Publications

stimulation of neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in three strains of mice immunized with a 22 amino acid peptide of gp41 expressed on the surface of a plant virus.	a plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus, expressing a 22 amino acid peptide 731-752 of the gp41 glycoprotein of human immunodeficency virus type 1 (hiv-1 iiib), was shown previously to stimulate hiv-1 cross reactive neutralizing antibodies in adult c57/bl6 mice. here some parameters concerning the stimulation of hiv-1-specific neutralizing and elisa antibody have been determined in adult c57/bl6, c3h/he-mg and balb/c mice. two injections per mouse of all cpmv-hiv/1 doses tested (100, 10 and 1 microgr ...	1996	8817828
salinity and osmotic stress-regulated proteins in cowpea rhizobium 4a (peanut isolate).	the effect of salinity and osmotic stress on protein synthesis was studied in cowpea rhizobium 4a. osmotic component of salinity stress has been shown to induce ten proteins in a salt tolerant/osmosensitive cowpea rhizobium. 4a (groundnut isolate). of these seven polypeptides were induced only by salt/osmotic stress while two were induced by heat shock. the results demonstrate a commonality as well as stress specificity of protein synthesis regulation.	1996	8828814
content of antinutrients and in vitro protein digestibility of the african yambean, pigeon and cowpea.	the protein, trypsin inhibitor (ti), tannin, phytate, phytic acid phosphorus and in vitro protein digestibility (ivpd) of cultivars of the african yambean (sphenostylis stenocarpa) - ayb, pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) - pp and cowpea (vigna unguiculata) - cp were determined. the protein content of cp (24-28.0%) was higher than those of pp (21-22.5%) and ayb (21-22.5%). the cream and speckled ayb contained more ti (30.9 and 25.3 mg/g) than pp (7.5-14.1 mg/g) and cp (9.8-20.5 mg/g). apart from the wh ...	1995	8833429
potential of chimaeric plant virus particles as novel, stable vaccines.	technology has been developed for the expression of multiple copies of epitopes from human and animal pathogens on the surface of assembled particles of a plant virus (cowpea mosaic virus). the technology, termed the chimaeric virus particle (cvp) technology, can be exploited for the production of vaccines in plants. each chimaeric virus particle contains 60 copies of the foreign peptide which are expressed in highly exposed positions on the surface of the virus particle. viral and bacterial epi ...	1996	8854018
characterization of intestinally active proteinases of cyst-nematodes.	cryostat sections of juvenile and adult female stages of the soybean cyst-nematode, heterodera glycines, were incubated with 4 different naphthylamide-linked peptide substrates to localize and characterize proteinase activity within the animal. detected activity was restricted to the intestine and 2 distinct classes of proteinase were identified on the basis of substrate specificity and sensitivity to plant proteinase inhibitors. a cathepsin l-like cysteine proteinase activity capable of hydroly ...	1996	8873479
the movement proteins of cowpea mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus induce tubular structures in plant and insect cells.	the movement proteins (mp) of cowpea mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) are associated with tubular structures in vivo which participate in the transmission of virus particles from cell to cell. both proteins have been expressed in plant protoplasts and insect cells. in all cases, immunofluorescent histochemistry showed that the mps accumulate intracellularly as tubular extensions projecting from the cell surface. additionally, electron microscopy revealed intracellular mp aggregat ...	1996	8922481
aflatoxin formation and varietal difference of cow pea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.) and garden pea (pisum sativum l.) cultivars.	different cultivars of cow pea and garden pea seeds were surveyed for susceptibility or resistance towards the toxigenic and aflatoxin-producing mould (aspergillus flavus imi 102135). the results show that aflatoxin production varied among the different cultivars of both cow pea and garden pea. morphological and histological characters of the different cultivars tested did not show any relation between colour, shape and size of seeds and the amount of aflatoxin produced. the chemical analysis of ...	1996	8927121
the development of cowpea mosaic virus as a potential source of novel vaccines.	epitopes from human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) and human immunodeficiency virus type (hiv-1) have been expressed on the surface of particles of the plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the chimaeras retain their ability to grow in plants and large quantities of virions can be easily purified. immunological studies have shown that purified particles have the antigenic properties of the insert, and, in the case of the hiv-1 chimaera, can elicit the production of neutralising antibodies in mice. th ...	1996	8957673
rhizobia modulate root-hair-specific expression of extensin genes.	three cdnas (ext3, ext127, and ext26), originally isolated by differential screening from a root-hair cdna library of vigna unguiculata, were found to encode extensin-like cell wall proteins. transcripts homologous to these cdnas were only detected in root hairs where mrna levels decreased 1 day after inoculation with rhizobia. this coincided with the onset of root-hair deformation, the first morphological step in the rhizobium-legume interaction. decreases in transcript levels following inocula ...	1997	9002273
structure-based rationale for the rescue of systemic movement of brome mosaic virus by spontaneous second-site mutations in the coat protein gene.	we describe spontaneous second-site reversions within the coat protein open reading frame that rescue the systemic-spread phenotype and increase virion stability of a mutant of brome mosaic virus. based on the crystal structure of the related cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, we show that the modified residues are spatially clustered to affect the formation of hexamers and pentamers and therefore virion stability.	1997	9032390
plant-derived vaccine protects target animals against a viral disease.	the successful expression of animal or human virus epitopes on the surface of plant viruses has recently been demonstrated. these chimeric virus particles (cvps) could represent a cost-effective and safe alternative to conventional animal cell-based vaccines. we report the insertion of oligonucleotides coding for a short linear epitope from the vp2 capsid protein of mink enteritis virus (mev) into an infectious cdna clone of cowpea mosaic virus and the successful expression of the epitope on the ...	1997	9062924
structure-based design of peptide presentation on a viral surface: the crystal structure of a plant/animal virus chimera at 2.8 a resolution.	we employed a genetically engineered icosahedral plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), as an expression and presentation system to display a 14 amino acid linear antigenic epitope found in a capsid protein of human rhinovirus 14 (hrv14).	1996	9079380
induction of chalcone synthase expression by rhizobia and nod factors in root hairs and roots.	chalcone synthase (chs) of vigna unguiculata is encoded by a gene family that is abundantly transcribed in leaves and nodules. inoculation with rhizobium sp. ngr234, which nodulates v. unguiculata, or with ngr delta nodabc, a mutant deficient in nod factor production, induced rapid accumulation of chs mrnas in roots and root hairs. as both nod+ and nod- bacteria provoke responses, induction of chs gene expression may involve symbiotic or defense responses. four days after inoculation with the wi ...	1997	9100382
