Publications

independent replication of cowpea mosaic virus bottom component rna: in vivo instability of the viral rnas.	we compared the accumulation of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rnas after inoculation of cowpea and chenopodium quinoa protoplasts with bottom (b) or middle (m) component virions alone, or with a mixture of the m and b components. rna extracted from infected protoplasts was subjected to quantitative spot hybridization after electrophoresis and blotting. compared to the complete m plus b mixture, the b inoculum induced (1) a reduced rate and extent of accumulation of b-rna of both the (+) and (-) pol ...	1985	18640533
isolation of a fraction from cauliflower mosaic virus-infected protoplasts which is active in the synthesis of (+) and (-) strand viral dna and reverse transcription of primed rna templates.	sub-cellular fractions, isolated from cauliflower mosaic virus (camv)-infected turnip protoplasts, are capable of synthesising camv dna in vitro on an endogenous template and of reverse transcribing oligo dt-primed cowpea mosaic virus rna. the activity was not detected in mock-inoculated protoplasts. in vitro-labelled dna hybridized to single-stranded m13 clones complementary to the putative origins of (-) and (+) strand camv dna synthesis and to restriction endonuclease fragments encompassing m ...	1985	2409536
possible involvement of phage-like structures in antagonism of cowpea rhizobia by rhizobium trifolii.	a reduction in the viability of cowpea rhizobia was observed when rhizobium trifolii iari and cowpea rhizobium strain 3824 were inoculated together in soil. the reduction in number of cowpea rhizobia in soil was found to be associated with the reduction in number of nodules per plant and retardation in plant growth. an antimicrobial substance was isolated from r. trifolii which, on electron microscopic investigation, demonstrated the presence of several phage-like structures.	1985	16346736
isolation and characterization of nodulation genes from bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) strain irc 78.	an 11.76-kilobase-pair (kb) segment of dna from bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) strain irc 78 that hybridizes to nodulation genes of rhizobium meliloti strain 41 was isolated. hybridization of the 11.76-kb dna fragment to dna from other bradyrhizobium species revealed a high degree of sequence conservation in this region. transfer of the 11.76-kb segment to nodulation-defective (nod(-)) mutants of r. meliloti restored their ability to induce nodules on medicago sativa (alfalfa). mutants of strain irc ...	1985	16593624
conservation of nodulation genes between rhizobium meliloti and a slow-growing rhizobium strain that nodulates a nonlegume host.	parasponia, a woody member of the elm family, is the only nonlegume genus whose members are known to form an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with a rhizobium species. the bacterial strain rp501 is a slow-growing strain of rhizobium isolated from parasponia nodules. strain rp501 also nodulates the legumes siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata). using a cosmid clone bank of rp501 dna, we isolated a 13.4-kilobase (kb) ecori fragment that complemented insertion and p ...	1985	16593600
ecology and genetics of tropical rhizobia species.	biological nitrogen fixation (bnf) technology with special reference to rhizobium-legume symbiosis is growing very rapidly with the hope of combatting world hunger by producing cheaper protein for animal and human consumption in the third world. one can see rapid progress made in the biochemistry and molecular biology of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in general; however, less progress has been made on the ecological aspects despite the fact that an enormous amount of literature is available on ino ...	1985	14544047
legume agglutinins that bind to rhizobium meliloti.	a protein found in seeds and roots of alfalfa (medicago sativa) was implicated in the specificity of the infection process, based on its binding to the symbiont rhizobium meliloti. we found an agglutinin with similar properties in seeds and roots of sweet clover (melilotis alba). the sweet clover differed from alfalfa in nodulation by a mutant strain of r. meliloti, but the agglutinins were indistinguishable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, rhizobium agglutination, a ...	1985	3988714
the accuracy of protein synthesis in reticulocyte and hela cell lysates.	the accuracy of translation in protein synthesis is measured as the rate of misincorporation of a particular amino acid, different from that specified by an mrna codon, into protein. the cowpea variant of tobacco mosaic virus, cctmv, contains no cysteine or methionine in its coat protein. translation in vitro of purified cctmv coat protein mrna by rabbit reticulocyte and hela cell lysates has been performed. the coat protein product was purified by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera, and ...	1985	4016118
use of intrinsic antibiotic resistance for characterisation and identification of rhizobia from nodules of vigna unguiculata (l) walp. and phaseolus vulgaris (l).	intrinsic resistance to low concentrations of antibiotics was used to characterise 83 isolates from nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and field bean (phaseolus vulgaris). characterisation and differentiation of isolates from cowpea was made difficult by associated fast-growing bacteria inside the nodule tissue. thus, reliable pure culture was difficult to secure without repeated isolation and even via nodulation of the appropriate homologous host. although the technique may be satisfactory f ...	1985	2412407
the use of cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) in improving a popular nigerian weaning food.	a weaning food commonly used in nigeria was simulated by mixing processed sorghum (sorghum bicolor) with skim-milk powder (830: 170, w/w). replacing 310 g/kg sorghum with processed cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) resulted in an increase in protein content from 96 to 113 g/kg and an increase in biological value of the protein from 0.74 to 0.87. the two mixtures were compared with an established commercial baby food by a panel of nigerian mothers and all three foods were found to be equally acceptable ...	1985	4063322
novel application of quantitative immunoassays for screening seed globulins of cowpea varieties.	using antibodies raised in rabbits, radioimmunoassay (ria) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) are standardized for cowpea (var. pusa barsati) seed globulins. the ria, when used to screen three stages of seed development, reveals that maximum globulins are detected at 28 days after flowering. when three different varieties of cowpea are assayed for their globulin content by ria and elisa, it is observed that the bold grain cowpea has the highest amount of related globulin as compared t ...	1985	4063471
effects of storage and processing on the nutritive value of certain nigerian foods.	the effects of storage and processing on the nutritive value of two nigerian foods--raw cowpea (vigna unguiculata) flour and palm oil, have been investigated. increased retention of both thiamine and riboflavin as a result of increased water activity (aw) were recorded for cowpea flour stored for 6 months. a storage temperature of 5 degrees c led to minimal losses of both vitamins in the stored flour. differences in physico-chemical characteristics were observed between palm oil produced by the ...	1986	3743721
