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accumulation of cu, zn, pb, and cd in edible parts of four commonly grown crops in two contaminated soils.soil heavy metal pollution resulting from human activities is causing major concern due to its potential risk. in this study, four crop species with different cultivars were planted in 2 levels (heavily and slightly) of heavy metal contaminated soils, and the accumulation of cu, zn, pb, and cd in the edible parts of the crops were investigated. metal concentrations in sesame seeds grown in both soils exceeded both the chinese food hygiene standard (cfhs) and codex alimentarius commission standar ...201121598793
comparative study on antioxidant activity of different varieties of commonly consumed legumes in india.legumes are rich source of proteins, dietary fiber, micronutrients and bioactive phytochemicals. thirty different varieties of commonly consumed legumes in india, were screened for phenolic content and antioxidant activity using, radical scavenging [(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (dpph()) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, (abts(+))], ferric reducing antioxidant power (frap) and metal ion (fe(2+)) chelation assays. legumes varied largely in their antioxidant activity. h ...201121601612
a crystallographic approach to structural transitions in icosahedral viruses.viruses with icosahedral capsids, which form the largest class of all viruses and contain a number of important human pathogens, can be modelled via suitable icosahedrally invariant finite subsets of icosahedral 3d quasicrystals. we combine concepts from the theory of 3d quasicrystals, and from the theory of structural phase transformations in crystalline solids, to give a framework for the study of the structural transitions occurring in icosahedral viral capsids during maturation or infection. ...201121611828
consumption of legumes improves certain bone markers in ovariectomized rats.soybeans are known to protect against osteoporosis, but other legumes frequently consumed in asia have not been studied to learn if they have a similar protective effect. this study investigated the hypothesis that consumption of soybean, mung bean, cowpea, and adzuki bean has beneficial effects on bone biomarkers in ovariectomized rats. female sprague-dawley rats were either sham operated (sham; n = 7) or surgically ovariectomized and then fed a regular ain-93m diet (ovx; n = 7) or ain-93m cont ...201121636018
self-assembly of viral capsid protein and rna molecules of different sizes: requirement for a specific high protein/rna mass ratio.virus-like particles can be formed by self-assembly of capsid protein (cp) with rna molecules of increasing length. if the protein "insisted" on a single radius of curvature, the capsids would be identical in size, independent of rna length. however, there would be a limit to length of the rna, and one would not expect rna much shorter than native viral rna to be packaged unless multiple copies were packaged. on the other hand, if the protein did not favor predetermined capsid size, one would ex ...201122205731
the type iii secretion system is necessary for the development of a pathogenic and endophytic interaction between herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans and poaceae.herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans was first identified as a bacterial plant pathogen, causing the mottled stripe disease in sugarcane. h. rubrisubalbicans can also associate with various plants of economic interest in a non pathogenic manner.201222672506
an amino acid substitution inhibits specialist herbivore production of an antagonist effector and recovers insect-induced plant defenses.plants respond to insect herbivory through the production of biochemicals that function as either direct defenses or indirect defenses via the attraction of natural enemies. while attack by closely related insect pests can result in distinctive levels of induced plant defenses, precise biochemical mechanisms responsible for differing responses remain largely unknown. cowpea (vigna unguiculata) responds to fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) herbivory through the detection of fragments of chlor ...201223008466
genetic and physical mapping of candidate genes for resistance to fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum race 3 in cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp].fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum (fot) is a soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt disease in cowpea. fot race 3 is one of the major pathogens affecting cowpea production in california. identification of fot race 3 resistance determinants will expedite delivery of improved cultivars by replacing time-consuming phenotypic screening with selection based on perfect markers, thereby generating successful cultivars in a shorter time period. resistance to fot race 3 was studied in ...201222860000
use of ex vitro composite plants to study the interaction of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.) with the root parasitic angiosperm striga gesnerioides.cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.) is an important grain and forage legume grown throughout sub-saharan africa primarily by subsistence farmers on poor, drought prone soils. genetic improvement of the crop is being actively pursued and numerous functional genomics studies are underway aimed at characterizing gene controlling key agronomic characteristics for disease and pest resistances. unfortunately, similar to other legumes, efficient plant transformation technology is a rate-limiting step in anal ...201222741546
genetic diversity of rhizobia isolates from amazon soils using cowpea (vigna unguiculata) as trap plant.the aim of this work was to characterize rhizobia isolated from the root nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) plants cultivated in amazon soils samples by means of ardra (amplified rdna restriction analysis) and sequencing analysis, to know their phylogenetic relationships. the 16s rrna gene of rhizobia was amplified by pcr (polymerase chain reaction) using universal primers y1 and y3. the amplification products were analyzed by the restriction enzymes hinfi, mspi and ddei and also sequenced wi ...201224031880
rna viral vectors for improved agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of heterologous proteins in nicotiana benthamiana cell suspensions and hairy roots.plant cell suspensions and hairy root cultures represent scalable protein expression platforms. low protein product titers have thus far limited the application of transient protein expression in these hosts. the objective of this work was to overcome this limitation by harnessing a. tumefaciens to deliver replicating and non-replicating rna viral vectors in plant tissue co-cultures.201222559055
in situ identification of plant-invasive bacteria with maldi-tof mass spectrometry.rhizobia form a disparate collection of soil bacteria capable of reducing atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes. the study of rhizobial populations in nature involves the collection of large numbers of nodules found on roots or stems of legumes, and the subsequent typing of nodule bacteria. to avoid the time-consuming steps of isolating and cultivating nodule bacteria prior to genotyping, a protocol of strain identification based on the comparison of maldi-tof ms spectra was established ...201222615938
successful recovery of transgenic cowpea (vigna unguiculata) using the 6-phosphomannose isomerase gene as the selectable marker.a new method for obtaining transgenic cowpea was developed using positive selection based on the escherichia coli 6-phosphomannose isomerase gene as the selectable marker and mannose as the selective agent. only transformed cells were capable of utilizing mannose as a carbon source. cotyledonary node explants from 4-day-old in vitro-germinated seedlings of cultivar pusa komal were inoculated with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain eha105 carrying the vector pnov2819. regenerating transformed shoot ...201222327900