interaction of proteases with legume seed inhibitors. molecular features.	after having found that raw black beans (phaseolus vulgaris) were toxic, while the cooked ones constitute the basic diet of the underdeveloped peoples of the world, in the sixties, our research directed by dr. jaffé, concentrated mainly around the detection and identification of the heat labile toxic factors in legume seeds. a micromethod for the detection of protease inhibitors (pi) in individual seeds was developed, for the purpose of establishing that the multiple trypsin inhibitors (ti) foun ...	1996	9137634
the structure of cucumber mosaic virus: cryoelectron microscopy, x-ray crystallography, and sequence analysis.	the three-dimensional structure of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) was analyzed at 23 a resolution by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction, demonstrating structural similarity to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), another member of the bromoviridae family. the cmv structure was determined at 8 a resolution by x-ray crystallography with phases determined by single isomorphous replacement and refined by fivefold noncrystallographic symmetry averaging. the x-ray structure agreed with the ...	1997	9185592
effects of coat protein mutations and reduced movement protein expression on infection spread by cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and its hybrid derivatives.	previously we have reported that the essential 3a movement gene of icosahedral cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) can be functionally replaced by the 30-kda movement gene of rod-shaped sunn-hemp mosaic virus (shmv). because plant rna viruses differ in requiring or not requiring coat protein for systemic infection, we have now investigated whether systemic spread by this ccmv/shmv hybrid is dependent on its ccmv coat protein as well as its shmv movement protein. we find that either deletion or ...	1997	9185600
molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. iii. analysis of cell-to-cell movement competence of coat protein defective variants of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	to determine whether the role of coat protein (cp) in cell-to-cell movement of dicot-adapted cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) is distinct from that of monocot-adapted brome mosaic bromovirus (bmv), two reporter genes, beta-glucuronidase (gus) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp), were substituted for the cp in a biologically active clone of ccmv rna3 (c3). primary leaves of nicotiana benthamiana, chenopodium quinoa, and cowpea were co-inoculated with wild-type (wt) ccmv rna 1 a ...	1997	9191853
molecular cloning of the cowpea leghemoglobin ii gene and expression of its cdna in escherichia coli. purification and characterization of the recombinant protein.	cowpea (vigna unguiculata) nodules contain three leghemoglobins (lbi, lbii, and lbiii) that are encoded by at least two genes. we have cloned and sequenced the gene that encodes for lbii (lbii), the most abundant lb in cowpea nodules, using total dna as the template for pcr. primers were designed using the sequence of the soybean lbc gene. the lbii gene is 679 bp in length and codes for a predicted protein of 145 amino acids. using sequences of the cowpea lbii gene for the synthesis of primers a ...	1997	9193085
jack bean (canavalia ensiformis): nutrition related aspects and needed nutrition research.	the nutritional characteristics and food potentials of jack bean (canavalia ensiformis) have been reviewed. the bean is a good sources of protein, 23% to 34%, and carbohydrate 55%. it is also a good source of ca, zn, p, mg, cu and ni. jack bean protein is adequate in most essential amino acids with the exception of methionine and cystine which may be nutritionally limiting. antinutritional and toxic factors including trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinins, cyanogen glucosides, oligosaccharides and o ...	1997	9201744
a protoplast system for studying tomato spotted wilt virus infection.	a plant protoplast system for studying tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (tswv) infection was established and tested. using polyethylene glycol-mediated inoculation with highly infectious tswv particles, generally 50% or more of nicotiana rustica protoplasts were infected. in these cells viral rna and viral protein synthesis became detectable at 16 h post-inoculation (p.i.) and continued at least until 90 h p.i. both the structural viral proteins [nucleoprotein (n) and the envelope glycoproteins g1 ...	1997	9225052
the plant defense response to cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea is elicited by the viral polymerase gene and affects virus accumulation in single cells.	resistance to infection in cowpea by strains of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) involves a local, hypersensitive response (hr) and a localization of infection. these responses can be separated by mutation at two sites (nucleotides 1978 and 2007, in codons 631 and 641) in the cmv 2a polymerase gene. changes to both sites of a restricted strain allow systemic infection without an hr and increase the accumulation of both the 2a protein and viral rna in protoplasts, while changing position 1978 alone re ...	1997	9233815
nutritional evaluation of a high-temperature dried soft wheat pasta supplemented with cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l) walp).	the objective of this study was to determine the nutritional quality of the pasta described above. the work was unique in the following aspects: 1) the drying process was a nonconventional method, consisting of a high-temperature short-time (htst) process; 2) the nutritional quality of the wheat pasta was improved by the cowpea supplementation. cowpea was especially chosen due to it being a staple food in the diet of the people in northeast brazil. benefits attributed to the htst drying process ...	1996	9239294
association between ion fluxes and defense responses in pea and cowpea tissues.	the glycopeptide elicitor from a pea pathogen, mycosphaerella pinodes, induced rapid alkalinization and increases in levels of na+ and k+ ions in the extracellular solution upon contact with pea and cowpea tissues. the presence of monensin, nigericin, lidocaine, quinidine or phenytoin together with the elicitor markedly inhibited these changes, whereas the presence of valinomycin, gramicidin d, tetraethylammonium, cscl and aminopyridine did not. the production of phytoalexins in pea and cowpea t ...	1997	9249987
mapping and expression of southern bean mosaic virus genomic and subgenomic rnas.	the coat protein of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic sobemovirus (sbmv-c) is translated from a subgenomic rna (sgrna) that is synthesized in the virus-infected cell. like the sbmv-c genomic rna, the sgrna has a viral protein (vpg) covalently bound to its 5' end. the mechanism(s) by which ribosomes initiate translation on the sbmv-c rnas is not known. to begin to characterize the translation of the sgrna it was first necessary to precisely map its 5' end. primer extension was used to ide ...	1997	9268164
analysis of the interaction of viral rna replication proteins by using the yeast two-hybrid assay.	the yeast two-hybrid system has been a useful tool in the genetic evaluation of protein-protein interactions. however, the biological relevance of these two-hybrid interactions to viral positive-strand rna replication has not been demonstrated. the brome mosaic virus (bmv) system has been characterized extensively both genetically and biochemically, providing numerous mutations in the bmv 1a helicase-like and 2a polymerase-like proteins. we have tested wild-type 1a and 18 insertion mutations of ...	1997	9311832
partially folded states of the capsid protein of cowpea severe mosaic virus in the disassembly pathway.	the different partially folded states of the capsid protein that appear in the disassembly pathway of cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) were investigated by examining the effects of hydrostatic pressure, sub-zero temperatures and urea. the conformational states of the coat protein were analyzed by their intrinsic fluorescence, binding of bis(8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate) (bis-ans) and susceptibility to trypsin digestion. cpsmv could be disassembled by pressure at 2.5 kbar. intrinsic fluores ...	1997	9344752
