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imaging phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate dynamics in living plant cells.polyphosphoinositides represent a minor group of phospholipids, accounting for less than 1% of the total. despite their low abundance, these molecules have been implicated in various signalling and membrane trafficking events. phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (ptdins4p) is the most abundant polyphosphoinositide. (32)pi-labelling studies have shown that the turnover of ptdins4p is rapid, but little is known about where in the cell or plant this occurs. here, we describe the use of a lipid biosens ...200918785997
effects of cowpea mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus on six soybean (glycine max l.) cultivars.the study was carried out to determine the comparative pathogenic response of six cultivars of soybean; tgx 1844-18e, tgx 1448-2e, tgx 1910-8f, tgx 1019-2en, tgx 1910-8f and tgx 1876-4e to single and mixed infections with cowpea mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus. the experiment was conducted in the screenhouse at the crop production pavilion, faculty of agriculture, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state nigeria. the results of the experiment revealed that all soybean cultivars were susc ...200920003292
phylogenetic diversity and symbiotic effectiveness of root-nodulating bacteria associated with cowpea in the south-west area of japan.the phylogenetic diversity of cowpea root-nodulating bacteria in the south-west of japan was investigated using 60 isolates. seeds of cowpea were aseptically sown in vermiculite and inoculated with a suspension of cowpea soil (cs) or bean soil (bs) or without a soil suspension as a control. cs and bs were collected from the kyushu university's farm (japan) at sites where cowpea and bean, respectively, have been cultivated previously. based on an analysis of the 16s rrna gene and the internal tra ...200921566362
interaction of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) nanoparticles with antigen presenting cells in vitro and in vivo.plant viruses such as cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) are increasingly being developed for applications in nanobiotechnology including vaccine development because of their potential for producing large quantities of antigenic material in plant hosts. in order to improve efficacy of viral nanoparticles in these types of roles, an investigation of the individual cell types that interact with the particles is critical. in particular, it is important to understand the interactions of a potential vaccine ...200919956734
synthesis, crystal structure, and insecticidal activities of highly congested hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives: effect of conformation on activities.a series of hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives were designed and synthesized through aza-diels-alder reactions and evaluated for insecticidal activities. compounds 6a-d with endo-conformation were endowed with excellent insecticidal activities against cowpea aphid ( aphis craccivora ) and armyworm ( pseudaletia separata walker), whereas exo-compounds 7a-d showed only low activities against cowpea aphid. the difference in activities between the endo- and exo-conformations indicated that ...201020000414
divalent and oxabridged neonicotinoids constructed by dialdehydes and nitromethylene analogues of imidacloprid: design, synthesis, crystal structure, and insecticidal activities.a series of divalent and oxabridged neonicotinoids were synthesized by reactions of nitromethylene analogues of imidacloprid and dialdehydes, and their structures were confirmed by (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, high-resolution mass spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis. the bioassays indicated that some of them were endowed with excellent insecticidal activities against cowpea aphid ( aphis craccivora ), armyworm ( pseudaletia separata walker), and brown planthopper ( nilaparvata lugens ). divalen ...201020000569
akara ogbomoso: microbiological examination and identification of hazards and critical control points.akara ogbomoso was examined toward the establishment of hazard analysis and critical control point (haccp). the akara was produced in residential buildings with the attendant consequence of contamination. there was ample growth of aerobes, coliforms, staphylococci, shigella and yeast/mold from the samples, water and cowpea pastes. microbial contaminations occur through the processing, which can be corrected through education by adopting good hygienic and manufacturing practices. the critical con ...201021339157
not as they seem.i recount the early influences that directed me to toward a career in research and then describe some efforts investigating cowpea mosaic virus and the satellite rna of tobacco ringspot virus. these descriptions have a common theme of surprise, how things often can be not as they are expected to be. finally, i examine the widely held belief that a plant transgene derived from a distant taxonomic source presents a greater risk than a transgene derived from a closely related plant and contend that ...201021639782
coordination of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 and seven-up controls insect counter-defense cathepsin b expression.cmcatb, a cathepsin b-type cysteine protease, is insensitive to inhibition by the soybean cysteine protease inhibitor (scn). cowpea bruchids dramatically induce cmcatb expression when major digestive proteases are inactivated by dietary scn, which is presumably an adaptive strategy that insects use to minimize effects of nutrient deficiency. in this study, we cloned the cowpea bruchid hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (cmhnf-4) and demonstrated its involvement in transcriptional activation of cmcatb i ...201020048156
plant antimicrobial peptides: an overview of supersage transcriptional profile and a functional review.defensin, thionin and lipid transfer protein (ltp) gene families, which antimicrobial activity has an attractive use in protein engineering and transgenic production of agronomical important plants, have been here functionally reviewed. also, a transcriptional overview of a set of plant supersage libraries and analysis looking for 26 bp tags possibly annotated for those families is presented. tags differentially expressed (p = 0.05) or constitutively transcribed were identified from leaves or ro ...201020088771
identification and characterization of anthocyanins in yard-long beans (vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis l.) by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (hplc-dad-esi/ms) analysis.anthocyanins play an important role in physiological functions related to human health. the objective of this study was to investigate the profiles of anthocyanins in the immature purple pods and black seeds of yard-long beans ( vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis l.) using high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with diode array detection and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (dad-esi/ms) analysis. the individual anthocyanins were identified by comparing their mass spectrometric ...201020121192
inability of legumes to reverse diabetic-induced nephropathy in rats despite improvement in blood glucose and antioxidant status.diabetes mellitus has assumed epidemic proportions in most parts of the world, including developing countries, with vascular and renal complications being the major causes of death. evidence is emerging that legumes play a beneficial role in diabetes and its associated complications. in connection with the above, four groups of alloxan-induced diabetic rats were fed on four different legume-based (vigna unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana var. dekindtiana, v. unguiculata ssp. unguiculata, sphenostylis ...201020136451
