Publications

sequence and analysis of the rpon sigma factor gene of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234, a primary coregulator of symbiosis.	we report the nucleotide sequence of the rpon gene from broad-host-range rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 and analyze the encoded rpon protein, a sigma factor. comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of rpon from ngr234 with sequences from other gram-negative bacteria identified a perfectly conserved rpon box unique to rpon sigma factors. symbiotic regulatory phenotypes were defined for a site-directed internal deletion within the coding sequence of the rpon gene of rhizobium strain n ...	1990	2211497
use of kanwa-cooked cowpea (vigna unguiculata) in infant food formulation: effect on protein utilization and digestibility.		1990	2213993
expression of plant virus genes in animal cells: high-level synthesis of cowpea mosaic virus b-rna-encoded proteins with baculovirus expression vectors.	the baculovirus expression system has been used to produce non-structural proteins encoded by bottom-component rna (b-rna) of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). for this, cdnas containing the 60k, 87k, 110k and 170k protein coding sequences were each provided with an atg start codon and the cdna containing the 60k coding sequence with a taa stop codon immediately downstream of the coding sequence. recombinant baculoviruses were retrieved which harboured the modified b-cdna sequences under the control o ...	1990	2254749
use of bromovirus rna2 hybrids to map cis- and trans-acting functions in a conserved rna replication gene.	brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) are related positive-strand rna viruses with tripartite genomes. rna replication by either virus requires genomic rnas 1 and 2, which encode protein 1a and the polymeraselike, 94-kilodalton 2a protein, respectively. proteins 1a and 2a share extensive sequence similarity with proteins encoded by a wide range of other positive-strand rna viruses of animals and plants. heterologous combinations of bmv and ccmv rnas 1 and 2 do not sup ...	1990	2293671
genomic rna of an insect virus directs synthesis of infectious virions in plants.	newly synthesized virions of flock house virus (fhv), an insect nodavirus, were detected in plant cells inoculated with fhv rna. fhv was found in whole plants of barley (hordeum vulgare), cowpea (vigna sinensis), chenopodium (chenopodium hybridum), tobacco (nicotiana tabacum), and nicotiana benthamiana and in protoplasts derived from barley leaves. virions produced in plants contained newly synthesized rna as well as newly synthesized capsid protein. these results show that the intracellular env ...	1990	2296598
cis-acting sequences required for in vivo amplification of genomic rna3 are organized differently in related bromoviruses.	cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) is a positive-strand rna virus that infects dicotyledonous plants. the genome comprises three capped rnas: rna1 (3.2 kb), rna2 (2.9 kb), and rna3 (2.1 kb). cis-acting sequences required for amplification in vivo were explored for rna3, which does not contribute trans-acting factors to viral rna replication. using a ccmv cdna expression system, deletions throughout rna3 were constructed and tested for successful replication in barley protoplasts coinoculated w ...	1990	2305551
regeneration of a functional rna virus genome by recombination between deletion mutants and requirement for cowpea chlorotic mottle virus 3a and coat genes for systemic infection.	rnas 1 and 2 of the tripartite cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) genome are sufficient for rna replication in protoplasts, whereas systemic infection of cowpea plants additionally requires rna3, which encodes the 3a noncapsid protein and coat protein. by using biologically active ccmv cdna clones, we find that deletions in either rna3 gene block systemic infection. thus, though some plant rna viruses are able to spread systemically without encapsidation, both the coat and 3a genes are require ...	1990	2308940
proposed regulatory pathway encoded by the nodv and nodw genes, determinants of host specificity in bradyrhizobium japonicum.	bradyrhizobium japonicum is the root nodule endosymbiont of soybean (glycine max), mung bean (vigna radiata), cowpea (vigna unguiculata), and siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum). we report the characteristics of a nodulation-gene region of b. japonicum that contributes only marginally to the bacterium's ability to nodulate soybean but is essential for the nodulation of the three alternative hosts. this dna region consists of two open reading frames designated nodv and nodw. the predicted amino ...	1990	2320582
rna2 of grapevine fanleaf virus: sequence analysis and coat protein cistron location.	the nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna2 (3774 nucleotides) of grapevine fanleaf virus strain f13 was determined from overlapping cdna clones and its genetic organization was deduced. two rapid and efficient methods were used for cdna cloning of the 5' region of rna2. the complete sequence contained only one long open reading frame of 3555 nucleotides (1184 codons, 131k product). the analysis of the n-terminal sequence of purified coat protein (cp) and identification of its c-terminal residue ...	1990	2374004
dietary modification of potential vitamin k supply from enteric bacterial menaquinones in rats.	rats given a low-fibre diet based on boiled white rice developed symptoms of severe vitamin k deficiency within 23 d. inclusion of autoclaved black-eye beans (vigna unguiculata) in the diet prevented the bleeding syndrome. to test the hypothesis that deficiency resulted from low phylloquinone intake exacerbated by inadequate production of menaquinones by the enteric bacteria, a follow-up experiment was carried out in which groups of rats were given an all-rice diet, a rice + beans diet or a stoc ...	1990	2383538
isolation of a fraction from cauliflower mosaic virus-infected protoplasts which is active in the synthesis of (+) and (-) strand viral dna and reverse transcription of primed rna templates.	sub-cellular fractions, isolated from cauliflower mosaic virus (camv)-infected turnip protoplasts, are capable of synthesising camv dna in vitro on an endogenous template and of reverse transcribing oligo dt-primed cowpea mosaic virus rna. the activity was not detected in mock-inoculated protoplasts. in vitro-labelled dna hybridized to single-stranded m13 clones complementary to the putative origins of (-) and (+) strand camv dna synthesis and to restriction endonuclease fragments encompassing m ...	1985	2409536
