of amylase activity and changes in paste viscosity of some common indian legumes during germination.	the effect of germination upto 120 hours on malting loss, amylase activity and viscosity of nine common indian legumes was investigated. the amylase activity increased on progressive germination in all legumes, the increase being particularly high for green gram, horse gram, moth bean and black gram. malted samples had lower cooked paste viscosity than native ones. samples with high amylase activity exhibited proportionately lower viscosity. maximum reduction in viscosity was observed in green g ...	1995	8577652
chemical and biological characteristics of a west african weaning food supplemented with compea (vigna unguiculata).	the effects of cowpea and amino acid supplementation on the protein quality and chemical characteristics of a maize-based west african traditional weaning food were studied. process optimization for improved nutritive value was also determined. supplementation of the traditional weaning food with cowpea increased the lysine, tryptophan and threonine content while the sulphur-amino acids decreased with increasing levels of cowpea. further supplementation of 70:30 maize/cowpea blends with lysine, ...	1995	8719738
content of antinutrients and in vitro protein digestibility of the african yambean, pigeon and cowpea.	the protein, trypsin inhibitor (ti), tannin, phytate, phytic acid phosphorus and in vitro protein digestibility (ivpd) of cultivars of the african yambean (sphenostylis stenocarpa) - ayb, pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) - pp and cowpea (vigna unguiculata) - cp were determined. the protein content of cp (24-28.0%) was higher than those of pp (21-22.5%) and ayb (21-22.5%). the cream and speckled ayb contained more ti (30.9 and 25.3 mg/g) than pp (7.5-14.1 mg/g) and cp (9.8-20.5 mg/g). apart from the wh ...	1995	8833429
a new root-nodulating symbiont of the tropical legume sesbania, rhizobium sp. sin-1, is closely related to r. galegae, a species that nodulates temperate legumes.	rhizobium sp. sin-1, isolated in india from root nodules on the tropical legume sesbania aculeata, also induces nitrogen-fixing nodules on roots of s. macrocarpa, s. speciosa, s. procumbens, s. punicea, s. rostrata, and vigna unguiculata. unlike azorhizobium caulinodans, sin-1 does not induce stem nodules on s. rostrata. the nodules induced by sin-1 develop exclusively at the bases of secondary roots. electron microscopic studies of mature nodule sections revealed rhizobia within intercellular s ...	1995	8593950
bean [alpha]-amylase inhibitor confers resistance to the pea weevil (bruchus pisorum) in transgenic peas (pisum sativum l.).	bruchid larvae cause major losses of grain legume crops through-out the world. some bruchid species, such as the cowpea weevil and the azuki bean weevil, are pests that damage stored seeds. others, such as the pea weevil (bruchus pisorum), attack the crop growing in the field. we transferred the cdna encoding the [alpha]-amylase inhibitor ([alpha]-ai) found in the seeds of the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) into pea (pisum sativum) using agrobacterium-mediated transformation. expression was dr ...	1995	12228429
the rhizobial hema gene is required for symbiosis in species with deficient [delta]-aminolevulinic acid uptake activity.	most rhizobial hema mutants induce root nodules on their respective legume hosts that lack nitrogen fixation activity and leghemoglobin expression. however, a bradyrhizobium japonicum hema mutant elicits effective nodules on soybean, and we proposed previously that synthesis and uptake of the heme precursor [delta]-aminolevulinic acid (ala) by the plant and bacterial symbiont, respectively, allow mutant rescue (i. sangwan, m.r. o'brian [1991] science 251: 1220-1222). in the present work, the b. ...	1995	12228561
foreign complementary sequences facilitate genetic rna recombination in brome mosaic virus.	we have demonstrated that local antisense sequences can mediate genetic recombination within the 3' noncoding region among brome mosaic virus (bmv) rnas (p. nagy and j. j. bujarski, 1993, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 90, 6390-6394). here we show that foreign complementary inserts can direct crossovers between bmv rna3 components within an internal region. a 170-nt polynucleotide derived from the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) rna3 was inserted just upstream of the initiation codon of the bmv ...	1995	11831722
effect of yard waste compost on plant-parasitic nematode densities in vegetable crops.	the effects of yard-waste compost on densities of plant-parasitic nematodes were determined on four crops at two sites in north florida. separate experiments were conducted with sweet corn (zea mays), cowpea (vigna unguiculata), yellow squash (cucurbita pepo), and okra (hibiscus esculentus). in each test, the design was a randomized complete block replicated four times and involving three treatments: 269 mt/ha yard-waste compost applied to the soil surface as a mulch, 269 mt/ha compost incorpora ...	1995	19277320