dna barcoding simplifies environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops in biodiverse regions.transgenes encoding for insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins from the soil-dwelling bacterium bacillus thuringiensis have been widely introduced into genetically modified (gm) crops to confer protection against insect pests. concern that these transgenes may also harm beneficial or otherwise valued insects (so-called non target organisms, ntos) represents a major element of the environmental risk assessments (eras) used by all countries prior to commercial release. compiling a comprehensive list ...201222567120
viral nanoparticles for in vivo tumor imaging.the use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being investigated for applications in imaging and therapy. viral nanoparticles (vnps) derived from plants can be regarded as self-assembled bionanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. plant viruses under investigation in the steinmetz lab include icosahedral particles formed by cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and brome mosaic virus (bmv), both of which ar ...201223183850
in vitro quantification of the relative packaging efficiencies of single-stranded rna molecules by viral capsid protein.while most t=3 single-stranded rna (ssrna) viruses package in vivo about 3,000 nucleotides (nt), in vitro experiments have demonstrated that a broad range of rna lengths can be packaged. under the right solution conditions, for example, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) capsid protein (cp) has been shown to package rna molecules whose lengths range from 100 to 10,000 nt. furthermore, in each case it can package the rna completely, as long as the mass ratio of cp to nucleic acid in the assembl ...201222951822
genetic and symbiotic diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from agricultural soils in the western amazon by using cowpea as the trap plant.cowpea is a legume of great agronomic importance that establishes symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. however, little is known about the genetic and symbiotic diversity of these bacteria in distinct ecosystems. our study evaluated the genetic diversity and symbiotic efficiencies of 119 bacterial strains isolated from agriculture soils in the western amazon using cowpea as a trap plant. these strains were clustered into 11 cultural groups according to growth rate and ph. the 57 ...201222798370
an ssr-based linkage map of yardlong bean (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. subsp. unguiculata sesquipedalis group) and qtl analysis of pod length.yardlong bean (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. subsp. unguiculata sesquipedalis group) (2n = 2x = 22) is one of the most important vegetable legumes of asia. the objectives of this study were to develop a genetic linkage map of yardlong bean using ssr makers from related vigna species and to identify qtls for pod length. the map was constructed from 226 simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers from cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. subsp. unguiculata unguiculata group), azuki bean (vigna angularis ...201222242703
comparative analysis of recombinant human papillomavirus 8 l1 production in plants by a variety of expression systems and purification methods.human papillomavirus 8 (hpv-8), one of the high-risk cutaneous papillomaviruses (chpvs), is associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis and nonmelanoma skin cancer in immuno-compromised individuals. currently, no vaccines against chpvs have been reported; however, recent studies on cross-neutralizing properties of their capsid proteins (cp) have fostered an interest in vaccine production against these viruses. we examined the potential of producing hpv-8 major cp l1 in nicotiana benthamiana ...201222260326
effects of the integration of sunn hemp and soil solarization on plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes.sunn hemp (sh), crotolaria juncea, is known to suppress rotylenchulus reniformis and weeds while enhancing free-living nematodes involved in nutrient cycling. field trials were conducted in 2009 (trial i) and 2010 (trial ii) to examine if sh cover cropping could suppress r. reniformis and weeds while enhancing free-living nematodes if integrated with soil solarization (sol). cover cropping of sh, soil solarization, and sh followed by sol (shsol) were compared to weedy fallow control (c). rotylen ...201223482700
[large-scale purification and acute toxicity of cowpea trypsin inhibitor].to provide the acute toxicity data of cowpea trypsin inhibitor (cpti) using recombinant protein purified from e. coli.201223424862
phytotoxicity of heptachlor and endosulfan sulfate contaminants in soils to economic crops.the intensive use of organochlorine in the past decades has resulted in contamination of soil worldwide. the phytotoxicity of two organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan sulfate and heptachlor, on the early growth stage of sweet corn (zea mays), waxy corn (zea mays) cowpea (vigna sinensis), cucumber (cucumis sativus) and water morning glory (ipomoea aquatica) were studied. in the range of concentration found in thai agricultural soil, 0.4-40 mg kg(-1) of each pesticide, did not affect the percentag ...201223741808
quantification of canavanine, 2-aminoethanol, and cyanamide in aphis craccivora and its host plants, robinia pseudoacacia and vicia angustifolia: effects of these compounds on larval survivorship of harmonia axyridis.the cowpea aphid aphis craccivora that infests the black locust robinia pseudoacacia shows toxicity to its predator, the multicolored asian ladybird beetle, harmonia axyridis. in contrast, the same aphid species that infests the common vetch, vicia angustifolia, is suitable prey for h. axyridis larvae. previously, it was reported that the toxicity of a. craccivora infesting r. pseudoacacia was due to canavanine and 2-aminoethanol, but there was some doubt about the toxicity of these compounds an ...201223179101
synthesis and biological activity evaluation of novel β-substituted nitromethylene neonicotinoid analogues.the structure-based design and synthesis of a series of novel neonicotinoid analogues are described. the novel neonicotinoid analogues were designed based upon the reaction of enamine derivatives with electron-withdrawing β-substituents with electrophilic thiocyanogen reagents. these compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. bioassays indicated that some of the synthesized compounds exhibited excellent bioactivity against cowpea aphids (aphis craccivora). the lc₅₀ values of compound ...201222922273
identification and characterization of resistance to cowpea aphid (aphis craccivora koch) in medicago truncatula.cowpea aphid (cpa; aphis craccivora) is the most important insect pest of cowpea and also causes significant yield losses in other legume crops including alfalfa, beans, chickpea, lentils, lupins and peanuts. in many of these crops there is no natural genetic resistance to this sap-sucking insect or resistance genes have been overcome by newly emerged cpa biotypes.201222759788
