Publications

predictable modification of body size and competitive ability following a host shift by a seed beetle.	interfertile populations of the seed beetle callosobruchus maculatus differ genetically in several behavioral, morphological, and life-history traits, including traits that affect the intensity of larval competition within seeds. previous studies have suggested that this variation depends on differences in host size. i performed a selection experiment in which replicate beetle lines were either maintained on a small, ancestral host (mung bean) or switched to a larger, novel host (cowpea). after ...	2004	15696756
nutritional quality of microwave-cooked and pressure-cooked legumes.	eight whole legumes, namely bengal gram (cicer arietinum), broad beans (vicia faba), cowpea (vigna catjang), field beans (dolichos lablab), green gram (phaseolus aureus roxb), horse gram (dolichos biflorus), lentils (lens esculenta) and french beans (phaseolus vulgaris), were cooked under pressure or in a microwave oven and were analysed for nutrient composition. raw legumes served as control. the range of nutrients analysed in 100 g cooked samples were as follows: moisture, 62.8-69.7 g; protein ...	2004	15762308
evaluation of some fungi and bacteria for biocontrol of anthracnose disease of cowpea.	the efficacy of some fungal and bacterial isolates obtained from cowpea phylloplane in inhibiting the in vitro and in vivo growth of colletotrichum lindemuthianum, causal agent of anthracnose of cowpea was investigated. inhibition of growth of the pathogen with production of zones of inhibition was observed for aspergillus flavus, a. ochraceus, penicillium aurantiogriseum, bacillus subtilis-bs21, b. subtilis-bs22 and b. subtilis-bs23. inhibition of growth on contact was recorded for a. niger whi ...	2004	14768021
a dominant-negative fur mutation in bradyrhizobium japonicum.	in many bacteria, the ferric uptake regulator (fur) protein plays a central role in the regulation of iron uptake genes. because iron figures prominently in the agriculturally important symbiosis between soybean and its nitrogen-fixing endosymbiont bradyrhizobium japonicum, we wanted to assess the role of fur in the interaction. we identified a fur mutant by selecting for manganese resistance. manganese interacts with the fur protein and represses iron uptake genes. in the presence of high level ...	2004	14973020
effects of artificial codon changes in the movement protein gene on adaptation of a hybrid bromovirus to cowpea.	a hybrid cowpea chlorotic mottle virus(ccmv) with the movement protein (mp) gene replaced with that of the closely related brome mosaic virus cannot infect cowpea systemically. twenty-nine spontaneous mutants from the hybrid ccmv capable of systemic infection in cowpea appeared through biased codon changes that resulted in lys or arg at five specific positions in the mp gene. in this study, we report that systemic infection of cowpea with the hybrid ccmv can be achieved by artificial codon chang ...	2004	14978339
interaction with capsid protein alters rna structure and the pathway for in vitro assembly of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	viruses use sophisticated mechanisms to allow the specific packaging of their genome over that of host nucleic acids. we examined the in vitro assembly of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and observed that assembly with viral rna follows two different mechanisms. initially, ccmv capsid protein (cp) dimers bind rna with low cooperativity and form virus-like particles of 90 cp dimers and one copy of rna. longer incubation reveals a different assembly path. at a stoichiometry of about ten c ...	2004	14672655
survival and growth of acid-adapted and unadapted shigella flexneri in a traditional fermented ghanaian weaning food as affected by fortification with cowpea.	shigellae are among the major causes of diarrheal diseases in infants and young children in developing countries. we conducted a study to determine the effect of fermentation of corn and corn/cowpea doughs used to prepare a traditional weaning porridge on the survival and growth characteristics of acid-adapted and unadapted shigella flexneri. porridges were prepared from doughs fermented for 0, 24, and 48 h at 30 degrees c. four-strain mixtures of acid-adapted and unadapted s. flexneri cells wer ...	2004	14698100
use of the fluorescent timer dsred-e5 as reporter to monitor dynamics of gene activity in plants.	fluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein (dsred), have become frequently used reporters in plant biology. however, their potential to monitor dynamic gene regulation is limited by their high stability. the recently made dsred-e5 variant overcame this problem. dsred-e5 changes its emission spectrum over time from green to red in a concentration independent manner. therefore, the green to red fluorescence ratio indicates the age of the protein and can be ...	2004	15326279