translocation of nopp by sinorhizobium fredii usda257 into vigna unguiculata root nodules.sinorhizobium fredii is a nitrogen-fixing legume symbiont that stimulates the formation of root nodules. s. fredii nodulation of roots is influenced by nop proteins, which are secreted through a type iii secretion system (t3ss). we demonstrate that s. fredii injects nopp into vigna unguiculata nodules in a t3ss-dependent manner.201020382805
defining criteria for oligomannose immunogens for hiv using icosahedral virus capsid scaffolds.the broadly neutralizing antibody 2g12 recognizes a conserved cluster of high-mannose glycans on the surface envelope spike of hiv, suggesting that the "glycan shield" defense of the virus can be breached and may, under the right circumstances, serve as a vaccine target. in an attempt to recreate features of the glycan shield semisynthetically, oligomannosides were coupled to surface lysines on the icosahedral capsids of bacteriophage q beta and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the q beta glycoconjug ...201020416507
rhizobial adaptation to hosts, a new facet in the legume root-nodule symbiosis.rhizobia are able to infect legume roots, elicit root nodules, and live therein as endosymbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. host recognition and specificity are the results of early programming events in bacteria and plants, in which important signal molecules play key roles. here, we introduce a new aspect of this symbiosis: the adaptive response to hosts. this refers to late events in bacteroids in which specific genes are transcribed and translated that help the endosymbionts to meet the di ...201020459317
predator avoidance by phytophagous mites is affected by the presence of herbivores in a neighboring patch.when predators invade a leaf patch inhabited by herbivores, the herbivores disperse to a neighboring predator-free leaf patch, thus escaping from the predators. however, the neighboring patch might already be used by con- or heterospecific herbivores. we used laboratory bioassays to examine whether perception of odor from con- or heterospecific competitors on a neighbored lima bean leaf patch influences dispersal behavior of the herbivorous mite tetranychus urticae when attacked by predatory mit ...201020467794
diffusion and accumulation in cultivated vegetable plants of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) from a plastic production factory.di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) concentrations in the atmosphere and in four vegetable crops including brassica chinensis l. (bok choy), brassica campestris l. (field mustard), vigna unguiculata walp. (cowpea), and solanum melongena l. (eggplant) cultivated on land surrounding a plastic production factory were determined. the air dehp concentrations (means) at the sites 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 km away from the plastic production building were about 9.4-12.8, 5.8-9.6, 1.6-5.0, and 0.04-0.27 mic ...201020496185
antifungal activity of four weedy plant extracts against selected mycotoxigenic fungi.to investigate the antifungal activity of aqueous and organic extracts of four weedy plant species viz. tagetes minuta, lippia javanica, amaranthus spinosus and vigna unguiculata against isolates of four agriculturally important fungi, i.e. fusarium verticillioides, f. proliferatum, aspergillus flavus and a. parasiticus.201020553341
hydrazone ligation strategy to assemble multifunctional viral nanoparticles for cell imaging and tumor targeting.multivalent nanoparticle platforms are attractive for biomedical applications because of their improved target specificity, sensitivity, and solubility. however, their controlled assembly remains a considerable challenge. an efficient hydrazone ligation chemistry was applied to the assembly of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) nanoparticles with individually tunable levels of a vegfr-1 ligand and a fluorescent pegylated peptide. the nanoparticles recognized vegfr-1 on endothelial cell lines and vegfr1- ...201020163184
two new 'legumoviruses' (genus begomovirus) naturally infecting soybean in nigeria.two new 'legumoviruses' (genus begomovirus; family geminiviridae) naturally infecting soybean (glycine max l. merr.) in nigeria were molecularly characterized. based on characteristic symptoms in soybean, the two viruses are provisionally designated as soybean mild mottle virus (sbmmv) and soybean chlorotic blotch virus (sbcbv). sbcbv has a bipartite genome, whereas sbmmv has only a dna a component. the dna a component of sbmmv is 2,768 nucleotides (nt) long and the dna a and dna b components of ...201020229118
qtl analysis for resistance to foliar damage caused by thrips tabaci and frankliniella schultzei (thysanoptera: thripidae) feeding in cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.].three quantitative trait loci (qtl) for resistance to thrips tabaci and frankliniella schultzei were identified using a cowpea recombinant inbred population of 127 f(2:8) lines. an amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) genetic linkage map and foliar feeding damage ratings were used to identify genomic regions contributing toward resistance to thrips damage. based on pearson correlation analysis, damage ratings were highly correlated (r >/= 0.7463) across seven field experiments conducted ...201020234834
symbiotic functioning and bradyrhizobial biodiversity of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) in africa.cowpea is the most important food grain legume in sub-saharan africa. however, no study has so far assessed rhizobial biodiversity and/or nodule functioning in relation to strain igs types at the continent level. in this study, 9 cowpea genotypes were planted in field experiments in botswana, south africa and ghana with the aim of i) trapping indigenous cowpea root-nodule bacteria (cowpea "rhizobia") in the 3 countries for isolation, molecular characterisation using pcr-rflp analysis, and sequen ...201020331875
sshscreen and sshdb, generic software for microarray based gene discovery: application to the stress response in cowpea.abstract:201020359330
effect of the supplementation of dietary rich phytoestrogens in altering the vitamin d levels in diet induced osteoporotic rat model.plant-derived estrogen-like compounds such as isoflavones (if) especially daidzein and genistein are said to be preserving the bone in the osteoporotic conditions. however, it is not known whether a combination of if and calcium (ca) supplementation attenuates losses in bone mass and prevents the loss of vitamin d (vd). the present study addresses the role of phytoestrogens (pe) and ca supplementation in low ca and low vd diet induced osteoporosis (osp). cowpea (cp) which has high amount of the ...201020362669
atomistic modeling of the low-frequency mechanical modes and raman spectra of icosahedral virus capsids.we describe a technique for calculating the low-frequency mechanical modes and frequencies of a large symmetric biological molecule where the eigenvectors of the hessian matrix are determined with full atomic detail. the method, which follows order n methods used in electronic structure theory, determines the subset of lowest-frequency modes while using group theory to reduce the complexity of the problem. we apply the method to three icosahedral viruses of various t numbers and sizes; the human ...201020365606
