Publications

differential compartmentation of gibberellin a(1) and its metabolites in vacuoles of cowpea and barley leaves.	the metabolism and efflux of gibberellin a(1) (ga(1)) taken up by leaves of cowpea (vigna sinensis cv. blackeye pea no. 5), as well as the distribution of ga(1) metabolites in the protoplasts and vacuoles of cowpea and barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. numar), were studied.ga(1) is metabolized rapidly in cowpea leaf discs to products tentatively identified as gibberellin a(8) (ga(8)) and gibberellin a(8) glucoside (ga(8)-glu). after labeling leaf discs with [(3)h]ga(1) for 1 hour, the release of ra ...	1981	16662014
correlation between particle multiplicity and location on virion rna of the assembly initiation site for viruses of the tobacco mosaic virus group.	the initiation site for reconstitution on genome rna was determined by electron microscopic serology for a watermelon strain of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv-w), which is chemically and serologically related to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the initiation site was located at the same position as that of the cowpea strain, a virus that produces short rods of encapsidated subgenomic messenger rna for the coat protein (a two-component tmv), being about 320 nucleotides away from the 3' ter ...	1981	16593057
nodulation of acacia species by fast- and slow-growing tropical strains of rhizobium.	thirteen acacia species were classified into three groups according to effective nodulation response patterns with fast- and slow-growing tropical strains of rhizobium. the first group nodulated effectively with slow-growing, cowpea-type rhizobium strains; the second, with fast-growing rhizobium strains; and the third, with both fast- and slow-growing rhizobium strains. the rhizobium requirements of the acacia species of the second group were similar to those of leucaena leucocephala.	1981	16345705
physiological characteristics of cowpea rhizobia: evaluation of symbiotic efficiency in vigna unguiculata.	one fast-growing and three slow-growing strains of rhizobium (isolated from cowpeas) were evaluated for symbiotic performance on vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. cultivar california no. 5 blackeyes. plants inoculated with slow-growing strains 176a22, 176a30, and 176a32 developed a maximum acetylene reduction activity of 24.6, 27.0, and 32 mumol of ethylene formed per plant per h, respectively, versus 6.4 mumol per plant per h in plants inoculated with the fast-growing strain 176a28. when inoculated ...	1981	16345732
imitation milks from cicer arietinum (l.), vigna unguiculata (l.) walpers and vigna radiata (l.) wilczek and other legumes.		1981	6894776
terminal uridylyl transferase of vigna unguiculata: purification and characterization of an enzyme catalyzing the addition of a single ump residue to the 3'-end of an rna primer.	an enzyme which catalyzes the addition of a single ump residue from utp to the 3'-end of an rna primer and which is referred to as terminal uridylyl transferase (tut) has been extensively purified from the membrane fraction of vigna unguiculata leaves. the purification procedure involved (i) solubilization by cation depletion (ii) deae-sepharose cl-6b column chromatography (iii) affinity chromatography of poly(u)-sepharose 4b and (iv) glycerol gradient centrifugation. the molecular weight of the ...	1981	6269049
root exudates in relation to growth and nitrogenase activity of rhizobium japonicum.	root exudates of cowpea and soybean were collected in aerated water cultures. the ability of these exudates to support nitrogenase activity of r. japonicum was studied on defined media. when a complete nitrogenase-inducing medium was supplemented with concentrated root exudate, there was an increased nitrogenase activity. when the cowpea root exudate was substituted for glutamine or sodium succinate in the medium, nitrogenase activity was not detected. growth was good when the root exudate was s ...	1981	6949404
nucleotide sequence of a cloned cdna copy of tmv (cowpea strain) rna, including the assembly origin, the coat protein cistron, and the 3' non-coding region.	the cloned cdna derived from the 3' end of cowpea strain (cc) rna of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) has been sequenced. substantial sequence information of 1,060 nucleotides from the 3' end of the rna reveals some interesting features: (1) the coat protein cistron corresponds to residues 210-701 from the 3' end. some errors in the amino acid sequence previously reported have been corrected and the revised total length of the coat protein is 162 amino acid residues. the capping site of the coat prote ...	1981	6950195
near identity of 3- rna secondary structure in bromoviruses and cucumber mosaic virus.	the 3- terminal sequences of rnas 1, 2, 3 and 4 from each of the three bromoviruses (brome mosaic, cowpea chlorotic mottle and broad bean mottle viruses) and also from cucumber mosaic virus display interviral sequence similarity in addition to strong intraviral homology. interviral similarity is much more evident when rna secondary, rather than primary, structures are compared. the last 190 bases of the various rnas can fold into strikingly similar, extensively base-paired secondary structures w ...	1981	7214524
[nutritional evaluation of the replacement of soy bean flour and sorghum by raw cowpea (vigna sinensis) flour].		1982	6892099
[nutritive value of raw and processed cowpeas].	three experiments were carried out to determine the effects of autoclave cooking, extrusion and dl-methionine supplementation on the protein and energy value of cowpea. the two processes decreased the available lysine of cowpea from 6.3 to 5.7%. the starch content decreased from 50.7% in raw cowpea to 44.9% and 42.1% in cooked extruded cowpea, respectively. cooking eliminated the trypsin inhibitor content of cowpea. damaged starch increased from 0.3% in the raw cowpea, to 22.5% in cooked cowpea ...	1982	7171278
nucleotide sequence of the 30k protein cistron of cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus.	the nucleotide sequence of cloned cdna copies of cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus rna including the 30k protein cistron was determined. the 30k protein cistron was located at residue 676-1,527 from the 3' end of the genomic rna. the 30k protein was composed of 282 amino acid residues and was basic, similar to the 30k protein of common strain om. however, homology of the amino acid sequences between the two strains was only 27%.	1982	6292867
complete nucleotide sequences of the coat protein messenger rnas of brome mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	the nucleotide sequences of the subgenomic coat protein messengers (rna4's) of two related bromoviruses, brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), have been determined by direct rna and cdna sequencing without cloning. bmv rna4 is 876 b long including a 5' noncoding region of nine nucleotides and a 3' noncoding region of 300 nucleotides. ccmv rna 4 is 824 b long, including a 5' noncoding region of 10 nucleotides and a 3' noncoding region of 244 nucleotides. the encoded c ...	1982	6895941
