Publications

regeneration of a functional rna virus genome by recombination between deletion mutants and requirement for cowpea chlorotic mottle virus 3a and coat genes for systemic infection.	rnas 1 and 2 of the tripartite cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) genome are sufficient for rna replication in protoplasts, whereas systemic infection of cowpea plants additionally requires rna3, which encodes the 3a noncapsid protein and coat protein. by using biologically active ccmv cdna clones, we find that deletions in either rna3 gene block systemic infection. thus, though some plant rna viruses are able to spread systemically without encapsidation, both the coat and 3a genes are require ...	1990	2308940
rna2 of grapevine fanleaf virus: sequence analysis and coat protein cistron location.	the nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna2 (3774 nucleotides) of grapevine fanleaf virus strain f13 was determined from overlapping cdna clones and its genetic organization was deduced. two rapid and efficient methods were used for cdna cloning of the 5' region of rna2. the complete sequence contained only one long open reading frame of 3555 nucleotides (1184 codons, 131k product). the analysis of the n-terminal sequence of purified coat protein (cp) and identification of its c-terminal residue ...	1990	2374004
dietary modification of potential vitamin k supply from enteric bacterial menaquinones in rats.	rats given a low-fibre diet based on boiled white rice developed symptoms of severe vitamin k deficiency within 23 d. inclusion of autoclaved black-eye beans (vigna unguiculata) in the diet prevented the bleeding syndrome. to test the hypothesis that deficiency resulted from low phylloquinone intake exacerbated by inadequate production of menaquinones by the enteric bacteria, a follow-up experiment was carried out in which groups of rats were given an all-rice diet, a rice + beans diet or a stoc ...	1990	2383538
modulation of host gene expression during initiation and early growth of nodules in cowpea, vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.	inoculation of 2-day-old cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp.) seedlings with rhizobium fredii usda257 results in proficient nodulation of the tap root. the most abundant nodulation occurs in a region roughly corresponding to the position of the root tip at the time of inoculation. we have examined plant gene expression in this region, after inoculation with either usda257 or a nonnodulating mutant, 257b3. after isolation of mrna and in vitro translation, the protein products were separated by t ...	1990	16667410
effect of po(2) on growth and nodule functioning of symbiotic cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.).	nodulated cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp. cv vita 3:bradyrhizobium cb 756) plants were cultured with their whole root system or crown root nodulation zone maintained for periods from 5 to 69 days after planting in atmospheres containing a range of po(2) (1-80%, v/v) while the rest of the plant grew in normal air. growth (dry matter yield) and n(2) fixation were largely unaffected by po(2) from 10 to 40%. decrease in fixation at po(2) below 5% was due to lower nodulation and nodule mass and, a ...	1990	16667605
effect of po(2) during growth on the gaseous diffusional properties of nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.).	adaptations of nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp. cv vita 3: bradyrhizobium cb 756) to growth in po(2) ranging from 1 to 80% o(2) (volume/volume) involved both readily reversible mechanisms of adjustment and more stable alterations which together resulted in nodules with widely ranging resistance to diffusion of gases. those grown in subambient po(2) (1-5% o(2) were altered such that rapid diffusional adjustment was unable to prevent irreversible loss of nitrogenase on their transfer ...	1990	16667606
evidence for a third uptake hydrogenase phenotype among the soybean bradyrhizobia.	the existence of a hydrogen uptake host-regulated (hup-hr) phenotype was established among the soybean bradyrhizobia. the hup-hr phenotype is characterized by the expression of uptake hydrogenase activity in symbiosis with cowpea but not soybean. uptake hydrogenase induction is not possible under free-living cultural conditions by using techniques developed for uptake hydrogenase-positive (hup) bradyrhizobium japonicum. hydrogen oxidation by hup-hr phenotype usda 61 in cowpea symbioses was signi ...	1990	16348383
the primary structure of the 24k protease from red clover mottle virus: implications for the mode of action of comovirus proteases.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the region of red clover mottle virus (rcmv) bottom component rna which encodes the rcmv equivalent of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) 24k protease. from the alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of the rcmv 24k protein with that of the homologous protein from cpmv, we speculate on the relative importance of the various amino acid residues which have been implicated in the catalytic mechanism of comovirus proteases.	1990	2179468
effects of cowpea and maize root leachates on meloidogyne incognita egg hatch.		1990	19287701
extracellular accumulation of high specific-activity peroxidase by cell suspension cultures of cowpea.	cell suspension cultures of cowpea (vigna sp.) were able to produce extracellular peroxidase. different growth regulator concentrations induced different peroxidase activity in callus. the crude extracellular medium after four weeks of culture showed higher (6 times) specific peroxidase activity and higher thermo stability than commercial horse-radish peroxidase. the commercial production of peroxidase enzyme from cowpea by utilizing plant cell cultures is discussed.	1990	24226600
cowpea mosaic virus middle component rna contains a sequence that allows internal binding of ribosomes and that requires eukaryotic initiation factor 4f for optimal translation.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) middle component rna (m-rna) encodes two proteins of 105 and 95 kda, of which translation starts at nucleotide (nt) 161 and nt 512, respectively. in vitro translation of both proteins directed by t7 transcripts of m-rna was stimulated fourfold by eukaryotic initiation factor 4f (eif-4f), the cap-binding protein complex. the ratio of the synthesis of both proteins after translation was not influenced by eif-4f or by any known eif. part of the cpmv 5' sequence was cloned ...	1991	2033661
a spontaneous red clover necrotic mosaic virus mutant with a truncated movement protein.	a spontaneous red clover necrotic mosaic virus mutant, tpm-341, was isolated by multiple passage of czechoslovakian isolate tpm-34 in beans, followed by three cycles of single lesion isolation in cowpea and in chenopodium quinoa. the symptoms induced in cowpea by tpm-34 and tpm-341 differed. tpm-34 gave rise to chlorotic lesions which expanded with time, often becoming confluent with adjacent lesions, and developed necrotic margins; the plants became systemically infected. tpm-341 induced necrot ...	1991	1875192
influence of the size of indigenous rhizobial populations on establishment and symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia on field-grown legumes.	indigenous rhizobia in soil present a competition barrier to the establishment of inoculant strains, possibly leading to inoculation failure. in this study, we used the natural diversity of rhizobial species and numbers in our fields to define, in quantitative terms, the relationship between indigenous rhizobial populations and inoculation response. eight standardized inoculation trials were conducted at five well-characterized field sites on the island of maui, hawaii. soil rhizobial population ...	1991	16348393