effect of tropical rotation crops on meloidogyne incognita and other plant-parasitic nematodes.	in a field experiment conducted on sandy soil in florida during the 1993 season, rotation crops of castor (ricinus communis), velvetbean (mucuna deeringina), 'mississippi silver' cowpea (vigna unguiculata), american jointvetch (aeschynomene americana), 'dehapine 51' cotton (gossypium hirsutum), and 'sx-17' sorghum-sudangrass (sorghum bicolor x s. sudanense) were effective in maintaining low population densities (<12/100 cm(3) soil) of meloidogyne incognita race 1, whereas high population densiti ...	1995	19277319
analysis of plant harvest indices for bioregenerative life support systems.	harvest indices, which are measures of the ratio of edible to total plant weight, are redefined to include edible sugars derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose content of inedible plant components. compositional analysis and carbohydrate contents of rapeseed, rice, soybeans, cowpea, wheat, sweet potato, white potato, and lettuce were analyzed to develop such generalized harvest indices. cellulose conversion is shown to extend considerably the food available from plants otherwise grow ...	1995	11541096
a major satellite dna of soybean is a 92-base pairs tandem repeat.	we report the cloning, sequencing and analysis of the major repetitive dna of soybean (glycine max). the repeat, sb92, was cloned as several monomers and trimers produced by digestion with xhoi. the deduced consensus sequence of the repeat is 92 base pairs long. genomic sequences do not fluctuate in length. their average homology to the consensus sequence is 92%. the consensus of sb92 contains slightly degenerated homologies for several 6-cutters. therefore, many of them generate a ladder of 92- ...	1995	24174019
host-specific recognition kairomone for the parasitoidmicroplitis croceipes (cresson).	a water-extractable host recognition kairomone in frass of corn earworm,helicoverpa zea boddie (lepidoptera: noctuidae), host larvae stimulates antennation by females of the parasitoidmicroplitis croceipes cresson (braconidae: hymenoptera). in addition, when the wasps contact water extracts of host frass they will subsequently fly in a flight tunnel to odor associated with the extract. contact with water extracts of cowpea leaves or with water extracts of frass from larvae of nonhost beet armywo ...	1995	24233823
rna-mediated virus resistance: role of repeated transgenes and delineation of targeted regions.	resistance to cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana plants is rna mediated. in resistant cpmv movement protein (mp) gene-transformed lines, transgene steady state mrna levels were low, whereas nuclear transcription rates were high, implying that a post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism is at the base of the resistance. the silencing mechanism can also affect potato virus x (pvx) rnas when they contain cpmv mp gene sequences. in particular, sequences situated in th ...	1996	12239378
enzyme conversion of lignocellulosic plant materials for resource recovery in a controlled ecological life support system.	a large amount of inedible plant material composed primarily of the carbohydrate materials cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin is generated as a result of plant growth in a controlled ecological life-support system (celss). cellulose is a linear homopolymer of glucose, which when properly processed will yield glucose, a valuable sugar because it can be added directly to human diets. hemicellulose is a heteropolymer of hexoses and pentoses that can be treated to give a sugar mixture that is po ...	1996	11538970
improved diagnosis of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in africa: significance for cowpea seed-indexing, breeding programs and potyvirus taxonomy.	large-scale surveys in africa for blackeye cowpea mosaic (b1cmv) and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic (cabmv) showed that several cabmv isolates from southern africa were either not or poorly recognized by monoclonal antibodies prepared to isolates collected in west africa. selection of three new monoclonal antibodies prepared against the maputo (mozambique) isolate of cabmv, and their incorporation into a revised panel of monoclonal antibodies, resulted in the assignment of four of these new cabmv iso ...	1996	8629941
bradyrhizobium (arachis) sp. strain nc92 contains two nodd genes involved in the repression of noda and a nola gene required for the efficient nodulation of host plants.	the common nodulation locus and closely linked nodulation genes of bradyrhizobium (arachis) sp. strain nc92 have been isolated on an 11.0-kb ecori restriction fragment. the nucleotide sequence of a 7.0-kb ecorv-ecori subclone was determined and found to contain open reading frames (orfs) homologous to the noda, nodb, nodd1, nodd2, and nola genes of bradyrhizobium japonicum and bradyrhizobium elkanii. nodulation assays of nodd1, nodd2, or nola deletion mutants on the host plants macroptilium atro ...	1996	8631662
the polymerase-like core of brome mosaic virus 2a protein, lacking a region interacting with viral 1a protein in vitro, maintains activity and 1a selectivity in rna replication.	brome mosaic virus (bmv), a member of the alphavirus-like super-family of positive-strand rna viruses, encodes two proteins required for viral rna replication: 1a and 2a. 1a contains m7g methyltransferase- and helicase-like domains, while 2a contains a polymerase (pol)-like core flanked by n- and c-terminal extensions. genetic studies show that bmv rna replication requires 1a-2a compatibility implying direct or indirect 1a-2a interaction in vivo. in vitro, la interacts with the n-terminal 125-am ...	1996	8676500