intercropping for management of insect pests of castor, ricinus communis, in the semi-arid tropics of india.intercropping is one of the important cultural practices in pest management and is based on the principle of reducing insect pests by increasing the diversity of an ecosystem. on-farm experiments were conducted in villages of semi-arid tropical (sat) india to identify the appropriate combination of castor (ricinus communis l.) (malpighiales: euphorbiaceae) and intercropping in relation to pest incidence. the diversity created by introducing cluster bean, cowpea, black gram, or groundnut as inter ...201222934569
functional expression and characterization of sesquiterpene synthases from artemisia annua l. using transient expression system in nicotiana benthamiana.artemisia annua l. produces a number of sesquiterpene synthases, which catalyze the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to various sesquiterpenes. the cdnas encoding amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ads), a key enzyme in the artemisinin biosynthesis, and epi-cedrol synthase (ecs), a complex sesquiterpene cyclization synthase, were cloned into cowpea mosaic virus-based viral vector (peaq-ht) with kozak consensus motif and c-terminal histidine tag. the plasmids were transformed into agrobacterium lba44 ...201222565787
space warping order parameters and symmetry: application to multiscale simulation of macromolecular assemblies.coarse-grained features of macromolecular assemblies are understood via a set of order parameters (ops) constructed in terms of their all-atom configuration. ops are shown to be slowly changing in time and capture the large-scale spatial features of macromolecular assemblies. the relationship of these variables to the classic notion of ops based on symmetry breaking phase transitions is discussed. ops based on space warping transformations are analyzed in detail as they naturally provide a conne ...201222356532
[non-fusion expression and purification of cowpea typsine inhibitor].to establish a practicable method to express and purify cowpea typsine inhibitor (cpti), which is comparable with native cpti, for providing important materials to access the safety of genetically modified rice with cpti.201223050431
transient expression of hemagglutinin antigen from low pathogenic avian influenza a (h7n7) in nicotiana benthamiana.the influenza a virus is of global concern for the poultry industry, especially the h5 and h7 subtypes as they have the potential to become highly pathogenic for poultry. in this study, the hemagglutinin (ha) of a low pathogenic avian influenza virus of the h7n7 subtype isolated from a swedish mallard anas platyrhynchos was sequenced, characterized and transiently expressed in nicotiana benthamiana. recently, plant expression systems have gained interest as an alternative for the production of v ...201222442675
sinorhizobium fredii hh103 rkp-3 genes are required for k-antigen polysaccharide biosynthesis, affect lipopolysaccharide structure and are essential for infection of legumes forming determinate nodules.the sinorhizobium fredii hh103 rkp-3 region has been isolated and sequenced. based on the similarities between the s. fredii hh103 rkpl, rkpm, rkpn, rkpo, rkpp, and rkpq genes and their corresponding orthologues in helicobacter pylori, we propose a possible pathway for the biosynthesis of the s. fredii hh103 k-antigen polysaccharide (kps) repeating unit. three rkp-3 genes (rkpm, rkpp, and rkpq) involved in the biosynthesis of the hh103 kps repeating unit (a derivative of the pseudaminic acid) ha ...201222397406
surveying capsid assembly pathways through simulation-based data fitting.virus capsid assembly has attracted considerable interest from the biophysical modeling community as a model system for complicated self-assembly processes. simulation methods have proven valuable for characterizing the space of possible kinetics and mechanisms of capsid assembly, but they have so far been able to say little about the assembly kinetics or pathways of any specific virus. it is not possible to directly measure the detailed interaction rates needed to parameterize a model, and ther ...201223062347
mapping of aflp loci linked to tolerance to cowpea golden mosaic virus.aflp markers combined with the bulk segregant analysis methodology was used for the identification of molecular markers associated with the cowpea golden mosaic virus (cgmv) resistance gene in 286 f(2) cowpea plants derived from the cross it97k-499-35 x canapu t16. segregation data in the f(2) population demonstrated that tolerance to cgmv is controlled by a single dominant gene. among the 196 combinations of aflp primers tested, which generated approximately 3800 amplicons, three markers linked ...201222930435
a distinct tymovirus infecting cassia hoffmannseggii in brazil.leaves of cassia hoffmannseggii, a wild fabaceous species found in the atlantic forest, with a severe mosaic symptom were collected in pernambuco state, brazil. by transmission electron microscopy, two types of virus particles were found: the first was recognized as particles of a potyvirus, which was later identified as cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus; and the second was isometric and present in high concentration. the observation of vesicles at the periphery of chloroplasts suggested a tymovir ...201222528644
first report of cowpea mild mottle carlavirus on yardlong bean (vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) in venezuela.yardlong bean (vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) plants with virus-like systemic mottling and leaf distortion were observed in both experimental and commercial fields in aragua state, venezuela. symptomatic leaves were shown to contain carlavirus-like particles. rt-pcr analysis with carlavirus-specific primers was positive in all tested samples. nucleotide sequences of the obtained amplicons showed 84%-74% similarity to corresponding sequences of cowpea mild mottle virus (cpmmv) isolates d ...201223242372
diversity among isolates of cowpea severe mosaic virus infecting cowpeas in northeastern brazil.eleven isolates of cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv), a member of the genus comovirus, were selected from 50 samples collected of nine cowpea fields in northeastern brazil (piauí, ceará, rio grande do norte, paraíba, pernambuco, alagoas, sergipe, bahia, and distrito federal) and partially sequenced. the rna1 partial sequence, corresponding to the helicase, viral genome-linked protein, picornain 3c-like protease, and the rna-directed rna polymerase genes from cpsmv, had high identity among isola ...201223007993
the 2a protein of cucumber mosaic virus induces a hypersensitive response in cowpea independently of its replicase activity.resistance in cowpea to infection with strains of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) involves a local hypersensitive response (hr), and previous studies indicated that the 2a replicase of cmv is involved in hr induction. in this study, we confirmed and extended this observation by demonstrating that the nonviral expression of the 2a protein encoded by cmv is able to induce a cell death response in cowpea plants, whereas no other cmv-encoded proteins elicits such response. the 2a single-amino acid mutan ...201223079112
comparative transmission of two cucumber mosaic virus isolates by two color morphs of acyrthosiphon pisum (harris).cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) is one of the most important legume-infecting viruses, which is transmitted effectively by pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum (harris) (hem: aphididae). transmission efficiency of two cmv isolates (as and kh from cowpea and bean hosts, resp.) by red and green color morphs of pea aphid were evaluated on bean plants. triple-antibody sandwich elisa (tas-elisa) using cmv-specific monoclonal antibodies revealed that both cmv isolates belonged to the serotype ii. bean plants ino ...201222720705