subgroups of the cowpea miscellany: symbiotic specificity within bradyrhizobium spp. for vigna unguiculata, phaseolus lunatus, arachis hypogaea, and macroptilium atropurpureum.	rhizobia classified as bradyrhizobium spp. comprise a highly heterogeneous group of bacteria that exhibit differential symbiotic characteristics on hosts in the cowpea miscellany cross-inoculation group. to delineate the degree of specificity exhibited by four legumes in the cowpea miscellany, we tested the symbiotic characteristics of indigenous cowpea bradyrhizobia on cowpea (vigna unguiculata), siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum), lima bean (phaseolus lunatus), and peanut (arachis hypogaea). ...	1991	16348492
effect of po(2) on the formation and status of leghemoglobin in nodules of cowpea and soybean.	nodulated cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp. cv vita 3: bradyrhizobium strain cb756) and soybean (glycine max [l.] merr. cv white eye: bradyrhizobium strain cb1809) were grown with their root systems maintained in a flowing gas stream containing a range of po(2) (1-80%, v/v) in n(2) for up to 28 days after planting. at the extremes of sub- and supra-ambient po(2), the levels of leghemoglobin (lb) in nodules were reduced. however, neither the proportional composition of lb component proteins (e ...	1991	16668046
use of bromovirus rna3 hybrids to study template specificity in viral rna amplification.	brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) are related positive-strand rna viruses with genomes divided among rnas 1, 2, and 3. rnas 1 and 2 encode the viral rna replication factors, which share extensive conservation with proteins encoded by the animal alphaviruses and diverse plant viruses. in barley protoplasts, ccmv rnas 1 and 2 support high but distinguishable amplification of either bmv rna3 (b3) or ccmv rna3 (c3), while bmv rnas 1 and 2 show even greater discriminat ...	1991	2041089
functional analysis of deletion mutants of cucumber mosaic virus rna3 using an in vitro transcription system.	full-length dna copies of rnas 1, 2, and 3 of cmv y strain (cmv-y) were cloned downstream of modified phage t7 promoter sequences to obtain infectious rna transcripts. the small number of extra nonviral nucleotides at the 5' ends considerably decreased the specific infectivity of the transcripts of rnas 1 and 2 but did not affect that of the rna3 transcripts. using the most infective transcripts, up to 45% of tobacco protoplasts could be infected. various cdna mutants were constructed from the f ...	1991	2053275
potassium salts influence the fidelity of mrna translation initiation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: unique features of encephalomyocarditis virus rna translation.	it is widely assumed that in vitro translation of mrna is more efficient in the presence of potassium acetate rather than kcl, that the optimum concentration of potassium acetate is higher than for kcl, and that uncapped rnas exhibit a lower optimum salt concentration than capped mrnas. when these assumptions were examined using several different mrna species in four batches of rabbit reticulocyte lysate, some notable exceptions were found. the translation of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) rn ...	1991	1849749
mutational analysis of the putative catalytic triad of the cowpea mosaic virus 24k protease.	to investigate the mechanism of action of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) 24k protease, a full-length cdna clone of bottom component (b) rna has been constructed from which rna can be transcribed in vitro using t7 rna polymerase. translation of the resulting rna in rabbit reticulocyte lysate leads to the synthesis of a 200 kda product (the 200k protein) which cleaves itself in a manner identical to that of the product translated from b rna isolated from virions. site-directed mutagenesis of the f ...	1991	1887592
nucleotide sequence of tomato aspermy virus rna 2.	rna 2 of the v strain of tomato aspermy virus (tav) consists of 3074 nucleotides and contains one open reading frame of 2487 nucleotides. thus, it resembles rna 2 of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) strains q and fny (62% identical to both), brome mosaic virus (42% identical) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (40% identical). in comparisons between amino acid sequences, three different regions of similarity could be distinguished. these were the central part (amino acids 224 to 757 for v-tav), which ...	1991	2016592
nucleotide sequence of tomato ringspot virus rna-2.	the sequence of tomato ringspot virus (tomrsv) rna-2 has been determined. it is 7273 nucleotides in length excluding the 3' poly(a) tail and contains a single long open reading frame (orf) of 5646 nucleotides in the positive sense beginning at position 78 and terminating at position 5723. a second in-frame aug at position 441 is in a more favourable context for initiation of translation and may act as a site for initiation of translation. the tomrsv rna-2 3' noncoding region is 1550 nucleotides ...	1991	1856689
site-directed mutagenesis and dna sequence of pcka of rhizobium ngr234, encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase: gluconeogenesis and host-dependent symbiotic phenotype.	we have cloned and sequenced the pcka gene of rhizobium sp. ngr234, a broad host-range strain. the gene encodes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck), a key enzyme of gluconeogenesis. the locus was isolated and subcloned from a genomic library of ngr234 employing hybridization with an r. meliloti pck gene probe and complementation of a tn5 mutant in this species. the dna sequence of pcka (ngr234) was determined and encoded a pepck protein of 535 amino acids with a molecular weight of 58.4 kd ...	1991	1720862
effect of ten antibiotics on the recovery of seed-borne pseudomonas syringae pv syringae of cowpea, vigna unguiculata (l.) walp var. it 825-2246-4.	the effect of ten different antibiotics: amoxil, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin, cotrimexazole, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, tetracycline and vibramycin on the recovery of seed-borne pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and on percentage seed germination of cowpea, vigna unguiculata(l.) walp var. it 825-2246-4 at various temperature regimes: 25 degrees c, 30 degrees c, 35 degrees c and 40 degrees c were investigated using the standard blotter method. seeds were presoaked for ...	1991	1814865
evidence for dissimilar properties of comoviral and picornaviral rna polymerases.	the poliovirus rna polymerase has been synthesized in spodoptera frugiperda cells by using the baculovirus expression system. crude sonicates of these cells exhibited an rna-elongating activity of a synthetic oligo(u) primer with poly(a) or cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna as a template. a similar polymerase activity was found in extracts of insect cells in which foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) proteins, including the putative polymerase, were produced. the analogous cpmv 87k protein and sever ...	1991	1848591
the mechanism of translation of cowpea mosaic virus middle component rna: no evidence for internal initiation from experiments in an animal cell transient expression system.	the possibility that internal initiation of translation is responsible for the synthesis of the middle component (m) rna-encoded 95k protein of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been investigated by constructing plasmids in which the entire sequence of cpmv m rna was cloned downstream of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. expression of these plasmids in an animal cell expression system revealed that no synthesis of the proteins encoded by the downstream cpmv open reading frame takes place fr ...	1991	1765773