a tobamovirus expression vector for agroinfection of legumes and nicotiana.the highest recombinant protein expression levels in plants have been achieved using tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) vectors via agroinoculation of the tobacco, nicotiana benthamiana. these vectors have been utilized for pharmaceutical protein production and also can serve as rapid gene expression screens for proteonomics. we have constructed a similar vector based on the legume-infecting tobamovirus, sunn hemp mosaic virus (shmv), by deleting the coat protein gene (shmv eliminate coat protein gene o ...201020380855
effects of four host plants on biology and food utilization of the cutworm, spodoptera litura.effects of four host plants, tobacco, chinese cabbage, cowpea and sweet potato, on larval and pupal development and survival, and longevity and fecundity of adults of spodoptera litura (f) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), were studied under laboratory conditions (26 degrees c, 60-80% rh), as was the utilization of the four host plants and adaptation on tobacco. all of the biological parameters included in the study were affected by the host plants. in a choice test, s. litura females oviposited most on ...201020578886
intravital imaging of embryonic and tumor neovasculature using viral nanoparticles.viral nanoparticles are a novel class of biomolecular agents that take advantage of the natural circulatory and targeting properties of viruses to allow the development of therapeutics, vaccines and imaging tools. we have developed a multivalent nanoparticle platform based on the cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) that facilitates particle labeling at high density with fluorescent dyes and other functional groups. compared with other technologies, cpmv-based viral nanoparticles are particularly suited f ...201020671724
effects of four host plants on susceptibility of spodoptera litura (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae to five insecticides and activities of detoxification esterases.the tobacco cutworm, spodoptera litura (f.), is one of the most destructive polyphagous pests worldwide. the susceptibility of s. litura larvae reared on tobacco, chinese cabbage, cowpea and sweet potato to phoxim, chlorfenapyr, methomyl, fenvalerate and emamectin benzoate under laboratory conditions was determined.201020672333
virus hybrids as nanomaterials for biotechnology.the current review describes advances in the field of bionanotechnology in which viruses are used to fabricate nanomaterials. viruses are introduced as protein cages, scaffolds, and templates for the production of biohybrid nanostructured materials where organic and inorganic molecules are incorporated in a precise and a controlled fashion. genetic engineering enables the insertion or replacement of selected amino acids on virus capsids for uses from bioconjugation to crystal growth. the variety ...201020688511
the rkpu gene of sinorhizobium fredii hh103 is required for bacterial k-antigen polysaccharide production and for efficient nodulation with soybean but not with cowpea.in this work, the role of the rkpu and rkpj genes in the production of the k-antigen polysaccharides (kps) and in the symbiotic capacity of sinorhizobium fredii hh103, a broad host-range rhizobial strain able to nodulate soybean and many other legumes, was studied. the rkpj- and rkpu-encoded products are orthologous to escherichia coli proteins involved in capsule export. s. fredii hh103 mutant derivatives were contructed in both genes. to our knowledge, this is the first time that the role of r ...201020688828
agrobacterium-produced and exogenous cytokinin-modulated agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogenic bacterium that causes neoplastic growths, called 'crown gall', via the transfer and integration of transferred dna (t-dna) from the bacterium into the plant genome. we characterized an acetosyringone (as)-induced tumour-inducing (ti) plasmid gene, tzs (trans-zeatin synthesizing), that is responsible for the synthesis of the plant hormone cytokinin in nopaline-type a. tumefaciens strains. the loss of tzs protein expression and trans-zeatin secretion ...201020696005
assessing risk to human health from tropical leafy vegetables grown on contaminated urban soils.fifteen tropical leafy vegetable types were sampled from farmers' gardens situated on nine contaminated sites used to grow vegetables for commercial or subsistence consumption in and around kampala city, uganda. trace metal concentrations in soils were highly variable and originated from irrigation with wastewater, effluent discharge from industry and dumping of solid waste. metal concentrations in the edible shoots of vegetables also differed greatly between, and within, sites. gynandropsis gyn ...201020739044
comparing symbiotic efficiency between swollen versus nonswollen rhizobial bacteroids.symbiotic rhizobia differentiate physiologically and morphologically into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids inside legume host nodules. the differentiation is apparently terminal in some legume species, such as peas (pisum sativum) and peanuts (arachis hypogaea), likely due to extreme cell swelling induced by the host. in other legume species, such as beans (phaseolus vulgaris) and cowpeas (vigna unguiculata), differentiation into bacteroids, which are similar in size and shape to free-living rhizobia, ...201020837702
ensifer (sinorhizobium) sojae sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of glycine max grown in saline-alkaline soils in hebei province of china.thirteen bacterial strains isolated from root nodules of soybean grown in saline-alkaline soils in the chinese province of hebei were identified as a unique group in genus ensifer (sinorhizobium) based upon box-pcr patterns, sequencing analyses of 16s rrna and housekeeping genes, and dna-dna hybridization. phenotypically, positive acid production and negative reduction in litmus milk and sensitivity to 50 µg ml(1) of amplicillin, as well as some other features could differentiate the novel group ...201020851917
reproductive capacities and development of a seed bruchid beetle, acanthoscelides macrophthalmus, a potential host for the mass rearing of the parasitoid, dinarmus basalis.the reproductive capacities and development of the seed beetle acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (schaeffer) (coleoptera: bruchidae), found in togo, were determined under natural conditions in a guinean zone for its use as a substitute host for the mass rearing of the parasitoid dinarmus basalts rond (hymenoptera: pteromalidae), a biological agent for the control of beetles that are pests of cowpea, vigna unguiculata (l.) walpers (fabales: fabaceae). population dynamics at the field level; and surv ...201020879923
host-specific symbiotic requirement of bdeab, a regr-controlled rnd-type efflux system in bradyrhizobium japonicum.multidrug efflux systems not only cause resistance against antibiotics and toxic compounds but also mediate successful host colonization by certain plant-associated bacteria. the genome of the nitrogen-fixing soybean symbiont bradyrhizobium japonicum encodes 24 members of the family of resistance/nodulation/cell division (rnd) multidrug efflux systems, of which bdeab is genetically controlled by the regsr two-component regulatory system. phylogenetic analysis of the membrane components of these ...201020883496
complete nucleotide sequence of the type isolate of cowpea mild mottle virus from ghana. 201020890716
isolation and characterization of novel plant growth promoting micrococcus sp nii-0909 and its interaction with cowpea.a phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strain nii-0909 isolated from the western ghat forest soil in india was identified as micrococcus sp on the basis of phenotypic characteristics, carbon source utilization pattern, fatty acid methyl esters analysis, and 16s rrna gene sequence. the strain exhibited the plant growth-promoting attributes of phosphate solubilization, auxin production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity, and siderophore production. it was able to solubilize (122.4μg ...201020951599