high and low throughput screens with root-knot nematodes meloidogyne spp.root-knot nematodes (genus meloidogyne) are obligate plant parasites. they are extremely polyphagous and considered one of the most economically important plant parasitic nematodes. the microscopic second-stage juvenile (j2), molted once in the egg, is the infective stage. the j2s hatch from the eggs, move freely in the soil within a film of water, and locate root tips of suitable plant species. after penetrating the plant root, they migrate towards the vascular cylinder where they establish a f ...201222434014
differential expression of antioxidant enzymes and pr-proteins in compatible and incompatible interactions of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.this study aimed to evaluated the resistance and susceptibility of 10 cowpea cultivars to meloidogyne incognita in field studies and to analyze the kinetics of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanases and cystein proteinase inhibitors in the root system of two contrasting cowpea cultivars after inoculation with m. incognita. the cultivars ce-31 and frade preto were highly resistant; ce-28, ce-01, ce-315, ce-237, were very resistant; ce-70 and ce-216 wer ...201222153251
guiding plant virus particles to integrin-displaying cells.viral nanoparticles (vnps) are structurally regular, highly stable, tunable nanomaterials that can be conveniently produced in high yields. unmodified vnps from plants and bacteria generally do not show tissue specificity or high selectivity in binding to or entry into mammalian cells. they are, however, malleable by both genetic and chemical means, making them useful scaffolds for the display of large numbers of cell- and tissue-targeting ligands, imaging moieties, and/or therapeutic agents in ...201222585108
cyclic-β-glucans of rhizobium (sinorhizobium) sp. strain ngr234 are required for hypo-osmotic adaptation, motility, and efficient symbiosis with host plants.cyclic-β-glucans (cβg) consist of cyclic homo-polymers of glucose that are present in the periplasmic space of many gram-negative bacteria. a number of studies have demonstrated their importance for bacterial infection of plant and animal cells. in this study, a mutant of rhizobium (sinorhizobium) sp. strain ngr234 (ngr234) was generated in the cyclic glucan synthase (ndvb)-encoding gene. the great majority of cβg produced by wild-type ngr234 are negatively charged and substituted. the ndvb muta ...201222583376
comparative analyses of three legume species reveals conserved and unique root extracellular proteins.increasing evidence suggests that root extracellular proteins are involved in interactions between roots and their soil environment. in the present study, exudates released by 6-day-old roots of the three legume species white lupin (lupinus albus), soybean (glycine max), and cowpea (vigna sinensis) were collected under axenic conditions, and their constitutively secreted proteomes were analyzed. between 42 and 93 unique root extracellular proteins with 2 or more different peptide fragments per p ...201222945350
leaf morphology in cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp]: qtl analysis, physical mapping and identifying a candidate gene using synteny with model legume species.cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp] exhibits a considerable variation in leaf shape. although cowpea is mostly utilized as a dry grain and animal fodder crop, cowpea leaves are also used as a high-protein pot herb in many countries of africa.201222691139
cloning and expression analysis of gmgal1, soc1 homolog gene in soybean.a mads box gene agl20/soc1 is a main integrator in arabidopsis flowering pathway whose structure and function are highly conserved in many plant species. a soybean mads box gene gmgal1 (glycine max agamous like 1) as a homolog of agl20/soc1, was cloned from soybean cultivar kennong18 and its function was investigated in transgenic arabidopsis lines. sequence comparisons showed that the closest homolog gene to gmgal1 is agl20/soc1 in arabidopsis and vusoc1 in vigna unguiculata. we investigated th ...201222350155
does transgenic cry1ac + cpti cotton pollen affect hypopharyngeal gland development and midgut proteolytic enzyme activity in the honey bee apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera, apidae)?the transgenic cry1ac (bt toxin) + cpti (cowpea trypsin inhibitor) cotton cultivar ccri41 is increasingly used in china and potential side effects on the honey bee apis mellifera l. have been documented recently. two studies have assessed potential lethal and sublethal effects in young bees fed with ccri41 cotton pollen but no effect was observed on learning capacities, although lower feeding activity in exposed honey bees was noted (antifeedant effect). the present study aimed at providing furt ...201222868904
recent advances in maize nuclear proteomic studies reveal histone modifications.the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms is highly dynamic and complex, containing different types of macromolecules including dna, rna, and a wide range of proteins. novel proteomic applications have led to a better overall determination of nucleus protein content. although nuclear plant proteomics is only at the initial phase, several studies have been reported and are summarized in this review using different plants species, such as arabidopsis thaliana, rice, cowpea, onion, garden cress, and barr ...201223248634
controlled immobilisation of active enzymes on the cowpea mosaic virus capsid.immobilisation of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) and glucose oxidase (gox) via covalent attachment of modified enzyme carbohydrate to the exterior of the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) capsid gave high retention of enzymatic activity. the number of enzymes bound per virus was determined to be about eleven for hrp and 2-3 for gox. this illustrates that relatively large biomacromolecules can be readily coupled to the virus surface using simple conjugation strategies. virus-biomacromolecule hybrids have ...201222865109
effect of dietary levels of decorticated cow pea (vigna unguiculata) supplemented with molasses on broiler chicks performance and carcass traits.manny legumes are used extensively as animal feed. this study was conducted to look at the effects of decorticated cow pea seeds based diets supplemented with molasses on broiler performance and carcass traits. a total of 240 unsexed one-day old broiler chicks (ross 308) were used .the birds were randomly divided into six equal groups (treatments) and each group consisted of 8 (replicates). six experimental diets (starter and finisher) were formulated to be approximately isocaloric and isonitrog ...201224163943
large-scale development of cost-effective single-nucleotide polymorphism marker assays for genetic mapping in pigeonpea and comparative mapping in legumes.single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps, >2000) were discovered by using rna-seq and allele-specific sequencing approaches in pigeonpea (cajanus cajan). for making the snp genotyping cost-effective, successful competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (kaspar) assays were developed for 1616 snps and referred to as pkams (pigeonpea kaspar assay markers). screening of pkams on 24 genotypes [23 from cultivated species and 1 wild species (cajanus scarabaeoides)] defined a set of 1154 polym ...201223103470
large-scale development of cost-effective snp marker assays for diversity assessment and genetic mapping in chickpea and comparative mapping in legumes.a set of 2486 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) were compiled in chickpea using four approaches, namely (i) solexa/illumina sequencing (1409), (ii) amplicon sequencing of tentative orthologous genes (togs) (604), (iii) mining of expressed sequence tags (ests) (286) and (iv) sequencing of candidate genes (187). conversion of these snps to the cost-effective and flexible throughput competitive allele specific pcr (kaspar) assays generated successful assays for 2005 snps. these marker assays h ...201222703242