comparative studies on ribonucleic acid dependent rna polymerases in cucumber mosaic virus infected cucumber and tobacco and uninfected tobacco plants.	rna-dependent rna polymerases have been isolated in almost pure form from cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) infected cucumber cotyledons and from tobacco leaves and were compared with the less pure enzyme from uninfected tobacco. the purified polymerase from cucumber shows on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels two peptide chains of about 100 and 112 kdaltons. the enzyme from tobacco shows a close doublet of about 125 kdaltons, which is also present in the less pure preparation from healthy tobacco. while bot ...	1982	6896652
recognition of leguminous hosts by a promiscuous rhizobium strain.	the lima bean (phaseolus lunatus l.) and the pole bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) are nodulated by rhizobia of two different cross-inoculation groups. rhizobium sp. 127e15, a cowpea-type rhizobium, can induce effective nodules on the lima bean and partially effective nodules on the pole bean. rhizobium phaseoli 127k14 can induce effective nodules on the pole bean but does not reciprocally nodulate the lima bean. root hairs of the lima bean when inoculated with rhizobium sp. 127e15 showed tip curlin ...	1982	16345975
legume-rhizobium interactions: cowpea root exudate elicits faster nodulation response by rhizobium species.	preinfection events in legume-rhizobium symbiosis were analyzed by studying the different nodulation behaviors of two rhizobial strains in cowpeas (vigna sinensis). log-phase cultures of rhizobium sp. strain 1001, an isolate from the plant nodule, initiated host responses leading to infection within 2 h after inoculation, whereas log-phase cultures of rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 took at least 7 h to trigger a discernible response. the delay observed with strain 32h1 could be eliminated by incubati ...	1982	16345989
nodulation of pole bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) by rhizobium species of two cross-inoculation groups.	physiology and morphology of pole bean (phaseolus vulgaris l. cv kentucky wonder) root nodules induced by two rhizobium species of different cross-inoculation groups have been compared. root nodules induced by rhizobium sp. 127e15, which is a strain of the cowpea group rhizobium, were pinkish, had irregular shapes, and were only partially effective. their peak acetylene reduction activity was 4.36 mumol of c(2)h(4) formed per g of fresh nodules per h at 30 days after inoculation. the effective n ...	1982	16346121
expression of middle-component rna of cowpea mosaic virus: in vitro generation of a precursor to both capsid proteins by a bottom-component rna-encoded protease from infected cells.	the expression of the middle-component (m) rna of cowpea mosaic virus was studied by means of in vitro translation. in both the wheat germ extract and the rabbit reticulocyte lysate, m rna was translated into two overlapping polypeptides of 95 and 105 kilodaltons. incubation of these polypeptides with 30,000 x g supernatant fractions from cowpea mesophyll protoplasts inoculated with complete virus or with separate bottom (b) components alone resulted in extensive processing, yielding polypeptide ...	1982	16789216
antibodies against the genome-linked protein vpg of cowpea mosaic virus recognize a 60,000-dalton precursor polypeptide.	we have prepared a rabbit antiserum specifically directed against the genome-linked protein (vpg) of cowpea mosaic virus by injecting an hydrolysate of purified virion rna. using this antiserum as a probe in combination with "western" (protein) blots of subcellular fractions of cowpea mosaic virus-infected cowpea (vigna unguiculata) cells, we have detected a bottom component rna-encoded, 60,000-dalton polypeptide which is membrane bound and presumably represents the immediate precursor of vpg.	1982	16789217
expression of the bottom-component rna of cowpea mosaic virus: evidence that the 60-kilodalton vpg precursor is cleaved into single vpg and a 58-kilodalton polypeptide.	in cowpea protoplasts infected with cowpea mosaic virus, a bottom-component (b) rna-encoded 60-kilodalton (60k) polypeptide is synthesized, which is membrane-bound and represents the direct precursor to the genome-bound protein vpg. the relationship between this vpg precursor and other b-rna-encoded polypeptides was studied. digestion of the b-rna-encoded 170k and 84k polypeptides with staphylococcus aureus protease v8 and subsequent analysis of the generated peptides with antiserum against vpg ...	1982	16789223
cowpea mosaic virus-encoded protease does not recognize primary translation products of m rnas from other comoviruses.	the protease encoded by the large (b) rna segment of cowpea mosaic virus was tested for its ability to recognize the in vitro translation products of the small (m) rna segment from the comoviruses squash mosaic virus, red clover mottle virus, and cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv, strains dg and ark), and from the nepovirus tomato black ring virus. like m rna from cowpea mosaic virus, the m rnas from squash mosaic virus, red clover mottle virus, cpsmv-dg, and cpsmv-ark were all translated into t ...	1982	16789228
a comparative study of the physiology of symbioses formed by rhizobium japonicum with glycine max, vigna unguiculata, and macroptilium atropurpurem.	although rhizobium japonicum nodulates vigna unguiculata and macroptilium atropurpurem, little is known about the physiology of these symbioses. in this study, strains of r. japonicum of varying effectiveness on soybean were examined. the nonhomologous hosts were nodulated by all the strains tested, but effectiveness was not related to that of the homologous host. on siratro, compared to soybean, many strains reversed their relative effectiveness ranking. both siratro and cowpea produced more dr ...	1982	16662732
a comparative study of the cowpea and bean strains of southern bean mosaic virus.	features of the primary structure and translation of the genomic rnas of the cowpea and bean strains of southern bean mosaic virus have been investigated in order to assess the similarity of the two viruses. the sequence of 400 bases at their 3' termini have been determined. these include the 3' noncoding regions and extend well into the coat protein cistrons. the noncoding regions (136 bases for the cowpea strain rna and 129 bases for the bean strain rna) show no obvious sequence homology. howe ...	1982	18635113
molecular cloning of the complementary dna copies of the common and cowpea strains of tobacco mosaic virus rna.	complementary dna (cdna) copies of the common (om) and cowpea (cc) strains of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) rna polyadenylated in vitro have been synthesized with amv reverse transcriptase and oligo (dt)10 as primer. the cdna was converted to a double-stranded form by e. coli dna polymerase i followed by s1 nuclease digestion. the double-stranded cdna copies were cloned in pbr322 at the psti site using the oligo(dc)-oligo(dg) tailing method. with the common strain, several clones containing inserts ...	1982	18635128
a study of tmv ts mutant ni2519. i. complementation experiments.	two distinct virus-specific functions, i.e., virus assembly and spreading of infection from cell to cell (transport function), are temperature-sensitive (ts) in tmv mutant ni2519. assembly of ni2519 cannot be complemented by the temperature-resistant tmv strains used: a14 (a wild type strain from which ni2519 was derived) and dolichos enation mosaic virus (demv, or cowpea strain of tmv), a thermophilic strain. on the other hand, ni2519 can serve as a donor of the coat protein to complement is st ...	1982	18635134