sequence of the 3'-terminal region of a zimbabwe isolate of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv).	the 3'-terminal 1221 nucleotides of a zimbabwe isolate of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (cabmv) genome have been sequenced. the sequence comprises an open reading frame (orf) of 990 nucleotides and a 3' non-coding-region of 231 nucleotides followed by a poly-a. the orf has high similarity to nib and coat proteins (cp) of potyviruses. a potential cp q/s cleavage site was identified, yielding a cp of 30.5 kda containing 275 amino acids. the cabmv sequence is closely related to that of south ...	1996	8678838
effects of dietary soybean and cowpea on gut morphology and faecal composition in creep and noncreep-fed pigs.	the effects of creep feeding and different levels of soybean meal (sbm) and cowpea meal on the intestinal morphology and faecal characteristics were investigated in weaners. prior to the feeding trial, one group of piglets was creep-fed and the other noncreep-fed. the two groups of piglets were weaned at 28 days and randomly assigned to four different diets whose main sources of protein were: t1-skimmed milk powder (control); t2-31 % soybean meal; t(3)-15% soybean meal and 12 % skimmed milk powd ...	1996	8701635
pattern of fecal endogenous nitrogen excretion in rats fed leguminous diets.	the main objective of this investigation was to establish the pattern in relation to time of the rat fecal endogenous nitrogen excretion by continuous feeding of balanced diets containing common peas, cowpeas or common beans as the protein sources (10% protein), labeled with 1.000 atoms % of 15n-excess. nitrogen of endogenous origin was measured by the isotope dilution method in a 6-day experiment. fecal excretion of endogenous nitrogen of rats fed the leguminous diets was roughly twice that of ...	1996	8708819
structure-based design of peptide presentation on a viral surface: the crystal structure of a plant/animal virus chimera at 2.8 a resolution.	we employed a genetically engineered icosahedral plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), as an expression and presentation system to display a 14 amino acid linear antigenic epitope found in a capsid protein of human rhinovirus 14 (hrv14).	1996	9079380
potential of chimaeric plant virus particles as novel, stable vaccines.	technology has been developed for the expression of multiple copies of epitopes from human and animal pathogens on the surface of assembled particles of a plant virus (cowpea mosaic virus). the technology, termed the chimaeric virus particle (cvp) technology, can be exploited for the production of vaccines in plants. each chimaeric virus particle contains 60 copies of the foreign peptide which are expressed in highly exposed positions on the surface of the virus particle. viral and bacterial epi ...	1996	8854018
characterization of intestinally active proteinases of cyst-nematodes.	cryostat sections of juvenile and adult female stages of the soybean cyst-nematode, heterodera glycines, were incubated with 4 different naphthylamide-linked peptide substrates to localize and characterize proteinase activity within the animal. detected activity was restricted to the intestine and 2 distinct classes of proteinase were identified on the basis of substrate specificity and sensitivity to plant proteinase inhibitors. a cathepsin l-like cysteine proteinase activity capable of hydroly ...	1996	8873479
the movement proteins of cowpea mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus induce tubular structures in plant and insect cells.	the movement proteins (mp) of cowpea mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) are associated with tubular structures in vivo which participate in the transmission of virus particles from cell to cell. both proteins have been expressed in plant protoplasts and insect cells. in all cases, immunofluorescent histochemistry showed that the mps accumulate intracellularly as tubular extensions projecting from the cell surface. additionally, electron microscopy revealed intracellular mp aggregat ...	1996	8922481
aflatoxin formation and varietal difference of cow pea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.) and garden pea (pisum sativum l.) cultivars.	different cultivars of cow pea and garden pea seeds were surveyed for susceptibility or resistance towards the toxigenic and aflatoxin-producing mould (aspergillus flavus imi 102135). the results show that aflatoxin production varied among the different cultivars of both cow pea and garden pea. morphological and histological characters of the different cultivars tested did not show any relation between colour, shape and size of seeds and the amount of aflatoxin produced. the chemical analysis of ...	1996	8927121
the development of cowpea mosaic virus as a potential source of novel vaccines.	epitopes from human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) and human immunodeficiency virus type (hiv-1) have been expressed on the surface of particles of the plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the chimaeras retain their ability to grow in plants and large quantities of virions can be easily purified. immunological studies have shown that purified particles have the antigenic properties of the insert, and, in the case of the hiv-1 chimaera, can elicit the production of neutralising antibodies in mice. th ...	1996	8957673