the application of protein concentrates from locally available legumes in the development of weaning foods.	the effect of mixing different sources of vegetable proteins from legumes in the preparation of infant weaning foods was investigated. melon, cowpea and soya as sole protein sources or as a mixture were fed to 60 albino rats. a milk powder-based commercial product (cerelac) was used as control diet. the mixture of the vegetable protein diet compared favorably with the control diet in terms of growth rate, protein efficiency ratio (per) and net protein ratio (npr) and also ensured optimum nitroge ...	1986	3825189
enzymes of the beta-ketoadipate pathway are inducible in rhizobium and agrobacterium spp. and constitutive in bradyrhizobium spp.	protocatechuate is a universal growth substrate for members of the family rhizobiaceae, and these bacteria utilize the aromatic compound via the beta-ketoadipate pathway. this report describes transcriptional controls exercised by different subgroups of the rhizobiaceae over five enzymes that catalyze consecutive reactions in the pathway: protocatechuate oxygenase (ec 1.13.11.3), beta-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme (ec 5.5.1.2), gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.44) ...	1986	3941043
gene cluster of pseudomonas syringae pv. "phaseolicola" controls pathogenicity of bean plants and hypersensitivity of nonhost plants.	loss of the ability of pseudomonas syringae pv. "phaseolicola" nps3121 to elicit a hypersensitive response on tobacco and other nonhost plants was associated with loss of pathogenicity on the susceptible host bean. eight independent, prototrophic transposon tn5 insertion mutants which had lost the ability to elicit a hypersensitive response on tobacco plants were identified. six of these mutants no longer produced disease lesions on primary leaves of the susceptible bean cultivar red kidney and ...	1986	3023280
rna-directed rna polymerases from healthy and from virus-infected cucumber.	much work has been done on the isolation, purification, and characterization of the rna-directed rna polymerase (ec 2.7.7.48) of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv)-infected cucumbers. uninfected plants were reported to have no such enzyme, but we recently detected low levels of the activity in cucumber. since tobacco and cowpea contain such an enzyme that is variably increased in amount by various virus (as well as viroid) infections, we assumed that this would also be the case upon cmv infection of cu ...	1986	3458203
molecular cloning and sequence determination of the genomic regions encoding protease and genome-linked protein of three picornaviruses.	to investigate the degree of similarity between picornavirus proteases, we cloned the genomic cdnas of an enterovirus, echovirus 9 (strain barty), and two rhinoviruses, serotypes 1a and 14lp, and determined the nucleotide sequence of the region which, by analogy to poliovirus, encodes the protease. the nucleotide sequence of the region encoding the genome-linked protein vpg, immediately adjacent to the protease, was also determined. comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with ...	1986	3512851
molecular assembly of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro.	tmv assembly starts with a specific interaction between the assembly origin on the rna and a disk aggregate of coat protein. the assembly origin is located in the 30k protein cistron for common and tomato strains of tmv and in the coat protein cistron for cowpea strain of tmv and for cgmmv. all the assembly origins have three essential structures: a long base-paired hairpin loop structure; a target sequence, gapuguug, at the top of the hairpin loop structure; and a tract where every third base i ...	1986	3551520
identification of rhizobium plasmid sequences involved in recognition of psophocarpus, vigna, and other legumes.	symbiotic dna sequences involved in nodulation by rhizobium must include genes responsible for recognizing homologous hosts. we sought these genes by mobilizing the symbiotic plasmid of a broad host-range rhizobium mpik3030 (= ngr234) that can nodulate glycine max, psophocarpus tetragonolobus, vigna unguiculata, etc., into two nod- rhizobium mutants as well as into agrobacterium tumefaciens. subsequently, cosmid clones of pmpik3030a were mobilized into nod+ rhizobium that cannot nodulate the cho ...	1986	3958042
cleavage of a viral polyprotein by a cellular proteolytic activity.	the 200,000-dalton polyprotein encoded by the bottom component rna of cowpea mosaic virus was synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, and this in vitro-synthesized protein was isolated from the lysate reaction mixture by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. incubation of the isolated polyprotein with buffer caused no change in the protein, but incubation with reticulocyte lysates or with fractionated lysate proteins resulted in cleavage of the protein into the expected cleavage products ...	1986	3003387
two indirect methods for detecting ureide synthesis by nodulated legumes.	two methods were developed for the detection of altered ureide metabolism in legume nodules. both techniques are based on the positive correlation between the presence of high xanthine dehydrogenase (ec 1.2.1.37) specific activity in nodules and the ability of those nodules to produce the ureides, allantoin and allantoic acid. in the first method, nodulated legumes are treated for 2 weeks with a soil drench of allopurinol. after allopurinol treatment, leaves of n(2)-fed, ureide-producing legumes ...	1986	16664857
species variation in the predawn inhibition of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.	the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was measured in extracts of leaves collected before dawn (predawn activity, pa) and at midday (midday activity, ma). twenty-three of the 37 species examined showed a pa/ma ratio (</=0.75, while only capsicum frutescens, cucumis sativa, glycine max, nicotiana tabacum, vigna unguiculata, and 3 solanum species showed a pa/ma ratio </=0.5. phaseolus vulgaris consistently showed a pa/ma ratio of </=0.1. activities and pa/ma ratios of the ...	1986	16665155
transport of gibberellin a(1) in cowpea membrane vesicles.	the permeability properties of gibberellin a(1) (ga(1)) were examined in membrane vesicles isolated from cowpea hypocotyls. the rate of ga(1) uptake was progressively greater as ph decreased, indicating that the neutral molecule is more permeable than anionic ga(1). membrane vesicles used in this study possessed a tonoplast-type h(+)-translocating atpase as assayed by mgatp-dependent quenching of acridine orange fluorescence and methylamine uptake. however, ga(1) uptake was not stimulated by mga ...	1986	16664723
asymbiotic acetylene reduction by a fast-growing cowpea rhizobium strain with nitrogenase structural genes located on a symbiotic plasmid.	a procedure was designed which enabled the detection of ex planta nitrogenase activity in the fast-growing cowpea rhizobium strain ihp100. nitrogenase activity in agar culture under air occurred at a rate similar to that found for bradyrhizobium strain cb756 but lower than that for rhizobium strain ors571. hybridization studies showed that both nod and nif genes were located on a 410-kilobase sym plasmid in strain ihp100.	1986	16347045
inoculation response of legumes in relation to the number and effectiveness of indigenous rhizobium populations.	the response of legumes to inoculation with rhizobia can be affected by many factors. little work has been undertaken to examine how indigenous populations or rhizobia affect this response. we conducted a series of inoculation trials in four hawaiian soils with six legume species (glycine max, vigna unguiculata, phaseolus lunatus, leucaena leucocephala, arachis hypogaea, and phaseolus vulgaris) and characterized the native rhizobial populations for each species in terms of the number and effecti ...	1986	16347046