use of intrinsic antibiotic resistance for characterisation and identification of rhizobia from nodules of vigna unguiculata (l) walp. and phaseolus vulgaris (l).	intrinsic resistance to low concentrations of antibiotics was used to characterise 83 isolates from nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and field bean (phaseolus vulgaris). characterisation and differentiation of isolates from cowpea was made difficult by associated fast-growing bacteria inside the nodule tissue. thus, reliable pure culture was difficult to secure without repeated isolation and even via nodulation of the appropriate homologous host. although the technique may be satisfactory f ...	1985	2412407
replication of chimeric tobacco mosaic viruses which carry heterologous combinations of replicase genes and 3' noncoding regions.	three tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-l (tomato strain)-derived chimeras, designated ol1, lg11, or lk31, were constructed by replacing the 3' noncoding region with the corresponding sequence of tmv-om (common strain), cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv), or tmv-cc (cowpea strain), respectively. the genomic rnas of tmv-l, -om, and cgmmv carry histidine-accepting trna-like structures at their 3' termini, while the genome of tmv-cc accepts valine. the three chimeric viruses were able to multiply ...	1988	2452515
protein and cdna sequences of bowman-birk protease inhibitors from the cowpea (vigna unguiculata walp.).	the protein and gene sequences of the cowpea bowman-birk type trypsin inhibitor which confers enhanced insect resistance to transgenic tobacco plants, and of cowpea trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitors are presented. there are regions of high conservation and high divergence within the 5' leader, mature protein and 3' non-coding regions of the bowman-birk inhibitors and in the genes which encode them in different members of this family within the leguminosae. the practical implications of this findin ...	1989	2491685
high-level synthesis of cowpea mosaic virus rna polymerase and protease in escherichia coli.	an expression system for the production of polymerase proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) in escherichia coli cells is described. high-level synthesis of proteins containing protease and polymerase moieties (110-kda protein) and polymerase alone (87-kda protein) were obtained from cells containing different plasmid constructions. precursor and processed forms of cpmv proteins were detected by immunoblotting with antisera directed against 170-kda precursor polyprotein and 24-kda viral protease ...	1989	2548928
compositional evaluation of some cowpea varieties and some under-utilized edible legumes in nigeria.	the nutritive potentials of some cowpea varieties such as ife brown, ife bimpe, it84e-124, k59 and tvx716 and some under-utilized edible legumes grown in nigeria such as pigeon pea (cajanus cajan), lima bean (phaseolus lunatus), lablab bean (dolichos lablab), mucuna bean (mucuna sp.) and sphenostilis sternocarpa have been evaluated with respect to their proximate chemical composition, mineral content and some endogenous toxic constituents. the cowpea varieties contained on the average 22.5 g cru ...	1989	2561305
production of root hair deformation factors by rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes in escherichia coli: hsnd (nodh) is involved in the plant host-specific modification of the nodabc factor.	the role of the hsnd (nodh) gene in the determination of the host-specific nodulation ability of rhizobium meliloti was studied by expressing the common nodulation genes (nodabc) with or without the hsnd gene in escherichia coli and testing for biological activity on various leguminous plants. in this way, four categories of plants were established. upon infection with e. coli carrying the nodabc construct, root hair deformation (had) was detected on clovers while the hsnd gene was additionally ...	1989	2562755
identification and subcellular localization of a putative cell-to-cell transport protein from red clover mottle virus.	to investigate the mode of gene expression of red clover mottle virus (rcmv) middle component (m) rna, we have synthesized an oligopeptide corresponding to the predicted carboxy-terminus of the rcmv counterparts of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) 48k and 58k proteins. using an antiserum raised against this synthetic oligopeptide, we have detected a 43-kda protein in the 30,000 g pellet from extracts of rcmv-infected cowpea protoplasts. immunogold cytochemistry further localized this protein to th ...	1989	2596020
improvements of the infectivity of in vitro transcripts from cloned cowpea mosaic virus cdna: impact of terminal nucleotide sequences.	full-length dna copies of both b- and m-rna of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) were constructed downstream from a t7 promoter. by removal of nucleotides from the promoter sequence, b- and m-rna-like transcripts with varying numbers of additional nonviral sequences at the 5' end were obtained upon transcription with t7 rna polymerase. the infectivity of the transcripts in cowpea protoplasts was greatly affected by only a few extra nonviral nucleotides at the 5' end. the addition of about 400 nonviral ...	1989	2596025
flatulence and other discomforts associated with consumption of cowpea (vigna unguiculata).	abdominal discomfort after eating cowpeas is known to be a major constraint on their greater consumption. problems associated with cowpea consumption were identified by questionnaire in 448 randomly selected families. some (28%) of the respondents had never experienced flatulence. those who did said it occurred when cowpeas were eaten at all (16.7%), as dinner (42%) or without other foods (15%). a subsample of 40 people who complained of serious abdominal discomfort were fed cowpeas cooked by ei ...	1989	2596840