tobacco mosaic virus replication in resistant and susceptible plants: in some resistant species virus is confined to a small number of initially infected cells.	only small amounts of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) are recoverable from directly inoculated leaves of some plant species, a phenomenon investigated by p. c. cheo (1970, phytopathology 60, 41-46) and termed subliminal infection. to interpret this phenomenon in two varieties of cowpea (vigna sinensis emil.), primary leaves were inoculated on their lower surfaces with tmv (common strain), and at various times postinoculation, mesophyll protoplasts were isolated, incubated for 36 hr, and stained with ...	1982	18638747
the synthesis and processing of the proteins of bean pod mottle virus in rabbit reticulocyte lysates.	translation of the two rna components (b-rna and m-rna) of bean pod mottle virus (bpmv) in rabbit reticulocyte lysates resulted in the formation of a specific set of proteins. among the products formed was a viral protease that catalyzed the cleavage of two precursor proteins coded by m-rna. the protease showed some specificity for bpmv proteins in that it did not cleave the proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), which is related to bpmv. conversely, the synthesized bpmv precursor proteins were ...	1982	18638812
n abundance of nodules as an indicator of n metabolism in n(2)-fixing plants.	this paper expands upon previous reports of (15)n elevation in nodules (compared to other tissues) of n(2)-fixing plants. n(2)-fixing nodules of glycine max (soybeans), vigna unguiculata (cowpea), phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), phaseolus coccineus (scarlet runner bean), prosopis glandulosa (mesquite), and olneya tesota (desert ironwood) were enriched in (15)n. nodules of vicia faba (fava beans), arachis hypogaea (peanut), trifolium pratense (red clover), pisum sativum (pea), lathyrus sativus ...	1982	16662517
cowpea rhizobia producing dark nodules: use in competition studies.	during a program of screening rhizobia from west africa, it was found that some strains produced nodules of unusually dark appearance on cowpeas, but not on peanuts, soybeans, pigeon peas, or mung beans. the dark pigmentation was in the bacteroid zone, was not correlated with nodule effectiveness, and was additional to the leghemoglobin pigment. only rhizobial strains with a nongummy ("dry") colony morphology produced dark nodules. visually distinguishable pink and dark nodules formed on the sam ...	1982	16346091
de novo purine synthesis in nitrogen-fixing nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp.) and soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.).	partially purified, cell-free extracts from nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp. cv. caloona) and soybean (glycine max l. merr. cv. bragg) showed high rates of de novo purine nucleotide and purine base synthesis. activity increased with rates of nitrogen fixation and ureide export during development of cowpea plants; maximum rates (equivalent to 1.2 micromoles n(2) per hour per gram fresh nodule) being similar to those of maximum nitrogen fixation (1-2 micromoles n(2) per hour per gram ...	1982	16662479
metabolism and translocation of allantoin in ureide-producing grain legumes.	transfer of the nitrogen and carbon of allantoin to amino acids and protein of leaflets, stems and petioles, apices, peduncles, pods, and seeds of detached shoots of nodulated cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp. cv. caloona) plants was demonstrated following supply of [2-(14)c], [1,3-(15)n]allantoin in the transpiration stream. throughout vegetative and reproductive growth all plant organs showed significant ureolytic activity and readily metabolized [2-(14)c]allantoin to (14)co(2). a metabolic p ...	1982	16662519
open reading frame in the minus strand of two plus type rna viruses.	: inspection of the nucleotide sequences of the rnas complementary to the coat protein mrnas from two plant viruses with a tripartite genome: alfalfa mosaic virus and brome mosaic virus, showed the presence of open reading frames for 138 and 118 amino acids, respectively. a third virus (cowpea chlorotic mottle virus) from the same family (1) does not show this phenomenon. this suggests that if a protein is coded for by the open reading frames it may be not essential for virus multiplication. alt ...	1982	24317896
ultrastructure of mixed plant virus infection: bean yellow mosaic virus with cowpea severe mosaic virus or cowpea mosaic virus in bean.	ultrastructural responses of bean leaf cells simultaneously infected with two morphologically distinct rna viruses, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and bean yellow mosaic virus (bymv), or cowpea severe mosaic virus (csmv) and bymv, were studied in situ. the major effects on cells infected with two viruses included: (1) association of virus group-specific cytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of each virus; (2) close association of virions into specifically arranged aggregates in which cpmv or csmv ic ...	1983	18638866
replication of temperature-sensitive mutants of alfalfa mosaic virus in protoplasts.	six mutants of alfalfa mosaic virus (aimv), previously found to have conditionally lethal defects when inoculated to tobacco leaf discs, were assayed for a temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype in cowpea protoplasts. at 30 degrees the virus production of four mutants was less than 10% of that obtained at 25 degrees , whereas wild-type aimv multiplied with similar efficiencies at both temperatures. supplementation experiments performed in protoplasts with two mutants indicated the presence of muta ...	1983	18638887
time course of alfalfa mosaic virus rna and coat protein synthesis in cowpea protoplasts.	a study was made of the time course of the synthesis of viral plus-strand rna, minus-strand rna, and coat protein in alfalfa mosaic virus-infected cowpea protoplasts. the three genomic rnas were synthesized at different rates, as were their corresponding minus-strands. we conclude that viral rna synthesis is regulated both at the level of minus-strand production and the level of plus-strand production. the synthesis of subgenomic rna 4 was slower than that of its corresponding genomic rna (rna 3 ...	1983	18638888
the self-assembly of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus: formation of t = 1 and t = 3 nucleoprotein particles.	virion-like particles of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus were assembled from isolated coat protein and rna components in vitro at low ionic strength. purified southern bean mosaic virus rna was heterogeneous on sucrose gradients, and was separated into low (0.3 - 0.6 x 10(6) da) and high (1.0-1.4 x 10(6) da) molecular weight (mw) fractions. assembly with high mw rna resulted in t = 3 particles at ph 7 and 9. low mw rna assembled with coat protein into t = 1 particles at ph 5 and ...	1983	18638938
nucleotide sequence of the coat protein cistron and the 3' noncoding region of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (watermelon strain) rna.	double-stranded cdna copies of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (watermelon strain, cgmmv-w) rna polyadenylated in vitro were cloned into the pbr322 at the psti site. the sequence of 1071 nucleotides from the tend of the genomic rna was determined using two recombinant plasmids and the genomic rna. the coat protein cistron was located in residues 176-661 from the 3' end. the coat protein was composed of 160 amino acid residues with the molecular weight of 17,261. the 3' noncoding region of the ...	1983	18638996