fermentation of aqueous plant seed extracts by lactic acid bacteria.	the effects of lactic acid bacterial fermentation on chemical and physical changes in aqueous extracts of cowpea (vigna unguiculata), peanut (arachis hypogea), soybean (glycine max), and sorghum (sorghum vulgare) were studied. the bacteria investigated were lactobacillus helveticus, l. delbrueckii, l. casei, l. bulgaricus, l. acidophilus, and streptococcus thermophilus. organisms were inoculated individually into all of the seed extracts; l. bulgaricus and s. thermophilus were also evaluated tog ...	1986	16347053
the primary structure of red clover mottle virus middle component rna.	the primary structure of middle component rna of red clover mottle virus (rcmv) has been determined. the rna is polyadenylated, has a small protein (vpg) covalently linked to its 5' terminus and consists of 3543 nucleotides. the rna possesses a single long open reading frame which can code for a polypeptide of molecular weight 109,452. comparison of the 3' terminal sequence of the m rna with that of the homologous b rna reveals a high degree of sequence conservation in this area. computer-assist ...	1986	18640659
comparison of hup trait and intrinsic antibiotic resistance for assessing rhizobial competitiveness axenically and in soil.	the competitiveness of dual-strain inocula of cowpea rhizobia for nodulation of vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. was studied axenically between one slow-growing strain (p132, hp147, 401, or 22a1) and one fast-growing strain (176a26 or 176a28) at logarithmic inoculum ratios ranging from 10 to 10. nodule infectivity was determined by multiple intrinsic antibiotic resistance, since both fast-growing strains were sensitive. different hydrogen uptake (hup) efficiencies of dual-strain inocula allowed for ...	1986	16347016
swelling of isometric and of bacilliform plant virus nucleocapsids is required for virus-specific protein synthesis in vitro.	encapsidated rna of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), brome mosaic virus (bmv), alfalfa mosaic virus, and southern bean mosaic virus can act as templates for protein synthesis when preswollen virions are added to a wheat germ extract, or when unswollen virions swell in the extract. encapsidated rna of turnip yellow mosaic virus, whose particles are unlikely to swell under the conditions used here, did not act as a template. ccmv and bmv, swollen in the extract, gave relatively more rna 1 and ...	1986	18640565
alfalfa mosaic virus temperature-sensitive mutants. iii. mutants with a putative defect in cell-to-cell transport.	forty-five mutants of alfalfa mosaic virus with a temperature-sensitive (ts) replication in tobacco leaf discs were assayed in cowpea protoplasts at 25 and 30 degrees . the extent of replication of 9 mutants at 30 degrees was less than 10% of that at 25 degrees, whereas the replication of 14 mutants was not affected at 30 degrees. twenty-two mutants showed an intermediate ts behavior. several mutants with a non-ts phenotype in cowpea protoplasts were also found to be non-ts in their replication ...	1986	18640651
determination of affinity constants and the number of binding sites of monoclonal antibodies specific for southern bean mosaic virus.	values of the equilibrium dissociation constant and the number of attachment sites for the binding of radiolabeled f(ab) fragments prepared from four monoclonal antibodies to southern bean mosaic virus have been determined. monoclonal antibodies b6 and b10 produced against the bean type strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-b) and 1c4 and 1d6 produced against the cowpea type strain (sbmv-c) were more reactive with the untreated virus than with edta-swollen particles. b6 and b10 reacted with ...	1986	18640656
inoculation of protoplasts with viruses by electroporation.	optimal conditions for electroporation have been determined using inoculation of brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and its rna into protoplasts of nicotiana tabacum and n. plumbaginifolia. the most satisfactory medium was 0.5-0.7 m mannitol; calcium ions were toxic and other electrolytes were not helpful during electroporation. brief pulses (ca. 10 microsec) were less destructive to the protoplasts than longer ones (ca. 10 msec) and gave high percentage infections ...	1987	18644555
expression in plants of the cloned satellite tobacco necrosis virus genome and of derived insertion mutants.	mechanical inoculation of cowpea leaves with cloned full-size copies of satellite tobacco necrosis virus in the presence of tobacco necrosis (helper) virus resulted in the appearance of infectious virus particles. this could be clearly demonstrated by the detection of structural changes in the progeny viral rna after inoculation with helper virus and hybrid plasmids containing an stnv-dna copy with small (14-mer) oligodeoxynucleotides inserted at different sites in either the coding or the non-c ...	1987	18644559
non-structural proteins and rnas of alfalfa mosaic virus synthesized in tobacco and cowpea protoplasts.	three proteins, reacting specifically with sera raised against synthetic peptides identical to c-terminal amino acid sequences in alfalfa mosaic virus (aimv) proteins p1, p2, and p3 translated in vitro from the aimv rnas 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were for the first time observed in tobacco and cowpea protoplasts. part of p2 is post-translationally modified in protoplasts, because the anti-p2 serum reacted also with a protein migrating slower than p2 itself. the modification reported for p3 in i ...	1987	18644580
effects of soil solarization on rotylenchulus reniformis in the lower rio grande valley of texas.	soil solarization was evaluated for control of rotylenchulus reniformis in the lower rio grande valley of texas. in field experiments, solarization significantly reduced soil nematode population densities 0-15 cm deep and increased yields of lettuce and cowpea. the length of time required for 90% mortality of nematodes in soil heated under controlled conditions in the laboratory varied from 25 hours to less than 1 hour between 41 and 47 c. daily exposures of nematode-infested soil to lethal temp ...	1987	19290112
carbon dioxide and light responses of photosynthesis in cowpea and pigeonpea during water deficit and recovery.	greenhouse-grown pigeonpea (cajanus cajan, [l.] millsp.; cultivar uw-10) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata, [l.] walp.; cultivar california no. 5) were well-watered (control) or subjected to low water potential by withholding water to compare their modes of adaptation to water-limited conditions. leaf co(2) exchange rate (cer), leaf diffusive conductance to co(2) (g(l)), and co(2) concentration in the leaf intercellular air space (c(i)) were determined at various co(2) concentrations and photon flux ...	1987	16665843
multiple host-specificity loci of the broad host-range rhizobium sp. ngr234 selected using the widely compatible legume vigna unguiculata.	specificity in legume-rhizobium symbiosis depends on plant and rhizobial genes. as our objective was to study broad host-range determinants of rhizobia, we sought a legume and a rhizobium with the lowest possible specificity. by inoculating 12 different legumes with a heterogenous collection of 35 fast-growing rhizobia, we found rhizobium sp. ngr234 to be the rhizobium and vigna unguiculata to be the plant with the lowest specificities. transfer of cloned fragments of the sym-plasmid pngr234a in ...	1987	24301307
inheritance of resistance to the cowpea aphid in cowpea.	inheritance of resistance to cowpea aphid, aphis craccivora koch, in three resistant cultivars of cowpea, vigna unguiculata (l.) walp, was studied. the parents, f1 and f2 population were grown in an insect-proof screenhouse. each 3-day-old seedling was infested with 10 apterous adult aphids. seedling reaction was recorded when the susceptible check was killed. the segregation data revealed that the resistance of icv11 and tvu310 is governed by single dominant genes. all the f2 seedlings of the c ...	1987	24240345