do rhizobia produce cytokinins?	two rhizobium strains were cultured on a defined medium; one was a normal strain of the cowpea group (anu240) while the other (ic3342) was an unusual but related strain of the same group which induced abnormal shoot development, including proliferation of lateral buds, in nodulated plants. culture supernatants were examined for the presence of cytokinins by mass spectrometry using deuterium-labelled internal standards and by radioimmunoassay. in culture supernatants of both strains a range of cy ...	1991	1768251
the atp requirement for initiation of eukaryotic translation varies according to the mrna species.	the requirement for atp for initiation of eukaryotic mrna translation was tested using gel-filtered rabbit reticulocyte lysates incubated with labelled met-trnafmet and exogenous rna templates, and assaying the formation of labelled 80s initiation complexes in the presence of gtp, or labelled 40s initiation complexes in the presence of a non-hydrolysable analogue of gtp. initiation complex formation on globin mrna, or on capped viral rnas such as papaya mosaic virus rna and tobacco mosaic virus ...	1991	1889398
the nucleotide sequence and genome organization of the rna-1 segment in two bromoviruses: broad bean mottle virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	the complete nucleotide sequences of the rna-1 segments in broad bean mottle virus (bbmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) were determined. bbmv rna-1 consists of 3158 nucleotides and ccmv rna-1 has 3171 nucleotides. both bbmv and ccmv rna-1 are capped at the 5' end but, unlike in other tricornaviruses, bbmv rna-1 initiates with an a residue. both bbmv and ccmv rna-1 are monocistronic encoding for highly homologous 1a proteins of 966 and 958 amino acids, respectively. the highest homolog ...	1991	1962437
detection of alternative nitrogenases in aerobic gram-negative nitrogen-fixing bacteria.	strains of aerobic, microaerobic, nonsymbiotic, and symbiotic dinitrogen-fixing bacteria were screened for the presence of alternative nitrogenase (n2ase) genes by dna hybridization between genomic dna and dna encoding structural genes for components 1 of three different enzymes. a nifdk gene probe was used as a control to test for the presence of the commonly occurring mo-fe n2ase, a vnfdgk gene probe was used to show the presence of v-fe n2ase, and an anfdgk probe was used to detect fe n2ase. ...	1991	1987127
vpg-mediated aggregation of potyviral rna.	rna prepared from the potyvirus tobacco vein mottling virus contained aggregates of the 9.5 kb genomic rna with electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to 20 and 41 kb species. similar aggregates were present in preparations of the rnas of two other potyviruses. aggregation occurred during or after purification of the rna by sucrose gradient centrifugation and alcohol precipitation and was dependent upon the presence of a protein apparently bound covalently to a region at or near the 5' terminu ...	1991	1990064
ecology of accelerated natural lactic fermentation of sorghum-based infant food formulas.	accelerated natural lactic fermentation of mixed sorghum-cowpea (formula 1) and sorghum-milkpowder (formula 2) infant food formulas was achieved by repetitive (60 fermentation cycles of 24 h each) use of the previous batch as an inoculum at a rate of 10% (w/w) and resulted in a gradual establishment of mixed populations of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. in formula 1, early fermentation stages (fermentation cycles 1-4) were dominated by leuconostoc and lactococcus spp. which caused conditions i ...	1991	2049286
distribution of enterotoxigenic staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat foods in eastern nigeria.	out of 880 samples of commonly consumed meat, fish and vegetable ready-to-eat foods from eastern nigeria examined, 552 (62%) yielded coagulase-positive staphylococcus aureus, with 269 (48%) of the strains being enterotoxigenic. two cowpea-based foods, akara and moin moin, whose methods of preparation and sale involve little or no post-processing hand contact, contained the smallest numbers of s. aureus. all the water samples from food preparation centres analysed, which had repeated hand contact ...	1991	2049290
strains of bean common mosaic virus consist of at least two distinct potyviruses.	bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) consists of a large number of pathotypes and strains which have largely been identified by their characteristic interactions with a selected number of differential bean cultivars. the relationships among these strains and other potyviruses that infect legumes are complex, with indications that bcmv, blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (blcmv) and azuki bean mosaic virus (azmv) may be strains of the one virus. using high performance liquid chromatographic peptide profiles ...	1992	1450767
the nucleotide sequence of parsnip yellow fleck virus: a plant picorna-like virus.	the complete sequence of 9871 nucleotides (nts) of parsnip yellow fleck virus (pyfv; isolate p-121) was determined from cdna clones and by direct sequencing of viral rna. the rna contains a large open reading frame between nts 279 and 9362 which encodes a polyprotein of 3027 amino acids with a calculated m(r) of 336212 (336k). a pyfv polyclonal antiserum reacted with the proteins expressed from phage carrying cdna clones from the 5' half of the pyfv genome. comparison of the polyprotein sequence ...	1992	1469358
nutritional evaluation of the trypsin (ec 3.4.21.4) inhibitor from cowpea (vigna unguiculata walp.).	the effect of feeding rats purified cowpea (vigna unguiculata walp.) trypsin (ec 3.4.21.4) inhibitor in a semi-synthetic high-quality diet based on lactalbumin (10 g inhibitor/kg) for 10 d was a moderate reduction in the weight gain of rats in comparison with controls, despite an identical food intake in the two groups. the reduction in the growth rate was about 20% on a live weight basis. however, the corresponding value calculated from the weight of dry carcasses was less, only about 7%, proba ...	1992	1493140
cloned dna copies of cowpea severe mosaic virus genomic rnas: infectious transcripts and complete nucleotide sequence of rna 1.	cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) is a member of the comovirus group of messenger-sense rna viruses with bipartite genomes, of which cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is the type member. full-length copies of cpsmv rna 1 were cloned in plasmids bearing a bacteriophage t7 promoter. previously, similar clones of cpsmv rna 2 had been obtained. a 5'-ruauuaaaauuuu sequence is common to rna 1 and rna 2. from two rna 1 clones and four rna 2 clones we excised non-cpsmv sequences so as to provide templates for ...	1992	1448917
nomenclature and relationships of some brazilian leguminous potyviruses related to bean common mosaic and/or passionfruit woodiness viruses.	the main brazilian literature of the last 10 years on potyviruses of leguminous plants related to bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) and/or to passionfruit woodiness virus (pwv) is discussed and summarized. the viruses dealt with are canavalia acronecrosis, mosaico de canavalia, cassia yellow spot, cowpea green vein-banding, cowpea rugose mosaic and cowpea severe mottle. the viruses have similar biological properties, such as a host range restricted mainly to the leguminosae, aphid transmission, se ...	1992	1450754
a regulatory role for the 32k protein in proteolytic processing of cowpea mosaic virus polyproteins.	we have studied the regulation of proteolytic processing of the polyproteins encoded by cowpea mosaic virus m-rna and b-rna. for that purpose mutations were introduced in full-length cdna clones of these rnas. rna transcripts were translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and the effect of mutations on the processing was analysed. these studies revealed that the 32k protein is released from the 200k b-polyprotein by an intramolecular cleavage and remains associated with the 170k protein, probably ...	1992	1413528