rapid transient production in plants by replicating and non-replicating vectors yields high quality functional anti-hiv antibody.the capacity of plants and plant cells to produce large amounts of recombinant protein has been well established. due to advantages in terms of speed and yield, attention has recently turned towards the use of transient expression systems, including viral vectors, to produce proteins of pharmaceutical interest in plants. however, the effects of such high level expression from viral vectors and concomitant effects on host cells may affect the quality of the recombinant product.201021103044
bradyrhizobium lablabi sp. nov., isolated from effective nodules of lablab purpureus and arachis hypogaea grown in southern china.five strains isolated from root nodules of lablab purpureus and arachis hypogaea grown in anhui and sichuan provinces of china were classified within the genus bradyrhizobium. these strains had identical 16s rrna nucleotide sequences which shared 99.22% and 99.48% similarities with the most related strains of bradyrhizobium jicamae pac 68(t), bradyrhizobium pachyrhizi pac 48(t) and bradyrhizobium elkanii usda 76(t). polyphasic approaches including 16s rrna gene rflp, igs-rflp, box-pcr, comparati ...201021112989
effect of organic selenium supplementation on growth, se uptake, and nutrient utilization in guinea pigs.forty weaned male guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) of 152.6 +/- 7.96 g mean body weight were divided into four equal groups and fed a common basal diet comprised of 25% ground cowpea (vigna unguiculata) hay, 30% ground maize (zea mays) grain, 22% ground gram (cicer arietinum) grain, 9.5% deoiled rice (oryza sativa) bran, 6% soybean (glycine max) meal, 6% fish meal, 1.5% mineral mixture (without se), and ascorbic acid at 200 mg/kg to meet their nutrient requirements along with 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 p ...201019506806
african legumes: a vital but under-utilized resource.although nodulated legumes have been used by indigenous peoples in africa for centuries, their full potential has never been realized. with modern technology there is scope for rapid improvement of both plant and microbial germplasm. this review gives examples of some recent developments in the form of case studies; these range from multipurpose human food crops, such as cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.), through to beverages (teas) that are also income-generating such as rooibos (aspalathus ...201019939887
purification of a defensin isolated from vigna unguiculata seeds, its functional expression in escherichia coli, and assessment of its insect alpha-amylase inhibitory activity.plant defensins make up a family of cationic antimicrobial peptides with a characteristic three-dimensional folding pattern stabilized by four disulfide bridges. the aim of this work was the purification and functional expression of a defensin from cowpea seeds and the assessment of its alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. the cdna encoding the cowpea defensin was cloned into the pet-32 ek/lic vector, and the resulting construct was used to transform escherichia coli cells. the recombinant peptide ...201019948221
capsid protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus is a determinant for vector transmission by a beetle.cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) is a bromovirus transmitted by species of chrysomelid beetles, including the spotted cucumber beetle, diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii barber. an experimental system was set up to identify the viral determinant(s) of the beetle transmission of ccmv. nicotiana clevelandii was selected as an experimental plant host because it supports the replication and accumulation of both ccmv and a second member of the family bromoviridae, cucumber mosaic virus (cmv). us ...201019828763
mixed infection in tomato to ensure frequent generation of a natural reassortant between two subgroups of cucumber mosaic virus.cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) is divided into subgroups i (sub-i) and ii (sub-ii). isolate cmv-pf, which had been isolated from tomato by single lesion isolation (sli), was classified in sub-ii by serology, but it had the pathogenicity of sub-i cmvs. sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses showed that cmv-pf was actually a reassortant cmv isolate containing rnas 1 and 2 from sub-i and rna 3 from sub-ii (i, i, and ii). a subgroup-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ss-r ...201019866353
the cowpea trypsin inhibitor promoter drives expression in response to cellular maturation in arabidopsis thaliana.the bowman-birk type trypsin inhibitors accumulate in high concentration in legume and cereal seeds, especially during seed maturation and are considered to be involved in insect tolerance. the 5' flanking sequences of the trypsin inhibitor was isolated from cowpea genomic dna using anchor pcr. analysis of sequences showed presence of seed specific ry elements and also other elements associated with seed development such as abscisic acid responsive elements (aba responsive elements; abre) and de ...201023572952
selenium accumulation by forage and grain crops and volatilization from seleniferous soils amended with different organic materials.greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the direct and residual effect of applying different organic materials on se accumulation by crops and volatilization from seleniferous soils of northwestern india. among organic manures, press mud and poultry manures proved 4-5 times more effective in reducing se accumulation by different crops than farmyard manure. efficiency of organic manures increased with increase in application rates. application of both press mud and poultry manure ...201020015536
the first set of est resource for gene discovery and marker development in pigeonpea (cajanus cajan l.).pigeonpea (cajanus cajan (l.) millsp) is one of the major grain legume crops of the tropics and subtropics, but biotic stresses [fusarium wilt (fw), sterility mosaic disease (smd), etc.] are serious challenges for sustainable crop production. modern genomic tools such as molecular markers and candidate genes associated with resistance to these stresses offer the possibility of facilitating pigeonpea breeding for improving biotic stress resistance. availability of limited genomic resources, howev ...201020222972
effect of three bean species on the development and reproduction of a population of the parasitoid, encarsia bimaculata, on the whitefly, bemisia tabaci.developmental time, parasitism, emergence, longevity, fecundity and demographic parameters of population of encarsia bimaculata heraty and polaszek (hymenoptera: aphelinidae), a parasitoid attacking bemisia tabaci (biotype b) (gennadius) (homoptera: aleyrodidae) infesting soybean, glyine max l. (merr), cowpea, vigna unguiulata l. and garden bean, phaseolus vulgaris l. (fabeles: fabaceae) were quantified and compared. encarsia bimaculata was able to complete its life cycle independent of the b. t ...201020578950