response of cowpea breeding lines and cultivars to meloidogyne incognita and m. arenaria.	twenty-four cowpea breeding lines and four cultivars were tested for resistance to meloidogyne incognita in the greenhouse. gall and egg mass ratings indicated a range of responses from susceptible to highly resistant. five breeding lines - vs84-2, vs84-8, vs84-12, vs84-14, and vs84-22 - and the cultivar erectset had gall and egg mass ratings comparable to the m. incognita-resistant cultivar mississippi silver. all of these were also resistant to m. arenaria. significantly fewer m. incognita juv ...	1987	19290274
inheritance of resistance to potato y viruses in phaseolus vulgaris l : 1. two independent genes for resistance to watermelon mosaic virus-2.	resistance to watermelon mosaic virus-2 in phaseolus vulgaris l. is conferred by two distinct dominant alleles at independent loci. based on segregation data one locus is designated wmv, the other, hsw. the dominant allele wmv from cv. great northern 1140 prevents systemic spread of the virus but viral replication occurs in inoculated tissue. in contrast, hsw confers both local and systemic resistance to wmv-2 below 30c. at higher temperatures, plants that carry this allele in the absence of mod ...	1987	24240215
nitrous oxide reduction in nodules: denitrification or n(2) fixation?	detached cowpea nodules that contained a nitrous oxide reductase-positive (nor) rhizobium strain (8a55) and a nitrous oxide reductase-negative (nor) rhizobium strain (32h1) were incubated with 1% n(2)o (95 atom% n) in the following three atmospheres: (i) aerobic with c(2)h(2) (10%), (ii) aerobic without c(2)h(2), and (iii) anaerobic (argon atmosphere) without c(2)h(2). the greatest production of n(2) occurred anaerobically with 8a55, yet very little was formed with 32h1. although acetylene reduc ...	1987	16347344
rhizobium symbiotic genes required for nodulation of legume and nonlegume hosts.	parasponia, a woody member of the elm family, is the only nonlegume genus whose members are known to form an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with bradyrhizobium or rhizobium species. the bradyrhizobium strain rp501, isolated from parasponia nodules, also nodulates the legumes siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata). to test whether some of the same genes are involved in the early stages of legume and nonlegume nodulation, we generated transposon tn5 insertions in ...	1987	16593814
in vitro expression of a full-length dna copy of cowpea mosaic virus b rna: identification of the b rna encoded 24-kd protein as a viral protease.	double-stranded cdna was synthesized from b component rna of cowpea mosaic virus and cloned into appropriate vectors. using four clones, together representing the entire b rna sequence, a full-length dna copy was constructed and subsequently positioned downstream of a phage sp6 or t7 promoter. rna molecules transcribed from this full-size dna copy using sp6 or t7 rna polymerase were efficiently translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates into a 200-kd polypeptide similar to rna isolated from viral ...	1987	16453750
elicitation of necrosis in vigna unguiculata walp. by homogeneous aspergillus niger endo-polygalacturonase and by alpha-d-galacturonate oligomers.	endo-polygalacturonase (pg) was purified from a commercial preparation of aspergillus niger pectinase by means of carboxymethylcellulose chromatography, preparative isoelectric focusing, and gel permeation through sephadex g-50. the enzyme was electrophoretically homogeneous and consisted of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 33,500. the enzyme exhibited a specific activity significantly higher than those of purified polygalacturonases from phytopathogenic fungi. galacturonate ...	1987	16665750
low-input cropping for acid soils of the humid tropics.	a low-input cropping system has been developed at yurimaguas, peru, to serve as a transition technology between shifting and continuous cultivation for acid soils of the humid tropics. principal features are slash-and-burn clearing, rotation of acid-tolerant upland rice and cowpea cultivars, maximum residue return, no tillage, and no lime or fertilizer applications. when yields decline as a result of increasing weed pressure and nutrient deficiencies, a kudzu fallow is grown for 1 year. subseque ...	1987	17784289
phytochrome regulation of the response to exogenous gibberellins by epicotyls of vigna sinensis.	the elongation rate of cowpea epicotyls from whole cowpea (vigna sinensis) seedlings and derooted and debladed plants (explants) increased after the main light period (8-hour duration) was extended with either continuous low intensity tungsten light or brief (5 minutes) far-red (fr) irradiation. this end-of-day fr effect was reversed by red (r) irradiation suggesting the involvement of phytochrome. these results confirm and extend those obtained previously with other species. localization studie ...	1987	16665660
k regulates bacteroid-associated functions of bradyrhizobium.	cowpea bradyrhizobium 32h1 cells, when grown under 0.2% o(2), synthesize nitrogenase, as well as a methylammonium (ammonium) transport system and an electrogenic k(+)/h(+) antiporter. this effect was seen in growth medium containing 8-12 mm k(+) but not with 50 mum k(+). addition of k(+) to cells growing under low o(2) tensions in low-k(+) medium led to various phenotypic properties associated with bacteroids, including the ability to reduce acetylene, induction of an ammonium transport carrier ...	1987	16593858
detection of a novel protein encoded by the bottom-component rna of cowpea mosaic virus, using antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide.	a peptide was synthesized that corresponded to a sequence in the cowpea mosaic virus bottom-component rna-encoded 200-kilodalton polyprotein showing homology to the picornaviral 3c proteases. by injecting a rabbit with this peptide, antibodies were obtained that allowed the detection of a novel viral protein derived from the 200-kilodalton polyprotein. this protein, which had a size of 24 kilodaltons was found in both infected cowpea leaves and cowpea protoplasts.	1987	16789262
inhibition of cleavage of a plant viral polyprotein by an inhibitor activity present in wheat germ and cowpea embryos.	in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, the bottom component rna of cowpea mosaic virus directs the synthesis of a 200,000-molecular-weight precursor protein (200k protein) that is cleaved during synthesis by a reticulocyte enzyme to form a 32k protein and a 170k protein. cleavage of the 200k protein was found to be effectively inhibited by inhibitor activity in wheat germ and cowpea embryo extracts. the inhibitor was nondialyzable, precipitatable by ammonium sulfate, and partially stable at high tempera ...	1987	16789263
isolation and characterization of symbiotic mutants of bradyrhizobium sp. (arachis) strain nc92: mutants with host-specific defects in nodulation and nitrogen fixation.	random transposon tn5 mutagenesis of bradyrhizobium sp. (arachis) strain nc92, a member of the cowpea cross-inoculation group, was carried out, and kanamycin-resistant transconjugants were tested for their symbiotic phenotype on three host plants: groundnut, siratro, and pigeonpea. two nodulation (nod- phenotype) mutants were isolated. one is unable to nodulate all three hosts and appears to contain an insertion in one of the common nodulation genes (nodabcd); the other is a host-specific nodula ...	1987	3032910