iris explorer software for radial-depth cueing reovirus particles and other macromolecular structures determined by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction.	structures of biological macromolecules determined by transmission cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-tem) and three-dimensional image reconstruction are often displayed as surface-shaded representations with depth cueing along the viewed direction (z cueing). depth cueing to indicate distance from the center of virus particles (radial-depth cueing, or r cueing) has also been used. we have found that a style of r cueing in which color is applied in smooth or discontinuous gradients using the iris exp ...	1997	9361260
characterization of cdnas encoding serine proteinases from the soybean cyst nematode heterodera glycines.	three cdnas encoding serine proteinases (hgspi-iii) were isolated from a cdna library constructed from feeding females of heterodera glycines. the library was screened with three separate serine proteinase gene fragments amplified from cdna of h. glycines using consensus oligonucleotide primers. each predicted protein contains a secretion signal sequence, a propeptide and a mature protein of 226-296 amino acids. one of the predicted enzymes, hgsp-ii has 41% identity to a chymotrypsin-like enzyme ...	1997	9364965
differential response of legumes and creep feeding on gut morphology and faecal composition in weanling pigs.	the effects of creep feeding and different levels of soybean meal (sbm) and cowpea meal on the intestinal morphology and faecal characteristics were investigated in weaners. prior to the feeding trial, one group of piglets was creep-fed and the other noncreep-fed. the two groups of piglets were weaned at 28 days and randomly assigned to four different diets, the main protein sources of which were: t1--skimmed milk power (control); t2--31% soybean meal (high sbm), t3--15% soybean meal and 12% ski ...	1997	9366068
molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. iv. coat protein exchanges between brome mosaic and cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses exhibit neutral effects in heterologous hosts.	two members of the bromovirus group, brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), selectively infect barley and cowpea, respectively, and also differ in their ability to systemically infect a common permissive host, chenopodium quinoa. ccmv is confined to inoculated leaves of c. quinoa, whereas bmv causes rapid systemic mottling. to examine whether host-specific determinants for systemic movement of bmv and ccmv in each of these hosts are localized in the coat protein (cp), ...	1997	9400617
localization of nod, nif, and acidic exopolysaccharide determinants on a large plasmid in slow-growing cowpea rhizobium sp. s2.	slow-growing cowpea rhizobium sp. s2, a pigeon pea isolate, showed excessive synthesis of exopolysaccharide (eps) and nod factor(s) only when grown in the presence of corresponding host root exudate (re) or naringenin (a flavonoid present in re of pigeon pea). muc- strain, a plasmid-cured derivative of the parent strain, showed negligible eps production and failed to synthesize the nod factor(s) under similar growth conditions. the nod factor(s) was extracted and partially purified from the tota ...	1998	9405744
phylogenetic analysis of the potyviridae with emphasis on legume-infecting potyviruses.	the 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences of thirteen authenticated strains of bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) and one strain of bean common mosaic necrosis virus (bcmnv) were obtained. the regions sequenced included the coat protein coding sequence and 3'-end non-coding region. these data, combined with sequence information from other legume-infecting potyviruses and the potyviridae were used for phylogenetic analysis. evidence is provided for delineation of bcmnv as distinct from bcmv and the inclu ...	1997	9413507
differential interactions among isolates of peanut stunt cucumovirus and its satellite rna.	the interactions of seven isolates of peanut stunt cucumovirus (psv) originating from north america, europe and africa, and two variants of psv satellite rna (sat rna) were analysed. electrophoretic and immunoblot analyses of the coat protein (cp) and northern blot hybridization analyses of the viral rnas showed that isolates psv f352, 1339 and 1507 belonged to subgroup i, and isolates psv w, su and b to subgroup ii. the seventh isolate, robinia mosaic virus (romv) clustered with subgroup i isol ...	1998	9460940
protein quality of raw and autoclaved cowpeas: comparison between some insect resistant and susceptible varieties.	a comparative study was conducted with four improved cowpea (2 pod bug resistant and 2 susceptible) varieties to assess the effect of autoclaving at 105 degrees c under 15 psi for 30 min on their protein quality, as measured by the levels of some antinutritional factors and performance of rats fed the different cowpea diets. also, the relationships between antinutrients in the cowpeas and protein quality indicators were examined. results showed that autoclaving completely eliminated trypsin inhi ...	1997	9477425
stress responses in alfalfa (medicago sativa l). xxii. cdna cloning and characterization of an elicitor-inducible isoflavone 7-o-methyltransferase.	medicarpin, the major phytoalexin in alfalfa, is synthesized via the isoflavonoid branch of phenylpropanoid metabolism. the methyl group at the 9 position of medicarpin is generally accepted to arise via the methylation of the 4' position (b-ring) of daidzein. surprisingly, the isoflavone-o-methyltransferase (iomt), which is induced along with other enzymes involved in medicarpin biosynthesis, methylates the a-ring 7-hydroxyl group of daidzein in vitro, a reaction that probably does not occur in ...	1998	9484461
air synthetase in cowpea nodules: a single gene product targeted to two organelles?	a cdna (vupur5) encoding phosphoribosyl aminoimidazole (air) synthetase, the fifth enzyme of the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway has been isolated from a cowpea nodule cdna library. it encodes a 388 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 40.4 kda. the deduced amino acid sequence has significant homology with air synthetase from other organisms. air synthetase is present in both mitochondria and plastids of cowpea nodules. a signal sequence encoded by the vupur5 cdna has proper ...	1998	9520274
legume vicilins (7s storage globulins) inhibit yeast growth and glucose stimulated acidification of the medium by yeast cells.	vicilin (7s storage proteins) isolated from different legume seeds were shown to inhibit yeast growth and glucose stimulated acidification of the medium by yeast cells. the degree of growth inhibition varied with the origin of vicilins. it was more than 90% for vicilins from cowpea (vigna unguiculata, cultivar pitiuba) and equal to 65% for vicilins from vigna radiata, in the case of saccharomyces cerevisae. vicilins from cowpea seeds inhibited the glucose stimulated acidification of the medium b ...	1998	9528656
nodd2 of rhizobium sp. ngr234 is involved in the repression of the nodabc operon.	transcriptional regulators of the lysr family largely control the expression of bacterial symbiotic genes. rhizobium sp. ngr234 contains at least four members of this family: two resemble nodd, while two others are more closely related to syrm. part of the extremely broad host range of ngr234 can be attributed to nodd1, although the second gene shares a high degree of dna sequence homology with nodd2 of r. fredii usda191. a nodd2 mutant of ngr234 was constructed by insertional mutagenesis. this ...	1998	9535093