the seed coat of phaseolus vulgaris interferes with the development of the cowpea weevil [callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera: bruchidae)].	we have confirmed here that the seeds of the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris, l.) do not support development of the bruchid callosobruchus maculatus (f.), a pest of cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp] seeds. analysis of the testa (seed coat) of the bean suggested that neither thickness nor the levels of compounds such as tannic acid, tannins, or hcn are important for the resistance. on the other hand, we have found that phaseolin (vicilin-like 7s storage globulin), detected in the testa by west ...	2004	15048195
screening of a peanut (arachis hypogaea l.) cdna library to isolate a bowman-birk trypsin inhibitor clone.	peanut crop losses due to insect and pest infestation cost peanut farmers nearly 20% of their annual yields. the conventional use of chemicals to combat this problem is costly and toxic to humans and livestock and leads to the development of resistance by target insects. transgenic plants expressing a trypsin inhibitor gene in tobacco and cowpea have proven to be efficient for resistance against insects. therefore, a transgenic peanut overexpressing a trypsin inhibitor gene could be an alternati ...	2005	15769131
synthesis of infectious in vitro transcripts from cassia yellow blotch bromovirus cdna clones and a reassortment analysis with other bromoviruses in protoplasts.	cassia yellow blotch virus (cybv), genus bromovirus, was isolated from the australian native legume, cassia pleurocarpa, in western queensland, and its host range was found to be distinct from other bromoviruses. in this study, cybv was shown to infect systemically and efficiently a model plant species, arabidopsis thaliana, as we recently reported for another bromovirus, spring beauty latent virus (sblv). we constructed full-length cdna clones of cybv genomic rnas from which infectious in vitro ...	2005	15770356
purification of a lectin from the marine red alga gracilaria ornata and its effect on the development of the cowpea weevil callosobruchus maculatus (coleoptera: bruchidae).	a lectin from the marine red alga gracilaria ornata (gracilariaceae, rodophyta) was purified and characterized. the purification procedure consisted of extracting soluble proteins in 0.025 m tris-hcl buffer, ph 7.5, followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation (70% saturation), ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose and affinity chromatography on mucin-sepharose 4b. the purified g. ornata lectin (gol) showed a single protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 17 kda when submitted to s ...	2005	15869843
coat protein-independent cell-to-cell movement of bromoviruses expressing brome mosaic virus movement protein with an adaptation-related amino acid change in the central region.	the movement protein (mp) of brome mosaic virus (bmv) depends on the coat protein (cp) to mediate the cell-to-cell movement of bmv and ccmv(b3a), a recombinant cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) expressing bmv mp. previous studies identified gain-of-function mutations in the central region of bmv mp that enable ccmv(b3a) to adapt to a resistant host. this study demonstrates that all adaptation-related mps can partially or almost fully mediate the cell-to-cell movement of ccmv(b3a) and bmv with ...	2005	15906103
in vivo bioinsecticidal activity toward ceratitis capitata (fruit fly) and callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea weevil) and in vitro bioinsecticidal activity toward different orders of insect pests of a trypsin inhibitor purified from tamarind tree (tamarindus indica) seeds.	a proteinaceous inhibitor with high activity against trypsin-like serine proteinases was purified from seeds of the tamarind tree (tamarindus indica) by gel filtration on shephacryl s-200 followed by a reverse-phase hplc vidac c18 tp. the inhibitor, called the tamarind trypsin inhibitor (tti), showed a mr of 21.42 kda by mass spectrometry analysis. tti was a noncompetitive inhibitor with a ki value of 1.7 x 10(-9) m. in vitro bioinsecticidal activity against insect digestive enzymes from differe ...	2005	15913299
normal mode calculations of icosahedral viruses with full dihedral flexibility by use of molecular symmetry.	the study of the dynamics and thermodynamics of small icosahedral virus capsids is an active field of research. normal mode analysis is one of the computational tools that can provide important insights into the conformational changes of the virus associated with cell entry or caused by changing of the physicochemical environment. normal mode analysis of virus capsids has been limited due to the size of these systems, which often exceed 50,000 residues. here we present the first normal mode calc ...	2005	15922356
absence of interaction of genomic components and complementation between mungbean yellow mosaic india virus isolates in cowpea.	agroinoculations were performed with dna a and dna b components of mungbean yellow mosaic india virus (mymiv) isolates differing in their infectivity on cowpea. exchange of genomic components of the mymiv isolates occurred in all the leguminous species but not in cowpea. extremely low viral dna accumulation and atypical leaf curl symptoms produced by reassortants in cowpea suggest barriers both for replication and systemic movement despite genetic similarity.	2005	15931466