decreased accuracy of protein synthesis in extracts from aging human diploid fibroblasts.	the accuracy of protein synthesis has been measured in extracts from human diploid fibroblasts of different ages. extracts were supplied with purified mrna for the coat protein of the cowpea variant of tobacco mosaic virus (cctmv), which lacks codons for cysteine and methionine. the presence of 35s-cysteine in cctmv coat protein synthesized during translation reactions therefore represents translational error. translation reactions were performed with extracts from young fibroblasts (less than 5 ...	1989	2721600
amino acid composition protein quality and water-soluble vitamin content of germinated cowpeas (vigna unguiculata).	amino acid composition, protein digestibility, calculated protein efficiency ratio (c-per and dc-per), chemical scores and water-soluble vitamin content of cowpea seeds germinated at 25 degrees c or 30 degrees c for 24 h were determined. also, the effect of processing steps (heated-air drying, decortication and cooking) on these parameters were examined. germination had little effect on amino acid profile of cowpeas. in vitro protein digestibility was not improved significantly by germination no ...	1989	2762247
identification of the initiation codons for translation of cowpea mosaic virus middle component rna using site-directed mutagenesis of an infectious cdna clone.	a full-length cdna copy of cpmv m rna has been cloned downstream of a phage lambda promoter in the plasmid ppmi. transcripts obtained from this clone can be translated in vitro and replicated in cowpea mesophyll protoplasts in the presence of viral b rna. we have constructed a series of site-directed mutants of this clone to investigate the mechanism of translation of cpmv m rna. the results obtained confirm that the aug at position 161 is used to direct the synthesis of a 105k protein in vitro ...	1989	2773321
sequence of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus rnas 2 and 3 and evidence of a recombination event during bromovirus evolution.	the genomic sequence of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) was completed by sequencing biologically active cdna clones of ccmv rna2 (2774 bases) and rna3 (2173 bases). while only the central core of the encoded 94-kda ccmv 2a protein contains features conserved among known and putative rna replication proteins from many viruses, both flanking regions of ccmv 2a show substantial similarity to the corresponding protein of the related brome mosaic virus (bmv). the 3a proteins of ccmv and bmv, imp ...	1989	2773323
evidence that nucleocapsid disassembly and a later step in virus replication are inhibited in transgenic tobacco protoplasts expressing tmv coat protein.	tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-like pseudovirus particles containing mrna for escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (gus) were electroporated into mesophyll protoplasts from control or tmv coat protein (cp)-transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi). gus-particles were expressed 100-fold less efficiently in cp-transformed than in control protoplasts whereas unencapsidated gus mrna was expressed only 2.8-fold less efficiently. lower transient expression of packaged gus mrna is probably due to in ...	1989	2773325
inhibition of proteolytic processing of the polyproteins of cowpea mosaic virus by hemin.	cleavages of the polyproteins synthesized from cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b rna and m rna in rabbit reticulocyte lysates are inhibited by hemin. cleavage of the cpmv b rna-encoded 200k polyprotein and of the m rna-encoded 60k intermediary precursor protein were most sensitive to hemin inhibition, while cleavages of other precursor proteins were less sensitive. a significant observation was that at a hemin concentration of 25 microm, but not at higher concentrations, the 60k protein was cleaved t ...	1989	2815588
sequence and organization of southern bean mosaic virus genomic rna.	the genomic rna sequence of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-c) has been determined. the genome is 4194 nucleotides in length and has four open reading frames. a 5' proximal open frame, from base 49 to base 603, corresponds to the length of the p4 proteins translated in cell-free extracts from full-length and smaller virion rna. the largest open frame extends from base 570 to base 3437 and encodes the two largest proteins translated in cell-free extracts from full-length vir ...	1987	2823471
hybrid brome mosaic virus rnas express and are packaged in tobacco mosaic virus coat protein in vivo.	brome mosaic virus (bmv) is an icosahedral virus with a tripartite rna genome which infects monocotyledonous plants, while the cowpea or legume strain of tobacco mosaic virus (cctmv) is a rod-shaped virus with a single component rna genome which infects dicotyledonous plants. to examine the potential for exchanging entire genes between rna viruses, biologically active cdna clones were used to replace the natural coat gene of bmv rna3 with the coat gene and encapsidation origin of cctmv. in proto ...	1988	2847411
virus-ribosome complexes from cell-free translation systems supplemented with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus particles.	when particles of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) were added to cell-free extracts from wheat germ, the encapsidated viral genome was translated into polypeptides similar to the translation products specified by unencapsidated viral rna (as shown before by m.j. brisco, r. hull, and t.m.a. wilson, 1986, virology 148, 210-217). the rate of protein synthesis observed upon addition of virus particles was much slower than that of extracted rna and the quantity of protein formed was only 10% of t ...	1989	2909987
identification of a nodd-dependent locus in the rhizobium strain ngr234 activated by phenolic factors secreted by soybeans and other legumes.	transfer of the strain ngr234nodd 1 gene into the narrow host range r. trifolii strain anu843 on either a 6.7-kb hindiii or 17-kb xhoi fragment broadens the host range of this bacterium to include the tropical legumes vigna unguiculata, glycine ussuriensis, leucaena leucocephala, and siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum). contrary to previous data (bassam et al. 1986), mutagenesis of the 17-kb xhoi fragment with a mini-mu lac transposon (mu dii1734) showed that a functional nodd 1 gene was essent ...	1988	2980201