hplc profile analysis of oleanene-glucuronides in several edible beans.	hplc analysis and yield of oleanene-glucuronide (og) was done on some commercially available edible beans: seeds of glycine max, glycine max cv. kuromame, phaseolus vulgaris cv. torosuku, phaseolus vulgaris cv. toramame, phaseolus vulgaris cv. taishokintoki, phaseolus coccineus cv. ooshirobana, phaseolus coccineus cv. murasakihanamame, vigna unguiculata cv. chuguro, vigna angularis cv. dainagon, arachis hypogaea, pisum sativum, and vicia faba. all the beans listed above have og, though in varyin ...	1998	9571771
regulation of single-strand rna synthesis of alfalfa mosaic virus in non-transgenic cowpea protoplasts by the viral coat protein.	we have compared the rna synthesis of alfalfa mosaic virus in complete (by rnas 1, 2 and 3) and incomplete infections (by rnas 1 and 2) of cowpea protoplasts. both viral rna polymerase activity and accumulation of viral rna were measured. by annealing rna in solution with 32p-labelled probes of plus and minus polarity followed by treatment with ribonucleases, we determined viral rnas quantitatively in both single- and double-stranded rna fractions. the accumulation of single-stranded rna of posi ...	1998	9572550
genotypic characterization of bradyrhizobium strains nodulating endemic woody legumes of the canary islands by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of genes encoding 16s rrna (16s rdna) and 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacers, repetitive extragenic palindromic pcr genomic fingerprinting, and partial 16s rdna sequencing.	we present a phylogenetic analysis of nine strains of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from nodules of tagasaste (chamaecytisus proliferus) and other endemic woody legumes of the canary islands, spain. these and several reference strains were characterized genotypically at different levels of taxonomic resolution by computer-assisted analysis of 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (pcr-rflps), 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer (igs) rflps, and repetitiv ...	1998	9603820
determination of host specificity of cowpea miscellany rhizobium spp. by nodabc-lacz fusion.	cowpea miscellany group of rhizobia are generally broad host range. transconjugants of these cowpea rhizobial isolates having nodabc-lacz fusion were monitored for flavonoid/root exudate-induced activation of the nod genes in terms of beta-galactosidase activity, thus determining the potential host range of the rhizobial isolates.	1998	9608748
mutations in viral movement protein alter systemic infection and identify an intercellular barrier to entry into the phloem long-distance transport system.	viral systemic infection of a plant host involves two processes, cell-to-cell movement and long-distance transport. molecular determinants associated with these two processes were probed by investigating the effects that alanine scanning mutations in the movement protein (mp) of red clover necrotic mosaic virus (rcnmv) had on viral infection in the plant hosts nicotiana edwardsonii, vigna unguiculata (cowpea), and the experimental plant nicotiana benthamiana. plants were inoculated with rcnmv ex ...	1998	9614869
effect of processing on flatus producing oligosaccharides in cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and the tropical african yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa).	the effect of dehulling, soaking and soaking/cooking on sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in mature dry seeds of nine varieties of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and one variety of tropical african yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa) were investigated. the results showed a progressive decrease in sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose contents. soaking for 12 hours and cooking for 30 min eliminated most of the sucrose, raffinose and stachyose. the sugar contents in whole raw cowpea were sucrose 0.73-4.58%, ...	1997	9629861
evidence that whitefly-transmitted cowpea mild mottle virus belongs to the genus carlavirus.	two strains of whitefly-transmitted cowpea mild mottle virus (cpmmv) causing severe (cpmmv-s) and mild (cpmmv-m) disease symptoms in peanuts were collected from two distinct agro-ecological zones in india. the host-range of these strains was restricted to leguminosae and chenopodiaceae, and each could be distinguished on the basis of symptoms incited in different hosts. the 3'-terminal 2500 nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna of both the strains was 70% identical and contains five open readin ...	1998	9638146
the 105-kda polyprotein of southern bean mosaic virus is translated by scanning ribosomes.	the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-c) is a positive-sense rna virus. three open reading frames (orf-1, orf2, and orf3) are expressed from the genomic rna. the orf1 and orf2 initiation codons are located at nucleotide (nt) positions 49 and 570, respectively. orf1 is expressed by a 5' end-dependent scanning mechanism, but it is not known how ribosomes gain access to the orf2 initiation codon. in experiments described here, it was demonstrated that the translation of orf2 was sen ...	1998	9656991
molecular characterization and interviral homologies of a potyvirus infecting sesame (sesamum indicum) in georgia.	phylogenetic analyses of the 3' terminal region of a potyvirus naturally infecting sesame (sesamum indicum) in georgia indicated that the virus belongs to the passionfruit woodiness potyvirus subgroup, and is most closely related to cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (cabmv) and south african passiflora potyvirus. based on the sequence identity, this virus is a strain of cabmv. use of degenerate primers, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequence analysis allowed us t ...	1997	9672651
enhanced transgenic plant resistance to nematodes by dual proteinase inhibitor constructs.	plant defence strategies usually involve the action of several gene products. transgenic resistance strategies are likely to have enhanced efficacy when they involve more than one transgene. here we explore possible mechanisms for the co-delivery of multiple effectors via a single transgene. as an example we report the co-delivery of two distinct proteinase inhibitors in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. to examine resistance against plant parasitic nematodes. a cysteine and serine proteinase inh ...	1998	9684370
characterization of the nucleic acid binding properties of tomato spotted wilt virus nucleocapsid protein.	tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (tswv) is the type member of the plant-infecting viruses of the genus tospovirus in the family bunyaviridae. the three tswv rnas are encapsidated with nucleocapsid (n) protein to form ribonucleoprotein (rnp) which serves as the template for viral transcription and replication. regions of the open reading frame coding for the n protein on the small (s) rna were subcloned into pet protein expression vectors and expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3) cells. full-len ...	1998	9705250
potassium contents of northeastern thai foods.	from our previous nutritional assessment, low potassium (k) intake among northeastern thai males has been clearly demonstrated. this prompted us to undertake a survey of the k content of local foods. food samples comprised of 57 animal and 142 plant products which were collected from various places in the northeast of thailand. the dry ashing method was used to prepare the samples for k analysis using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. foods could be divided into 7 groups according to their ...	1998	9737115
the genome-linked protein (vpg) of southern bean mosaic virus is encoded by the orf2.	the sequence of the 20 n-terminal amino acids of the viral protein (vpg) which is covalently attached to the genomic rna of the bean strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-b) has been determined. the obtained vpg sequence mapped to position 327 to 346 of the sbmv-b orf2 product, downstream of the putative protease domain and in front of the rna-dependent rna polymerase. thus indicating that the sobemovirus genomic arrangement is similar to that of subgroup ii luteoviruses. comparison with ot ...	1998	9778784