diversity and distribution of begomoviruses infecting tomato in india.	leaf curl begomoviruses cause serious yield losses to indian tomato crops. total dnas were extracted from leaves of 69 tomato plants and 34 weeds or neighbouring crops collected from all the major tomato producing areas of india. eighty-one of the 103 samples were positive by pcrs using begomovirus genus-specific primers. coat protein (cp) genes from 29 samples were pcr amplified, cloned and sequenced. phylogenetic analyses of the cp sequences revealed five different tomato leaf curl begomovirus ...	2005	15703846
effect of processing on the antioxidant vitamins and antioxidant capacity of vigna sinensis var. carilla.	cowpea (vigna sinensis l. var. carilla) flours obtained by fermentation with inoculum lactobacillus plantarum (pf) or with the natural microorganisms present in the flour (nf) and subsequent heat treatment in an autoclave were prepared to study the effect of fermentation on the antioxidant vitamin content and on the antioxidant capacity. bacterial counts and ph values, vitamins c and e, carotenoids, glutathione (gsh), superoxide dismutase-like activity (sod-like activity), peroxyl radical-trappi ...	2005	15713044
xylem transport and shoot accumulation of lumichrome, a newly recognized rhizobial signal, alters root respiration, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration and photosynthetic rates in legumes and cereals.	* root respiration, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration and photosynthetic rates were measured in phytotron and field-grown plants following the application of 5 or 10 nm lumichrome, 10 nm aba (abscisic acid) and 10 ml of 0.2 od600 infective rhizobial cells. * providing soybean and cowpea roots with their respective homologous rhizobia and/or purified lumichrome increased the concentration of this molecule in xylem sap and leaf extracts. relative to control, rhizobial inoculation and lumich ...	2005	15720696
deletion of highly conserved arginine-rich rna binding motif in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus capsid protein results in virion structural alterations and rna packaging constraints.	the n-proximal region of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) capsid protein (cp) contains an arginine-rich rna binding motif (arm) that is also found in the cps of other members of bromoviridae and in other rna binding proteins such as the tat and rev proteins of human immunodeficiency virus. to assess the critical role played by this motif during encapsidation, a variant of ccmv rna3 (c3) precisely lacking the arm region (c3/delta919) of its cp gene was constructed. the biology and the compete ...	2005	15731222
identification and pathogenic characterization of endophytic fusarium species from cowpea seeds.	isolates of fusarium were obtained and identified from seeds of cowpea, vigna unguiculata (l.) walp., by means of blotter tests and slide cultures. species were differentiated according to the morphology of the macroconidia, microconidia and their arrangement in chains or false heads, the size and type of conidiophore, and the presence or absence of chlamydospores. the species were identified as f. semitectum, f. equiseti, f. oxysporum, f. solani, f. anthophilum, f. sporotrichioides, f. monilifo ...	2005	15750735
bio-active composts from rice straw enriched with rock phosphate and their effect on the phosphorous nutrition and microbial community in rhizosphere of cowpea.	composts were produced from rice straw enriched with rock phosphate and inoculated with aspergillus niger, trichoderma viride and/or farmyard manure (fym). the resulting composts were evaluated as organic phosphate fertilizers for cowpea plants in pot experiments. the results showed that the maximum amount of soluble phosphorous (1000 ppm) was produced in composts inoculated with a. niger+t. viride with or without fym. any of the produced composts was much better than superphosphate fertilizer i ...	2005	15627564
dispensability of 3' trna-like sequence for packaging cowpea chlorotic mottle virus genomic rnas.	the 3' ends of three genomic rnas (grnas) of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) terminate in a highly conserved trna-like structure (3'tls). to examine the intrinsic role played the 3'tls in packaging, the competence of each grna lacking the 3' tls (deltatls-grna) to interact with dissociated coat protein (cp) subunits and form virions was assayed in vitro. in contrast to the well established requirement for the participation of either viral 3'tls or host-trnas in the assembly of rna-containin ...	2005	15680430
guab activity is required in rhizobium tropici during the early stages of nodulation of determinate nodules but is dispensable for the sinorhizobium meliloti-alfalfa symbiotic interaction.	the guab mutant strain rhizobium tropici ciat8999-10t is defective in symbiosis with common bean, forming nodules that lack rhizobial content. in order to investigate the timing of the guab requirement during the nodule formation on the host common bean by the strain ciat899-10.t, we constructed gene fusions in which the guab gene is expressed under the control of the symbiotic promoters noda, baca, and nifh. our data indicated that the guab is required from the early stages of nodulation becaus ...	2005	16042020