cleavage of a viral polyprotein by a cellular proteolytic activity.	the 200,000-dalton polyprotein encoded by the bottom component rna of cowpea mosaic virus was synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, and this in vitro-synthesized protein was isolated from the lysate reaction mixture by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. incubation of the isolated polyprotein with buffer caused no change in the protein, but incubation with reticulocyte lysates or with fractionated lysate proteins resulted in cleavage of the protein into the expected cleavage products ...	1986	3003387
gene cluster of pseudomonas syringae pv. "phaseolicola" controls pathogenicity of bean plants and hypersensitivity of nonhost plants.	loss of the ability of pseudomonas syringae pv. "phaseolicola" nps3121 to elicit a hypersensitive response on tobacco and other nonhost plants was associated with loss of pathogenicity on the susceptible host bean. eight independent, prototrophic transposon tn5 insertion mutants which had lost the ability to elicit a hypersensitive response on tobacco plants were identified. six of these mutants no longer produced disease lesions on primary leaves of the susceptible bean cultivar red kidney and ...	1986	3023280
isolation and characterization of symbiotic mutants of bradyrhizobium sp. (arachis) strain nc92: mutants with host-specific defects in nodulation and nitrogen fixation.	random transposon tn5 mutagenesis of bradyrhizobium sp. (arachis) strain nc92, a member of the cowpea cross-inoculation group, was carried out, and kanamycin-resistant transconjugants were tested for their symbiotic phenotype on three host plants: groundnut, siratro, and pigeonpea. two nodulation (nod- phenotype) mutants were isolated. one is unable to nodulate all three hosts and appears to contain an insertion in one of the common nodulation genes (nodabcd); the other is a host-specific nodula ...	1987	3032910
gtp-binding domain: three consensus sequence elements with distinct spacing.	a sequence comparison of nine functionally different gtp-binding protein families has yielded further information on the general characterization of the conservation and importance of amino acid sequences in the gtp-binding domain, including a consensus sequence composed of three consensus elements gxxxxgk, dxxg, and nkxd with consensus spacings of either 40-80 or approximately equal to 130-170 amino acid residues between the first and second elements and approximately 40-80 amino acid residues ...	1987	3104905
proximate composition and antinutritional factors in rice bean (vigna umbellata).	thirteen promising strains of rice bean (vigna umbellata) were analysed for their proximate compositions and antinutritional factors. protein content in these varieties ranged from 17.50 to 23.10 per cent, ash from 3.06 to 4.48 per cent, ether extract from 2.4 to 3.9 per cent and crude fibre from 1.70 to 4.25 per cent. trypsin inhibitor activity ranged from 112.63 to 163.98 units/g and polyphenols ranged from 0.58 to 1.19 per cent. phytohemagglutinating activity was present in all the strains, e ...	1988	3231596
[evaluation of the protein quality of legume flours obtained by roasting in heated beds].	roasted flours from cowpea, canavalia and washed lupin were prepared by a thermic treatment in fluid sand beds at 150, 200 and 250 degrees c for 2.0 and 2.5 minutes, followed by dehulling and grinding. a flour produced by pressure cooking at 121 degrees c for 30 min followed by drying was used as reference. the flours were evaluated through residual levels of antitryptic activity, tannin content, available lysine, npr and protein digestibility. the roasting and the pressure cooking processes inc ...	1988	3256285
two viral proteins involved in the proteolytic processing of the cowpea mosaic virus polyproteins.	a series of specific deletion mutants derived from a full-length cdna clone of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b rna was constructed with the aim to study the role of viral proteins in the proteolytic processing of the primary translation products. for the same purpose cdna clones were constructed having sequences derived from both m and b rna of cpmv. in vitro transcripts prepared from these clones with t7 rna polymerase, were efficiently translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. the translation pr ...	1988	3282225
proteolytic activity of the cowpea mosaic virus encoded 24k protein synthesized in escherichia coli.	the function of the 24-kilodalton (24k) protein encoded by cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been studied by constructing a bacterial expression plasmid that contained a cloned chimeric segment consisting of partial dna copies of cpmv m-rna (including sequences coding for both capsid proteins) and b-rna (including sequences coding for the 24k protein). viral sequences were transcribed from the phage t7 promoter phi 10 of plasmid pt7-6 using t7-rna polymerase expressed from plasmid pgp1-2 present in ...	1987	3300014
binding of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus to cowpea protoplasts and relation of binding to virus entry and infection.	cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and cowpea protoplasts were used to study initial interactions between virus and protoplast. protoplasts and virus were incubated under varying conditions of temperature, ph, ionic strength, and the presence of added compounds. both the amount of 35s-labeled virus bound to protoplasts and the percentage of infected cells were determined. at 0 and 25 degrees the amount of virus associated with protoplasts increased with the amount of virus added. with inoculum ...	1988	3363871
analysis and application of substrate hydrolysis rates in indirect elisa of a purified plant virus.	the transient colorimetric signal in a microtiter plate is used to quantify a purified plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), over five concentration decades in a single plate. the method involves the coating of the polystyrene microtiter plate wells directly with the cpmv antigen, followed by incubation with a rabbit-derived cpmv-specific antibody, and lastly by incubation with a commercially available antibody against rabbit immunoglobulin which has been pre-labeled with alkaline phosphatase ...	1988	3366853
infectious rna transcripts derived from full-length dna copies of the genomic rnas of cowpea mosaic virus.	a set of full-length dna copies of both m and b rna of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) was cloned downstream of a phage t7 promoter. upon in vitro transcription using t7 rna polymerase, m and b rna-like transcripts were obtained from these dna copies with only two additional nucleotides at the 5' end and five extra nucleotides at the 3' end in comparison to natural viral rna. in cowpea protoplasts the transcripts of several cdna clones of b rna were able to replicate leading to detectable synthesis o ...	1988	3388776