reproductive activity and survivorship of liriomyza sativae (diptera: agromyzidae) at different temperatures and relative humidity levels.we studied a population of liriomyza sativae blanchard (diptera: agromyzidae) identified by morphological and molecular techniques from the semiarid region of the brazilian northeast. the influence of temperature and relative humidity on the survival and reproductive parameters of l. sativae in cowpeas (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) (fabales: fabaceae) was evaluated. we used temperatures of 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 32 +/- 1 degrees c (50 +/- 10% rh) and relative humidity values of 30, 50, 70, a ...201020146857
[effect of temperature and relative-humidity on the development of liriomyza sativae blanchard (diptera: agromyzidae) in vigna unguiculata].this research aimed to study the influence of temperature and relative-humidity (rh) on the development of liriomyza sativae blanchard during the egg-adult period, in cowpea, to provide essential information for future biological control projects against the pest. an inverse relation was observed between temperature increase in the range from 15 degrees celsius to 32 degrees celsius and development duration. larval survival was not affected in the temperature range studied, while a high mortalit ...201020098917
purification of legumin-like proteins from coffea arabica and coffea racemosa seeds and their insecticidal properties toward cowpea weevil ( callosobruchus maculatus ) (coleoptera: bruchidae).legumin-like proteins from seeds of coffea arabica (cal-1 and cal-2) and coffea racemosa (crl-1 and crl-2) were characterized and isolated by gel filtration and reverse-phase chromatography. the insecticidal properties of the purified proteins were tested against callosobruchus maculatus using artificial diets. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) analyses indicated that cal-1 is composed of two subunits of 33 and 24 kda, while cal-2, crl-1, and crl-2 were monomer ...201020141142
transcriptional profiling of root-knot nematode induced feeding sites in cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) using a soybean genome array.the locus rk confers resistance against several species of root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp., rkn) in cowpea (vigna unguiculata). based on histological and reactive oxygen species (ros) profiles, rk confers a delayed but strong resistance mechanism without a hypersensitive reaction-mediated cell death process, which allows nematode development but blocks reproduction.201020723233
chlorotic curly stunt: a severe begomovirus disease of bottle gourd in northern india.bottle gourd (lagenaria siceraria) an important vegetable crop in india was observed to be affected by a chlorotic curly stunt disease (ccsd) during 2003-2006 in the vegetable growing areas of delhi and adjoining state of haryana. the affected plants are severely stunted and bear very small chlorotic and mildly curled leaves. incidence of the disease varied from 4.7 to 36%. the disease could be easily transmitted by whitefly, bemisia tabaci but not by sap. the causal virus was found to be a bego ...201023637479
isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria from non-rhizospheric soil and their effect on cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.) seedling growth.the efficacy of four potential phosphate solubilizing enterobacter isolated from non-rhizospheric soil in western ghat forest in india. plant growth promoting ability of these isolates was evaluated in cowpea. all are gram negative, rod shaped, 0.8-1.6 mm in size, and psychrotrophic in nature, grow from 5 to 40°c (optimum temp. 28 ± 2°c). all isolates exhibits growth at a wide range of ph 6-12, optimum at ph 7.0 and tolerates up to 7% (w/v) salt concentration. 16s rrna gene sequencing reveals th ...201024026928
triple inoculation with bradyrhizobium, glomus and paenibacillus on cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp.) development.the use of microorganisms to improve the availability of nutrients to plants is of great importance to agriculture. this study aimed to evaluate the effect of triple inoculation of cowpea with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf), plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb) and rhizobia to maximize biological nitrogen fixation (bnf) and promote plant growth. the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using cowpea plants (vigna unguiculata l. walp cv. ipa 206). the treatments included inoculation with ...201124031707
mining functional microsatellites in legume unigenes.highly polymorphic and transferable microsatellites (ssrs) are important for comparative genomics, genome analysis and phylogenetic studies. development of novel species-specific microsatellite markers remains a costly and labor-intensive project. therefore, interest has been shifted from genomic to genic markers owing to their high inter-species transferability as they are developed from conserved coding regions of the genome. this study concentrates on comparative analysis of genic microsatell ...201122125396
the effect of germination on the phytase activity, phytate and total phosphorus contents of some nigerian-grown grain legumes.grain legumes are under-exploited as possible sources of phytase for the poultry industry. the current study was conducted to assess the effect of germination on phytase activities, phytate and total phosphorus content in samples of nigerian-grown grain legumes. the legumes screened were african yambean (ayb, sphenostylis stenocarpa), lima bean (phaseolus lunatus), pigeon pea (cajanus cajan), cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and groundnut (arachis hypogea).201120859988
design, synthesis, crystal structure analysis, and insecticidal evaluation of phenylazoneonicotinoids.on the basis of research of the proposed modes of action between neonicotinoids and insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), a series of phenylazoneonicotinoids were designed and synthesized to further promote the π-π interaction between molecule and amino acid residues. the target compounds have been identified on the basis of satisfactory analytical and spectral ((1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, hrms, and x-ray) data. the preliminary results revealed that tiny differences in substitutes resulted i ...201121894959
genic snp markers and legume synteny reveal candidate genes underlying qtl for macrophomina phaseolina resistance and maturity in cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l) walp.].macrophomina phaseolina is an emerging and devastating fungal pathogen that causes significant losses in crop production under high temperatures and drought stress. an increasing number of disease incidence reports highlight the wide prevalence of the pathogen around the world and its contribution toward crop yield suppression. in cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l) walp.], limited sources of low-level host resistance have been identified, the genetic basis of which is unknown. in this study we report ...201121208448
the structure of a haemopexin-fold protein from cow pea (vigna unguiculata) suggests functional diversity of haemopexins in plants.the haemopexin fold is present in almost all life forms and is utilized for carrying out diverse physiological functions. the structure of cp4, a haemopexin-fold protein from cow pea (vigna unguiculata), was determined at 2.1 å resolution. the protein exists as a monomer both in solution and in the crystal. the structure revealed a typical four-bladed ß-propeller topology. the protein exhibits 42% sequence similarity to ls-24 from lathyrus sativus, with substantial differences in the surface-cha ...201121301085
degradation of tannic acid by cold-adapted klebsiella sp nacasa1 and phytotoxicity assessment of tannic acid and its degradation products.the focus of the present study is to know the potential of bacterial isolate for tannic acid degradation at low temperature. also, we tried to evaluate the suitability of phytotoxicity testing protocol for the determination of tannic acid toxicity.201121336632