processing of vpg-containing polyproteins encoded by the b-rna from cowpea mosaic virus.	to study the processing of putative vpg precursors the expression of specific mutant transcripts derived from a full-length cdna clone of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b-rna was examined in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. this study revealed that the 170k protein produced by a b-rna mutant that lacks the 32k coding region was efficiently processed by mainly intramolecular cleavages at three different sites into three sets of proteins of 60k + 110k, 84k + 87k, and 58k + 112k. further cleavage o ...	1992	1413529
a review of toxicity factors in some food and feedingstuffs in the nutrition of man and livestock in nigeria.	a review of the toxicity factors in some food and feedingstuffs in the nutrition of man and livestock in nigeria was conducted. the crops reviewed were cassava, cocoyam, guinea corn, cottonseed, soyabean, bambara, groundnut and cowpea. these crops provide cheap sources of carbohydrate and protein in the diets of humans and livestock. however, antinutritional factors inhibit their use. antinutritional or toxic factors associated with them are reviewed and means of detoxifying them for human and l ...	1992	1621369
the requirement for a 5' stem-loop structure in brome mosaic virus replication supports a new model for viral positive-strand rna initiation.	sequences with strong similarity to internal control regions 1 and 2 (icr1 and -2; a and b boxes) of trna genes are found at the 5' termini of the genomic rnas of brome mosaic virus (bmv) and other plant viruses. the functionality of these motifs was studied by introducing point mutations into the icr2-like sequence of prna-2 m/s, a bmv rna-2 deletion mutant that replicates in the presence of rnas-1 and -2 but does not encode a functional viral protein. the accumulation of positive-strand progen ...	1992	1731107
substantial portions of the 5' and intercistronic noncoding regions of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus rna3 are dispensable for systemic infection but influence viral competitiveness and infection pathology.	cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) has a tripartite, positive strand rna genome. genomic rna3 (2.2 kb) encodes the 3a nonstructural protein and the coat protein, which are dispensable for viral rna synthesis in protoplasts, but required for systemic infection of whole plants. in protoplasts, portions of the 5' and intercistronic noncoding regions of ccmv rna3 are also dispensable for rna3 replication and for transcription of the subgenomic coat protein mrna. to determine whether these noncodin ...	1992	1736532
expression of cowpea mosaic virus coat protein precursor in transgenic tobacco plants.	tobacco, nicotiana tabacum l., supports cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) replication and cell-to-cell movement, and thus may serve as a model system to study coat protein-mediated protection against cpmv. a chimeric gene consisting of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter, cpmv 60k coat proteins-precursor (cp-p) coding region, and the nopaline synthase polyadenylation signal was transferred to tobacco cv. burley 21 via the agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector system. gene integration and expres ...	1992	1730936
cap structure of u3 small nucleolar rna in animal and plant cells is different. gamma-monomethyl phosphate cap structure in plant rna.	u3 small nucleolar rna (snorna) is an abundant small rna involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal rna of eukaryotic cells. u3 snorna has been previously characterized from several sources, including human, rat, mouse, frog, fruit fly, dinoflagellates, slime mold, and yeast; in all these organisms, u3 snorna contains trimethylguanosine cap structure. in all instances where investigated, the trimethylguanosine-capped snrnas including u3 snorna, are synthesized by rna polymerase ii. however, in ...	1992	1618872
nucleotide sequence and genetic map of cowpea severe mosaic virus rna 2 and comparisons with rna 2 of other comoviruses.	we report the nucleotide sequence of cowpea severe mosaic comovirus (cpsmv) genomic rna 2. the molecule is composed of 3732 nucleotide (nt) residues, exclusive of the polyadenylate at the 3' end. only one of the six reading frame registers has a long open reading frame, from nt 255 to nt 3260 in the polarity of encapsidated rna and corresponding to a polyprotein of 1002 amino acid residues (aa). as has been reported for other comoviruses, a second in-frame aug, at nt position 531, apparently als ...	1992	1546463
sequence upstream of the 24k protease enhances cleavage of the cowpea mosaic virus b rna-encoded polyprotein at the junction between the 24k and 87k proteins.	to investigate cleavage at the junction between the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) 24k and 87k proteins, plasmids were constructed containing the sequence of bottom-component (b) rna encoding the 110k protein plus a variable length of upstream coding sequence. transcripts derived from these clones were translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and the appearance of the 87k protein was used to assess the efficiency of cleavage at the 24k-87k junction. the results show that the 110k protein, containing ...	1992	1604812
a hybrid plant rna virus made by transferring the noncapsid movement protein from a rod-shaped to an icosahedral virus is competent for systemic infection.	for many plant rna viruses, multiple viral gene products, including noncapsid movement proteins and capsid proteins, contribute to the spread of infection within plants. the extent to which these factors interact to support infection spread is not known, but, for movement protein mutants of certain viruses, the inability of coinoculated "helper" viruses to complement defective movement has suggested a possible requirement for coadaptation between noncapsid movement proteins and other virus facto ...	1992	1495969
coat protein properties suggest that azuki bean mosaic virus, blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, peanut stripe virus, and three isolates from soybean are all strains of the same potyvirus.	the interrelationship of a number of potyviruses infecting legumes has been investigated by comparing molecular properties of their coat proteins. comparison of the coat proteins by the techniques of amino acid analysis and page was inadequate to distinguish strains from distinct potyviruses. however, high-performance liquid chromatographic peptide profiles of tryptic digests of coat proteins of these legume-infecting potyviruses enabled such assignments to be made. these data indicate that amin ...	1992	1500273
mapping and sequence analysis of the capsid protein gene of cowpea mottle virus.	twelve cdna clones were generated, covering approximately 95% of the cowpea mottle virus (cmev) genome from the 3' end to near the 5' end. the entire capsid protein sequence of 1,104 nucleotides was contained in two clones located near the 3' terminus. the codons represented 367 amino acids (m(r) 39,611). the postulated amino acid sequence of cmev capsid protein had 36% homology to turnip crinkle virus and 26% homology to carnation mottle virus in the arm and s domains, but western blots showed ...	1992	1500274
diet-induced changes in the male reproductive system of rats.	either quantitative or qualitative modification of diet interferes markedly with the reproductive functions of the rat. the effect of chick mash or cowpeas (vigna unquiculata) on body growth, accessory sex organ weights, serum testosterone, and epididymal histology was studied. body growth was markedly decreased in cowpeas fed group. binucleated, multinucleated giant cells (mgcs), and lymphocytes were found in large numbers in the lumen of caput and cauda epididymis of the cowpea-fed group. no n ...	1992	1503524