identification and quantification of three genetically modified insect resistant cotton lines using conventional and taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction methods.	as the genetically modified organisms (gmos) labeling policies are issued in many countries, qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques are increasingly used for the detection of genetically modified (gm) crops in foods. qualitative pcr and taqman real-time quantitative pcr methods to detect and identify three varieties of insect resistant cotton, i.e., mon531 cotton (monsanto co.) and gk19 and sgk321 cottons (chinese academy of agricultural sciences), which were app ...	2005	16076097
immunodiagnosis of groundnut and watermelon bud necrosis viruses using polyclonal antiserum to recombinant nucleocapsid protein of groundnut bud necrosis virus.	in vitro gene expression strategy was used for the production of polyclonal antiserum to the nucleocapsid protein (np) of groundnut bud necrosis virus (gbnv). the gbnv np gene from cowpea isolate was cloned into 6x his-tagged ua cloning vector and expressed in escherichia coli [m15] cells. the fusion protein was detected in insoluble fraction and was purified by using ni-nta agarose resin. the purified 6x his-fusion protein ( approximately 32 kda) was used for immunisation to produce a high titr ...	2005	16095728
the strigolactone germination stimulants of the plant-parasitic striga and orobanche spp. are derived from the carotenoid pathway.	the seeds of parasitic plants of the genera striga and orobanche will only germinate after induction by a chemical signal exuded from the roots of their host. up to now, several of these germination stimulants have been isolated and identified in the root exudates of a series of host plants of both orobanche and striga spp. in most cases, the compounds were shown to be isoprenoid and belong to one chemical class, collectively called the strigolactones, and suggested by many authors to be sesquit ...	2005	16183851
systemic trafficking of plant virus nanoparticles in mice via the oral route.	the plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), is increasingly being used as a nanoparticle platform for multivalent display of peptides. a growing variety of applications have employed the cpmv display technology including vaccines, antiviral therapeutics, nanoblock chemistry, and materials science. cpmv chimeras can be inexpensively produced from experimentally infected cowpea plants and are completely stable at 37 degrees c and low ph, suggesting that they could be used as edible or mucosally-d ...	2005	16185741
relationships of intercropped maize, stem borer damage to maize yield and land-use efficiency in the humid forest of cameroon.	stem borers are the most important maize pests in the humid forest zone of cameroon. field trials were conducted in the long and short rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003 to assess the level of damage and yield reductions caused by stem borers in monocropped maize and in maize intercropped with non-host plants such as cassava, cowpea and soybean. the intercrops were planted in two spatial arrangements, i.e. alternating hills or alternating rows. all intercrops and the maize monocrop were grown with a ...	2005	16197562
development of cowpea mosaic virus-based vectors for the production of vaccines in plants.	plant viruses are emerging as an attractive alternative to stable genetic transformation for the expression of foreign proteins in plants. the main advantages of using this strategy are that viral genomes are small and easy to manipulate, infection of plants with modified viruses is simpler and quicker than the regeneration of stably transformed plants and the sequence inserted into a virus vector will be highly amplified. one use of these virus expression systems is for vaccine production. amon ...	2005	16221070
symbiotic hydrogenase activity in bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) increases nitrogen content in vigna unguiculata plants.	bradyrhizobium sp. (lupinus) and bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) mutants in which hydrogenase (hup) activity was affected were constructed and analyzed. vigna unguiculata plants inoculated with the bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) hup mutant showed reduced nitrogenase activity and also a significant decrease in nitrogen content, suggesting a relevant contribution of hydrogenase activity to plant yield.	2005	16269797
effect of trypsin inhibitor from crotalaria pallida seeds on callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea weevil) and ceratitis capitata (fruit fly).	a proteinaceous trypsin inhibitor was purified from crotalaria pallida seeds by ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsin-sepharose and tca precipitation. the trypsin inhibitor, named cpati, had m(r) of 32.5 kda as determined by sds-page and was composed of two subunits with 27.7 and 5.6 kda linked by disulfide bridges. cpati was stable at 50 degrees c and lost 40% of activity at 100 degrees c. cpati was also stable from ph 2 to 12 at 37 degrees c. cpati weak ...	2005	16426854