contribution of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) in a mixed diet to the nutrient intake of rural children in ibadan.	1. sixty-four subjects from the rural areas of ibadan participated in a study to determine the contribution of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) foods to the total intake of nutrients in a mixed diet. the subjects were randomly selected from those who, according to their mothers, reacted to cowpea foods (reactors) and those who did not (non-reactors). 2. the results showed that for all subjects, protein, energy and riboflavin needs were not met from the total diet consumed. however, the requirements fo ...	1987	3620436
proteolytic activity of the cowpea mosaic virus encoded 24k protein synthesized in escherichia coli.	the function of the 24-kilodalton (24k) protein encoded by cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been studied by constructing a bacterial expression plasmid that contained a cloned chimeric segment consisting of partial dna copies of cpmv m-rna (including sequences coding for both capsid proteins) and b-rna (including sequences coding for the 24k protein). viral sequences were transcribed from the phage t7 promoter phi 10 of plasmid pt7-6 using t7-rna polymerase expressed from plasmid pgp1-2 present in ...	1987	3300014
gtp-binding domain: three consensus sequence elements with distinct spacing.	a sequence comparison of nine functionally different gtp-binding protein families has yielded further information on the general characterization of the conservation and importance of amino acid sequences in the gtp-binding domain, including a consensus sequence composed of three consensus elements gxxxxgk, dxxg, and nkxd with consensus spacings of either 40-80 or approximately equal to 130-170 amino acid residues between the first and second elements and approximately 40-80 amino acid residues ...	1987	3104905
sequence and organization of southern bean mosaic virus genomic rna.	the genomic rna sequence of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-c) has been determined. the genome is 4194 nucleotides in length and has four open reading frames. a 5' proximal open frame, from base 49 to base 603, corresponds to the length of the p4 proteins translated in cell-free extracts from full-length and smaller virion rna. the largest open frame extends from base 570 to base 3437 and encodes the two largest proteins translated in cell-free extracts from full-length vir ...	1987	2823471
proximate composition and antinutritional factors in rice bean (vigna umbellata).	thirteen promising strains of rice bean (vigna umbellata) were analysed for their proximate compositions and antinutritional factors. protein content in these varieties ranged from 17.50 to 23.10 per cent, ash from 3.06 to 4.48 per cent, ether extract from 2.4 to 3.9 per cent and crude fibre from 1.70 to 4.25 per cent. trypsin inhibitor activity ranged from 112.63 to 163.98 units/g and polyphenols ranged from 0.58 to 1.19 per cent. phytohemagglutinating activity was present in all the strains, e ...	1988	3231596
hybrid brome mosaic virus rnas express and are packaged in tobacco mosaic virus coat protein in vivo.	brome mosaic virus (bmv) is an icosahedral virus with a tripartite rna genome which infects monocotyledonous plants, while the cowpea or legume strain of tobacco mosaic virus (cctmv) is a rod-shaped virus with a single component rna genome which infects dicotyledonous plants. to examine the potential for exchanging entire genes between rna viruses, biologically active cdna clones were used to replace the natural coat gene of bmv rna3 with the coat gene and encapsidation origin of cctmv. in proto ...	1988	2847411
identification of a nodd-dependent locus in the rhizobium strain ngr234 activated by phenolic factors secreted by soybeans and other legumes.	transfer of the strain ngr234nodd 1 gene into the narrow host range r. trifolii strain anu843 on either a 6.7-kb hindiii or 17-kb xhoi fragment broadens the host range of this bacterium to include the tropical legumes vigna unguiculata, glycine ussuriensis, leucaena leucocephala, and siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum). contrary to previous data (bassam et al. 1986), mutagenesis of the 17-kb xhoi fragment with a mini-mu lac transposon (mu dii1734) showed that a functional nodd 1 gene was essent ...	1988	2980201
binding of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus to cowpea protoplasts and relation of binding to virus entry and infection.	cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and cowpea protoplasts were used to study initial interactions between virus and protoplast. protoplasts and virus were incubated under varying conditions of temperature, ph, ionic strength, and the presence of added compounds. both the amount of 35s-labeled virus bound to protoplasts and the percentage of infected cells were determined. at 0 and 25 degrees the amount of virus associated with protoplasts increased with the amount of virus added. with inoculum ...	1988	3363871
analysis and application of substrate hydrolysis rates in indirect elisa of a purified plant virus.	the transient colorimetric signal in a microtiter plate is used to quantify a purified plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), over five concentration decades in a single plate. the method involves the coating of the polystyrene microtiter plate wells directly with the cpmv antigen, followed by incubation with a rabbit-derived cpmv-specific antibody, and lastly by incubation with a commercially available antibody against rabbit immunoglobulin which has been pre-labeled with alkaline phosphatase ...	1988	3366853
infectious in vitro transcripts from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus cdna clones and exchange of individual rna components with brome mosaic virus.	complete cdna copies of genomic rna1, rna2, and rna3 of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) were cloned 1 base downstream from a t7 rna polymerase promoter. the mixture of capped in vitro transcripts from all three clones produced normal ccmv infections in barley protoplasts and cowpea plants. by using transcripts from these clones and from a similar set of biologically active clones of the related brome mosaic virus (bmv), all possible single component exchanges between the bmv and ccmv tripar ...	1988	3418781
[evaluation of the protein quality of legume flours obtained by roasting in heated beds].	roasted flours from cowpea, canavalia and washed lupin were prepared by a thermic treatment in fluid sand beds at 150, 200 and 250 degrees c for 2.0 and 2.5 minutes, followed by dehulling and grinding. a flour produced by pressure cooking at 121 degrees c for 30 min followed by drying was used as reference. the flours were evaluated through residual levels of antitryptic activity, tannin content, available lysine, npr and protein digestibility. the roasting and the pressure cooking processes inc ...	1988	3256285
two viral proteins involved in the proteolytic processing of the cowpea mosaic virus polyproteins.	a series of specific deletion mutants derived from a full-length cdna clone of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b rna was constructed with the aim to study the role of viral proteins in the proteolytic processing of the primary translation products. for the same purpose cdna clones were constructed having sequences derived from both m and b rna of cpmv. in vitro transcripts prepared from these clones with t7 rna polymerase, were efficiently translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. the translation pr ...	1988	3282225
replication of chimeric tobacco mosaic viruses which carry heterologous combinations of replicase genes and 3' noncoding regions.	three tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-l (tomato strain)-derived chimeras, designated ol1, lg11, or lk31, were constructed by replacing the 3' noncoding region with the corresponding sequence of tmv-om (common strain), cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv), or tmv-cc (cowpea strain), respectively. the genomic rnas of tmv-l, -om, and cgmmv carry histidine-accepting trna-like structures at their 3' termini, while the genome of tmv-cc accepts valine. the three chimeric viruses were able to multiply ...	1988	2452515