influence of sodium selenite on growth, nutrient utilization and selenium uptake in cavia porcellus.a 70 day experiment on forty guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) was conducted to find the influence of different level of sodium selenite (inorganic selenium supplementation) on growth, nutrient utilization and selenium uptake. the sodium selenite was supplemented into a basal diet at 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 ppm, respectively and the basal diet comprised of 25% ground cowpea (vigna unguiculata) hay, 30% ground maize (zea mays) grain, 22% ground gram (cicer arietinum) grain, 9.5% deoiled rice (oryza sativ ...201224163954
an exploration of the potential mechanisms and translational potential of five medicinal plants for applications in alzheimer's disease.alzheimer's disease (ad) is the most common type of dementia, and represents a vast worldwide socio-economic burden, and in the absence of a current cure, effective therapeutic strategies are still needed. cholinergic and cerebral blood flow deficits, excessive levels of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and glutamate excitatory mechanisms are all believed to contribute to the development and progression of the disease. scoparia dulcis, catharanthus roseus, sesamum indicum, erythrina senegalen ...201323844333
resistance of αai-1 transgenic chickpea (cicer arietinum) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata) dry grains to bruchid beetles (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).dry grain legume seeds possessing αai-1, an α-amylase inhibitor from common bean (phaseolus vulgaris), under the control of a cotyledon-specific promoter have been shown to be highly resistant to several important bruchid pest species. one transgenic chickpea and four cowpea lines expressing αai-1, their respective controls, as well as nine conventional chickpea cultivars were assessed for their resistance to the bruchids acanthoscelides obtectus (say), callosobruchus chinensis l. and callosobru ...201323458831
changes in nonnutritional factors and antioxidant activity during germination of nonconventional legumes.the present study describes the effects of germination on nonnutritional factors and antioxidant activity in the nonconventional legumes vigna unguiculata (cowpea), canavalia ensiformis (jack bean), lablab purpureus (dolichos), and stizolobium niveum (mucuna). protease inhibitors and lectins were detected in raw legumes and were significantly decreased during the germination. regarding total and individual inositol phosphates (ip5-ip3), important reductions of ip6 and high increases in the rest ...201323909570
effect of summer forage species grazed during finishing on animal performance, carcass quality, and meat quality.angus-cross steers (n = 60) were used to assess the effect of forage species [alfalfa (al; medicago sativa l.), bermudagrass (bg; cynodon dactylon), chicory (ch; cichorium intybus l.), cowpea (co; vigna unguiculata l.), and pearl millet (pm; pennisetum glaucum (l. r br.)] in replicated 2-ha paddocks for finishing on cattle performance, carcass quality, and meat quality in a 2-yr study. steers were blocked by bw and assigned randomly to finishing-forage treatments before the start of the experime ...201323825343
potential of bambara groundnut (vigna subterranea (l.) verdc) milk as a probiotic beverage-a review.bambara groundnut (vigna subterraenea (l.) verdc) (bgn) is a legume; its origin have been traced back to africa, and it is the third important legume; however, it is one of the neglected crops. it is highly nutritious, and has been termed a complete food. its seed consist of 49%-63.5% carbohydrate, 15%-25% protein, 4.5%-7.4% fat, 5.2%-6.4% fiber, 3.2%-4.4% ash and 2% mineral compared to whole fresh cow milk 88% moisture, 4.8% carbohydrate, 3.2% proteins, 3.4% fat, 0.7% ash, and 0.01% cholesterol ...201323768187
indigenous and traditional plants: south african parents' knowledge, perceptions and uses and their children's sensory acceptance.the dietary shift from indigenous and traditional plants (itps) to cash crops and exotic plant food sources increases the risk of malnutrition and other nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, especially in poor rural communities. farm communities in south africa have been associated with poor nutritional status and extreme poverty. itps have been found to be affordable sources of several micronutrients. however, knowledge of and the use of these plants are declining, and little is known ab ...201324274394
genetic diversity and host range studies of turnip curly top virus.turnip curly top virus (tctv) is a unique geminivirus that has recently been characterised as infecting turnips in iran. the genome of tctv shares <68 % pairwise identity with other geminiviruses and has a genome organisation similar to that of curtoviruses and topocuvirus. the replication-associated protein (rep) bears the highest similarity to curtovirus reps (48.5-69.0 %); however, in the case of the capsid protein (cp), the extent of similarity is only 39.5-44.5 %. we constructed an agroinfe ...201323225113
special plant species determines diet breadth of phytophagous insects: a study on host plant expansion of the host-specialized aphis gossypii glover.host specialization is a ubiquitous character of phytophagous insects. the polyphagous population is usually composed of some subpopulations that can use only a few closely related plants. cotton-melon aphids, aphis gossypii glover exhibited strong host specialization, and the cotton- and cucurbits-specialized biotypes had been clearly identified. however, the experimental work that addressed the roles of plant species in determining diet breadth of phytophagous insects is rare. in the present s ...201323580128
copper content of staple seeds and grains grown in kanam local government area, nigeria.copper is a trace mineral that plays an important role in human metabolism, largely because it allows many critical enzymes to function properly. little is known of copper content of nigerian foods. in this paper, copper contents of several typical nigerian foods were determined. the samples were collected from kanam of plateau state in central region of nigeria. the samples were wet-ashed according to the protocol of hill et al. (anal chem 55:2340-2342, 1986).concentrations of copper in the sam ...201323961432
mites associated with stored grain commodities in benin, west africa.after insects, mites are the major arthropod pests that inhabit stored agricultural products worldwide. to determine the acarofauna that infests cowpea, maize, paddy rice and sorghum in benin (west africa), surveys were conducted in some principal markets (dantokpa, glazoue and parakou) of this country. a total of 555 samples of grains and debris were collected in may and september 2011. more than 56 species belonging to 24 mite families were recorded in the four products. these mite species inc ...201323793792
new artificial diet for continuous rearing of the bean pod borer, maruca vitrata.the bean pod borer, maruca vitrata fabricius (lepidoptera: crambidae), is a serious pantropical pest of grain legumes. a suitable artificial diet is desirable for producing uniform insects for commercial purposes or research. three previously described artificial diets, 1 newly-developed artificial diet, and cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. (fabales: fabaceae)), the natural hostplant of m. vitrata, were used for rearing m. vitrata, and the life parameters were examined. the results indicated ...201324785903