infectious in vitro transcripts from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus cdna clones and exchange of individual rna components with brome mosaic virus.	complete cdna copies of genomic rna1, rna2, and rna3 of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) were cloned 1 base downstream from a t7 rna polymerase promoter. the mixture of capped in vitro transcripts from all three clones produced normal ccmv infections in barley protoplasts and cowpea plants. by using transcripts from these clones and from a similar set of biologically active clones of the related brome mosaic virus (bmv), all possible single component exchanges between the bmv and ccmv tripar ...	1988	3418781
rna-directed rna polymerases from healthy and from virus-infected cucumber.	much work has been done on the isolation, purification, and characterization of the rna-directed rna polymerase (ec 2.7.7.48) of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv)-infected cucumbers. uninfected plants were reported to have no such enzyme, but we recently detected low levels of the activity in cucumber. since tobacco and cowpea contain such an enzyme that is variably increased in amount by various virus (as well as viroid) infections, we assumed that this would also be the case upon cmv infection of cu ...	1986	3458203
molecular cloning and sequence determination of the genomic regions encoding protease and genome-linked protein of three picornaviruses.	to investigate the degree of similarity between picornavirus proteases, we cloned the genomic cdnas of an enterovirus, echovirus 9 (strain barty), and two rhinoviruses, serotypes 1a and 14lp, and determined the nucleotide sequence of the region which, by analogy to poliovirus, encodes the protease. the nucleotide sequence of the region encoding the genome-linked protein vpg, immediately adjacent to the protease, was also determined. comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with ...	1986	3512851
molecular assembly of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro.	tmv assembly starts with a specific interaction between the assembly origin on the rna and a disk aggregate of coat protein. the assembly origin is located in the 30k protein cistron for common and tomato strains of tmv and in the coat protein cistron for cowpea strain of tmv and for cgmmv. all the assembly origins have three essential structures: a long base-paired hairpin loop structure; a target sequence, gapuguug, at the top of the hairpin loop structure; and a tract where every third base i ...	1986	3551520
contribution of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) in a mixed diet to the nutrient intake of rural children in ibadan.	1. sixty-four subjects from the rural areas of ibadan participated in a study to determine the contribution of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) foods to the total intake of nutrients in a mixed diet. the subjects were randomly selected from those who, according to their mothers, reacted to cowpea foods (reactors) and those who did not (non-reactors). 2. the results showed that for all subjects, protein, energy and riboflavin needs were not met from the total diet consumed. however, the requirements fo ...	1987	3620436
effects of storage and processing on the nutritive value of certain nigerian foods.	the effects of storage and processing on the nutritive value of two nigerian foods--raw cowpea (vigna unguiculata) flour and palm oil, have been investigated. increased retention of both thiamine and riboflavin as a result of increased water activity (aw) were recorded for cowpea flour stored for 6 months. a storage temperature of 5 degrees c led to minimal losses of both vitamins in the stored flour. differences in physico-chemical characteristics were observed between palm oil produced by the ...	1986	3743721
the application of protein concentrates from locally available legumes in the development of weaning foods.	the effect of mixing different sources of vegetable proteins from legumes in the preparation of infant weaning foods was investigated. melon, cowpea and soya as sole protein sources or as a mixture were fed to 60 albino rats. a milk powder-based commercial product (cerelac) was used as control diet. the mixture of the vegetable protein diet compared favorably with the control diet in terms of growth rate, protein efficiency ratio (per) and net protein ratio (npr) and also ensured optimum nitroge ...	1986	3825189
enzymes of the beta-ketoadipate pathway are inducible in rhizobium and agrobacterium spp. and constitutive in bradyrhizobium spp.	protocatechuate is a universal growth substrate for members of the family rhizobiaceae, and these bacteria utilize the aromatic compound via the beta-ketoadipate pathway. this report describes transcriptional controls exercised by different subgroups of the rhizobiaceae over five enzymes that catalyze consecutive reactions in the pathway: protocatechuate oxygenase (ec 1.13.11.3), beta-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme (ec 5.5.1.2), gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.44) ...	1986	3941043
identification of rhizobium plasmid sequences involved in recognition of psophocarpus, vigna, and other legumes.	symbiotic dna sequences involved in nodulation by rhizobium must include genes responsible for recognizing homologous hosts. we sought these genes by mobilizing the symbiotic plasmid of a broad host-range rhizobium mpik3030 (= ngr234) that can nodulate glycine max, psophocarpus tetragonolobus, vigna unguiculata, etc., into two nod- rhizobium mutants as well as into agrobacterium tumefaciens. subsequently, cosmid clones of pmpik3030a were mobilized into nod+ rhizobium that cannot nodulate the cho ...	1986	3958042
legume agglutinins that bind to rhizobium meliloti.	a protein found in seeds and roots of alfalfa (medicago sativa) was implicated in the specificity of the infection process, based on its binding to the symbiont rhizobium meliloti. we found an agglutinin with similar properties in seeds and roots of sweet clover (melilotis alba). the sweet clover differed from alfalfa in nodulation by a mutant strain of r. meliloti, but the agglutinins were indistinguishable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, rhizobium agglutination, a ...	1985	3988714