rhizobium tubonense sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of oxytropis glabra.four rhizobial strains, designated ccbau 85046(t), ccbau 85051, ccbau 85048 and ccbau 85049, isolated from root nodules of oxytropis glabra grown in tibet, china, were previously defined, using amplified 16s rrna gene restriction analysis, as a novel group within the genus rhizobium. to clarify their taxonomic position, these strains were further analysed and compared with reference strains of related bacteria using a polyphasic approach. the 16s rrna gene analysis showed that the four isolates ...201120382797
participation of the cowpea mosaic virus protease in eliciting extreme resistance.extreme resistance of arlington line cowpea (vigna unguiculata) to cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) is under control of a dominant locus designated cpa. we transiently expressed, using tomato bushy stunt virus (tbsv) vectors and agrobacterium tumefaciens, in nearly isogenic cpa/cpa and cpa/cpa cowpea lines, sequences from rna1, the larger of two cpmv genomic rnas. activation of a cpa-specific response mapped to the cpmv 24k protease (24kpro). mutational analysis of the 24kpro gene implicated protease ...201121640367
multiple loci are involved in quorum quenching of autoinducer i molecules in the nitrogen-fixing symbiont (sino-) rhizobium sp. ngr234.rhizobium sp. ngr234 is a unique α-proteobacterium (order - rhizobiales) that forms nitrogen-fixing nodules with more legumes than any other micro-symbiont. since we have previously described the complete genome sequence of ngr234, we now report on a genome wide functional analysis of the genes and enzymes involved in autoinducer i hydrolysis in this microbe. altogether we identified five cosmid clones that repeatedly gave a positive result in our function-based approach for the detection of aut ...201121642401
mutagenesis in orf av2 affects viral replication in mungbean yellow mosaic india virus.mungbean yellow mosaic india virus (mymiv) is a whitefly-transmitted begomovirus with a bipartite genome. we investigate the functions of the mymiv-av2 protein, the open reading frame present upstream of the coat protein gene in dna a component. the ability of mymiv-av2 mutants to replicate, spread and cause symptoms in legume hosts, blackgram, cowpea and french bean was analysed. plants agroinoculated with mutants k73r, c86s and the double mutant c84s,c86s showed increase in severity of symptom ...201121654086
multiscale simulation of microbe structure and dynamics.a multiscale mathematical and computational approach is developed that captures the hierarchical organization of a microbe. it is found that a natural perspective for understanding a microbe is in terms of a hierarchy of variables at various levels of resolution. this hierarchy starts with the n -atom description and terminates with order parameters characterizing a whole microbe. this conceptual framework is used to guide the analysis of the liouville equation for the probability density of the ...201121802438
improved expression and purification of recombinant human serum albumin from transgenic tobacco suspension culture.most human serum albumin (hsa) for medical applications is derived from human plasma due to the lack of suitable heterologous expression systems for recombinant hsa (rhsa). to determine whether plant cell cultures could provide an alternative source, we employed the hyper-translatable cowpea mosaic virus protein expression system (cpmv-ht) to stably express rhsa in tobacco bright yellow-2 (by-2) cells. rhsa was stably produced with yield up to 11.88µg/ml in the culture medium, accounting for 0.7 ...201121762733
transcriptome sequencing, and rapid development and application of snp markers for the legume pod borer maruca vitrata (lepidoptera: crambidae).the legume pod borer, maruca vitrata (lepidoptera: crambidae), is an insect pest species of crops grown by subsistence farmers in tropical regions of africa. we present the de novo assembly of 3729 contigs from 454- and sanger-derived sequencing reads for midgut, salivary, and whole adult tissues of this non-model species. functional annotation predicted that 1320 m. vitrata protein coding genes are present, of which 631 have orthologs within the bombyx mori gene model. a homology-based analysis ...201121754987
indigenous and introduced potyviruses of legumes and passiflora spp. from australia: biological properties and comparison of coat protein nucleotide sequences.five australian potyviruses, passion fruit woodiness virus (pwv), passiflora mosaic virus (pamv), passiflora virus y, clitoria chlorosis virus (clcv) and hardenbergia mosaic virus (harmv), and two introduced potyviruses, bean common mosaic virus (bcmv) and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv), were detected in nine wild or cultivated passiflora and legume species growing in tropical, subtropical or mediterranean climatic regions of western australia. when clcv (1), pamv (1), pavy (8) and pwv ...201121744001
rna viruses and their silencing suppressors boost abutilon mosaic virus, but not the old world tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus.mixed viral infections can induce different changes in symptom development, genome accumulation and tissue tropism. these issues were investigated for two phloem-limited begomoviruses, abutilon mosaic virus (abmv) and tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus (tylcsv) in nicotiana benthamiana plants doubly infected by either the potyvirus cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) or the tombusvirus artichoke mottled crinkle virus (amcv). both rna viruses induced an increase of the amount of abmv, led ...201121843560
identification of plant protein kinases in response to abiotic and biotic stresses using supersage.plants are sessile organisms subjected to many environmental adversities. for their survival they must sense and respond to biotic and abiotic stresses efficiently. during this process, protein kinases are essential in the perception of environmental stimuli, triggering signaling cascades. kinases are among the largest and most important gene families for biotechnological purposes, bringing many challenges to the bioinformaticians due to the combination of conserved domains besides diversified r ...201121827428
evaluation of nanoparticle uptake in tumors in real time using intravital imaging.current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, mri, pet and ct, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level(1,2,3,) highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. the chicken embryo model is particularly ...201121730939
Form, symmetry and packing of biomacromolecules. V. Shells with boundaries at anti-nodes of resonant vibrations in icosahedral RNA viruses.The RNA viruses cowpea chlorotic mottle, satellite tobacco mosaic, pariacoto and MS2, already considered in part IV of this series of papers [Janner, A. (2011a), Acta Cryst. A67, 517-520], are investigated further, with the aim to arrive at a possible physical basis for their structural properties. The shell structure of the filled capsid is analyzed in terms of successive spherical boundaries of the sets of icosahedral equivalent chains. By inversion in the sphere enclosing the capsid, the inte ...201122011468
Enhanced nicking activity of Rep in presence of pre-coat protein of Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus.Yellow mosaic disease causes severe yield loss in grain legumes in Indian subcontinent and south east Asia. The disease is caused by two virus species, Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) and Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). They have genome organization typical of Old World begomoviruses, the unique feature being the presence of an open reading frame (ORF) AV2 upstream of coat protein gene. In order to elucidate its function, ORF AV2 of blackgram isolate, Mungbean yellow mosaic India ...201122173984