altered balance of the synthesis of plus- and minus-strand rnas induced by rnas 1 and 2 of alfalfa mosaic virus in the absence of rna 3.	the synthesis of viral plus-strand and minus-strand rnas in cowpea protoplasts inoculated with mixtures of alfalfa mosaic virus nucleoproteins (b, m, tb, and ta) was analyzed by the northern blotting technique. a mixture of b, m, and tb induced the synthesis of plus-strand rnas 1, 2, 3, and 4 and three minus-strand rnas corresponding to rnas 1, 2, and 3, respectively. compared to this complete infection, a mixture of b and m induced the synthesis of a reduced amount of plus-strand rnas 1 and 2 a ...	1983	18644274
significance of hydrogen evolution in the carbon and nitrogen economy of nodulated cowpea.	the carbon and nitrogen economies of a single cultivar of cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.cv caloona) nodulated with either a high h(2)-evolving strain (176a27) or a low h(2)-evolving strain (cb756) of rhizobium were compared. the two symbioses did not differ in total dry matter production, seed yield, nitrogen fixed, the spectrum of nitrogenous solutes produced by nodules for export, or the partitioning of net photosynthate within the plant throughout the growth cycle. detailed examination ...	1983	16662769
role of inosine monophosphate oxidoreductase in the formation of ureides in nitrogen-fixing nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.).	cell-free extracts from nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. (walp.) cv caloona:rhizobium strain cb756) prepared in the presence of 15% (v/v) glycerol showed high rates (30 to 60 nanomoles nad reduced per minute per gram fresh weight nodule) of inosine monophosphate oxidoreductase (ec 1.2.1.14) activity. the enzyme was labile (half-life of activity less than 3 hours) but could be stabilized for up to 18 hours by inclusion of the substrates nad and inosine monophosphate in the breaking media. ...	1983	16663115
effect of temperature on nitrogenase functioning in cowpea nodules.	nitrogenase (ec 1.7.99.2) activity of a cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp cv caloona) symbiosis formed with a rhizobium strain (176a27) lacking uptake hydrogenase and maintained under conditions of a 12-hour day at an air temperature of 30 degrees c (800-1000 microeinsteins per square meter per second) and a 12-hour night at an air temperature of 20 degrees c showed a marked diurnal variation in ratio of nitrogen fixed to hydrogen evolved. as little as 0.3 micromole nitrogen was fixed per micr ...	1983	16663226
orientation of the cleavage map of the 200-kilodalton polypeptide encoded by the bottom-component rna of cowpea mosaic virus.	the genomic organization of the bottom-component rna of cowpea mosaic virus was studied. in vivo, this rna encodes at least eight different polypeptides of 170, 110, 87, 84, 60, 58, 32, and 4 kilodaltons (k), the last polypeptide representing the genome-bound protein vpg. in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, bottom-component rna is translated into a 200k polypeptide which is then processed to give the 32 and 170k polypeptides also found in vivo. by pulse-labeling the 200k primary translation product, ...	1983	16789243
rna-dependent rna polymerases of plants.	the existence of rna-dependent rna polymerases (ec 2.7.7.48) in plants has been definitely proven by their isolation in pure form from cucumber and tobacco in our laboratory and from cowpea at wageningen. these enzymes are single-chain proteins of 100-130 kilodaltons. they show clear physical and biochemical differences characteristic for a given plant species, even when their amounts in the plants were greatly increased prior to isolation by infection with the same virus. the role of these enzy ...	1983	16593271
antibody-linked polymerase assay on protein blots: a novel method for identifying polymerases following sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.	we describe a method for correlating polymerase activity with a particular polypeptide band in an sds-polyacrylamide gel which does not require renaturation of the sds-denatured enzyme. the method involves the following steps: (i) transfer of proteins from an sds-polyacrylamide gel onto nitrocellulose; (ii) incubation with excess antiserum raised against a partially purified polymerase preparation to link one fab site of an antibody molecule to the denatured enzyme on the nitrocellulose; (iii) b ...	1983	11894932
pleomorphism and acetylene-reducing activity of free-living rhizobia.	cowpea-type rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 and rhizobium japonicum usda 26 and 110 grown on a glutamate-mannitol-gluconate agar medium showed increases in the number of pleomorphic cells coincident with their acetylene-reducing activity. pleomorphs appeared to be inhibited in growth nonuniformly, because acetylene-reducing cultures were mixtures of rod, branched (v, y, and t), and other irregularly shaped cells. in contrast, strain usda 10 consistently failed to reduce acetylene, even though it also ...	1983	6822472
methylammonium uptake by rhizobium sp. strain 32h1.	we present evidence that methylammonium is transported into cowpea rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 cells by a membrane carrier whose natural substrate is ammonium. after growth in low (0.2%) oxygen, which is necessary for nitrogen fixation by these cells, respiring rhizobial cells took up [14c]methylammonium to high intracellular levels. cells grown in atmospheric (21%) oxygen did not take up methylammonium. uptake (transport plus metabolism) was maximal in cells harvested in the early stationary phas ...	1983	6826521
multiple proteins and subgenomic mrnas may be derived from a single open reading frame on tobacco mosaic virus rna.	it has previously been shown that messenger activity for a protein of mr = ca. 30k exists in rna fractions extracted from particles of either native or alkali stripped u1 tmv, or from cowpea strain tmv, that are smaller than full genomic length. analysis of sucrose gradient fractions containing this activity reveals a number of slightly smaller template activities directing synthesis of proteins between 18.5k and 29k in size. all of these messenger activities, including that for the 30k protein, ...	1983	6835837
characterization of a lectin from cowpeas.	a lectin without blood group specificity was isolated from cowpeas (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.). this lectin was prepared from a crude saline extract by acid precipitation and sephadex gel filtration. purification steps generally resulted in increased agglutination activity. homogeneity was demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation. the native lectin had a molecular weight of approximately 55,000 as shown by gel filtration, polyacrylamide electrophoresis, and ...	1983	6856584
inhibition of alfalfa mosaic virus rna and protein synthesis by actinomycin d and cycloheximide.	actinomycin d, added early after inoculation, reduces the production of infectious alfalfa mosaic virus in cowpea protoplasts by 90%. this reduction was associated with an inhibition of viral minus-strand and plus-strand rna synthesis, suggesting the involvement of host factors in these processes. coat protein production was less affected by the drug. addition of cycloheximide throughout the growth cycle resulted in an immediate cessation of coat protein production and an enhanced degradation of ...	1983	6857995