characterization of resistance to callosobruchus maculatus (coleoptera: bruchidae) in mungbean variety vc6089a and its resistance-associated protein vrd1.	characteristics of resistance of vc6089a, a mungbean, vigna radiata (l.) wilczek, bred by using a wild vigna species, v. sublobata (roxburgh) verdcourt (accession no. tc1966), and containing a novel protein, vrd1, were investigated against the cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus (f.). the seeds of vc6089a showed high level of resistance; > 96% of the bruchid eggs failed to develop into adults, whereas 85% of eggs laid on susceptible cultivar vc1973a became adults. mortality of surviving bruc ...	2005	16156592
structural characterization of a flavonoid-inducible pseudomonas aeruginosa a-band-like o antigen of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234, required for the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules.	rhizobium (sinorhizobium) sp. strain ngr234 contains three replicons, the smallest of which (pngr234a) carries most symbiotic genes, including those required for nodulation and lipo-chito-oligosaccharide (nod factor) biosynthesis. activation of nod gene expression depends on plant-derived flavonoids, nodd transcriptional activators, and nod box promoter elements. nod boxes nb6 and nb7 delimit six different types of genes, one of which (fixf) is essential for the formation of effective nodules on ...	2005	16159781
gentian mosaic virus: a new species in the genus fabavirus.	abstract a viral isolate, designated n-1 and obtained from a gentian (gentiana scabra) plant that exhibited mosaic symptoms, was transmitted mechanically to nine plant species in six families. these plants are known as hosts of fabaviruses. the n-1 isolate was composed of isometric particles 30 nm in diameter and included two rna molecules of approximately 6.0 and 3.6 kb in length, as estimated by agarose gel electrophoresis. the rnas were encapsidated separately in two of the three types of par ...	2005	18943990
influence of crop residue ration supplementation on the attainment of puberty and postpartum reproductive activities of red sokoto goats.	the general objective of this study was to come up with an appropriate, affordable and locally available crop residue supplementation package that would enhance reproductive performance in small ruminants. specifically, 28 red sokoto weaner does between 3 and 4 months of age weighing between 2 and 3 kg were used in the first experiment to determine the influence of crop residue supplementation on age and weight at puberty as determined by blood progesterone levels. in the second experiment, anot ...	2005	19112710
antennal electrophysiological responses of three parasitic wasps to caterpillar-induced volatiles from maize (zea mays mays), cotton (gossypium herbaceum), and cowpea (vigna unguiculata).	many parasitic wasps are attracted to volatiles that are released by plants when attacked by potential hosts. the attractiveness of these semiochemicals from damaged plants has been demonstrated in many tritrophic systems, but the physiological mechanisms underlying the insect responses are poorly understood. we recorded the antennal perception by three parasitoids (cotesia marginiventris, microplitis rufiventris, and campoletis sonorensis) to volatiles emitted by maize, cowpea, and cotton plant ...	2005	16124230
effectiveness of recombinant soybean cysteine proteinase inhibitors against selected crop pests.	three recombinant soybean cysteine proteinase inhibitors (rscpis), l1, r1 and n2, were assessed for their potential to inhibit the growth and development of three major agricultural crop pests known to utilize digestive cysteine proteinases: western corn rootworm (diabrotica virgifera virgifera, wcr), colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata, cpb) and cowpea weevil (callosobruchus maculatus, cw). in vitro experiments showed that cysteine proteinase activities in the crude gut extracts o ...	2005	15907768
the crystal structure of an eukaryotic iron superoxide dismutase suggests intersubunit cooperation during catalysis.	superoxide dismutases (sods) are a family of metalloenzymes that catalyze the dismutation of superoxide anion radicals into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. iron superoxide dismutases (fesods) are only expressed in some prokaryotes and plants. a new and highly active fesod with an unusual subcellular localization has recently been isolated from the plant vigna unguiculata (cowpea). this protein functions as a homodimer and, in contrast to the other members of the sod family, is localized ...	2005	15659371
influence of virus infection on the leaf protein yield.	influence of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and common bean mosaic virus (cbmv) infection on the yield of extractable leaf protein of cowpea cvs. pusa phaguni, pusa barsati, and yard long was studied. an increase as well as decrease in the yield of leaf protein concentrate (lpc), due to virus infection, has been observed. cpmv infection increased lpc yield in all the cowpea cvs., but cbmv decreased it in cys. pusa phaguni and yard long. variation in percentage of extractable nitrogen and protein in ...	2005	549391