interaction of proteases with legume seed inhibitors. molecular features.	after having found that raw black beans (phaseolus vulgaris) were toxic, while the cooked ones constitute the basic diet of the underdeveloped peoples of the world, in the sixties, our research directed by dr. jaffé, concentrated mainly around the detection and identification of the heat labile toxic factors in legume seeds. a micromethod for the detection of protease inhibitors (pi) in individual seeds was developed, for the purpose of establishing that the multiple trypsin inhibitors (ti) foun ...	1996	9137634
cowpea flour: a potential ingredient in food products.	cowpeas (vigna unguiculata l. walp) are an important grain legume in east and west african countries as well as in other developing countries. the u.s. is the only developed country producing large amounts of cowpeas. high protein (18 to 35%) and carbohydrate (50 to 65%) contents, together with an amino acid pattern complementary to that of cereal grains, make cowpeas potentially important to the human diet from a nutritional standpoint. despite their potential as an inexpensive source of protei ...	1996	8725672
chitin-binding proteins from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds.	vicilins (7s storage proteins) from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and other legume seeds were shown to bind to chitin, to regenerated chitin (fully acetylated chitin) and to chitosan (deacetylated chitin). adsorbed vicilins were desorbed from these matrices by acetic and hydrochloric acids and by highly polymerized soluble chitosan. proteins such as the lectin of common bean (pha), soybean trypsin inhibitor (kunitz), a beta-1,3-glucanase from cowpea seeds, bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin, chic ...	1996	8736124
isolation and modulation of growth of a colonization-impaired strain of enterobacter cloacae in cucumber spermosphere.	enterobacter cloacae a-46 was isolated for use in an environmental containment strategy for genetically modified derivative strains with enhanced biocontrol activity. the population of e. cloacae a-46, a transposon mutant of the plant-beneficial bacterium e. cloacae 501r3, increased 10-fold (significant increase at p < or = 0.05) in cucumber spermosphere when applied to cucumber seeds along with casamino acids. in contrast, strain a-46 was incapable of proliferation in cucumber spermosphere in t ...	1996	8742359
protective mechanism of the mexican bean weevil against high levels of alpha-amylase inhibitor in the common bean.	alpha-amylase inhibitor (alpha ai) protects seeds of the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) against predation by certain species of bruchids such as the cowpea weevil (callosobruchus maculatus) and the azuki bean weevil (callosobruchus chinensis), but not against predation by the bean weevil (acanthoscelides obtectus) or the mexican bean weevil (zabrotes subfasciatus), insects that are common in the americas. we characterized the interaction of alpha ai-1 present in seeds of the common bean, of a ...	1996	8787024
analysis of a salt stable mutant of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	an understanding of virion assembly and disassembly requires a detailed understanding of the protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions which stabilize the virion. we have characterized a mutant of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) that is altered in virion stability. the mutant virions resist disassembly in 1.0 m nacl, ph 7.5, whereas the wild-type virions completely disassociate into rna and capsid protein components. sequence analysis of the mutant coat protein gene identified a ...	1996	8806492
a single codon change in a conserved motif of a bromovirus movement protein gene confers compatibility with a new host.	brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) are closely related bromoviruses with tripartite rna genomes, but distinct host ranges: bmv systemically infects the monocot barley, while ccmv systemically infects the dicot cowpea. we have previously shown that in approximately 10% of inoculated cowpea plants, a ccmv hybrid [ccmv(b3a)] with the 3a cell-to-cell movement protein gene replaced by that of cowpea-nonadapted bmv directs systemic infections, which are caused by seconda ...	1996	8806564
phenotypic characterization and regulation of the nola gene of bradyrhizobium japonicum.	two bradyrhizobium japonicum nola mutants were constructed and used to test the functional role of nola in nodulation. contrary to the previous hypothesis that nola acts as a repressor of nod gene transcription, the expression of a nodd1-lacz or nody-lacz fusion in the nola mutant strains was similar to that found in the wild type. however, nola does appear to act as a transcriptional regulatory protein since it is required for its own expression, as well as that of nodd2. expression of nodd2 fr ...	1996	8810078