efficient production of chimeric human papillomavirus 16 l1 protein bearing the m2e influenza epitope in nicotiana benthamiana plants.abstract:201122085463
Regulatory considerations surrounding the deployment Of Bt-expressing cowpea In Africa: Report of the deliberations of an expert panel.Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata spp. unguiculata) is adapted to the drier agro-ecological zones of West Africa where it is a major source of dietary protein and widely used as a fodder crop. Improving the productivity of cowpea can enhance food availability and security in West Africa. Insect predation - predominately from the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata), flower thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti) and a complex of pod-sucking bugs (e.g., Clavigralla spp.) - is a major yield-limiting factor in West ...201122179194
using polymer conformation to control architecture in semiconducting polymer/viral capsid assemblies.cowpea chlorotic mottle virus is a single-stranded rna plant virus with a diameter of 28 nm. the proteins comprising the capsid of this virus can be purified and reassembled either by themselves to form hollow structures or with polyanions such as double-stranded dna or single-stranded rna. depending on ph and ionic strength, a diverse range of structures and shapes can form. the work presented here focuses on using these proteins to encapsulate a fluorescent polyanionic semiconducting polymer, ...201121942298
bradyrhizobium huanghuaihaiense sp. nov., an effective symbiotic bacterium isolated from soybean (glycine max l.) nodules in northern (huang-huai-hai) plain of china.in a survey of biodiversity and biogeography of rhizobia associated with soybean (glycine max l.) in different sites of northern (huang-huai-hai) plain of china, ten strains were defined as a novel genomic species in the genus of bradyrhizobium. they were distinguished from defined species in rflp (restriction fragment length polymorphism) of 16s rrna gene and intergenic spacer (igs) between 16s and 23s rrna genes. in box-pcr, these strains presented two patterns sharing 94% similarities, demons ...201122003042
rhizobium grahamii sp. nov. from dalea leporina, leucaena leucocephala, clitoria ternatea nodules, and rhizobium mesoamericanum sp. nov. from phaseolus vulgaris, siratro, cowpea and mimosa pudica nodules.two novel related rhizobium species, rhizobium grahamii and rhizobium mesoamericanum were identified by a polyphasic approach using dna-dna hybridization, whole genome sequencing, phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization including nodulation of leucaena leucocephala and phaseolus vulgaris (bean). as similar bacteria were found in los tuxtlas rain forest and in central america we suggest the existence of a mesoamerican microbiological corridor. the type strain of rhizobium grahamii sp. nov. i ...201122081714
rhizobium halophytocola sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the root of a coastal dune plant.during a study of endophytic bacteria from coastal dune plants, a bacterial strain, designated yc6881t, was isolated from the root of rosa rugosa collected from the coastal dune areas of namhae island. the bacterium was found to be gram-negative, motile, halophilic and heterotrophic with a polar single flagellum. strain yc6881t exhibited growth at temperature 4-37 °c (optimum at 28-32 °c), ph 6.0-9.0 (optimum at ph 7.0-8.0) and was able to grow at nacl concentrations in the range of 0-7.5 % (w/v ...201122021574
Improved Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cowpea via sonication and vacuum infiltration.An improved method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cowpea was developed employing both sonication and vacuum infiltration treatments. 4 day-old cotyledonary nodes were used as explants for co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harbouring the binary vector pSouv-cry1Ac. Among the different injury treatments, vacuum infiltration and their combination treatments tested, sonication for 20 s followed by vacuum infiltration for 5 min with A. tumefaciens resulted in hi ...201121853337
design, synthesis, and particular biological behaviors of chain-opening nitromethylene neonicotinoids with cis configuration.on the basis of the structure of heterocyclic-fused cis configuration derivatives and chain-opening neonicotinoids, two series of novel chain-opening tetrahydropyridine analogues were designed and synthesized. the preliminary bioassay tests were determined on cowpea aphid ( aphis craccivora ) and armyworm ( pseudaletia separata walker). the results showed that some of the target compounds exhibited repellent effects, whereas others showed good insecticidal activities.201122122797
packaging and structural phenotype of brome mosaic virus capsid protein with altered n-terminal β-hexamer structure.the first 45 amino acid region of brome mosaic virus (bmv) capsid protein (cp) contains rna binding and structural domains that are implicated in the assembly of infectious virions. one such important structural domain encompassing amino acids 28qpviv32, highly conserved between bmv and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), exhibits a β-hexamer structure. in this study we report that alteration of the β-hexamer structure by mutating 28qpviv32 to 28aaaaa32 had no effect either on symptom phenotyp ...201121864876
Host impact on the stability of a plant virus gene vector as measured by a new fluorescent local lesion passaging assay.Viruses can be used as vectors for transient expression of proteins in plants but frequently foreign gene inserts are not maintained stably over time due to recombination events. In this study the hypothesis was that the choice of plant host affects the foreign gene retention level by a Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) vector expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). To accomplish this, a novel virus vector integrity bioassay was developed based on an old concept, whereby RNA transcripts of the ...201122119627
genotypic characterization of phage-typed indigenous soybean bradyrhizobia and their host range symbiotic effectiveness.analysis of genetic diversity among indigenous rhizobia and its symbiotic effectiveness with soybean cultivar is important for development of knowledge about rhizobial ecology. in india, little is known about the genetic resources and diversity of rhizobia nodulating soybean. indigenous bradyrhizobia isolated from root nodules of soybean plants, collected from traditional cultivating regions of two states (madhya pradesh and uttar pradesh) of india, were screened for bacteriophage sensitivity to ...201121984348
Synthesis of the Flavonoid-Induced Lipopolysaccharide of Rhizobium Sp. Strain NGR234 Requires Rhamnosyl Transferases Encoded by Genes rgpF and wbgA.In the presence of flavonoids, Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 synthesizes a new lipopolysaccharide (LPS), characterized by a rhamnan O-antigen. The presence of this rhamnose-rich LPS is important for the establishment of competent symbiotic interactions between NGR234 and many species of leguminous plants. Two putative rhamnosyl transferases are encoded in a cluster of genes previously shown to be necessary for the synthesis of the rhamnose-rich LPS. These two genes, wbgA and rgpF, were mutated. Th ...201122066901