isolation of genes involved in nodulation competitiveness from rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii t24.	rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii t24 produces a potent anti-rhizobial compound, trifolitoxin, and exclusively nodulates clover roots when in mixed inoculum with trifolitoxin-sensitive strains of r. leguminosarum bv. trifolii [schwinghamer, e. a. & belkengren r. p. (1968) arch. mikrobiol. 64, 130-145]. in the present study, the isolation of trifolitoxin production and resistance genes is described. a cosmid genomic library of t24 was prepared in plafr3. no trifolitoxin expression was observed ...	1988	16593933
numerical taxonomic analysis of some strains of rhizobium spp. that uses a qualitative coding of immunodiffusion reactions.	antigenic relationships among seven strains of bradyrhizobium japonicum were examined by immunodiffusion reactions, in which cells of each strain were reacted against each of the seven corresponding antisera. similar analyses were performed with rhizobium trifolii (28 strains), rhizobium meliloti (9 strains), and rhizobia of the cowpea miscellany (13 strains). antigens and antisera were reacted within each species only; serological interspecies cross-reactions were not performed. the results, sc ...	1988	16347692
efficiency of nodule initiation in cowpea and soybean.	when serial dilutions of a suspension of bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 138 were inoculated onto both soybean and cowpea roots, the formation of nodules in the initially susceptible region of the roots of both hosts was found to be linearly dependent on the log of the inoculum dosage until an optimum dosage was reached. approximately 30- to 100-fold higher dosages were required to elicit half-maximal nodulation on cowpea than on soybean in the initially susceptible zone of the root. however, at ...	1988	16666056
cloning and mapping of a novel nodulation region from bradyrhizobium japonicum by genetic complementation of a deletion mutant.	the phenotypes of a set of bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 mutants with large deletions in the region of symbiotic gene cluster i were tested. the majority of the mutants showed a delayed nodulation on soybean and, by mixed-infection experiments, were found to be strongly reduced in their competitiveness. phenotypic comparison of mutants with different deletion endpoints allowed a preliminary localization of two genomic regions, called nod-1 and nod-2, which were required for normal nodulation on s ...	1988	16347539
characterization of a gene from a tomato pathogen determining hypersensitive resistance in non-host species and genetic analysis of this resistance in bean.	xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is the causal agent of leaf spot disease on pepper and tomato. on non-host plants, such as bean, soybean, cowpea, alfalfa, and cotton, x. campestris pv. vesicatoria is unable to cause disease, inducing instead a hypersensitive resistance response (hr). since avirulence genes from x. campestris pv. vesicatoria specifically induce hr in several pepper cultivars, we investigated whether there were avirulence genes governing induction of resistance in non-host ...	1988	16593982
nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and hydrogen oxidation by pigeon pea bradyrhizobium spp. in symbiotic association with pigeon pea, cowpea, and soybean.	the pigeon pea strains of bradyrhizobium cc-1, cc-8, uasgr(s), and f4 were evaluated for nodulation, effectiveness for n(2) fixation, and h(2) oxidation with homologous and nonhomologous host plants. strain cc-1 nodulated macroptilium atropurpureum, vigna unguiculata, glycine max, and g. soja but did not nodulate pisum sativum, phaseolus vulgaris, trigonella foenum-graecum, and trifolium repens. strain f4 nodulated g. max cv. peking and pi 434937 (malayan), but the symbioses formed were poor. si ...	1988	16347542
infectious rna transcripts derived from full-length dna copies of the genomic rnas of cowpea mosaic virus.	a set of full-length dna copies of both m and b rna of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) was cloned downstream of a phage t7 promoter. upon in vitro transcription using t7 rna polymerase, m and b rna-like transcripts were obtained from these dna copies with only two additional nucleotides at the 5' end and five extra nucleotides at the 3' end in comparison to natural viral rna. in cowpea protoplasts the transcripts of several cdna clones of b rna were able to replicate leading to detectable synthesis o ...	1988	3388776
high-speed electro-fusion and electro-transfection of plant protoplasts by a continuous flow electro-manipulator.	a continuous flow electro-manipulator available both for mass production of fused and of transfected plant protoplasts was devised using a flow chamber with gold-coated glass panel electrodes. up to 100 ml of protoplasts suspension were treated within 20 min at the rate of approximately 1×10(6) protoplasts / min. the yield of diheterokaryons between tobacco mesophyll and carrot root protoplasts reached approximately 10 % of total protoplasts by flow electro-fusion. more than 95 % of tobacco and ...	1988	24241587
transport of the nematicide oxamyl in roots transformed with agrobacterium rhizogenes.	infection of roots transformed with agrobacterium rhizogenes by meloidogyne incognita and heterodera schachtii second-stage juveniles was established in bicompartmental petri dishes. one compartment contained the murashige and skoog agar medium and the nematicide oxamyl, and the other compartment contained water agar. transformed roots of carrot, tomato, alfalfa, cowpea, rape, and sugarbeet were placed in the nutrient compartment and grew over the barrier that divided the petri dishes and into t ...	1988	19290298
potential of crops uncommon to alabama for management of root-knot and soybean cyst nematodes.	vigna unguiculata, cassia fasiculata, and sesamum indicum did not support meloidogyne arenaria, m. incognita, or heterodera glycines race 4 in greenhouse studies with soils from peanut and soybean fields. fagopyron eseulentum, cyamopsis tetragonoloba, and cucurbita pepo were hosts to the two meloidogyne spp. but were nonhosts to h. glycines. meloidogyne arenaria and m. incognita galled but reproduced poorly in the roots of three types of amaranthus cruentus, and low densities of these two meloid ...	1988	19290317
identification and subcellular localization of a putative cell-to-cell transport protein from red clover mottle virus.	to investigate the mode of gene expression of red clover mottle virus (rcmv) middle component (m) rna, we have synthesized an oligopeptide corresponding to the predicted carboxy-terminus of the rcmv counterparts of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) 48k and 58k proteins. using an antiserum raised against this synthetic oligopeptide, we have detected a 43-kda protein in the 30,000 g pellet from extracts of rcmv-infected cowpea protoplasts. immunogold cytochemistry further localized this protein to th ...	1989	2596020
improvements of the infectivity of in vitro transcripts from cloned cowpea mosaic virus cdna: impact of terminal nucleotide sequences.	full-length dna copies of both b- and m-rna of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) were constructed downstream from a t7 promoter. by removal of nucleotides from the promoter sequence, b- and m-rna-like transcripts with varying numbers of additional nonviral sequences at the 5' end were obtained upon transcription with t7 rna polymerase. the infectivity of the transcripts in cowpea protoplasts was greatly affected by only a few extra nonviral nucleotides at the 5' end. the addition of about 400 nonviral ...	1989	2596025