genetic architecture of delayed senescence, biomass, and grain yield under drought stress in cowpea.the stay-green phenomenon is a key plant trait with wide usage in managing crop production under limited water conditions. this trait enhances delayed senescence, biomass, and grain yield under drought stress. in this study we sought to identify qtls in cowpea (vigna unguiculata) consistent across experiments conducted in burkina faso, nigeria, senegal, and the united states of america under limited water conditions. a panel of 383 diverse cowpea accessions and a recombinant inbred line populati ...201323936140
a novel degenerated primer pair detects diverse genes of acyl homoserine lactone synthetase in rhizobiaceae family.a novel degenerated primer set was designed to amplify acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) synthetase genes from members of the family rhizobiaceae. the primer set successfully amplified ahl synthetase genes from pure cultures of ahl producers from rhizobiaceae, but not from ahl producers out of the rhizobiaceae family, indicating the specificity of this primer set to the rhizobiaceae family. an inoculation experiment showed that the minimal detectable concentration of ahl producers from the soil was ...201323483309
lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils from eucalyptus camaldulensis and heracleum persicum against the adults of callosobruchus maculatus.the cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus f. (coleoptera: bruchidae), is an important pest of stored cowpea, vigna ungiculata (l.) walpers (fabales: fabaceae), with ample distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. many plant essential oils have a broad-spectrum activity against pest insects, and these oils traditionally have been used in the protection of stored products. in this study, the lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils from eucalyptus camaldulensis dehnh. (myrtales: my ...201324773362
effect of refrigerated storage on the quality characteristics of microwave cooked chicken seekh kababs extended with different non-meat proteins.storage quality of chicken seekh kababs extended with different legumes at optimum level viz. 15% cowpea, 15% green gram and 10% black bean were assessed in terms of physico-chemical, proximate, microbiological and sensory properties under aerobic packaging conditions at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1°c). the chicken seekh kababs were prepared from spent hens meat by low power microwave method and extended with optimum level of different legume (hydrated 1:1 w/w) pastes replacing lean meat in ...201324425999
purification and characterization of a protein with antifungal, antiproliferative, and hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from small brown-eyed cowpea seeds.a 36-kda protein, with an n-terminal sequence highly homologous to polygalacturonase (pg) inhibiting proteins, was isolated from small brown-eyed cowpea seeds. the protein was unadsorbed on diethylaminoethyl cellulose but adsorbed on both affi-gel blue gel and sp-sepharose. it inhibited mycelial growth in the fungus mycosphaerella arachidicola with an half-maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (ic50 ) of 3.3 µm. it reduced [methyl-(3) h] thymidine incorporation into mbl2 lymphoma and l1210 leuk ...201324033593
activity of recombinant and natural defensins from vigna unguiculata seeds against leishmania amazonensis.antimicrobial peptides (amps), which are differentiated from other antibiotic peptides, such as gramicidins and polymyxins, because they are synthesized by large enzymatic complex and bear modified amino acids including d-amino acids, are short polymers of l-amino acids synthesized by ribosomes upon which all living organisms rely to defend themselves from invaders or competitor microorganisms. amps have received a great deal of attention from the scientific community as potential new drugs for ...201323816644
evaluation of cover crops with potential for use in anaerobic soil disinfestation (asd) for susceptibility to three species of meloidogyne.several cover crops with potential for use in tropical and subtropical regions were assessed for susceptibility to three common species of root-knot nematode, meloidogyne arenaria, m. incognita, and m. javanica. crops were selected based on potential use as organic amendments in anaerobic soil disinfestation (asd) applications. nematode juvenile (j2) numbers in soil and roots, egg production, and host plant root galling were evaluated on arugula (eruca sativa, cv. nemat), cowpea (vigna unguicula ...201324379486
characterization of betasatellite associated with the yellow mosaic disease of grain legumes in southern india.yellow mosaic disease caused by mungbean yellow mosaic virus (mymv) belonging to the genus begomovirus (the family geminiviridae) is a major constraint in cultivation of grain legumes in india. the urdbean (vigna mungo (l.) hepper) and mungbean (vigna radiata (l.) r. wilczek) samples affected with yellow mosaic disease exhibits yellow mosaic symptoms along with leaf puckering and leaf distortion in tamil nadu. hence the study was performed to find out if there was any association and influence o ...201324294953
screening of protease producing fungi for microbial digestion of seed proteins and synthesis of amino acids-metalnutrient chelates.the problem of metalnutrient deficiency is becoming more serious with the introduction of modern agricultural practices. as a result, metalnutrient deficiency is recognized as one of the critical yield limiting factors. metalnutrients are generally offered in their sulphate or oxide forms. however, it is reported that organically bound minerals generally have a higher bioavailability than inorganic minerals. chelation makes otherwise unavailable metalnutrients plant available. amino acids are we ...201324199492
interrelationship of bradyrhizobium sp. and plant growth-promoting bacteria in cowpea: survival and symbiotic performance.the objective of this study was to evaluate the survival of cowpea during bacterial colonization and evaluate the interrelationship of the bradyrhizobium sp. and plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb) as a potential method for optimizing symbiotic performance and cowpea development. two experiments using the model legume cowpea cv. "ipa 206" were conducted. in the first experiment, cowpea seeds were disinfected, germinated and transferred to sterilized gibson tubes containing a nitrogen-free nut ...201323456712
to build a virus on a nucleic acid substrate.many viruses package their genomes concomitant with assembly. here, we show that this reaction can be described by three coefficients: association of capsid protein (cp) to nucleic acid (na), kna; cp-cp interaction, ω; and α, proportional to the work required to package na. the value of α can vary as na is packaged. a phase diagram of average lnα versus lnω identifies conditions where assembly is likely to fail or succeed. na morphology can favor (lnα > 0) or impede (lnα < 0) assembly. as lnω be ...201323561536
shape matters: the diffusion rates of tmv rods and cpmv icosahedrons in a spheroid model of extracellular matrix are distinct.nanomaterial-based carrier systems hold great promise to deliver therapies with increased efficacy and reduced side effects. while the state-of-the-art carrier system is a sphere, recent data indicate that elongated rods and filaments have advantageous flow and margination properties, resulting in enhanced vascular targeting and tumor homing. here, we report on the distinct diffusion rates of two bio-inspired carrier systems: 30 nm-sized spherical cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and 300×18 nm-sized t ...201324244867