effects of site-directed mutagenesis on the presumed catalytic triad and substrate-binding pocket of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus 24-kda proteinase.	grapevine fanleaf nepovirus (gflv) has a bipartite plus-sense rna genome. its structural and functional proteins originate from polyprotein maturation by at least one virus-encoded proteinase. here we describe the cloning of the 24-kda proteinase cistron located between the virus-linked protein (vpg) and the rna-dependent rna polymerase cistron in gflv rna1 (nucleotides 3966 to 4622). proteinase expressed from this clone is able to cleave gflv polyprotein p2 in order to produce the coat protein ...	1992	1519363
the nucleotide sequence and genome organization of the rna2 and rna3 segments in broad bean mottle virus.	complete nucleotide sequences of broad bean mottle virus (bbmv) genomic rnas 2 and 3 were determined. they consist of 2811 and 2293 nucleotides, respectively. both rnas are caped and, unlike in other tricornaviruses, both initiate with an a residue. bbmv rna2 is monocistronic and encodes an 815 amino acid 2a protein, whereas rna3 is dicistronic, encoding for a 295 amino acid 3a protein and for the 190 amino acid coat protein. a central, 423 amino acid 2a protein core region is highly homologous ...	1992	1546462
fungi associated with stored unprocessed cowpea and groundnut varieties available in borno state, nigeria.	five stored unprocessed cowpea (vigna spp) and four groundnut (arachis hypogeae) varieties available in borno state were examined for the mould flora. the degree of infestation of the grains ranged from 31% to 100% and 68% to 86% for surface sterilized cowpea and groundnut respectively. the mould flora commonly encountered were species of the genera aspergillus. penicillium species, scopulariopsis species and trichoderma species were also found. the flora of the cowpea was dominated by aspergill ...	1992	1300349
[chemical and biological characterization of meal and protein isolates from pumpkin seed (cucurbita moschata)].	the present study was carried out in order to check through chemical and biological analyses the nutritional characteristics of pumpkin seed, its delipidized meal and its proteic concentrate, considering its availability, nutritional potential, facility for production in poor soils and the need for new food resources. another objective was to complement the amino acid pattern of pumpkin with others protein sources for human consumption. the results obtained indicate that: raw pumpkin seed meal h ...	1992	1342182
characterization of proteins released from legume seeds in hot water.	when immersed in water at 50-60 degrees, mature soybean seeds release a large amount of protein. the major protein released was basic 7s globulin (bg), which is present in the cotyledons of soybean seeds. the released bg consisted of the 27,000 and 16,000 subunits which were linked by disulphide bonding and glycosylated. the released bg exhibited an identical structure with the mature bg which was synthesized in the normal developing seeds. proteins like bg were also found to be released into ho ...	1992	1368037
interaction between viruses and monoclonal antibodies studied by surface plasmon resonance.	an automated biosensor system designed for measuring molecular interactions in real time and without any labelling of the reactants has been used to study the interaction of two animal viruses (vaccinia virus and poliovirus) and two plant viruses (cowpea mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus) with monoclonal antibodies. using monoclonal antibodies specific for different conformational states of viral protein, it was found that the virus particles retained their conformational integrity when immo ...	1992	1372280
siderophore and organic acid production in root nodule bacteria.	nineteen strains of root nodule bacteria were grown under various iron regimes (0.1, 1.0 and 20 microm added iron) and tested for catechol and hydroxamate siderophore production and the excretion of malate and citrate. the growth response of the strains to iron differed markedly. for 12 strains (bradyrhizobium strains nc92b and 32h1, b. japonicum usda110 and cb1809, b. lupini wu8, cowpea rhizobium ngr234, rhizobium meliloti strains u45 and cc169, rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae wu235 and rhizo ...	1992	1387306
evidence for orthologous seed weight genes in cowpea and mung bean based on rflp mapping.	a well saturated genomic map is a necessity for a breeding program based on marker assisted selection. to this end, we are developing genomic maps for cowpea (vigna unguiculata 2n = 22) and mung bean (vigna radiata 2n = 22) based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers. using these maps, we have located major quantitative trait loci (qtls) for seed weight in both species. two unlinked genomic regions in cowpea contained qtls accounting for 52.7% of the variation for seed weigh ...	1992	1361476
structure determination of the bacteriophage phix174.	the structure of the single-stranded dna phage phix174 has been determined to 3.4 a resolution. the crystal space group was p2(1) with one icosahedral particle per asymmetric unit, giving 60-fold noncrystallographic redundancy. oscillation diffraction photographs were collected using synchrotron radiation at various wavelengths. the particle orientations in the unit cell were determined with a rotation function. because cowpea mosaic virus has a similar external envelope to phix174, it was used ...	1992	1418820
[nutritional and taste properties of canned cowpeas (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. ii. effect of storage].	in order to evaluate the effects of storage on nutritional and sensory properties of canned cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp), a batch of 180 cans was stocked at room temperature (22 degrees c to 32 degrees c) for a period of six months. at intervals of 0, 30, 90 and 180 days, 26 samples collected randomly were submitted to physicochemical, sensory and biological analyses. significant statistical reductions (p < or = 0.01 to p < or = 0.05) were observed due to storage time, having this signif ...	1992	1342166
[nutritional and taste properties of canned cowpeas (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp). i. effect of the canning process].	the effects of canning in brine on cowpea quality (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp) were determined. beans were steamed-blanched at 100 degrees c for 2 minutes, and then canned and autoclaved at 121 degrees c for 10 minutes. these samples were compared to home-cooked cowpea samples through physicochemical, sensory and biological analyses. significant reductions (p < or = 0.01) in canned bean composition as to values for protein, carbohydrate and fiber were determined when compared to cooked samples. ...	1992	1342165
a proposal for a bean common mosaic subgroup of potyviruses.	in order to elucidate the taxonomic positions of bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (b1cmv), several strains of these viruses were compared on the basis of host ranges, antigenic properties established with antisera to virions and to n-terminal peptide domains of their coat proteins, and high performance liquid chromatographic peptide profiles. the comparison includes three strains of bcmv, viz. nl1, nl3 and ny15, four strains of b1cmv, viz. fla, ind, nr, and w, and ...	1992	1450765
serological and biological relationships among viruses in the bean common mosaic virus subgroup.	bean common mosaic virus (bcmv), blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (b1cmv), cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv), azuki bean mosaic virus (azmv), and peanut stripe virus (pstv) are five species of the genus potyvirus, family potyviridae which are seed-transmitted in beans or cowpeas. eighteen isolates of bcmv, five isolates of b1cmv, four isolates of cabmv, and one isolate each of azmv, and pstv were compared serologically using a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against bcmv, b1cmv ...	1992	1450766