survival of azorhizobium caulinodans in the soil and rhizosphere of wetland rice under sesbania rostrata-rice rotation.	the survival of indigenous and introduced strains of azorhizobium caulinodans in flooded soil and in the rice rhizosphere, where in situ sesbania rostrata was incorporated before the rice crop, is reported. the azorhizobia studied were both root and stem nodulating. in a pot experiment, two crop cycles each of inoculated and noninoculated sesbania-rice were compared with two crop cycles of flooded fallow-rice. in a field experiment, the effect of repeated incorporation of in situ s. rostrata in ...	1989	16347853
isoenzymes of superoxide dismutase in nodules of phaseolus vulgaris l., pisum sativum l., and vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.	the activity and isozymic composition of superoxide dismutase (sod; ec 1.15.1.1) were determined in nodules of phaseolus vulgaris l., pisum sativum l., and vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. formed by rhizobium phaseoll 3622, r. ieguminosarum 3855, and bradyrhizobium sp. br7301, respectively. a mn-sod was present in rhizobium and two in bradyrhizobium and bacteroids. nodule mitochondria from all three legume species had a single mn-sod with similar relative mobility, whereas the cytosol contained seve ...	1989	16666924
use of cowpea trypsin inhibitor (cpti) to protect plants against insect predation.	transgenic tobacco plants expressing a cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene have enhanced levels of insect resistance to a variety of insect pests. furthermore, insect bioassay has shown the cowpea trypsin inhibitor to have anti-metabolic activity to insect pests of the orders lepidoptera, coleoptera and orthoptera. the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to developing insect resistant crops is discussed in relationship to other methods, including conventional plant breeding and chemical cont ...	1989	14542987
protein and cdna sequences of bowman-birk protease inhibitors from the cowpea (vigna unguiculata walp.).	the protein and gene sequences of the cowpea bowman-birk type trypsin inhibitor which confers enhanced insect resistance to transgenic tobacco plants, and of cowpea trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitors are presented. there are regions of high conservation and high divergence within the 5' leader, mature protein and 3' non-coding regions of the bowman-birk inhibitors and in the genes which encode them in different members of this family within the leguminosae. the practical implications of this findin ...	1989	2491685
high-level synthesis of cowpea mosaic virus rna polymerase and protease in escherichia coli.	an expression system for the production of polymerase proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) in escherichia coli cells is described. high-level synthesis of proteins containing protease and polymerase moieties (110-kda protein) and polymerase alone (87-kda protein) were obtained from cells containing different plasmid constructions. precursor and processed forms of cpmv proteins were detected by immunoblotting with antisera directed against 170-kda precursor polyprotein and 24-kda viral protease ...	1989	2548928
flatulence and other discomforts associated with consumption of cowpea (vigna unguiculata).	abdominal discomfort after eating cowpeas is known to be a major constraint on their greater consumption. problems associated with cowpea consumption were identified by questionnaire in 448 randomly selected families. some (28%) of the respondents had never experienced flatulence. those who did said it occurred when cowpeas were eaten at all (16.7%), as dinner (42%) or without other foods (15%). a subsample of 40 people who complained of serious abdominal discomfort were fed cowpeas cooked by ei ...	1989	2596840
amino acid composition protein quality and water-soluble vitamin content of germinated cowpeas (vigna unguiculata).	amino acid composition, protein digestibility, calculated protein efficiency ratio (c-per and dc-per), chemical scores and water-soluble vitamin content of cowpea seeds germinated at 25 degrees c or 30 degrees c for 24 h were determined. also, the effect of processing steps (heated-air drying, decortication and cooking) on these parameters were examined. germination had little effect on amino acid profile of cowpeas. in vitro protein digestibility was not improved significantly by germination no ...	1989	2762247
virus-ribosome complexes from cell-free translation systems supplemented with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus particles.	when particles of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) were added to cell-free extracts from wheat germ, the encapsidated viral genome was translated into polypeptides similar to the translation products specified by unencapsidated viral rna (as shown before by m.j. brisco, r. hull, and t.m.a. wilson, 1986, virology 148, 210-217). the rate of protein synthesis observed upon addition of virus particles was much slower than that of extracted rna and the quantity of protein formed was only 10% of t ...	1989	2909987
production of root hair deformation factors by rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes in escherichia coli: hsnd (nodh) is involved in the plant host-specific modification of the nodabc factor.	the role of the hsnd (nodh) gene in the determination of the host-specific nodulation ability of rhizobium meliloti was studied by expressing the common nodulation genes (nodabc) with or without the hsnd gene in escherichia coli and testing for biological activity on various leguminous plants. in this way, four categories of plants were established. upon infection with e. coli carrying the nodabc construct, root hair deformation (had) was detected on clovers while the hsnd gene was additionally ...	1989	2562755
decreased accuracy of protein synthesis in extracts from aging human diploid fibroblasts.	the accuracy of protein synthesis has been measured in extracts from human diploid fibroblasts of different ages. extracts were supplied with purified mrna for the coat protein of the cowpea variant of tobacco mosaic virus (cctmv), which lacks codons for cysteine and methionine. the presence of 35s-cysteine in cctmv coat protein synthesized during translation reactions therefore represents translational error. translation reactions were performed with extracts from young fibroblasts (less than 5 ...	1989	2721600
identification of the initiation codons for translation of cowpea mosaic virus middle component rna using site-directed mutagenesis of an infectious cdna clone.	a full-length cdna copy of cpmv m rna has been cloned downstream of a phage lambda promoter in the plasmid ppmi. transcripts obtained from this clone can be translated in vitro and replicated in cowpea mesophyll protoplasts in the presence of viral b rna. we have constructed a series of site-directed mutants of this clone to investigate the mechanism of translation of cpmv m rna. the results obtained confirm that the aug at position 161 is used to direct the synthesis of a 105k protein in vitro ...	1989	2773321
sequence of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus rnas 2 and 3 and evidence of a recombination event during bromovirus evolution.	the genomic sequence of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) was completed by sequencing biologically active cdna clones of ccmv rna2 (2774 bases) and rna3 (2173 bases). while only the central core of the encoded 94-kda ccmv 2a protein contains features conserved among known and putative rna replication proteins from many viruses, both flanking regions of ccmv 2a show substantial similarity to the corresponding protein of the related brome mosaic virus (bmv). the 3a proteins of ccmv and bmv, imp ...	1989	2773323