sequences of the coat protein gene of five peanut stripe virus (pstv) strains from thailand and their evolutionary relationship with other bean common mosaic virus sequences.	the coat protein gene and part of the 3' non-coding region of five strains of peanut stripe virus (pstv) from thailand have been cloned and sequenced. phylogenetic comparisons of these strains, known as t1, t3, t5, t6 and t7, and related sequences showed that these strains are indeed strains of pstv. further, pstv strains appear to be related to each other according to their geographic origin. that is, the thai strains are more closely related to each other than they are to strains from the usa ...	1998	9787652
the neutralizing antibody response against a conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 (amino acid residues 731-752) is uniquely directed against a conformational epitope.	amino acids 731-752 (731prgpdrpegieeeggerdrdrs752) of the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) are conserved in most virus isolates and are controversially reported to be implicated in virus neutralization. the humoral response in infected patients against this region is poor and humans immunized with gp160 show high levels of antibodies against the peptide but poor neutralization titres. nonetheless, several groups have succeeded in obtaining neutralizi ...	1998	9820146
intranasal immunization with a plant virus expressing a peptide from hiv-1 gp41 stimulates better mucosal and systemic hiv-1-specific iga and igg than oral immunization.	control of pandemic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection ideally requires specific mucosal immunity to protect the genital regions through which transmission more often occurs. thus a vaccine that stimulates a disseminated mucosal and systemic protective immune response would be extremely useful. here we have investigated the ability of a chimeric plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), expressing a 22 amino acid peptide (residues 731-752) of the transmembrane gp41 protein of h ...	1998	9839930
the responses of cytochrome redox state and energy metabolism to dehydration support a role for cytoplasmic viscosity in desiccation tolerance	to characterize the depression of metabolism in anhydrobiotes, the redox state of cytochromes and energy metabolism were studied during dehydration of soaked cowpea (vigna unguiculata) cotyledons and pollens of typha latifolia and impatiens glandulifera. between water contents (wc) of 1.0 and 0.6 g h2o/g dry weight (g/g), viscosity as measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy increased from 0.15 to 0.27 poise. this initial water loss was accompanied by a 50% decrease in respiration rates, ...	1998	9847099
nucleotide sequence of a resistance breaking mutant of southern bean mosaic virus.	sbmv-s is a resistance-breaking mutant of an arkansas isolate of the bean strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-bark) that is able to move systemically in phaseolus vulgaris cvs. pinto and great northern, whereas the wild-type sbmv-bark causes local necrotic lesions and is restricted to the inoculated leaves of these hosts. sequence analysis of the 4136 nucleotide genomes of sbmv-bark and sbmv-s revealed seven nucleotide differences, but only four deduced amino acid changes. a single amino ...	1998	9856101
a chestnut seed cystatin differentially effective against cysteine proteinases from closely related pests.	cystatin csc, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from chestnut (castanea sativa) seeds, has been purified and characterized. its full-length cdna clone was isolated from an immature chestnut cotyledon library. the inhibitor was expressed in escherichia coli and purified from bacterial extracts. identity of both seed and recombinant cystatin was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis, two-dimensional electrophoresis and n-terminal sequencing. csc has a mo ...	1998	9869428
subgenomic rna promoters dictate the mode of recognition by bromoviral rna-dependent rna polymerases.	both the brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrps) were found to recognize the bmv core subgenomic promoter in the same manner, requiring specific functional groups at positions -17, -14, -13, and -11 relative to the subgenomic initiation site (+1). for ccmv subgenomic rna synthesis, both rdrps required the same nucleotides and four additional nucleotides at positions -20, -16, -15, and -10. the -20 nucleotide is partially responsible ...	1998	9875310
identification of viral genes required for cell-to-cell movement of southern bean mosaic virus.	inoculation of vigna unguiculata (cowpea) with transcripts synthesized in vitro from a genome-length cdna clone of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-c) resulted in a systemic sbmv-c infection of this host. capped rna was about five times more infectious than uncapped rna as determined by a local lesion assay. the sbmv-c cdna clone was also used for mutagenesis of the four sbmv-c open reading frames (orfs). orf1, orf3, and coat protein (cp) mutants were not infectious in cowpe ...	1998	9878617
a novel nadph-dependent aldehyde reductase gene from vigna radiata confers resistance to the grapevine fungal toxin eutypine.	eutypine, 4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-3-butene-1-ynyl) benzyl aldehyde, is a toxin produced by eutypa lata, the causal agent of eutypa dieback of grapevines. it has previously been demonstrated that tolerance of some cultivars to this disease was correlated with their capacity to convert eutypine to the corresponding alcohol, eutypinol, which lacks phytotoxicity. we have thus purified to homogeneity a protein from vigna radiata that exhibited eutypine-reducing activity and have isolated the correspond ...	1998	9881154
chimeric plant virus particles administered nasally or orally induce systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice.	the humoral immune responses to the d2 peptide of fibronectin-binding protein b (fnbp) of staphylococcus aureus, expressed on the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), were evaluated after mucosal delivery to mice. intranasal immunization of these chimeric virus particles (cvps), either alone or in the presence of iscom matrix, primed cpmv-specific t cells and generated high titers of cpmv- and fnbp-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) in sera. furthermore, cpmv- and fnbp-specific iga and igg could ...	1999	9882293
occurrence and expression of members of the ferritin gene family in cowpeas.	ferritin gene expression has been demonstrated in a variety of plants including maize, arabidopsis, cowpeas, soybeans, beans and peas. most available evidence shows that the mature protein is located in plastids and its production is under gene transcriptional control. in maize, two different ferritin genes have been identified; they were found to express protein under different physiological conditions. only single gene products have been found until now in the other plants, with the exception ...	1999	9895297
rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 and r. fredii usda257 share exceptionally broad, nested host ranges.	genetically, rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 and r. fredii usda257 are closely related. small differences in their nodulation genes result in ngr234 secreting larger amounts of more diverse lipo-oligosaccharidic nod factors than usda257. what effects these differences have on nodulation were analyzed by inoculating 452 species of legumes, representing all three subfamilies of the leguminosae, as well as the nonlegume parasponia andersonii, with both strains. the two bacteria nodulated p. andersonii, ...	1999	10188270