isolation and characterization of rhizobitoxine mutants of bradyrhizobium japonicum.	to explore the role of rhizobitoxine in bradyrhizobium-legume symbiosis, 11 rhizobitoxine mutants of b. japonicum usda61 were isolated on the basis of their inability to synthesize the toxin in culture. each mutant is prototrophic and symbiotically effective on soybean, cowpea, siratro, and glycine soja. the rhizobitoxine mutants differ in their chlorosis phenotypes and rhizobitoxine production in planta. as expected, one group of mutant fail to make toxin in planta, resulting in the absence of ...	1992	1317377
evaluation of the extent of homologous chloroplast dna sequences in the mitochondrial genome of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.).	southern blot hybridization techniques were used to estimate the extent of chloroplast dna sequences present in the mitochondrial genome of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.) the entire mitochondrial chromosome was homogeneously labeled and used to probe blotted dna fragments obtained by extensive restriction of the tobacco chloroplast genome. the strongest cross-homologies were obtained with fragments derived from the inverted repeat and the atpbe cluster regions, although most of the clones tested ...	1992	16668671
gibberellins and the legume-rhizobium symbiosis : iii. quantification of gibberellins from stems and nodules of lima bean and cowpea.	lima bean (phaseolus lunatus l.) plants inoculated with bradyrhizobium sp. strain 127e14 displayed a period of marked internode elongation that was not observed in plants inoculated with other compatible bradyrhizobia, including strain 127e15. when strain 127e14 nodulated an alternate host, cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp), a similar, although less dramatic growth response induced by the bacteria was observed. it has been speculated that the elongative growth promotion brought about by inocula ...	1992	16653229
posttranslational modifications in the amino- terminal region of the large subunit of ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from several plant species.	a combination of limited tryptic proteolysis, reverse phasehigh performance liquid chromatography, edman degradative sequencing, amino acid analysis, and fast-atom bombardment mass-spectrometry was used to remove and identify the first 14 to 18 n-terminal amino acid residues of the large subunit of higher plant-type ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) from chlamydomonas reinhardtii, marchantia polymorpha, pea (pisum sativum), tomato (lycopersicon esculentum), potato (solanu ...	1992	16668742
comparison of nematode population densities on six summer crops at seven sites in north florida.	densities of plant-parasitic nematodes were compared on six crops grown for forage during the summer of 1991 at seven sites in north central florida. the cropping treatments were 'howard' soybean (glycine max), 'deltapine 105' soybean, velvetbean (mucuna deeringiana), 'california blackeye #5' cowpea (vigna unguiculata), 'pioneer 3098' tropical corn (zea mays), and 'asgrow chaparral' sorghum (sorghum bicolor). highest final densities (pf) of meloidogyne incognita and criconemella spp. were obtain ...	1992	19283048
the nucleotide sequence of red clover mottle virus bottom component rna.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the bottom component rna (b rna) of red clover mottle virus strain s has been determined. the sequence consists of 6033 nucleotides and contains a single long open reading frame sufficient to encode a protein of m(r) 210,258. the proteolytic processing sites within this protein have been deduced by comparison of its sequence with that of the b rna-encoded protein of cowpea mosaic virus. comparison of the amino acid sequences of the individual proteins confirms ...	1992	1402822
hydrolysis of raffinose and stachyose in cowpea (vigna unguiculata) flour, using α-galactosidase fromaspergillus niger.	filamentous fungi, isolated from the enriched surface of garden soil, were screened for α-galactosidase production after growing on wheat-bran/carbohydrate substrate. one isolate,aspergillus niger, had the highest enzyme activity (5.1×10(-2) units/mg protein) at ph 5.0 and 50°c. treatment of cowpea flour with the crude enzyme reduced the raffinose and stachyose content by 95% and 82% respectively. this technique could therefore be useful in controlling the flatulence activity of cowpeas.	1992	24425600
the cowpea mosaic virus m rna-encoded 48-kilodalton protein is responsible for induction of tubular structures in protoplasts.	tubular structures extending from plasmodesmata in cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-infected tissue have been implicated to play an important role in cell-to-cell movement of this virus. using a cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter-based transient expression vector, we show that expression of only the cpmv m rna-encoded 48-kda protein (48k protein) in cowpea protoplasts is sufficient to induce these structures. strikingly, expression of the 48k protein in protoplasts from a number of nonhost plant sp ...	1993	8497075
cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter-controlled dna copies of cowpea mosaic virus rnas are infectious on plants.	clones have been constructed that contain full-length cdna copies of cowpea mosaic virus rna1 and rna2, downstream of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter. the clones, when linearized downstream of the viral sequences, give rise to cowpea mosaic virus-like symptoms when inoculated onto cowpea plants. viral rna and virions can be detected in the inoculated plants, demonstrating that the clones are directly infectious.	1993	8492093
uptake hydrogenase (hup) in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) symbioses.	strains of rhizobium forming nitrogen-fixing symbioses with common bean were systematically examined for the presence of the uptake hydrogenase (hup) structural genes and expression of uptake hydrogenase (hup) activity. dna with homology to the hup structural genes of bradyrhizobium japonicum was present in 100 of 248 strains examined. ecori fragments with molecular sizes of approximately 20.0 and 2.2 kb hybridized with an internal saci fragment, which contains part of both bradyrhizobial hup st ...	1993	16349115
antigenic signature analysis reflects differences among plant virus isolates.	antigenic differences among cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) isolates were clearly reflected in signature analysis employing a panel of seven well-characterized, monoclonal antibodies. separate binding curves were generated by reacting serial dilutions of extracts from infected plant tissue containing each antigen simultaneously with each antibody in the panel. an iterative procedure was used to align unknown cpsmv antigen concentrations from different antigen preparations to allow comparison ...	1993	7685770
expression of an animal virus antigenic site on the surface of a plant virus particle.	to investigate if cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) particles can be used to express foreign protein sequences, oligonucleotides encoding an epitope derived from vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were cloned into the region of the cpmv genome encoding the small (s) coat protein. the chimeras were designed so that the foreign sequence was expressed either as an insertion or as a replacement for part of the wild-type sequence. while rna from both chimeras was able to replicate in cowpea protopla ...	1993	7692669