evidence that nucleocapsid disassembly and a later step in virus replication are inhibited in transgenic tobacco protoplasts expressing tmv coat protein.	tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-like pseudovirus particles containing mrna for escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (gus) were electroporated into mesophyll protoplasts from control or tmv coat protein (cp)-transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi). gus-particles were expressed 100-fold less efficiently in cp-transformed than in control protoplasts whereas unencapsidated gus mrna was expressed only 2.8-fold less efficiently. lower transient expression of packaged gus mrna is probably due to in ...	1989	2773325
inhibition of proteolytic processing of the polyproteins of cowpea mosaic virus by hemin.	cleavages of the polyproteins synthesized from cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b rna and m rna in rabbit reticulocyte lysates are inhibited by hemin. cleavage of the cpmv b rna-encoded 200k polyprotein and of the m rna-encoded 60k intermediary precursor protein were most sensitive to hemin inhibition, while cleavages of other precursor proteins were less sensitive. a significant observation was that at a hemin concentration of 25 microm, but not at higher concentrations, the 60k protein was cleaved t ...	1989	2815588
compositional evaluation of some cowpea varieties and some under-utilized edible legumes in nigeria.	the nutritive potentials of some cowpea varieties such as ife brown, ife bimpe, it84e-124, k59 and tvx716 and some under-utilized edible legumes grown in nigeria such as pigeon pea (cajanus cajan), lima bean (phaseolus lunatus), lablab bean (dolichos lablab), mucuna bean (mucuna sp.) and sphenostilis sternocarpa have been evaluated with respect to their proximate chemical composition, mineral content and some endogenous toxic constituents. the cowpea varieties contained on the average 22.5 g cru ...	1989	2561305
regeneration of a functional rna virus genome by recombination between deletion mutants and requirement for cowpea chlorotic mottle virus 3a and coat genes for systemic infection.	rnas 1 and 2 of the tripartite cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) genome are sufficient for rna replication in protoplasts, whereas systemic infection of cowpea plants additionally requires rna3, which encodes the 3a noncapsid protein and coat protein. by using biologically active ccmv cdna clones, we find that deletions in either rna3 gene block systemic infection. thus, though some plant rna viruses are able to spread systemically without encapsidation, both the coat and 3a genes are require ...	1990	2308940
rna2 of grapevine fanleaf virus: sequence analysis and coat protein cistron location.	the nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna2 (3774 nucleotides) of grapevine fanleaf virus strain f13 was determined from overlapping cdna clones and its genetic organization was deduced. two rapid and efficient methods were used for cdna cloning of the 5' region of rna2. the complete sequence contained only one long open reading frame of 3555 nucleotides (1184 codons, 131k product). the analysis of the n-terminal sequence of purified coat protein (cp) and identification of its c-terminal residue ...	1990	2374004
dietary modification of potential vitamin k supply from enteric bacterial menaquinones in rats.	rats given a low-fibre diet based on boiled white rice developed symptoms of severe vitamin k deficiency within 23 d. inclusion of autoclaved black-eye beans (vigna unguiculata) in the diet prevented the bleeding syndrome. to test the hypothesis that deficiency resulted from low phylloquinone intake exacerbated by inadequate production of menaquinones by the enteric bacteria, a follow-up experiment was carried out in which groups of rats were given an all-rice diet, a rice + beans diet or a stoc ...	1990	2383538
use of bromovirus rna2 hybrids to map cis- and trans-acting functions in a conserved rna replication gene.	brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) are related positive-strand rna viruses with tripartite genomes. rna replication by either virus requires genomic rnas 1 and 2, which encode protein 1a and the polymeraselike, 94-kilodalton 2a protein, respectively. proteins 1a and 2a share extensive sequence similarity with proteins encoded by a wide range of other positive-strand rna viruses of animals and plants. heterologous combinations of bmv and ccmv rnas 1 and 2 do not sup ...	1990	2293671
cis-acting sequences required for in vivo amplification of genomic rna3 are organized differently in related bromoviruses.	cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) is a positive-strand rna virus that infects dicotyledonous plants. the genome comprises three capped rnas: rna1 (3.2 kb), rna2 (2.9 kb), and rna3 (2.1 kb). cis-acting sequences required for amplification in vivo were explored for rna3, which does not contribute trans-acting factors to viral rna replication. using a ccmv cdna expression system, deletions throughout rna3 were constructed and tested for successful replication in barley protoplasts coinoculated w ...	1990	2305551
use of kanwa-cooked cowpea (vigna unguiculata) in infant food formulation: effect on protein utilization and digestibility.		1990	2213993
nodsu, two new nod genes of the broad host range rhizobium strain ngr234 encode host-specific nodulation of the tropical tree leucaena leucocephala.	rhizobium species strain ngr234 nodulates at least 35 diverse genera of legumes as well as the nonlegume parasponia andersonii. most nodulation genes are located on the 500-kilobase pair symbiotic plasmid, pngr234a. previously, three plasmid-borne host range determinants (hsni, hsnii, and hsniii) were identified by their ability to extend the nodulation capacity of heterologous rhizobia to include vigna unguiculata. in this study, we show that hsnii contains two new nod-box linked hsn genes, nod ...	1990	2134856
genomic rna of an insect virus directs synthesis of infectious virions in plants.	newly synthesized virions of flock house virus (fhv), an insect nodavirus, were detected in plant cells inoculated with fhv rna. fhv was found in whole plants of barley (hordeum vulgare), cowpea (vigna sinensis), chenopodium (chenopodium hybridum), tobacco (nicotiana tabacum), and nicotiana benthamiana and in protoplasts derived from barley leaves. virions produced in plants contained newly synthesized rna as well as newly synthesized capsid protein. these results show that the intracellular env ...	1990	2296598
proposed regulatory pathway encoded by the nodv and nodw genes, determinants of host specificity in bradyrhizobium japonicum.	bradyrhizobium japonicum is the root nodule endosymbiont of soybean (glycine max), mung bean (vigna radiata), cowpea (vigna unguiculata), and siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum). we report the characteristics of a nodulation-gene region of b. japonicum that contributes only marginally to the bacterium's ability to nodulate soybean but is essential for the nodulation of the three alternative hosts. this dna region consists of two open reading frames designated nodv and nodw. the predicted amino ...	1990	2320582
ubiquitinated conjugates are found in preparations of several plant viruses.	recently d.d. dunigan, r.g. dietzgen, j.e. schoelz, and m. zaitlin (virology 165, 310-312, 1988) demonstrated that a small proportion of the subunits of tobacco mosaic virus particles were conjugated with the small protein ubiquitin. we have now detected ubiquitinated conjugates in immunoblots of virion preparations of several other plant viruses, using anti-human ubiquitin antiserum. based on their polyacrylamide gel migrations, plant virus-associated ubiquitin-immunoreactive proteins were cons ...	1990	2162109