effect of hemagglutinin extracts on acetylcholinesterase activity in some brain areas of weanling rats.	two trials involving male and female weanling albino rats (wistar strain) were conducted to investigate the effects of cowpea and limabean hemagglutinin extracts on acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity in different parts of the brain. the results show that ache activity varies with brain region. cowpea hemagglutinin significantly inhibited ache activity in the pons of male and female rats, while limabean hemagglutinin significantly inhibited ache activities in the pons of both male and female ra ...	1983	6623517
intracellular occurrence of cowpea mild mottle virus in two unrelated plant species.	the filamentous particles of cowpea mild mottle virus (cmmv) were detected only in the cytoplasm of palisade, mesophyll, parenchyma and epidermal cells of glycine max (papilionaceae) and nicotiana clevelandii (solanaceae). they were aggregated to form either sheets or bundles or, more frequently, brush-like inclusions. although cmmv was initially considered to be a possible member of the carlavirus group, it differs from aphid-borne carlaviruses in its intracellular occurrence and transmission b ...	1983	6629699
polysaccharide production by certain antibiotic resistant mutants of rhizobium sp (cowpea miscellany).		1983	6629842
pathological observations on rats dosed with limabean and cowpea hemagglutinins.	the toxic effects of cowpea and limabean extracts containing hemagglutinins and pathological changes in organs of weanling and growing rats were investigated. livers of weanling rats injected with limabean hemagglutinin mean lethal dose (mld), showed marked congestion of the sinusoids. livers of growing rats thus inoculated, including those given the lethal and sublethal doses of cowpea hemagglutinin, did not show any marked lesions. there was evidence of marked congestion of the medullary sinus ...	1983	6665805
hypocholesterolemic effect of cowpea in rats on atherogenic diet.		1983	6674171
translational stability of plant viral rnas microinjected into living cells. influence of a 3'-poly(a) segment.	three different alternative structural features have been shown to be present at the 3' terminus of plant viral rnas: (a) a poly(a) track, (b) a trna-like structure, (c) no special structural or sequence characteristic. we have compared the translational stability after injection into frog oocytes of a representative of each type: (a) the small genomic rna (m-rna) of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), (b) the subgenomic mrna for coat protein (rna 4) of brome mosaic virus (bmv), (c) the subgenomic mrna ...	1983	6681761
isolation and characterization of mutants of cowpea rhizobium defective in nitrate uptake system.	in this communication, two mutants of cowpea rhizobium cb756 (nr-18 and nr-23), defective in nitrate uptake system, were described. they failed to grow in a medium where nitrate was the sole source of nitrogen and unable to show nitrate reductase activity in cell suspensions. however, they showed nitrate reductase activity (to the level of wild type) in cell-free extract preparations. thus it appears that in these mutants, the transport genes of nitrate uptake were affected and the synthesis of ...	1983	6194663
aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production in some cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp) lines in tanzania.	seeds of twenty-two cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp) lines/cultivars were inoculated with aspergillus parasiticus (link) (nrrl 3145) and aflatoxin production was evaluated. all the cowpea samples were susceptible to aspergillus infection and subsequent aflatoxin production. the amount of aflatoxin produced ranged between 466.6 micrograms/kg to 1 806 micrograms/kg in the case of b (b1 + b2) and 20.8 micrograms/kg to 82.7 micrograms/kg of seed in the case of g (g1 + g2). on the basis of the am ...	1983	6422301
age dependence of cowpea protoplasts for uptake of spermidine and infectibility by alfalfa mosaic virus.	cowpea protoplasts were prepared from plants of different ages and examined for their ability to take up polyamines and for their infectibility by alfalfa mosaic virus. a lag period of ∼20 h was necessary before the onset of rapid polyamine uptake; the occurrence of this rapid uptake depended on the age of the leaves used for protoplast preparation. the percentage of infection of cowpea protoplasts by alfalfa mosaic virus, and the amount of virus produced also depended on the age of the plants u ...	1983	24318141
an alfalfa mosaic virus rna 2 mutant, which does not induce a hypersensitive reaction in cowpea plants, is multiplied to a high concentration in cowpea protoplasts.	a mutant of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv), which in contrast to wild type (wt) can invade cowpea plants systemically, is replicated more efficiently in cowpea protoplasts than the wt. mutant preparations isolated from infected cowpea protoplasts contained a higher amount of middle component (m, containing rna 2) than wt preparations. both in cowpea plants and in cowpea protoplasts a wt phenotype is obtained upon addition of wt m to this mutant, suggesting a correlation between the type of plant rea ...	1983	24318140
flow cytometric analysis of tobacco and cowpea protoplasts infected in vivo and in vitro with alfalfa mosaic virus.	immunofluorescence flow cytometry was used to study the distribution of viral antigen in protoplast populations. protoplasts were isolated from healthy and alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) infected tobacco leaves (designated in vivo infected). furthermore isolated tobacco and cowpea protoplasts were infected in vitro with amv. the fitc-conjugated antibodies could penetrate formaldehyde fixed protoplasts. the flow cytometric measurements were rapid and reproducible. comparable immunofluorescence patter ...	1983	24318100
relationships among rhizobia from native australian legumes.	isolates from 12 legumes at three sites in victoria showed a wide range of morphological, cultural, symbiotic, and serological properties. isolates from acacia longifolia var. sophorae and kennedia prostrata were fast growing but nodulated ineffectively macroptilium atropurpureum and all native legumes except swainsonia lessertiifolia. isolates from s. lessertiifolia showed anomalous properties intermediate between fast- and slow-growing rhizobia. all isolates from the other two sites were slow- ...	1983	16346315
validation of a model for prediction of host damage by two nematode species.	plant roots were mechanically injured or subjected to nematode parasitism to test the model of host damage by two nematode species: y = m' + (l - m')c'z(p)z(p) for y </= 1.0 and y = 1.0 for y > 1.0, where m' = m + (m - m) (1 - y)/[(1 - y) + (l - y)] and c' = (z(-t) + z(-t))/2. damage functions for greenhouse-grown radish plants (cv. cherry belle) mechanically injured with small or large steel needles were used to predict growth of plants injured by both needles. growth predictions accounted for ...	1983	19295796