analysis of the ability of five adjuvants to enhance immune responses to a chimeric plant virus displaying an hiv-1 peptide.	the ability of five different adjuvants (alum, complete freund's adjuvant, quil a, adjuprime and ribi) to stimulate humoral and t-cell mediated immune responses against a purified chimeric virus particle was investigated. each adjuvant was administered subcutaneously to adult mice together with 10 microg of wildtype (wt) cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) or a chimeric cpmv displaying the hiv-1 gp41 peptide, residues 731-752. all preparations elicited strong antibody responses to cpmv, but quil a elicit ...	1999	10195771
identification of a cell surface protein from crandell feline kidney cells that specifically binds aleutian mink disease parvovirus.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) is the etiological agent of aleutian disease of mink. the acute disease caused by adv consists of permissive infection of alveolar type ii cells that results in interstitial pneumonitis. the permissive infection is experimentally modeled in vitro by infecting crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells with a tissue culture-adapted isolate of adv, adv-g. adv-g vp2 empty virions expressed in a recombinant baculovirus system were analyzed for the ability to bind to t ...	1999	10196278
pseudomonas aeruginosa outer-membrane protein f epitopes are highly immunogenic in mice when expressed on a plant virus.	a synthetic peptide (peptide 10) representing a surface-exposed, linear b cell epitope from outer-membrane (om) protein f of pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown previously to afford protection in mice from p. aeruginosa infection. this peptide was expressed in tandem with the protein f peptide 18 on each of the two coat proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the chimaeric virus particles (cvps) expressing the peptides on the s (small) coat protein (cpmv-pae4) and l (large) coat protein (cpmv-pae5) ...	1999	10206701
immunogenicity of peptides derived from a fibronectin-binding protein of s. aureus expressed on two different plant viruses.	the d2 peptide derived from an s. aureus fibronectin-binding protein (fnbp) was expressed on the surface of the icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus (amino acids 1-30 of d2) or on the rod-shaped potato virus x (amino acids 1-38 of d2), termed cpmv-mast1 and pvx-mast8, respectively. mice and rats were immunized subcutaneously with cpmv-mast1 and mice with pvx-mast8 in adjuvant and high titres of fnbp-specific antibody were obtained. the mouse igg was predominantly of the igg2a and igg2b isotypes, whic ...	1999	10217582
position-dependent processing of peptides presented on the surface of cowpea mosaic virus.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been developed as an epitope-presentation system. numerous epitopes have been expressed in the betab-betac loop of the cpmv small coat protein, all of which undergo a cleavage reaction between their two carboxy-terminal residues. although many peptides presented in this manner give an authentic immune response, this was not the case for the nim-1a epitope from human rhinovirus-14. crystallography revealed significant differences between the structur ...	1999	10223342
genotypic and phenotypic analysis of bromovirus adaptive mutants derived from a single plant.	eight adaptive mutant clones have been made from the total rna extracted from uninoculated upper leaves of a single cowpea plant exhibiting systemic infection after inoculation with a hybrid cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) with the 3a movement protein gene of ccmv replaced by that of cowpea-nonadapted brome mosaic bromovirus (bmv). sequence and mutational analyses of these clones showed genotypic and phenotypic diversity of the cloned virus population, but all examined clones had the a ...	1999	10229274
effect of c-terminal deletions in the movement protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus on cell-to-cell and long-distance movement.	in order to elucidate the function of the c-terminal region of cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) movement protein (mp) in cell-to-cell movement, a set of deletions ranging from 10 to 80 amino acids (deltamp10, deltamp20, deltamp33, deltamp43, deltamp60 and deltamp80) was engineered into the mp gene encoded by the biologically active clone c3/deltacp-egfp, a variant of ccmv rna3 that contained wild-type (wt) mp and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene in place of the coat pr ...	1999	10374951
scope for using plant viruses to present epitopes from animal pathogens.	epitope presentation to the immune system for vaccination purposes can be achieved either via an inactivated or attenuated form of a pathogen or via its isolated antigenic sequences. when free, these peptides can adopt a variety of conformations, most of which will not exist in their native environment. conjugation to carrier proteins restricts mobility of the peptides and increases their immunogenicity. a high local concentration of epitopes boosts the immune response further and can be generat ...	1998	10398492
complete nucleotide sequence of bean pod mottle virus rna1: sequence comparisons and evolutionary relationships to other comoviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of bean pod mottle comovirus (bpmv) rna 1 was determined. it is 5983 nucleotides long, excluding the poly(a) tail, and encodes a polyprotein of 1850 amino acid (aa) residues. multiple alignments of the deduced aa sequence of bpmv polyprotein with those of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), red clover mottle virus (rcmv) and cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) indicated that bpmv rna1 encodes the predicted set of five mature proteins: the equivalent of cpmv 32k protease c ...	1999	10403699
a chimaeric plant virus vaccine protects mice against a bacterial infection.	the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is an efficient carrier of foreign peptides for the generation of strong humoral immune responses. peptides derived from both viruses and bacteria are strongly immunogenic when displayed on the surface of cpmv and elicit high titres of peptide-specific antibody. however, the protective effects of antibodies generated using bacterial epitopes in this system have yet to be demonstrated. in this study the ability of chimaeric virus particles (cvps) to affo ...	1999	10463172
faba bean necrotic yellows virus (genus nanovirus) requires a helper factor for its aphid transmission.	purified faba bean necrotic yellows virus (fbnyv; genus nanovirus) alone is not transmissible by its aphid vector, acyrthosiphon pisum, regardless of whether it is acquired from artificial diets or directly microinjected into the aphid's hemocoel. the purified virus contains all of the genetic information required for its infection cycle as it readily replicated in cowpea protoplasts and systemically infected vicia faba seedlings that were biolistically inoculated using gold particles coated wit ...	1999	10489354
differential effects of cooking in open cups and in sealed cellophane bags on the residual cyanide content of moi-moi, a processed legume product.	bean pastes from the black eyed bean (vigna unguiculata), pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) and ife brown (v. unguiculata) were processed into a popular west african snack moi-moi, cooked in open aluminium cups and in sealed, thin, transparent cellophane bags. the residual total, free and bound cyanide levels of moi-moi from both processes were determined using a combination of enzymatic and colorimetric procedures. results showed that in all cases, cooking of moi-moi in open aluminium cups caused rete ...	1999	10496375
studies on hybrid comoviruses reveal the importance of three-dimensional structure for processing of the viral coat proteins and show that the specificity of cleavage is greater in trans than in cis.	a series of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv)-based hybrid comoviral rna-2 molecules have been constructed. in these, the region encoding both the large (l) and small (s) viral coat proteins was replaced by the equivalent region from bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). the hybrid rna-2 molecules were able to replicate in cowpea protoplasts in the presence of cpmv rna-1. though processing of the hybrid polyproteins by the cpmv-specific 24k proteinase at the site between the 58/48k and l proteins could readily ...	1999	10544093