the accuracy of protein synthesis in reticulocyte and hela cell lysates.	the accuracy of translation in protein synthesis is measured as the rate of misincorporation of a particular amino acid, different from that specified by an mrna codon, into protein. the cowpea variant of tobacco mosaic virus, cctmv, contains no cysteine or methionine in its coat protein. translation in vitro of purified cctmv coat protein mrna by rabbit reticulocyte and hela cell lysates has been performed. the coat protein product was purified by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera, and ...	1985	4016118
the use of cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) in improving a popular nigerian weaning food.	a weaning food commonly used in nigeria was simulated by mixing processed sorghum (sorghum bicolor) with skim-milk powder (830: 170, w/w). replacing 310 g/kg sorghum with processed cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) resulted in an increase in protein content from 96 to 113 g/kg and an increase in biological value of the protein from 0.74 to 0.87. the two mixtures were compared with an established commercial baby food by a panel of nigerian mothers and all three foods were found to be equally acceptable ...	1985	4063322
novel application of quantitative immunoassays for screening seed globulins of cowpea varieties.	using antibodies raised in rabbits, radioimmunoassay (ria) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) are standardized for cowpea (var. pusa barsati) seed globulins. the ria, when used to screen three stages of seed development, reveals that maximum globulins are detected at 28 days after flowering. when three different varieties of cowpea are assayed for their globulin content by ria and elisa, it is observed that the bold grain cowpea has the highest amount of related globulin as compared t ...	1985	4063471
some properties of pea green mottle virus, a member of the cowpea mosaic group, isolated in czechoslovakia.		1969	4106754
serological relationship of brome mosaic and cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses.		1971	4108620
structure and infectivity of picornaviral rna encapsidated by cowpea chlorotic mottle virus protein.	poliovirus and mengo virus rna were shown to associate efficiently with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus protein to form pseudovirions. the sedimentation coefficient for the pseudovirions was similar to that of poliovirus, and electron microscope observations showed the mengo pseudovirions to be similar in size to mengo virus. such pseudovirions were infectious and were more resistant to ribonuclease than viral rna; however, under our assay conditions, their infectivity was about equal to that of v ...	1973	4128376
minor protein components in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and satellite of tobacco necrosis virus.		1974	4414688
structure of isometric viruses containing nonidentical polypeptide chains.	the theory of caspar and klug (1962) for the structure of isometric viruses has been generalized to the case in which the identical repeating unit is composed of n nonidentical polypeptide chains. this modified theory accounts for the structure of picornaviruses, the lambda phage head, cowpea mosaic virus, and phix174, while at the same time conserving the principle of having identical subunits in identical environments. furthermore, the modified theory suggests amending the triangulation number ...	1974	4418754
the amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus protein.		1974	4441618
the localization of virus-specific double-stranded rna of cowpea mosaic virus in subcellular fractions of infected vigna leaves.		1973	4576343
the infection of tobacco protoplasts with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and its rna.		1973	4584931
the tryptic peptides and terminal sequences of the protein from the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus.		1972	4640687
crystalline cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.		2015	4689956
the infectivity of the two electrophoretic forms of cowpea mosaic virus.		2015	4693399
east african strains of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus.		1973	4701692
production of antifungal compounds in cowpea (vigna sinensis) and pea (pisum sativum) after virus infection.		2015	4737339
the effects of aflatoxin b1 and palmotoxins b0 and g0 on the germination and leaf colour of the cowpea (vigna sinensis).		1973	4768220
a bacterium and dipterous parasite in wild populations of cowpea curculio larvae: effects of treatment with spores of metarrhizium anisopliae.		1971	4930318
antigenic analysis of rhizobium japonicum by immunodiffusion.	immunodiffusion reactions were studied with seven strains of rhizobium japonicum and three strains of the cowpea miscellany by using antisera against eight of the strains. most strains yielded only weak precipitin bands when untreated cell suspensions were used as antigens in the diffusions. ultrasonic disruption or heat treatment of the cells led to stronger bands, and immersion in boiling water for 20 min was used as the standard procedure for preparing these bacteria for immunodiffusion analy ...	1971	4998353
citrus oils as protectants of black-eyed peas against cowpea weevils: laboratory evaluation.		1972	5085809
sexual competition of gamma-sterilized male cowpea weevils.		1971	5122367
electron microscopy of the bean and cowpea strains of southern bean mosaic virus within leaf cells.		1970	5430452
effects of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (soybean strain) on chemical composition of davis soybeans.		2000	5528923
structures derived from cowpea chlorotic mottle and brome mosaic virus protein.		1969	5784855
the amino acid and nucleotide composition of the bean and cowpea strains of southern bean mosaic virus.		1966	5921641
rhizobial relationship of the genus phaseolus. i. cross-inoculation performance of different species to r. phaseoli, r. japonicum, and the cowpea organism.		1967	6036898
inhibition of mosaic virus of vigna sinensis endl. with four chemicals.	four chemicals--gibberellic acid, indoleacetic acid, 2,4-6 and thiouracil were tested for their inhibitory effect against a virus disease of vigna sinensis (cowpea). all the four chemicals inhibited the virus to a considerable extent in in vitro studies. pre and post-inoculation treatments were equally effective in inhibiting the virus, viz. local lesion formation on chenopodium amaranticolor leaves. the level of inhibition subsequently decreased with lower concentration of the chemicals. seed s ...	1980	6155055