specialized cellular arrangements in legume leaves in relation to assimilate transport and compartmentation: comparison of the paraveinal mesophyll.	leaves of eight species of leguminosae-papilionoideae were examined for the presence of a highly specialized cell layer called the paraveinal mesophyli (pvm). three species, glycine max (l.) merr, psophocarpus tetragonolobus d.c. and vigna radiata l., contained pvm; five (medicago sativa l., phaseolus vulgaris l., pisum sativum l., vicia faba l., vigna unguiculata l.) did not. the pvm of g. max and p. tetragonolobus was anatomically identical and consisted of large, interconnected, multiarmed ce ...	1983	24258294
conservation in soil of h(2) liberated from n(2) fixation by hup nodules.	pigeon peas (cajanus cajan) were grown in large soil columns (90-cm length by 30-cm diameter) and inoculated with four different strains of cowpea rhizobia, which varied with respect to hydrogen uptake activity (hup). despite the profuse liberation of h(2) from hup nodules in vitro, h(2) gas was not detected in any of the soil columns. when h(2) was injected into the columns, the rates of consumption were highest in the treatments (including control) containing hup nodules (218 and 177 nmol . h ...	1983	16346356
rna and capsid accumulation in cowpea protoplasts that are resistant to cowpea mosaic virus strain sb.	leaf protoplasts from the arlington line of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) support only a limited increase of cowpea mosaic virus strain sb (cpmv-sb), whereas cowpea severe mosaic virus, another member of the comovirus group, replicates efficiently in arlington cowpea protoplasts. cpmv-sb replicates efficiently in protoplasts of cowpea line blackeye 5. some characteristics of the virus-specific resistance of arlington protoplasts to cpmv-sb are reported. differences between progeny cpmv-sb from arli ...	1984	6485253
replication of peanut stunt virus and its associated rna 5 in cowpea protoplasts.	peanut stunt virus (psv) rna containing psv-associated rna 5 (parna 5) was used as the inoculum in the successful infection of cowpea protoplasts. total nucleic acid extracts of protoplast samples at different times after inoculation were analyzed for the presence of psv genomic rnas and parna 5 using glyoxal denaturation, agarose gel electrophoresis, blotting to nitrocellulose, and hybridization to specific probes. it appears that (+)-stranded psv genomic rnas are synthesized up to 36 hr after ...	1984	6516215
detection of double-stranded rna by serologically specific electron microscopy.	details of a procedure for detecting double-stranded rna (dsrna) in virus and viroid infected tissue extracts using serologically specific electron microscopy are given. a method for staining dsrna, based on in situ formation of uranyl phosphate, that consistently permits the examination of dsrna by electron microscopy without shadowing with heavy metals, is described. the method provides for routine assays for dsrna in crude extracts without the variable results associated with shadowing proced ...	1984	6530480
[nutritive value of diets based on tubers and legumes consumed in 3 different proportions].	this study was an attempt to determine the nutritional value of diets based on mixtures of manioc and cowpea flours. the proportions analyzed were 87/13, 70/30 and 50/50, respectively. the effect of supplementing these diets with methionine was also investigated. the nutritional value of the diets was evaluated using as a basis the percentage of utilizable protein. findings revealed that the protein was best utilized when the percentages of manioc and cowpea flours were 50/50, with significant d ...	1984	6536219
mode of infection, nodulation specificity, and indigenous plasmids of 11 fast-growing rhizobium japonicum strains.	eleven fast-growing strains of rhizobium japonicum were characterized with respect to indigenous plasmids and abilities to infect (inf+) and nodulate (nod+) cowpea, siratro, wild soybean, and three commercial cultivars of soybean. all strains caused infection via infection threads in root hairs and consistently nodulated cowpea, siratro, and wild soybean in growth pouches. interactions with commercial cultivars of soybean were strikingly strain specific. some combinations were nod-, and infectio ...	1984	6542099
study of the genetic organisation of a plant viral rna genome by in vitro expression of a full-length dna copy.	the genetic approach for elucidating functions encoded by rna plant viruses has been hampered by the lack of methods to select desired mutants following random mutagenesis. an alternative might be to copy rna genomes into dna and use methods for site-directed mutagenesis to modify specific regions of the dna copy. transcription of the dna copy will subsequently produce viral rna with desired mutations. we have constructed a full-length dna copy of the smaller of the two cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv ...	1984	6549293
the nifh and nifdk promoter regions from rhizobium japonicum share structural homologies with each other and with nitrogen-regulated promoters from other organisms.	in several species of rhizobium the three genes which encode the nitrogenase complex are separated into two operons, nifh and nifdk. we have mapped the transcriptional promoter sites for these two operons from r. japonicum usda strain 110 by s1 protection analyses using bacterial rna isolated from soybean nodules. transcription of the nifdk operon is initiated at a site located 46 nucleotides upstream of the proposed translation initiation codon. nifh transcription initiates predominantly at a s ...	1984	6588133
primary structural comparison of rna-dependent polymerases from plant, animal and bacterial viruses.	possible alignments for portions of the genomic codons in eight different plant and animal viruses are presented: tobacco mosaic, brome mosaic, alfalfa mosaic, sindbis, foot-and-mouth disease, polio, encephalomyocarditis, and cowpea mosaic viruses. since in one of the viruses (polio) the aligned sequence has been identified as an rna-dependent polymerase, this would imply the identification of the polymerases in the other viruses. a conserved fourteen-residue segment consisting of an asp-asp seq ...	1984	6207485
h+/atp stoichiometry of cowpea rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 cells grown under nitrogen-fixing and nitrogen-nonfixing conditions.	the obligate aerobe cowpea rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 in axenic culture is able to fix n2 when grown under 0.2% o2 but not when grown under 21% o2. it was, therefore, of interest to investigate atp synthesis in these cells grown under the two conditions. when respiring in buffers having phs ranging from 6 to 8.5, cells grown under either o2 tension maintained an intracellular ph more alkaline than the exterior. the transmembrane chemical gradient of h+ (delta ph) was essentially the same under bo ...	1984	6237099
effects of increasing the fibre content of a layer diet.	the fibre content of a basal diet fed to laying hens was increased from 149.2 g to between 218.6 and 292.3 g/kg by the inclusion of various fibrous farm wastes and by-products at 200 g/kg diet. the fibrous ingredients lowered the metabolisable energy (me) of the basal diet from 11.82 to between 9.31 and 11.21 mj/kg. utilisation (g food/kg egg) of the basal diet was not significantly different from values for diets containing maize cob, cassava or maize starch residues. the diet containing maize ...	1984	6329485