glutathione and homoglutathione synthesis in legume root nodules.	high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with fluorescence detection was used to study thiol metabolism in legume nodules. glutathione (gsh) was the major non-protein thiol in all indeterminate nodules examined, as well as in the determinate nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata), whereas homoglutathione (hgsh) predominated in soybean (glycine max), bean (phaseolus vulgaris), and mungbean (vigna radiata) nodules. all nodules had greater thiol concentrations than the leaves and roots of the s ...	1999	10557236
structural fingerprinting: subgrouping of comoviruses by structural studies of red clover mottle virus to 2.4-a resolution and comparisons with other comoviruses.	red clover mottle virus (rcmv) is a member of the comoviruses, a group of picornavirus-like plant viruses. the x-ray structure of rcmv strain s has been determined and refined to 2.4 a. the overall structure of rcmv is similar to that of two other comoviruses, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and bean pod mottle virus (bpmv). the sequence of the coat proteins of rcmv strain o were modeled into the capsid structure of strain s without causing any distortion, confirming the close resemblance between the ...	2000	10590139
immunogenic and antigenic dominance of a nonneutralizing epitope over a highly conserved neutralizing epitope in the gp41 envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: its deletion leads to a strong neutralizing response.	the kennedy peptide, (731)prgpdrpegieeeggerdrdrs(752), from the cytoplasmic domain of the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein of hiv-1 contains a conformationally dependent neutralizing epitope (erdrd) and a linear nonneutralizing epitope (ieee). no recognized murine t cell epitope is present. the peptide usually stimulates virus-specific antibody, but this is not always neutralizing. here we show that ieee (or possibly ieee plus adjacent sequence) is immunogenically and antigenically domin ...	2000	10612661
complementation of the host range restriction of southern cowpea mosaic virus in bean by southern bean mosaic virus.	vigna unguiculata (cowpea) and phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) are permissive hosts for southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv) and southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv), respectively. neither of these two sobemoviruses systemically infects the permissive host of the other. although bean cells are permissive for scpmv rna synthesis, they do not support the assembly of this virus. thus, the host range restriction of scpmv in bean may occur at the level of movement and may involve the inability of scpmv ...	2000	10612668
effects of dietary substitution with raw and heat-treated cowpea (vigna unguiculata) on intestinal transport and pancreatic enzymes in the pig.	tropical grain legumes represent potentially important feed for farm animals. however, diarrhoea and poor growth performance have been reported, due to the various anti-nutritional factors they contain. this study addressed in particular whether dietary cowpea impaired the growth of pigs, whether the small intestinal na+/d-glucose coabsorptive transport capacity was decreased, whether the cl- secretory capacity was increased, and, finally, whether these parameters were affected by heat treatment ...	1999	10638295
evidence for participation of rna 1-encoded elicitor in cowpea mosaic virus-mediated concurrent protection.	the cowpea (vigna unguiculata) line arlington, inoculated with cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), showed no symptoms, and no infectivity or accumulation of capsid antigen was detected at several days after inoculation. coinoculation, but not sequential inoculation, of cpmv with similar concentrations of another comovirus; cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv), resulted in reduced numbers of cpsmv-induced lesions. this apparent, cpmv-mediated reduction in number of cpsmv-induced infection centers was terme ...	2000	10639316
engineering cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 into a vector to express heterologous proteins in plants.	a series of new cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna-2-based expression vectors were designed. the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) was introduced between the movement protein (mp) and the large (l) coat protein or downstream of the small (s) coat protein. release of the gfp inserted between the mp and l proteins was achieved by creating artificial processing sites each side of the insert, either by duplicating the mp-l cleavage site or by introducing a sequence encoding the foot-and-mouth di ...	2000	10662612
expression and characterization of the 3a movement protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus.	cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) 3a protein is required for cell-to-cell movement of the virus in host plants. the 3a protein was produced in escherichia coli using an expression vector. gel retardation analysis and uv cross-linking experiments demonstrated that the ccmv 3a protein (cc3a) bound single-stranded (ss) rna cooperatively without sequence specificity. binding competition analysis showed that cc3a bound ss-nucleic acids more strongly than double-stranded nucleic acids.	1999	10664397
insecticidal activity of transgenic tobacco plants expressing both bt and cpti genes on cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera).	transgenic tobacco plants expressing both bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal protein and cowpea trypsin inhibitor (cpti) genes was used to evaluate the insecticidal activity on the cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera) compared with transgenic tobacco with bt insecticidal protein gene alone. mortality of first to third instar larvae fed on transgenic two genes tobacco for three days was significantly higher than that fed on transgenic bt tobacco. first to fourth instar larvae fed on trans ...	1999	10668128
three new nifa-regulated genes in the bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiotic gene region discovered by competitive dna-rna hybridization.	the so-called symbiotic region of the bradyrhizobium japonicum chromosome (c. kündig, h. hennecke, and m. göttfert, j. bacteriol. 175:613-622, 1993) was screened for the presence of genes controlled by the nitrogen fixation regulatory protein nifa. southern blots of restriction enzyme-digested cosmids that represent an ordered, overlapping library of the symbiotic region were competitively hybridized with in vitro-labeled rna from anaerobically grown wild-type cells and an excess of rna isolated ...	2000	10692350
evolutionarily related sindbis-like plant viruses maintain different levels of population diversity in a common host.	the levels of population diversity of three related sindbis-like plant viruses, tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), in infections of a common host, nicotiana benthamiana, established from genetically identical viral rna were examined. despite probably having a common evolutionary ancestor, the three viruses maintained different levels of population diversity. cmv had the highest levels of diversity, tmv had an intermediate level of d ...	2000	10708428
chimeric animal and plant viruses expressing epitopes of outer membrane protein f as a combined vaccine against pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection.	outer membrane protein f of pseudomonas aeruginosa has vaccine efficacy against infection by p. aeruginosa as demonstrated in a variety of animal models. through the use of synthetic peptides, three surface-exposed epitopes have been identified. these are called peptides 9 (aa 261-274 in the mature f protein, tdaynqklserran), 10 (aa 305-318, nataegrainrrve), and 18 (aa 282-295, neygveggrvnavg). both the peptide 9 and 10 epitopes are protective when administered as a vaccine. in order to develop ...	2000	10727884