Form, symmetry and packing of biomacromolecules. IV. Filled capsids of cowpea, tobacco, MS2 and pariacoto RNA viruses.Four icosahedral RNA viruses are considered: the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, the satellite tobacco mosaic virus, the pariacoto virus and the MS2 bacteriophage. The validity of the phenomenological rules derived in previous publications (crystallographic scaling, indexed forms enclosing axial-symmetric clusters, packing lattices of viral crystals) is confirmed and shown to apply equally well to the coat proteins as to the (ordered) RNA chains.201122011467
infectivity analysis of a blackgram isolate of mungbean yellow mosaic virus and genetic assortment with mymiv in selective hosts.yellow mosaic disease in grain legumes in indian subcontinent is caused by two important virus species viz. mungbean yellow mosaic virus (mymv) and mungbean yellow mosaic india virus (mymiv), belonging to the genus begomovirus of the family geminiviridae. the genomic components of a begomovirus causing yellow mosaic disease in blackgram in southern india were cloned and sequenced. nucleotide sequence comparison of dna a component shows the virus isolate to be a variant of mungbean yellow mosaic ...201121380756
cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles target surface vimentin on cancer cells.vimentin, a type iii intermediate filament, is upregulated during epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor progression. vimentin is surface-expressed on cells involved in inflammation; the function remains unknown. we investigated the expression of surface vimentin on cancer cells and evaluated targeting nanoparticles to tumors exploiting vimentin.201121385137
comparative analysis of the genomes of two isolates of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) obtained from different hosts.the complete genomic sequences of two cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) isolates from brazil, mg-avr from passion fruit (which also infects cowpea), and br1 from peanut (which also infects cowpea, but not passion fruit), were determined. their nucleotide sequences are 89% identical and display 85% identity to that of cabmv-z. both isolates have the typical potyvirus genome features. p3 and vpg are the most conserved proteins, with 99% amino acid sequence identity between the two isolates, ...201121409445
nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, and in situ disappearance kinetics of ensiled warm-season legumes and bahiagrass.this study determined the nutritive value, ensiling characteristics, and in situ disappearance kinetics of bahiagrass (paspalum notatum flügge 'tifton 9'), perennial peanut (arachis glabrata benth. 'florigraze'), annual peanut [arachis hypogaea (l.) 'fl mdr 98'], cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. 'iron clay'], and pigeonpea [cajanus cajan (l.) millsp. 'ga-2']. all forages were harvested at maturity stages that optimized dry matter (dm) yield and nutritive value. after harvest, forages were wi ...201121426995
phylogeny of bradyrhizobia from chinese cowpea miscellany inferred from 16s rrna, atpd, glnii, and 16s-23s intergenic spacer sequences.the cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.), peanut (arachis hypogaea l.), and mung bean (vigna radiata l.) belong to a group of plants known as the "cowpea miscellany" plants, which are widely cultivated throughout the tropic and subtropical zones of africa and asia. however, the phylogeny of the rhizobial strains that nodulate these plants is poorly understood. previous studies have isolated a diversity of rhizobial strains from cowpea miscellany hosts and have suggested that, phylogenetically, they are ...201121491983
phylogenetic diversity of indigenous cowpea bradyrhizobia from soils in japan based on sequence analysis of the 16s-23s rrna internal transcribed spacer (its) region.cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.] is an important legume crop and yet its rhizobia have not been well characterized in many areas. in the present study, sequence analysis of the bacterial 16s-23s rrna internal transcribed spacer (its) region was performed to characterize genetically 76 indigenous cowpea rhizobia from five different geographic regions (okinawa, miyazaki, kyoto, fukushima and hokkaido) of japan. the sequence analysis clustered all isolates in the genus bradyrhizobium. they wer ...201121498019
effect of pyramiding bt and cpti genes on resistance of cotton to helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) under laboratory and field conditions.transgenic cotton (cossypium hirsutum l.) varieties, adapted to china, have been bred that express two genes for resistance to insects, the crylac gene from bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt), and a trypsin inhibitor gene from cowpea (cpti). effectiveness of the double gene modification in conferring resistance to cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), was studied in laboratory and field experiments. in each experiment, performance of bt+cpti cotton was comp ...201121510221
intravital imaging of human prostate cancer using viral nanoparticles targeted to gastrin-releasing peptide receptors.multivalent nanoparticles have several key advantages in terms of solubility, binding avidity, and uptake, making them particularly well suited to molecular imaging applications. herein is reported the stepwise synthesis and characterization of nir viral nanoparticles targeted to gastrin-releasing peptide receptors that are over-expressed in human prostate cancers. the pan-bombesin analogue, [β-ala11, phe13, nle14]bombesin-(7-14), is conjugated to cowpea mosaic virus particles functionalized wit ...201121520408
in situ distribution and speciation of toxic copper, nickel, and zinc in hydrated roots of cowpea.the phytotoxicity of trace metals is of global concern due to contamination of the landscape by human activities. using synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence microscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy, the distribution and speciation of copper (cu), nickel (ni), and zinc (zn) was examined in situ using hydrated roots of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) exposed to 1.5 μm cu, 5 μm ni, or 40 μm zn for 1 to 24 h. after 24 h of exposure, most cu was bound to polygalacturonic acid of the rhizodermis and ou ...201121525332
comparison of the α-amylase inhibitor-1 from common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) varieties and transgenic expression in other legumes-post-translational modifications and immunogenicity.the seeds of peas (pisum sativum) and chickpeas (cicer arietinum) expressing a gene for α-amylase inhibitor-1 (αai) from the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) are protected from damage by old world bruchids (pea and cowpea weevils). here, we used electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to compare the post-translational modifications of αai from transgenic sources with the processed forms of the protein from several bean varieties. all sources showed microheterogeneity with differ ...201121542649
effect of germination periods and hydrothermal treatments on in vitro protein and starch digestibility of germinated legumes.germination of legumes followed by hydrothermal treatments is an effective mean of improving nutritive value of legumes. the protein content of mungbean, chickpea and cowpea increased by 9-11, 11-16 and 8-11% after germination. a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in protein content was observed on pressure cooking and microwaving in all three legumes. the carbohydrates decreased by 1 to 3% during soaking and 2 to 6% during germination. a significant (p ≤ 0.05) improvement in in vitro protein diges ...201123572840
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