preservation of rhizobium viability and symbiotic infectivity by suspension in water.	three rhizobium japonicum strains and two slow-growing cowpea-type rhizobium strains were found to remain viable and able to rapidly modulate their respective hosts after being stored in purified water at ambient temperatures for periods of 1 year and longer. three fast-growing rhizobium species did not remain viable under the same water storage conditions. after dilution of slow-growing rhizobium strains with water to 10(3) to 10(5) cells ml-1, the bacteria multiplied until the viable cell coun ...	1984	6378090
mobilization of a sym plasmid from a fast-growing cowpea rhizobium strain.	a large sym plasmid from a fast-growing cowpea rhizobium species was made mobilizable by cointegration with plasmid psup1011, which carries the orit region of rp4. this mobilizable sym plasmid was transferred to a number of rhizobium strains, in which nodulation and nitrogen fixation functions for symbiosis with plants of the cowpea group were expressed.	1984	6384201
similarity in gene organization and homology between proteins of animal picornaviruses and a plant comovirus suggest common ancestry of these virus families.	the amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleic acid sequences of several animal picornaviruses and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), a plant virus, were compared. good homology was found between cpmv and the picornaviruses in the region of the picornavirus 2c (p2-x protein), vpg, 3c pro (proteinase) and 3d pol (rna polymerase) regions. the cpmv b genome was found to have a similar gene organization to the picornaviruses. a comparison of the 3c pro (proteinase) regions of all of the available picorn ...	1984	6384934
proteolytic processing of the proteins translated from the bottom component rna of cowpea mosaic virus. the primary and secondary cleavage reactions.	the products of translation of cowpea mosaic virus b-rna in rabbit reticulocyte lysates are proteolytically cleaved to form a specific set of proteins. the primary cleavage occurs as nascent peptide chains elongate to a size of about 150 kilodaltons yielding a 32k protein and, upon chain completion, a 170k protein. this cleavage reaction is inhibited by 3 mm iodoacetamide. the 170k protein, in turn, is cleaved to yield either of two pairs of proteins, a 110k and 60k pair or a 87k and 84k pair. t ...	1984	6699013
cholesterolaemic action of vigna sinensis (cowpea).		1984	6706368
specificity of the actinomycin-d-sensitive function of some rna plant viruses.	the actinomycin-d(amd)-sensitive step of replication of three plant viruses - cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), cowpea mosaic virus, and the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus - in cowpea was specific for each virus. different combinations of the viruses were examined in which leaves were inoculated with one virus and incubated for 48 h until multiplication was almost resistant to amd. at that time, the same leaves were inoculated with a different virus and the ability of amd to inhibit m ...	1984	6735660
plasmid-linked nif and "nod" genes in fast-growing rhizobia that nodulate glycine max, psophocarpus tetragonolobus, and vigna unguiculata.	forty-nine fast-growing rhizobium strains from the nodules of 26 different tropical legume genera were screened to find isolates that would (i) nodulate, e.g., winged beans, so producing large nodules for rna and protein isolation; (ii) also nodulate various small-seeded legumes, thus allowing screening of large numbers of mutants; and (iii) harbor plasmids containing nif structural genes as well as other functions involved in nodulation. on the basis of six different criteria, this rhizobial gr ...	1984	16593465
expression of beta-galactosidase controlled by a nitrogenase promoter in stem nodules of aeschynomene scabra.	a 365-base-pair (bp) dna fragment, containing the promoter region of the nitrogenase reductase (nifh) gene from stem rhizobium btai1, has been isolated and sequenced. the transcription initiation sites were localized at positions 152 (major initiation) and 114 (minor initiation) nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon. the 200-bp nucleotide sequence upstream of the nifh structural gene shows substantial homology to the corresponding nifh regions of cowpea rhizobium (100%), paras ...	1984	16593514
structural genes of dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase are transcribed from two separate promoters in the broad host range cowpea rhizobium strain irc78.	the nucleotide sequence of the structural gene (nifd) coding for the alpha-subunit of dinitrogenase along with its flanking sequences has been determined in cowpea rhizobium irc78. the coding sequence consists of 1500 nucleotides, which corresponds to a predicted amino acid sequence of 500 residues and a molecular weight of 56,025. nucleotide homology to nifd from the blue-green alga, anabaena, and parasponia rhizobium, are 63% and 90%, respectively. cowpea rhizobium irc78 nifd and nifk (encodes ...	1984	16578778
adsorption of slow- and fast-growing rhizobia to soybean and cowpea roots.	roots of soybean (glycine max [l.] merr. cv hardee) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp. cv pink eye purple hull) were immersed in suspensions containing 10(4)rhizobium cells per milliliter of a nitrogen-free solution. after 30 to 120 minutes the roots were rinsed, and the distal 2-centimeter segments excised and homogenized. portions of the homogenates then were plated on a yeast-extract mannitol medium for bacterial cell counts. the adsorption capacities of four slow-growing rhizobia and a ...	1984	16663761
effects of short-term n(2) deficiency on n metabolism in legume nodules.	the study aimed to test the hypothesis that ammonia production by rhizobium bacteroids provides not only a source of nitrogen for growth but has a central regulatory role in maintaining the metabolic activity and functional integrity of the legume nodule. production of ammonia in intact, attached nodules was interrupted by short-term (up to 3 days) exposure of the nodulated root systems of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp cv vita 3: rhizobium cb 756) and lupin (lupinus albus l. cv ultra: rhizob ...	1984	16663910
mineral soils as carriers for rhizobium inoculants.	mineral soil-based inoculants of rhizobium meliloti and rhizobium phaseoli survived better at 4 degrees c than at higher temperatures, but ca. 15% of the cells were viable at 37 degrees c after 27 days. soil-based inoculants of r. meliloti, r. phaseoli, rhizobium japonicum, and a cowpea rhizobium sp. applied to seeds of their host legumes also survived better at low temperatures, but the percent survival of such inoculants was higher than peat-based inoculants at 35 degrees c. survival of r. pha ...	1984	16346460
invalidity of the concept of slow growth and alkali production in cowpea rhizobia.	a total of 103 rhizobial strains representing the cowpea miscellany and rhizobium japonicum were studied with regard to growth rate, glucose metabolic pathways, and ph change in culture medium. doubling times ranged from 1.4 +/- 0.04 to 44.1 +/- 5.2 h; although two populations of "fast-growing" and "slow-growing" rhizobia were noted, they overlapped and were not distinctly separated. twenty-four strains which had doubling times of less than 8 h all showed nadp-linked 6-phosphogluconate dehydroge ...	1984	16346589