pancreatic enlargement is evident in rats fed diets containing raw soybeans (glycine max) or cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) for 800 days but not in those fed diets based on kidney beans (phaseolus vulgaris) or lupinseed (lupinus angustifolius).	pancreatic weights and composition were studied with rats fed diets containing raw legume seeds for up to 800 d. rapid pancreatic enlargement was induced by dietary soybeans (glycine max) (high kunitz and bowman-birk trypsin inhibitor contents, moderate lectin content) during the initial 150 d. over the next 200 d the rate of pancreatic growth was similar to that in controls. after 350 d a second period of rapid pancreatic growth occurred. macroscopic pancreatic nodules were evident in a number ...	1993	7505319
deletion analysis and localization of sbprp1, a soybean cell wall protein gene, in roots of transgenic tobacco and cowpea.	sbprp1 is a member of the soybean (glycine max l. merr) proline-rich cell wall protein family and is expressed at high levels in root tissue. to characterize the sequences required for this expression, we have fused 1.1 kb of upstream flanking dna sequence from an sbprp1 genomic clone to a gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (gus). this construct was introduced into tobacco using agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. histochemical staining of gus activity in transgenic tobacco indicate ...	1993	7678758
bromovirus movement protein genes play a crucial role in host specificity.	monocot-adapted brome mosaic virus (bmv) and dicot-adapted cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) are closely related bromoviruses with tripartite rna genomes. although rnas 1 and 2 together are sufficient for rna replication in protoplasts, systemic infection also requires rna3, which encodes the coat protein and the nonstructural 3a movement protein. we have previously shown with bromoviral reassortants that host specificity determinants in both viruses are encoded by rna3 as well as by rna1 and ...	1993	7682628
a view of plant dehydrins using antibodies specific to the carboxy terminal peptide.	dehydrins are characterized by the consensus kikeklpg amino acid sequence found near the carboxy terminus, and usually repeated from one to many times within the protein. a synthetic peptide containing this consensus sequence was used to produce specific antibodies that recognize dehydrins in a wide range of plants. this range covered two families of monocots, viz. gramineae (hordeum vulgare l., triticum aestivum l., zea mays l., oryza sativa l.) and liliaceae (allium sativa l.), and five famili ...	1993	7693020
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a segment from andean potato mottle virus b rna encoding the putative rna polymerase.	andean potato mottle virus (apmv), an endemic south american comovirus, has a bipartite genome consisting of two plus-strand rna molecules (m and b rna). we have cloned the 3' half of the b rna and identified the complete sequence of the putative apmv rna polymerase. the rna polymerase gene is part of a large polyprotein-encoding open reading frame. the putative, mature rna polymerase, as deduced by comparison with the related cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), type member of the comovirus group, is 70 ...	1993	8429307
evidence that cowpea aphid-borne mosaic and blackeye cowpea mosaic viruses are two different potyviruses.	the immunoreactivity of a panel of polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against african isolates of potyviruses from cowpea and african yam bean was examined in elisas. a serological study including reference isolates followed by further characterization in differential hosts resulted in separation of the potyviruses into two distinct serogroups, one containing blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (blcmv) and the other containing cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (camv). using bio ...	1993	8445363
the coat protein genes of squash mosaic virus: cloning, sequence analysis, and expression in tobacco protoplasts.	complementary dna of the middle-component rna of the melon strain of squash mosaic comovirus (sqmv) was cloned. clones containing the coat protein genes were identified by hybridization with a degenerate oligonucleotide synthesized according to the amino acid sequence of a purified peptide fragment of the sqmv large coat protein. a clone containing of 2.5 kbp cdna insert of sqmv m-rna was sequenced. the total insert sequence of 2510 bp included a 2373 bp open reading frame (orf) (encoding 791 am ...	1993	8503782
effect of high-protein feed supplements on concentrations of growth hormone (gh), insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) and igf-binding protein-3 in plasma and on the amounts of gh and messenger rna for gh in the pituitary glands of adult rams.	three groups of mature rams were maintained on diets of hay, hay + 2% lupin or hay + 2% cowpea for 11 weeks. serial blood samples were taken at 15-min intervals for 12 h for the determination of gh and igf-i content by radioimmunoassay and for igf-binding protein-3 (igfbp-3) levels by western blotting. the rams were killed after 77 days of supplementary feeding and their pituitary glands analysed for content of gh and gh mrna. mean plasma gh and baseline gh levels were significantly (p < 0.01) d ...	1993	7506288
sub-cellular localization of the 25-kda protein encoded in the triple gene block of potato virus x.	the 25-kda protein of potato virus x (pvx) is encoded by the 5' open reading frame of the overlapping triple gene block, has a gks sequence motif characteristic of nucleotide binding proteins, and is thought to play a role in movement between cells. we have produced a polyclonal antibody to the 25-kda protein to investigate its synthesis and intracellular location. on western blots of infected tissue extracts this antibody detected a single major protein of the expected mobility, produced earlie ...	1993	8212551
expression of antisense nodulin-35 rna in vigna aconitifolia transgenic root nodules retards peroxisome development and affects nitrogen availability to the plant.	a nodulin-35 (n-35) cdna encoding nodule-specific uricase (ec 1.7.3.3.) was isolated from a vigna aconitifolia (mothbean) root nodule cdna library. sequence analysis of vigna uricase (vn-35) cdna revealed 90% homology to that of soybean. the vn-35 cdna was inserted in the antisense orientation downstream of the camv-35s promoter, and transgenic hairy roots were formed on vigna plants using agrobacterium rhizogenes. infection with bradyrhizobium (cowpea) gave rise to root nodules on transgenic ha ...	1993	8220465
bromovirus rna replication and transcription require compatibility between the polymerase- and helicase-like viral rna synthesis proteins.	the positive-strand rna bromoviruses encode two nonstructural proteins, 1a and 2a, involved in rna-dependent rna replication. these proteins have extensive sequence similarities with methyltransferase, helicase, and polymerase proteins of other plant and animal viruses. 1a and 2a can also form a complex in vitro. to explore whether 1a-2a interaction is required for rna replication in vivo, we reassorted the 1a and 2a genes from two different bromoviruses, brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlo ...	1993	8230440
in vitro destabilization of plant viruses and cdna synthesis.	dna copies of a wide range of rna viruses can be made by the direct addition of appropriately treated, purified virus particles to a reverse transcription reaction. therefore, many problems associated with rna isolation can be circumvented. virus particles can be sufficiently destabilized by adjustments of salt content, buffer, ph or by the use of physical force supplied by a freeze/thaw cycle so that rna in sufficient quantity and physical condition is available for the synthesis of in some cas ...	1993	8263116