analysis of a ferric leghemoglobin reductase from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) root nodules.	ferric leghemoglobin reductase (flbr), an enzyme reducing ferric leghemoglobin (lb) to ferrous lb, was purified from cowpea (vigna unguiculata) root nodules by sequential chromatography on hydroxylapatite followed by mono-q hr5/5 fplc and sephacryl s-200 gel filtration. the purified cowpea flbr had a specific activity of 216 nmol lb(2+)o(2) formed min(-1) mg(-1) of enzyme for cowpea lb(3+) and a specific activity of 184 nmol lb(2+)o(2) formed min(-1) mg(-1) of enzyme for soybean lb(3+). a cdna c ...	2000	10729615
potential of combining neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) seed oil with varietal resistance for the management of the cowpea bruchid, callosobruchus maculatus (f.).	the efficacy of different rates (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/5 g seed) of application of neem (azadirachta indica) seed oil (nso) was assessed on four cowpea varieties (kanannado, it89kd-391, borno brown and it89kd-374) with differing susceptibilities to callosobruchus maculatus. the different rates of nso significantly interacted with cowpea varietal resistance and reduced oviposition and percentage adult emergence of c. maculatus. the interaction of the strategies also significantly reduced percenta ...	2000	10758260
some aspects of the biology and control using botanicals of the rice moth, corcyra cephalonica (stainton), on some pulses.	the life cycle of corcyra cephalonica was studied under ambient laboratory conditions (temperature range 27.5-30 degrees c and 60-73% r.h.) on groundnut, bambara groundnut and cowpea. the mean developmental period ranged from 33.2+/-0.2 to 45.3+/-1.8 days on whole, broken and powdered forms of the food media. egg hatchability was found to be 83%, while adult longevity ranged from 1.5+/-0.5 to 11.9+/-1.3 days for males and 1.5+/-0.5 to 16.5+/-1.2 days for females. sex ratio (male symbol:female sy ...	2000	10758262
phylogenetic analysis of two potyvirus pathogens of commercial cowpea lines: implications for obtaining pathogen-derived resistance.	as a prelude to developing engineered resistance to two important potyvirus pathogens of cowpea, a phylogenetic analysis of strains of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) and bean common mosaic virus--blackeye cowpea strain (bcmv-b1c) was undertaken. nucleotide sequences for the coat protein genes and 3'-untranslated regions of four cabmv and one bcmv-b1c strains were determined and included in an analysis with published sequences. while all the newly sequenced viruses showed strong homology ...	2000	10766309
bruchins: insect-derived plant regulators that stimulate neoplasm formation.	pea weevil (bruchus pisorum l.) oviposition on pods of specific genetic lines of pea (pisum sativum l.) stimulates cell division at the sites of egg attachment. as a result, tumor-like growths of undifferentiated cells (neoplasms) develop beneath the egg. these neoplasms impede larval entry into the pod. this unique form of induced resistance is conditioned by the np allele and mediated by a recently discovered class of natural products that we have identified from both cowpea weevil (callosobru ...	2000	10811915
influence of three-dimensional structure on the immunogenicity of a peptide expressed on the surface of a plant virus.	the influence of peptide structure on immunogenicity has been investigated by constructing a series of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) chimaeras expressing the 14 amino acid nim-1a epitope from human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) at different positions on the capsid surface. biochemical and crystallographic analysis of a cpmv/hrv chimaera expressing the nim-1a epitope inserted into the betac'-betac" loop of the s protein revealed that, although the inserted peptide was free at its c-terminus, it adopted a c ...	2000	10822251
cowpea mosaic virus infection induces a massive proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum but not golgi membranes and is dependent on de novo membrane synthesis.	replication of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is associated with small membranous vesicles that are induced upon infection. the effect of cpmv replication on the morphology and distribution of the endomembrane system in living plant cells was studied by expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and the golgi membranes. cpmv infection was found to induce an extensive proliferation of the er, whereas the distribution and morphology of the golgi stacks remain ...	2000	10864669
effect of various essential oils on callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera: bruchidae).	essential oils were extracted from four west african plant species [tagetes minuta (family compositae), hyptis suaveolens (family labiatae), white basil ocimum canum (family labiatae), and sweet basil o. basilicum (family labiatae)] by steam distillation. the oil of the pepper piper guineense (family piperaceae), was extracted from the fruits by hydro distillation and ethanol extraction. mixed essential oil and total ethanol extract was used. kaolin powder (clay) was mixed (aromatized) with thes ...	2000	10880813
[cytopathology of plants infected with viruses. ultrastructure of leguminous leaves infected with red clover mottle virus].	we studied ultrathin sections of clover, pea, and cowpea leaves from intact plants and after infection by red clover mottle virus (rcmv, comovirus, 28 nm isometric virions) under an electron microscope. significant pathological changes were observed in the leaf cells after the infection: rcmv virions accumulated in the cytoplasm and vacuoles, tubular structures containing the virion-like particles, as well as vesicular aggregates were observed. large membrane-containing inclusions with long tubu ...	2016	10881423
one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresic identification of african yam bean seed proteins.	seed proteins were extracted from the african yam bean (ayb; sphenostylis stenocarpa), an underutilized west african food legume. one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was then used to analyze the albumin fraction, galactose-specific lectins purified on immobilized galactose-sepharose 4b, and abundant non-lectin seed proteins left over following affinity chromatography. n-terminal sequencing of prominently resolved polypetide bands led to identification of proteins having s ...	2000	10888540
an evaluation of the effect of bacillus cells and bacillus spores in association with cowpea granules as starter cultures for the fermentation of african oil bean (pentaclethra macrophylla bentham) to 'ugba'.	studies on the improvement of the traditional production of 'ugba', a protein-rich fermented african oil bean seed product, were undertaken, by developing starter cultures of bacillus subtilis cells and spores in association with cowpea granules. the viability of the cells in association remained stable at 94.5% for 6 months at 30 degrees c and for up to 10 months at 4 degrees c while the viability of the spores in association remained stable at ca. 96% for up to 10 months at both 4 and 30 degre ...	2000	10898482
the structure of cucumber mosaic virus and comparison to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	the structure of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv; strain fny) has been determined to a 3.2-a resolution using x-ray crystallography. despite the fact that cmv has only 19% capsid protein sequence identity (34% similarity) to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), the core structures of these two members of the bromoviridae family are highly homologous. as suggested by a previous low-resolution structural study, the 305-a diameter (maximum) of cmv is approximately 12 a larger than that of ccmv. in ccmv ...	2000	10906212