homologous sequences in non-structural proteins from cowpea mosaic virus and picornaviruses.	computer analyses have revealed sequence homology between two non-structural proteins encoded by cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), and corresponding proteins encoded by two picornaviruses, poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. a region of 535 amino acids in the 87-k polypeptide from cpmv was found to be homologous to the rna-dependent rna polymerases from both picornaviruses, the best matches being found where the picornaviral proteins most resemble each other. additionally, the 58-k polypeptid ...	1984	16453518
cowpea mosaic virus vpg: sequencing of radiochemically modified protein allows mapping of the gene on b rna.	a partial amino acid sequence of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) vpg radiochemically modified by chloramine-t and bolton-hunter reagent has been determined. vpg covalently bound to viral rna chains (vpg-rna) was iodinated with chloramine-t and bolton-hunter reagent to label tyrosine and lysine residues, respectively. [i]vpg-rna was digested with nuclease p1 and the resulting [i]vpg-pu was purified by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to automated edman degradation. control experime ...	1984	16453534
rna-dependent rna polymerase isolated from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus-infected cowpeas is specific for bromoviral rna.	an rna-dependent rna polymerase activity capable of synthesizing full length double-stranded rna products only in the presence of bromoviral rna templates has been isolated from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv)-infected cowpeas. no comparable discrete products were obtained when a nonbromoviral (cowpea mosaic virus) rna was used as template. heterodisperse, ribonuclease-sensitive products were obtained in reactions catalyzed by similar extracts from mock-inoculated (uninfected) plants in the ...	1984	18639798
the semipermeability of simple spherical virus capsids.	hydrogen-ion titration curves are reported for tomato bushy stunt virus, two strains of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, and turnip crinkle virus, with particular attention to the hysteresis loops associated with the swelling and contraction of virions. there appears to be an archetypal shape of hysteresis loops, which is shared by viruses in several groups, suggestive of many intermediate states in the swelling of any one particle. in contrast, eggplant mosaic virus behaves as if its protein caps ...	1984	18639804
comparison of water potentials measured by in situ psychrometry and pressure chamber in morphologically different species.	leaf water potentials measured by in situ psychrometry were compared with leaf water potentials measured by the pressure chamber technique at various values of water potential in helianthus annuus, helianthus nuttallii, vigna unguiculata, nerium oleander, pistacia vera, and corylus avellana. in v. unguiculata, the leaf water potentials measured by the in situ psychrometer oscillated at the same periodicity as, and proportional to, the leaf conductance. in all species, potentials measured by in s ...	1984	16663415
the responses of stomata and leaf gas exchange to vapour pressure deficits and soil water content : i. species comparisons at high soil water contents.	the responses of photosynthesis, transpiration and leaf conductance to changes in vapour pressure deficit were followed in well-watered plants of the herbaceous species, helianthus annuus, helianthus nuttallii, pisum sativum and vigna unguiculata, and in the woody species having either sclerophyllous leaves, arbutus unedo, nerium oleander and pistacia vera, or mesomorphic leaves, corylus avellana, gossypium hirsutum and prunus dulcis. when the vapour pressure deficit of the air around a single l ...	1984	28311208
nickel in higher plants: further evidence for an essential role.	soybeans (glycine max [l.] merr.) grown in ni-deficient nutrient solutions accumulated toxic urea concentrations which resulted in necrosis of their leaflet tips, a characteristic of ni deficiency. estimates of the ni requirement of a plant were made by using seeds produced with different initial ni contents. when compared to soybeans grown from seeds containing 2.5 nanograms ni, plants grown from seeds containing 13 nanograms ni had a significantly reduced incidence of leaflet tip necrosis. pla ...	1984	16663907
protein bound to the genome rnas of cowpea mosaic virus.		1984	215411
alfalfa mosaic virus temperature-sensitive mutants. i. mutants defective in viral rna and protein synthesis.	the replication in cowpea protoplasts of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of alfalfa mosaic virus (aimv) was studied at the permissive (25 degrees) and the restrictive (30 degrees) temperature. using the northern blot hybridization technique, it was shown that at the restrictive temperature two rna 1 mutants, bts 03 and bts 04, and two rna 2 mutants, mts 03 and mts 04, were all defective in the synthesis of viral minus-strand rna, whereas the synthesis of the plus-strand genomic rnas 1, 2, and ...	1985	18639838
alfalfa mosaic virus temperature-sensitive mutants. ii. early functions encoded by rnas 1 and 2.	mutants bts 03 and mts 04 of alfalfa mosaic virus (aimv) have temperature-sensitive mutations in genomic rnas 1 and 2, respectively. these mutants are defective in the production of viral minus-strand rna, coat protein, and infectious virus when assayed in cowpea protoplasts at the nonpermissive temperature (30 degrees). to determine the temperature-sensitive step in the replication cycle, mutant-infected protoplasts were shifted from an incubation temperature of 25 degrees (permissive temperatu ...	1985	18639839
human interferon does not protect cowpea plant cell protoplasts against infection with alfalfa mosaic virus.	orchansky et al. (p. orchansky, m. rubenstein, and i. sela), proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 79, 2278-2280, 1982) reported that natural and recombinant human interferon (huifn), e.g., huifn-beta and -alpha subspecies gamma3, protects plant cells from infection with a plant virus (tobacco mosaic virus). for their study they used tobacco leaf discs as well as tobacco protoplasts. it is now reported that recombinant huifn-beta and huifn-alpha2 do not significantly decrease alfalfa mosaic virus increase ...	1985	18639858
independent replication of cowpea mosaic virus bottom component rna: in vivo instability of the viral rnas.	we compared the accumulation of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rnas after inoculation of cowpea and chenopodium quinoa protoplasts with bottom (b) or middle (m) component virions alone, or with a mixture of the m and b components. rna extracted from infected protoplasts was subjected to quantitative spot hybridization after electrophoresis and blotting. compared to the complete m plus b mixture, the b inoculum induced (1) a reduced rate and extent of accumulation of b-rna of both the (+) and (-) pol ...	1985	18640533
cotranslational disassembly of a cowpea strain (cc) of tmv: evidence that viral rna-protein interactions at the assembly origin block ribosome translocation in vitro.	cotranslational disassembly of mixed rod-length populations of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv; vulgare, common or, u1 strain), reveals a reproducible, significant reduction in the level of expression of the intermediate-sized, subgenomic 12-rna when compared with conventional total viral rna preparations. i2-rna encodes a 30-kda protein, and recent evidence suggests that i2-rna is unusual in that it lacks a 5'-cap structure. in tmv vulgare, the assembly origin is located within the 30-kda protein-cod ...	1985	18640553