increased tumor homing and tissue penetration of the filamentous plant viral nanoparticle potato virus x.nanomaterials with elongated architectures have been shown to possess differential tumor homing properties compared to their spherical counterparts. here, we investigate whether this phenomenon is mirrored by plant viral nanoparticles that are filamentous (potato virus x) or spherical (cowpea mosaic virus). our studies demonstrate that potato virus x (pvx) and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) show distinct biodistribution profiles and differ in their tumor homing and penetration efficiency. analogous ...201322731633
pseudomonas guariconensis sp. nov., isolated from rhizospheric soil.we isolated a bacterial strain designated pcavu11(t) in the course of a study of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria occurring in rhizospheric soil of vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. in guárico state, venezuela. the 16s rrna gene sequence had 99.2 % sequence similarity with respect to the most closely related species, pseudomonas taiwanensis, and 99.1 % with respect to pseudomonas entomophila, pseudomonas plecoglossicida and pseudomonas monteilii, on the basis of which pcavu11(t) was classified as repr ...201323847284
improved cell disruption of pichia pastoris utilizing aminopropyl magnesium phyllosilicate (amp) clay.an efficient method for pichia cell disruption that employs an aminopropyl magnesium phyllosilicate (amp) clay-assisted glass beads mill is presented. amp clay is functionalized nanocomposite resembling the talc parent structure si8mg6o20(oh)4 that has been proven to permeate the bacterial membrane and cause cell lysis. the recombinant capsid protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) expressed in pichia pastoris gs115 was used as demonstration system for their ability of self-assembly into ...201323361969
multifarious beneficial traits and plant growth promoting potential of serratia marcescens kisii and enterobacter sp. rnf 267 isolated from the rhizosphere of coconut palms (cocos nucifera l.).two plant growth promoting bacteria designated as kisii and rnf 267 isolated from the rhizosphere of coconut palms were identified as serratia marcescens and enterobacter sp. based on their phenotypic features, biolog studies and 16s rrna gene sequence analysis. both bacteria exhibited phosphate solubilization, ammonification, and production of indole acetic acid, β-1, 3 glucanase activities and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-deaminase activity. they could also tolerate a range of ph conditio ...201322948479
identification of novel resistance gene sources to cowpea aphid (aphis craccivora koch) in cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.).the development of cowpea aphid larvae was monitored on seven cowpea genotypes (iar-48, tvu-15866, it84s-2246-4, saka babba sata, it90k-76, kanannado and tvx 3236). the aim of the study was to determine the developmental response of the larvae as an indication of antibiotic resistance of the genotypes. highly significant differences (p < 0.01) were observed with respect to fertility, larval development, adult longevity, life span, multiplication rate and intrinsic rate of increase. kanannado and ...201324506004
synthesis and biological evaluation of nitromethylene neonicotinoids based on the enhanced conjugation.the neonicotinoids with a nitroconjugated system had excellent bioactivity, which could rival imidacloprid, and has been previously reported. however, the photodegradation and hydrolysis of this series of neonicotinoids was very quick according to our further investigation, which cannot be developed as a pesticide further. the approach to further enhance the conjugation was tried not only to increase the bioactivities but also to improve the stability in water and in the sun. a substituted pheny ...201324180522
effect of warming with temperature oscillations on a low-latitude aphid, aphis craccivora.to estimate the net effect of climate change on natural populations, we must take into account the positive and negative effects of temperature oscillations and climate variability. warming because of climate change will likely exceed the physiological optima of tropical insects, which currently live very close to their thermal optima. tropical insects will be negatively affected if their optima are exceeded otherwise warming may affect them positively. we evaluate the demographic responses of t ...201323448233
pyrrole- and dihydropyrrole-fused neonicotinoids: design, synthesis, and insecticidal evaluation.versatile pyrrole- and dihydropyrrole-fused neonicotinoids were obtained from cyclic and non-cyclic nitroeneamines. anhydrous aluminum chloride (alcl₃) exhibited high catalytic selectivity for the synthesis of the titled etherified compounds at room temperature and the eliminated products under reflux conditions. the target molecules have been identified on the basis of satisfactory analytical and spectral [¹h and ¹³c nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr), high-resolution mass spectrometry (hrms), an ...201323256728
high-resolution transcriptomic analyses of sinorhizobium sp. ngr234 bacteroids in determinate nodules of vigna unguiculata and indeterminate nodules of leucaena leucocephala.the rhizobium-legume symbiosis is a model system for studying mutualistic interactions between bacteria and eukaryotes. sinorhizobium sp. ngr234 is distinguished by its ability to form either indeterminate nodules or determinate nodules with diverse legumes. here, we presented a high-resolution rna-seq transcriptomic analysis of ngr234 bacteroids in indeterminate nodules of leucaena leucocephala and determinate nodules of vigna unguiculata. in contrast to exponentially growing free-living bacter ...201323936444
development of reference transcriptomes for the major field insect pests of cowpea: a toolbox for insect pest management approaches in west africa.cowpea is a widely cultivated and major nutritional source of protein for many people that live in west africa. annual yields and longevity of grain storage is greatly reduced by feeding damage caused by a complex of insect pests that include the pod sucking bugs, anoplocnemis curvipes fabricius (hemiptera: coreidae) and clavigralla tomentosicollis stål (hemiptera: coreidae); as well as phloem-feeding cowpea aphids, aphis craccivora koch (hemiptera: aphididae) and flower thrips, megalurothrips s ...201324278221
the sinorhizobium fredii hh103 lipopolysaccharide is not only relevant at early soybean nodulation stages but also for symbiosome stability in mature nodules.in this work we have characterised the sinorhizobium fredii hh103 grea lpsb lpscde genetic region and analysed for the first time the symbiotic performance of sinorhizobium fredii lps mutants on soybean. the organization of the s. fredii hh103 grea, lpsb, and lpscde genes was equal to that of sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. s. fredii hh103 grea, lpsb, and lpse mutant derivatives produced altered lps profiles that were characteristic of the gene mutated. in addition, s. fredii hh103 grea mutants sho ...201324098345
analysis of the solvent accessibility of cysteine residues on maize rayado fino virus virus-like particles produced in nicotiana benthamiana plants and cross-linking of peptides to vlps.mimicking and exploiting virus properties and physicochemical and physical characteristics holds promise to provide solutions to some of the world's most pressing challenges. the sheer range and types of viruses coupled with their intriguing properties potentially give endless opportunities for applications in virus-based technologies. viruses have the ability to self- assemble into particles with discrete shape and size, specificity of symmetry, polyvalence, and stable properties under a wide r ...201323439009