isolation and characterization of mutants of cowpea rhizobium defective in nitrate uptake system.	in this communication, two mutants of cowpea rhizobium cb756 (nr-18 and nr-23), defective in nitrate uptake system, were described. they failed to grow in a medium where nitrate was the sole source of nitrogen and unable to show nitrate reductase activity in cell suspensions. however, they showed nitrate reductase activity (to the level of wild type) in cell-free extract preparations. thus it appears that in these mutants, the transport genes of nitrate uptake were affected and the synthesis of ...	1983	6194663
primary structural comparison of rna-dependent polymerases from plant, animal and bacterial viruses.	possible alignments for portions of the genomic codons in eight different plant and animal viruses are presented: tobacco mosaic, brome mosaic, alfalfa mosaic, sindbis, foot-and-mouth disease, polio, encephalomyocarditis, and cowpea mosaic viruses. since in one of the viruses (polio) the aligned sequence has been identified as an rna-dependent polymerase, this would imply the identification of the polymerases in the other viruses. a conserved fourteen-residue segment consisting of an asp-asp seq ...	1984	6207485
h+/atp stoichiometry of cowpea rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 cells grown under nitrogen-fixing and nitrogen-nonfixing conditions.	the obligate aerobe cowpea rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 in axenic culture is able to fix n2 when grown under 0.2% o2 but not when grown under 21% o2. it was, therefore, of interest to investigate atp synthesis in these cells grown under the two conditions. when respiring in buffers having phs ranging from 6 to 8.5, cells grown under either o2 tension maintained an intracellular ph more alkaline than the exterior. the transmembrane chemical gradient of h+ (delta ph) was essentially the same under bo ...	1984	6237099
terminal uridylyl transferase of vigna unguiculata: purification and characterization of an enzyme catalyzing the addition of a single ump residue to the 3'-end of an rna primer.	an enzyme which catalyzes the addition of a single ump residue from utp to the 3'-end of an rna primer and which is referred to as terminal uridylyl transferase (tut) has been extensively purified from the membrane fraction of vigna unguiculata leaves. the purification procedure involved (i) solubilization by cation depletion (ii) deae-sepharose cl-6b column chromatography (iii) affinity chromatography of poly(u)-sepharose 4b and (iv) glycerol gradient centrifugation. the molecular weight of the ...	1981	6269049
nucleotide sequence of the 30k protein cistron of cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus.	the nucleotide sequence of cloned cdna copies of cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus rna including the 30k protein cistron was determined. the 30k protein cistron was located at residue 676-1,527 from the 3' end of the genomic rna. the 30k protein was composed of 282 amino acid residues and was basic, similar to the 30k protein of common strain om. however, homology of the amino acid sequences between the two strains was only 27%.	1982	6292867
effects of increasing the fibre content of a layer diet.	the fibre content of a basal diet fed to laying hens was increased from 149.2 g to between 218.6 and 292.3 g/kg by the inclusion of various fibrous farm wastes and by-products at 200 g/kg diet. the fibrous ingredients lowered the metabolisable energy (me) of the basal diet from 11.82 to between 9.31 and 11.21 mj/kg. utilisation (g food/kg egg) of the basal diet was not significantly different from values for diets containing maize cob, cassava or maize starch residues. the diet containing maize ...	1984	6329485
preservation of rhizobium viability and symbiotic infectivity by suspension in water.	three rhizobium japonicum strains and two slow-growing cowpea-type rhizobium strains were found to remain viable and able to rapidly modulate their respective hosts after being stored in purified water at ambient temperatures for periods of 1 year and longer. three fast-growing rhizobium species did not remain viable under the same water storage conditions. after dilution of slow-growing rhizobium strains with water to 10(3) to 10(5) cells ml-1, the bacteria multiplied until the viable cell coun ...	1984	6378090
mobilization of a sym plasmid from a fast-growing cowpea rhizobium strain.	a large sym plasmid from a fast-growing cowpea rhizobium species was made mobilizable by cointegration with plasmid psup1011, which carries the orit region of rp4. this mobilizable sym plasmid was transferred to a number of rhizobium strains, in which nodulation and nitrogen fixation functions for symbiosis with plants of the cowpea group were expressed.	1984	6384201
similarity in gene organization and homology between proteins of animal picornaviruses and a plant comovirus suggest common ancestry of these virus families.	the amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleic acid sequences of several animal picornaviruses and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), a plant virus, were compared. good homology was found between cpmv and the picornaviruses in the region of the picornavirus 2c (p2-x protein), vpg, 3c pro (proteinase) and 3d pol (rna polymerase) regions. the cpmv b genome was found to have a similar gene organization to the picornaviruses. a comparison of the 3c pro (proteinase) regions of all of the available picorn ...	1984	6384934
aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production in some cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp) lines in tanzania.	seeds of twenty-two cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp) lines/cultivars were inoculated with aspergillus parasiticus (link) (nrrl 3145) and aflatoxin production was evaluated. all the cowpea samples were susceptible to aspergillus infection and subsequent aflatoxin production. the amount of aflatoxin produced ranged between 466.6 micrograms/kg to 1 806 micrograms/kg in the case of b (b1 + b2) and 20.8 micrograms/kg to 82.7 micrograms/kg of seed in the case of g (g1 + g2). on the basis of the am ...	1983	6422301