the 24 kda proteinases of comoviruses are virus-specific in cis as well as in trans.	to investigate the specificity of comoviral 24 kda ('24k') proteinases, a full-length cdna copy of red clover mottle virus (rcmv) rna 1 has been cloned downstream of a t7 promoter. translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates of in vitro transcripts from this clone resulted in the synthesis of a 200k protein which was processed in a manner similar to that of the equivalent protein from cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). full-length cdna clones of the rna 1 molecules of rcmv and cpmv were used to create h ...	1996	8811039
stimulation of neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in three strains of mice immunized with a 22 amino acid peptide of gp41 expressed on the surface of a plant virus.	a plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus, expressing a 22 amino acid peptide 731-752 of the gp41 glycoprotein of human immunodeficency virus type 1 (hiv-1 iiib), was shown previously to stimulate hiv-1 cross reactive neutralizing antibodies in adult c57/bl6 mice. here some parameters concerning the stimulation of hiv-1-specific neutralizing and elisa antibody have been determined in adult c57/bl6, c3h/he-mg and balb/c mice. two injections per mouse of all cpmv-hiv/1 doses tested (100, 10 and 1 microgr ...	1996	8817828
salinity and osmotic stress-regulated proteins in cowpea rhizobium 4a (peanut isolate).	the effect of salinity and osmotic stress on protein synthesis was studied in cowpea rhizobium 4a. osmotic component of salinity stress has been shown to induce ten proteins in a salt tolerant/osmosensitive cowpea rhizobium. 4a (groundnut isolate). of these seven polypeptides were induced only by salt/osmotic stress while two were induced by heat shock. the results demonstrate a commonality as well as stress specificity of protein synthesis regulation.	1996	8828814
an insecticidal n-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin gene from griffonia simplicifolia (leguminosae).	griffonia simplicifolia ii, an n-acetylglucosamine-specific legume lectin, has insecticidal activity when fed to the cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus (f.). a cdna clone encoding g. simplicifolia ii was isolated from a leaf cdna library, sequenced, and expressed in a bacterial expression system. the recombinant protein exhibited n-acetylglucosamine-binding and insecticidal activity against cowpea weevil, indicating that glycosylation and multimeric structure are not required for these prop ...	1996	8587982
regulation of population densities of heterodera cajani and other plant-parasitic nematodes by crop rotations on vertisols, in semi-arid tropical production systems in india.	the significance of double crop (intercrop and sequential crop), single crop (rainy season crop fallow from june to september), and rotations on densities of heterodera cajani, helicotylenchus retusus, and rotylenchulus reniformis was studied on vertisol (typic pellusterts) between 1987 and 1993. cowpea (vigna sinensis), mungbean (phaseolus aureus), and pigeonpea (cajanus cajan) greatly increased the population densities of h. cajani and suppressed the population densities of other plant-parasit ...	1996	19277141
changes in plant-parasitic nematode populations in pineapple fields following inter-cycle cover crops.	the use of plant-covers oat (arena sativa l.), rhodesgrass (chloris gayana kunth), soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.), and marigold (tagetes patula l.) during pineapple inter-cycle planting periods was investigated at two sites (kunia and whitmore, oahu, hi) as a potential means to reduce population densities of rotylenchulus reniformis, helicotylenchus dihystera, and paratylenchus spp. clean fallow and fallow covered with pineapple-plant residues (mulch) were the controls without plant-cover. reg ...	1996	19277173
molecular-marker analysis of seed-weight: genomic locations, gene action, and evidence for orthologous evolution among three legume species.	the objectives of this study were to use molecular markers to: (1) identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) controlling seed-weight in soybean, (2) characterize the genetic basis of seed-weight expression, and (3) determine whether soybean shares orthologous seed-weight genes with cowpea and/or mung bean. an f2 population was developed between a large-seeded glycine max breeding line and a small-seeded g. soja plant introduction. dna samples from 150 f2 individuals were analyzed with 91 polymorphi ...	1996	24162350
nutritional evaluation of a high-temperature dried soft wheat pasta supplemented with cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l) walp).	the objective of this study was to determine the nutritional quality of the pasta described above. the work was unique in the following aspects: 1) the drying process was a nonconventional method, consisting of a high-temperature short-time (htst) process; 2) the nutritional quality of the wheat pasta was improved by the cowpea supplementation. cowpea was especially chosen due to it being a staple food in the diet of the people in northeast brazil. benefits attributed to the htst drying process ...	1996	9239294