some 2s albumin from peanut seeds exhibits inhibitory activity against aspergillus flavus.a crude 2s albumin fraction was separated from peanut (arachis hypogaea l.) cotyledons. untreated 2s albumin had little inhibitory activity against trypsin, spore germination, or hyphal growth of aspergillus flavus. however, following treatment of 2s albumin with sds, increased inhibitory activity was demonstrated. we further purified 2s albumin using sephadex g-100 and deae cellulose (de-32) chromatography. hplc analysis showed that the partially pure 2s albumin consisted of two polypeptides, w ...201323500710
a method for rapid production of heteromultimeric protein complexes in plants: assembly of protective bluetongue virus-like particles.plant expression systems based on nonreplicating virus-based vectors can be used for the simultaneous expression of multiple genes within the same cell. they therefore have great potential for the production of heteromultimeric protein complexes. this work describes the efficient plant-based production and assembly of bluetongue virus-like particles (vlps), requiring the simultaneous expression of four distinct proteins in varying amounts. such particles have the potential to serve as a safe and ...201323647743
evaluation of real-time pcr detection methods for detecting rice products contaminated by rice genetically modified with a cpti-kdel-t-nos transgenic construct.genetically modified (gm) rice (oryza sativa) lines, such as insecticidal kefeng and kemingdao, have been developed and found unauthorised in processed rice products in many countries. therefore, qualitative detection methods for the gm rice are required for the gm food regulation. a transgenic construct for expressing cowpea (vigna unguiculata) trypsin inhibitor (cpti) was detected in some imported processed rice products contaminated with kemingdao. the 3' terminal sequence of the identified t ...201323871003
diversity of beet curly top iran virus isolated from different hosts in iran.beet curly top iran virus (bctiv) is a major pathogen of sugar beet in iran. in order to study diversity of bctiv, we sampled 68 plants in iran during the summer of 2010 with curly top disease symptoms on beans (phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (vigna unguiculata), tomatoes (solanum lycopersicum l.), sea beets (beta vulgaris subsp. maritima), and sugar beets (beta vulgaris). plant samples showing leaf curling, yellowing, and/or swelling of veins on the lower leaf surfaces were collected from various ...201323329008
biological and molecular variability of alfalfa mosaic virus affecting alfalfa crop in riyadh region.in 2011-2012, sixty nine samples were collected from alfalfa plants showing viral infection symptoms in riyadh region. mechanical inoculation with sap prepared from two collected samples out of twenty five possitive for alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) by elisa were produced systemic mosaic on vigna unguiculata and nicotiana tabacum, local lesion on chenopodium amaranticolor and c. quinoa. vicia faba indicator plants that induce mosaic and mottle with amv-sagir isolate and no infection with amv-wadi a ...201325288969
systemic transport of alfalfa mosaic virus can be mediated by the movement proteins of several viruses assigned to five genera of the 30k family.we previously showed that the movement protein (mp) gene of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) is functionally exchangeable for the cell-to-cell transport of the corresponding genes of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), brome mosaic virus, prunus necrotic ringspot virus, cucumber mosaic virus and cowpea mosaic virus. we have analysed the capacity of the heterologous mps to systemically transport the corresponding chimeric amv genome. all mps were competent in systemic transport but required the fusion at their ...201323136366
differential peroxidase activities in three different crops upon insect feeding.peroxidases are the ubiquitous enzyme and reported to be present in all living genera. they catalyses reduction of peroxide and generate reactive oxygen species. in the present study we demonstrated that insect infestation induces peroxidase activity in sap and total soluble protein (tsp) of plant leaves. three important crop plants viz. tomato, cowpea and cotton were used for this study. after infestation of chewing insect, peroxidase activity in the sap and tsp of all the studied plants were e ...201323857346
rhizobia indigenous to the okavango region in sub-saharan africa: diversity, adaptations, and host specificity.the rhizobial community indigenous to the okavango region has not yet been characterized. the isolation of indigenous rhizobia can provide a basis for the formulation of a rhizobial inoculant. moreover, their identification and characterization contribute to the general understanding of species distribution and ecology. isolates were obtained from nodules of local varieties of the pulses cowpea, bambara groundnut, peanut, hyacinth bean, and common bean. ninety-one of them were identified by box ...201425239908
bradyrhizobium ottawaense sp. nov., a symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium from root nodules of soybeans in canada.sixteen strains of symbiotic bacteria from root nodules of glycine max grown in ottawa, canada, were previously characterized and placed in a novel group within the genus bradyrhizobium. to verify their taxonomic status, these strains were further characterized using a polyphasic approach. all strains possessed identical 16s rrna gene sequences that were 99.79 % similar to the closest relative, bradyrhizobium liaoningense lmg 18230(t). phylogenetic analysis of concatenated atpd, glnii, reca, gyr ...201424969302
[identification of a kojic-acid producing aspergillus flavus f52].we identified an endophytic fungus of vigna unguiculata, as well as the influence of carbon sources on the production of kojic acid by the isolated fungus.201425803892
construction of a standard reference plasmid containing seven target genes for the detection of transgenic cotton.insect resistance and herbicide tolerance are the dominant traits of commercialized transgenic cotton. in this study, we constructed a general standard reference plasmid for transgenic cotton detection. target genes, including the cowpea trypsin gene cpti, the insect resistance gene cry1ab/1ac, the herbicide tolerance gene cp4-epsps, the agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) terminator that exists in transgenic cotton and part of the endogenous cotton sadi gene were amplified from pl ...201424929128
mechanisms relevant to the enhanced virulence of a dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin metabolically engineered entomopathogen.the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae ma05-169 is a transformant strain that has been metabolically engineered to express dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin biosynthesis genes. in contrast to the wild type strain, the transformant displays a greater resistance to environmental stress and a higher virulence toward target insect host. however, the underlying mechanisms for these characteristics remain unclear; hence experiments were initiated to explore the possible mechanism(s) through phy ...201424662974
plant viral vectors for delivery by agrobacterium.plant viral vectors delivered by agrobacterium are the basis of several manufacturing processes that are currently in use for producing a wide range of proteins for multiple applications, including vaccine antigens, antibodies, protein nanoparticles such as virus-like particles (vlps), and other protein and protein-rna scaffolds. viral vectors delivered by agrobacterial t-dna transfer (magnifection) have also become important tools in research. in recent years, essential advances have been made ...201423949286
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