rna and capsid accumulation in cowpea protoplasts that are resistant to cowpea mosaic virus strain sb.	leaf protoplasts from the arlington line of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) support only a limited increase of cowpea mosaic virus strain sb (cpmv-sb), whereas cowpea severe mosaic virus, another member of the comovirus group, replicates efficiently in arlington cowpea protoplasts. cpmv-sb replicates efficiently in protoplasts of cowpea line blackeye 5. some characteristics of the virus-specific resistance of arlington protoplasts to cpmv-sb are reported. differences between progeny cpmv-sb from arli ...	1984	6485253
replication of peanut stunt virus and its associated rna 5 in cowpea protoplasts.	peanut stunt virus (psv) rna containing psv-associated rna 5 (parna 5) was used as the inoculum in the successful infection of cowpea protoplasts. total nucleic acid extracts of protoplast samples at different times after inoculation were analyzed for the presence of psv genomic rnas and parna 5 using glyoxal denaturation, agarose gel electrophoresis, blotting to nitrocellulose, and hybridization to specific probes. it appears that (+)-stranded psv genomic rnas are synthesized up to 36 hr after ...	1984	6516215
detection of double-stranded rna by serologically specific electron microscopy.	details of a procedure for detecting double-stranded rna (dsrna) in virus and viroid infected tissue extracts using serologically specific electron microscopy are given. a method for staining dsrna, based on in situ formation of uranyl phosphate, that consistently permits the examination of dsrna by electron microscopy without shadowing with heavy metals, is described. the method provides for routine assays for dsrna in crude extracts without the variable results associated with shadowing proced ...	1984	6530480
[nutritive value of diets based on tubers and legumes consumed in 3 different proportions].	this study was an attempt to determine the nutritional value of diets based on mixtures of manioc and cowpea flours. the proportions analyzed were 87/13, 70/30 and 50/50, respectively. the effect of supplementing these diets with methionine was also investigated. the nutritional value of the diets was evaluated using as a basis the percentage of utilizable protein. findings revealed that the protein was best utilized when the percentages of manioc and cowpea flours were 50/50, with significant d ...	1984	6536219
mode of infection, nodulation specificity, and indigenous plasmids of 11 fast-growing rhizobium japonicum strains.	eleven fast-growing strains of rhizobium japonicum were characterized with respect to indigenous plasmids and abilities to infect (inf+) and nodulate (nod+) cowpea, siratro, wild soybean, and three commercial cultivars of soybean. all strains caused infection via infection threads in root hairs and consistently nodulated cowpea, siratro, and wild soybean in growth pouches. interactions with commercial cultivars of soybean were strikingly strain specific. some combinations were nod-, and infectio ...	1984	6542099
study of the genetic organisation of a plant viral rna genome by in vitro expression of a full-length dna copy.	the genetic approach for elucidating functions encoded by rna plant viruses has been hampered by the lack of methods to select desired mutants following random mutagenesis. an alternative might be to copy rna genomes into dna and use methods for site-directed mutagenesis to modify specific regions of the dna copy. transcription of the dna copy will subsequently produce viral rna with desired mutations. we have constructed a full-length dna copy of the smaller of the two cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv ...	1984	6549293
the nifh and nifdk promoter regions from rhizobium japonicum share structural homologies with each other and with nitrogen-regulated promoters from other organisms.	in several species of rhizobium the three genes which encode the nitrogenase complex are separated into two operons, nifh and nifdk. we have mapped the transcriptional promoter sites for these two operons from r. japonicum usda strain 110 by s1 protection analyses using bacterial rna isolated from soybean nodules. transcription of the nifdk operon is initiated at a site located 46 nucleotides upstream of the proposed translation initiation codon. nifh transcription initiates predominantly at a s ...	1984	6588133
effect of hemagglutinin extracts on acetylcholinesterase activity in some brain areas of weanling rats.	two trials involving male and female weanling albino rats (wistar strain) were conducted to investigate the effects of cowpea and limabean hemagglutinin extracts on acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity in different parts of the brain. the results show that ache activity varies with brain region. cowpea hemagglutinin significantly inhibited ache activity in the pons of male and female rats, while limabean hemagglutinin significantly inhibited ache activities in the pons of both male and female ra ...	1983	6623517
intracellular occurrence of cowpea mild mottle virus in two unrelated plant species.	the filamentous particles of cowpea mild mottle virus (cmmv) were detected only in the cytoplasm of palisade, mesophyll, parenchyma and epidermal cells of glycine max (papilionaceae) and nicotiana clevelandii (solanaceae). they were aggregated to form either sheets or bundles or, more frequently, brush-like inclusions. although cmmv was initially considered to be a possible member of the carlavirus group, it differs from aphid-borne carlaviruses in its intracellular occurrence and transmission b ...	1983	6629699
polysaccharide production by certain antibiotic resistant mutants of rhizobium sp (cowpea miscellany).		1983	6629842
pathological observations on rats dosed with limabean and cowpea hemagglutinins.	the toxic effects of cowpea and limabean extracts containing hemagglutinins and pathological changes in organs of weanling and growing rats were investigated. livers of weanling rats injected with limabean hemagglutinin mean lethal dose (mld), showed marked congestion of the sinusoids. livers of growing rats thus inoculated, including those given the lethal and sublethal doses of cowpea hemagglutinin, did not show any marked lesions. there was evidence of marked congestion of the medullary sinus ...	1983	6665805
hypocholesterolemic effect of cowpea in rats on atherogenic diet.		1983	6674171