inheritance of resistance to potyviruses in phaseolus vulgaris l. iv. inheritance, linkage relations, and environmental effects on systemic resistance to four potyviruses.	we have examined the genetics of systemic resistance in phaseolus vulgaris to azuki bean mosaic virus (azmv) and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) and the relationship of this resistance to a phenotypically similar resistance to watermelon mosaic virus (wmv) and soybean mosaic virus (smv). in p. vulgaris cv 'great northern 1140' (gn1140), resistance to smv and wmv has been attributed to the genes smv and wmv, respectively, which have been shown to segregate as a unit. systemic resistance t ...	1996	24166169
genetic transformation of cotyledon explants of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp) using agrobacterium tumefaciens.	mature de-embryonated cotyledons with intact proximal end of vigna unguiculata were cultured on b5 basal medium containing varying concentrations of bap. thirty-six percent of the explants produced shoots on b5 medium supplemented with 8× 10(-6) m bap. cotyledon explants were pre-incubated for 24 h, inoculated with a. tumefaciens pucd2614 carrying pucd2340, co-cultivated for 48 h and transferred to hygromycin-b (25 mg/l) containing shoot induction medium. approximately 15-19% of the explants pro ...	1996	24178287
reproductive performance and population dynamics of cowpea aphid (homoptera: aphididae) on leaf extracts of resistant and susceptible cowpeas.	membrane feeding studies were conducted to determine the effects of raw juices and chemical extracts of leaves of aphid-resistant (icv-12) and aphid-susceptible (icv-1) cultivars of cowpea [vigna unguiculata l. (walp.)], on the survival, growth, and reproduction of cowpea aphidaphis craccivora koch. life table and demographic statistics of the cohort population and subsequent generations were estimated. compared to icv-1, the leaf juices and chemical extracts of icv-12 exhibited significant (p<- ...	1996	24226090
superoxide generation in extracts from isolated plant cell walls is regulated by fungal signal molecules.	abstract fractions solubilized with nacl from cell walls of pea and cowpea plants catalyzed the formation of blue formazan from nitroblue tetrazolium. because superoxide dismutase decreased formazan production by over 90%, superoxide anion (o(2) ) may participate in the formation of formazan in the solubilized cell wall fractions. the formazan formation in the fractions solubilized from pea and cowpea cell walls was markedly reduced by exclusion of nad(p)h, manganese ion, or p-coumaric acid from ...	1997	18945053
the structure of cucumber mosaic virus: cryoelectron microscopy, x-ray crystallography, and sequence analysis.	the three-dimensional structure of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) was analyzed at 23 a resolution by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction, demonstrating structural similarity to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), another member of the bromoviridae family. the cmv structure was determined at 8 a resolution by x-ray crystallography with phases determined by single isomorphous replacement and refined by fivefold noncrystallographic symmetry averaging. the x-ray structure agreed with the ...	1997	9185592
effects of coat protein mutations and reduced movement protein expression on infection spread by cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and its hybrid derivatives.	previously we have reported that the essential 3a movement gene of icosahedral cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) can be functionally replaced by the 30-kda movement gene of rod-shaped sunn-hemp mosaic virus (shmv). because plant rna viruses differ in requiring or not requiring coat protein for systemic infection, we have now investigated whether systemic spread by this ccmv/shmv hybrid is dependent on its ccmv coat protein as well as its shmv movement protein. we find that either deletion or ...	1997	9185600
molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. iii. analysis of cell-to-cell movement competence of coat protein defective variants of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	to determine whether the role of coat protein (cp) in cell-to-cell movement of dicot-adapted cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) is distinct from that of monocot-adapted brome mosaic bromovirus (bmv), two reporter genes, beta-glucuronidase (gus) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp), were substituted for the cp in a biologically active clone of ccmv rna3 (c3). primary leaves of nicotiana benthamiana, chenopodium quinoa, and cowpea were co-inoculated with wild-type (wt) ccmv rna 1 a ...	1997	9191853
molecular cloning of the cowpea leghemoglobin ii gene and expression of its cdna in escherichia coli. purification and characterization of the recombinant protein.	cowpea (vigna unguiculata) nodules contain three leghemoglobins (lbi, lbii, and lbiii) that are encoded by at least two genes. we have cloned and sequenced the gene that encodes for lbii (lbii), the most abundant lb in cowpea nodules, using total dna as the template for pcr. primers were designed using the sequence of the soybean lbc gene. the lbii gene is 679 bp in length and codes for a predicted protein of 145 amino acids. using sequences of the cowpea lbii gene for the synthesis of primers a ...	1997	9193085