coat protein stimulates replication complexes of alfalfa mosaic virus to produce virion rnas in vitro.	viral replication complexes (rcs) were gradient-purified from cowpea mesophyll protoplasts 21 h after inoculation with alfalfa mosaic virus. these membranous structures incorporate [32p]ump into double- and single-stranded rnas in the absence of added template. when coat protein is added prior to the reaction the incorporation in both rna fractions is stimulated several times. part of the single-stranded product rnas are released from the rcs. the stimulation of incorporation in high molecular m ...	1993	8268261
mutational analysis of aug codons of cowpea mosaic virus m rna.	the involvement of the aug codons at positions 115, 161, 512 and 524 in translation and infectivity of cowpea mosaic virus m rna was studied. mutations were introduced in each of these codons in a full length cdna clone of m rna and the effect of the mutations was examined by translation from in vitro transcripts of these mutant cdnas in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and by checking the replication of these transcripts in the presence of b rna in cowpea protoplasts and plants. it was found that au ...	1993	8286445
antifertility effects of cowpeas on male rats.	cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) were fed to rats from weaning to 250 days. at the end of feeding trial and mating trials, histological studies were done on testicular and epididymal tissues. out of the 10 rats from the cowpea fed group, only six had fertile matings. the average litter size for control rats was 13.7 +/- 1.0, while for the cowpea fed group it was 8.2 +/- 7.0. histological studies showed severe degenerative changes in the testis and the presence of multinucleated giant cells (mgcs) in ...	1993	8306384
the nutritive value of some selected tanzanian plant food sources.	the chemical composition of different varieties of field beans (vicia faba l.), cowpeas (vigna unguiculata), groundnuts (voandzeia subterranea), and sorghum (sorghum vulgare) were determined. nutrients analysed in these materials included amino acids, starch, sugar, fibre, minerals and antinutritional factors. all the materials were further tested in balance trials with rats; true protein digestibility (td), biological value (bv), net protein utilization (npu) and digestible energy (de) were eva ...	1993	8332582
failure of long-distance movement of southern bean mosaic virus in a resistant host is correlated with lack of normal virion formation.	sunn-hemp mosaic tobamovirus (shmv) facilitated the spread of the cowpea strain of southern bean sobemovirus (sbmv-c) only in inoculated leaves of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l. cv. bountiful), a resistant host for sbmv-c. tissue prints of bean primary leaves doubly inoculated with shmv and sbmv-c, developed by western blotting, showed the presence of the sbmv-c capsid antigen in the mesophyll and epidermis, but no antigen was detected in the conducting bundles. typical sbmv-c virions were n ...	1993	8376965
sequence data to settle the taxonomic position of bean common mosaic virus and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus isolates.	the nucleotide sequences of the coat protein genes and 3' non-translated regions (3'-ntrs) of three isolates of bean common mosaic virus (nl1, nl3 and ny15) and one isolate of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (w) were determined. comparison of these sequences revealed that the coat proteins of nl1, ny15 and w were identical in size (287 amino acids) and exhibited an overall sequence similarity (94 to 97%), and 84 to 98% in their n-terminal regions. furthermore, their 3'-ntrs were very similar in len ...	1993	8409946
the use of nitrogen-15 labeling for the assessment of leguminous protein digestibility.	this study evaluated the digestibility of leguminous protein labeled with 15n, by using nitrogen balance and quantitation of fecal endogenous nitrogen (fen), determined by isotopic dilution, in order to correct apparent values. seeds of common beans, cowpea and common pea labeled with 1.000 atoms% of 15n-excess were used as protein sources in diets for 60 male wistar rats, during a 6-day assay. the real digestibility values obtained with fen were 77.6, 84.4, and 86.3% for common beans, cowpea an ...	1993	8509900
protoplasts transiently expressing the 200k coding sequence of cowpea mosaic virus b-rna support replication of m-rna.	in order to identify the viral polymerase involved in cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna replication the 87k, 110k and 170k proteins as well as the complete 200k polyprotein of cpmv b-rna have been produced in cowpea protoplasts, using expression vectors based on the 35s promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus. cpmv-specific proteins were obtained that were indistinguishable from proteins found in cpmv-infected protoplasts. proteolytic processing of precursor proteins synthesized from the expression ve ...	1993	8409945
molecular taxonomic relationships in the genus vigna based on rflp analysis.	the taxonomy of the genus vigna has been primarily based on morphological attributes. we have used 27 genomic clones from soybean, common bean, mungbean and cowpea to examine restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) among 44 accessions of different species belonging to four subgenera of the genus vigna. one accession each of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (glycine max) was included in the study. total dna from the various genotypes was digested with one restriction enzyme (e ...	1993	24193388
comparative genome analysis of mungbean (vigna radiata l. wilczek) and cowpea (v. unguiculata l. walpers) using rflp mapping data.	genome relationships between mungbean (vigna tradiata) and cowpea (v. unguiculata) based on the linkage arrangement of random genomic restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers have been investigated. a common set of probes derived from cowpea, common bean (phaseolus vulgaris), mungbean, and soybean (glycine max) psti genomic libraries were used to construct the genetic linkage maps. in both species, a single f2 population from a cross between an improved cultivar and a putative wil ...	1993	24193874
dietary tannins from cowpeas and tea transiently alter apparent calcium absorption but not absorption and utilization of protein in rats.	tannins reportedly alter absorption and utilization of protein and minerals. the present study investigated the effect of tannins extracted from 'mississippi silver' cowpeas and black tea when incorporated into nutritionally balanced diets. condensed tannins were incorporated into the diet of weanling male sprague-dawley rats at 0.0, 0.0057, 0.0171 and 0.057 g/100 g diet for 28 d. ingestion of tannin from cowpeas or tea did not change significantly growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent ...	1994	8308578
ultrastructural changes in rat epididymides induced by cowpeas.	the ultrastructure of tubular inclusions of caput and cauda epididymides were studied in rats that were fed only cowpeas from weaning (20-22 days old) to 130 days. the results showed significant (p < .001) fall in body weight and testicular, caput, and cauda epididymal weights in the cowpea-fed animals. although the walls of the epididymides remained intact, the lumina of both segments showed cellular inclusions of various types amid sperm clumps. unlike controls, where sperm flagella and headpi ...	1994	8166576
effects of hormones and cysteine protease modulators on infection of hepg2 cells by plasmodium berghei sporozoites in vitro determined by elisa immunoassay.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) detecting a plasmodium berghei liver-stage-specific protein pbl-1 is described. the quantitative detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 microgram of parasite protein. qualitatively the assay detected as little as 0.001 microgram pbl-1 per well. using the elisa dexamethasone and insulin together was shown to promote higher parasite infections in hepg2 cells compared to unsupplemented medium. anti-cowpea-protease cysteine inhibitor significantly incr ...	1994	8195943