a protoplast system for studying tomato spotted wilt virus infection.	a plant protoplast system for studying tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (tswv) infection was established and tested. using polyethylene glycol-mediated inoculation with highly infectious tswv particles, generally 50% or more of nicotiana rustica protoplasts were infected. in these cells viral rna and viral protein synthesis became detectable at 16 h post-inoculation (p.i.) and continued at least until 90 h p.i. both the structural viral proteins [nucleoprotein (n) and the envelope glycoproteins g1 ...	1997	9225052
the plant defense response to cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea is elicited by the viral polymerase gene and affects virus accumulation in single cells.	resistance to infection in cowpea by strains of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) involves a local, hypersensitive response (hr) and a localization of infection. these responses can be separated by mutation at two sites (nucleotides 1978 and 2007, in codons 631 and 641) in the cmv 2a polymerase gene. changes to both sites of a restricted strain allow systemic infection without an hr and increase the accumulation of both the 2a protein and viral rna in protoplasts, while changing position 1978 alone re ...	1997	9233815
association between ion fluxes and defense responses in pea and cowpea tissues.	the glycopeptide elicitor from a pea pathogen, mycosphaerella pinodes, induced rapid alkalinization and increases in levels of na+ and k+ ions in the extracellular solution upon contact with pea and cowpea tissues. the presence of monensin, nigericin, lidocaine, quinidine or phenytoin together with the elicitor markedly inhibited these changes, whereas the presence of valinomycin, gramicidin d, tetraethylammonium, cscl and aminopyridine did not. the production of phytoalexins in pea and cowpea t ...	1997	9249987
mapping and expression of southern bean mosaic virus genomic and subgenomic rnas.	the coat protein of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic sobemovirus (sbmv-c) is translated from a subgenomic rna (sgrna) that is synthesized in the virus-infected cell. like the sbmv-c genomic rna, the sgrna has a viral protein (vpg) covalently bound to its 5' end. the mechanism(s) by which ribosomes initiate translation on the sbmv-c rnas is not known. to begin to characterize the translation of the sgrna it was first necessary to precisely map its 5' end. primer extension was used to ide ...	1997	9268164
analysis of the interaction of viral rna replication proteins by using the yeast two-hybrid assay.	the yeast two-hybrid system has been a useful tool in the genetic evaluation of protein-protein interactions. however, the biological relevance of these two-hybrid interactions to viral positive-strand rna replication has not been demonstrated. the brome mosaic virus (bmv) system has been characterized extensively both genetically and biochemically, providing numerous mutations in the bmv 1a helicase-like and 2a polymerase-like proteins. we have tested wild-type 1a and 18 insertion mutations of ...	1997	9311832
partially folded states of the capsid protein of cowpea severe mosaic virus in the disassembly pathway.	the different partially folded states of the capsid protein that appear in the disassembly pathway of cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) were investigated by examining the effects of hydrostatic pressure, sub-zero temperatures and urea. the conformational states of the coat protein were analyzed by their intrinsic fluorescence, binding of bis(8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate) (bis-ans) and susceptibility to trypsin digestion. cpsmv could be disassembled by pressure at 2.5 kbar. intrinsic fluores ...	1997	9344752
iris explorer software for radial-depth cueing reovirus particles and other macromolecular structures determined by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction.	structures of biological macromolecules determined by transmission cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-tem) and three-dimensional image reconstruction are often displayed as surface-shaded representations with depth cueing along the viewed direction (z cueing). depth cueing to indicate distance from the center of virus particles (radial-depth cueing, or r cueing) has also been used. we have found that a style of r cueing in which color is applied in smooth or discontinuous gradients using the iris exp ...	1997	9361260
characterization of cdnas encoding serine proteinases from the soybean cyst nematode heterodera glycines.	three cdnas encoding serine proteinases (hgspi-iii) were isolated from a cdna library constructed from feeding females of heterodera glycines. the library was screened with three separate serine proteinase gene fragments amplified from cdna of h. glycines using consensus oligonucleotide primers. each predicted protein contains a secretion signal sequence, a propeptide and a mature protein of 226-296 amino acids. one of the predicted enzymes, hgsp-ii has 41% identity to a chymotrypsin-like enzyme ...	1997	9364965
differential response of legumes and creep feeding on gut morphology and faecal composition in weanling pigs.	the effects of creep feeding and different levels of soybean meal (sbm) and cowpea meal on the intestinal morphology and faecal characteristics were investigated in weaners. prior to the feeding trial, one group of piglets was creep-fed and the other noncreep-fed. the two groups of piglets were weaned at 28 days and randomly assigned to four different diets, the main protein sources of which were: t1--skimmed milk power (control); t2--31% soybean meal (high sbm), t3--15% soybean meal and 12% ski ...	1997	9366068
molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. iv. coat protein exchanges between brome mosaic and cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses exhibit neutral effects in heterologous hosts.	two members of the bromovirus group, brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), selectively infect barley and cowpea, respectively, and also differ in their ability to systemically infect a common permissive host, chenopodium quinoa. ccmv is confined to inoculated leaves of c. quinoa, whereas bmv causes rapid systemic mottling. to examine whether host-specific determinants for systemic movement of bmv and ccmv in each of these hosts are localized in the coat protein (cp), ...	1997	9400617
rhizobia modulate root-hair-specific expression of extensin genes.	three cdnas (ext3, ext127, and ext26), originally isolated by differential screening from a root-hair cdna library of vigna unguiculata, were found to encode extensin-like cell wall proteins. transcripts homologous to these cdnas were only detected in root hairs where mrna levels decreased 1 day after inoculation with rhizobia. this coincided with the onset of root-hair deformation, the first morphological step in the rhizobium-legume interaction. decreases in transcript levels following inocula ...	1997	9002273
structure-based rationale for the rescue of systemic movement of brome mosaic virus by spontaneous second-site mutations in the coat protein gene.	we describe spontaneous second-site reversions within the coat protein open reading frame that rescue the systemic-spread phenotype and increase virion stability of a mutant of brome mosaic virus. based on the crystal structure of the related cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, we show that the modified residues are spatially clustered to affect the formation of hexamers and pentamers and therefore virion stability.	1997	9032390
plant-derived vaccine protects target animals against a viral disease.	the successful expression of animal or human virus epitopes on the surface of plant viruses has recently been demonstrated. these chimeric virus particles (cvps) could represent a cost-effective and safe alternative to conventional animal cell-based vaccines. we report the insertion of oligonucleotides coding for a short linear epitope from the vp2 capsid protein of mink enteritis virus (mev) into an infectious cdna clone of cowpea mosaic virus and the successful expression of the epitope on the ...	1997	9062924
induction of chalcone synthase expression by rhizobia and nod factors in root hairs and roots.	chalcone synthase (chs) of vigna unguiculata is encoded by a gene family that is abundantly transcribed in leaves and nodules. inoculation with rhizobium sp. ngr234, which nodulates v. unguiculata, or with ngr delta nodabc, a mutant deficient in nod factor production, induced rapid accumulation of chs mrnas in roots and root hairs. as both nod+ and nod- bacteria provoke responses, induction of chs gene expression may involve symbiotic or defense responses. four days after inoculation with the wi ...	1997	9100382
phylogenetic analysis of the potyviridae with emphasis on legume-infecting potyviruses.	the 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences of thirteen authenticated strains of bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) and one strain of bean common mosaic necrosis virus (bcmnv) were obtained. the regions sequenced included the coat protein coding sequence and 3'-end non-coding region. these data, combined with sequence information from other legume-infecting potyviruses and the potyviridae were used for phylogenetic analysis. evidence is provided for delineation of bcmnv as distinct from bcmv and the inclu ...	1997	9413507
effect of processing on flatus producing oligosaccharides in cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and the tropical african yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa).	the effect of dehulling, soaking and soaking/cooking on sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in mature dry seeds of nine varieties of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and one variety of tropical african yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa) were investigated. the results showed a progressive decrease in sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose contents. soaking for 12 hours and cooking for 30 min eliminated most of the sucrose, raffinose and stachyose. the sugar contents in whole raw cowpea were sucrose 0.73-4.58%, ...	1997	9629861
molecular characterization and interviral homologies of a potyvirus infecting sesame (sesamum indicum) in georgia.	phylogenetic analyses of the 3' terminal region of a potyvirus naturally infecting sesame (sesamum indicum) in georgia indicated that the virus belongs to the passionfruit woodiness potyvirus subgroup, and is most closely related to cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (cabmv) and south african passiflora potyvirus. based on the sequence identity, this virus is a strain of cabmv. use of degenerate primers, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequence analysis allowed us t ...	1997	9672651