increased salinity tolerance of cowpea plants by dual inoculation of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus clarum and a nitrogen-fixer azospirillum brasilense.	pot greenhouse experiments were carried out to attempt to increase the salinity tolerance of one of the most popular legume of the world; cowpea; by using dual inoculation of an am fungus glomus clarum and a nitrogen-fixer azospirillum brasilense. the effect of these beneficial microbes, as single- or dual inoculation-treatments, was assessed in sterilized loamy sand soil at five nacl levels (0.0~7.2 ds/m) in irrigating water. the results of this study revealed that percentage of mycorrhizal inf ...	2005	24049474
a method for field infestation with meloidogyne incognita.	a field inoculation method was developed to produce meloidogyne spp. infestation sites with minimal quantities of nematode inoculum and with a reduced labor requirement compared to previous techniques. in a preseason-methyl bromidefumigated site, nematode egg suspensions were delivered at concentrations of 0 or 10(x) eggs/m of row where x = 2.12, 2.82, 3.52, or 4.22 through a drip line attached to the seed firmer of a commercial 2-row planter into the open seed furrow while planting cowpea. thes ...	2005	19262898
fitness of virulent meloidogyne incognita isolates on susceptible and resistant cowpea.	a study of life-history traits was made to determine factors associated with the fitness of meloidogyne incognita isolates virulent to resistance gene rk in cowpea. egg hatch, root penetration, egg mass production, and fecundity (eggs per egg mass) of avirulent and virulent phenotypes were compared among m. incognita isolates, isofemale lines, and single descent lines over multiple generations on resistant and susceptible cowpea. variation (p </= 0.05) in both hatch and root penetration rates wa ...	2005	19262891
isofemale line analysis of meloidogyne incognita virulence to cowpea resistance gene rk.	isofemale lines (ifl) from single egg masses were studied for genetic variation in meloidogyne incognita isolates avirulent and virulent to the resistance gene rk in cowpea (vigna unguiculata). in parental isolates cultured on susceptible and resistant cowpea, the virulent isolate contained 100% and the avirulent isolate 7% virulent lineages. virulence was selected from the avirulent isolate within eight generations on resistant cowpea (lineage selection). in addition, virulence was selected fro ...	2005	19262890
bruchid (coleoptera: bruchidae) ovicidal phenylbutanoid from zingiber purpureum.	the larvicidal activity of the dichloromethane extract of zingiber purpureum roscoe (zingiberaceae) rhizome against the second instar of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is shown to be due to 4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene. the diene also showed ovicidal activity against the bruchid callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera: bruchidae). most of the eggs laid by bruchids on treated cowpea seeds were transparent, and very few of them contained developing embryos. the few larvae pro ...	2005	16156567
a bipartite system for the constitutive and inducible expression of high levels of foreign proteins in plants.	we have developed combined transgene/virus vector systems for the expression of heterologous proteins in plants. the systems are based on the bipartite rna plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), and involve the amplification of integrated copies of either full-length or deleted versions of rna-2 carrying a foreign gene. in the case of plants transgenic for full-length versions of rna-2 carrying the green fluorescent protein (gfp), amplification can be achieved by supplying rna-1 either exogeno ...	2006	17177795
[numerical taxonomy and 16s rdna pcr-rflp analysis of rhizobial strains isolated from root nodules of cowpea and mung bean grown in different regions of china].	seventy-nine rhizobial strains, isolated from root nodules of cowpea ( vigna unguiculata ) and mung bean (vigna radiata ) grown in different regions of china, were studied by a fuzzy cluster analysis of 128 phenotypic characteristics. the phenotypic characterization of these strains showed that most of these strains had high stress resistance. for instance, most of them could grow from ph 5.0 to ph 11.0. over 85% of these strains could grow well on yma plate at 37 degrees c and several of them e ...	2006	17302144
an antibody derivative expressed from viral vectors passively immunizes pigs against transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection when supplied orally in crude plant extracts.	to investigate the potential of antibody derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed a small immune protein (sip) in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus x (pvx) and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the epsilonsip molecule consisted of a single-chain antibody (scfv) specific for the porcine coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) linked to the epsilon-ch4 domain from ...	2006	17309733
effect of supplementation on the feed intake and performance of confined and scavenging crossbred growing chickens in burkina faso.	an experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of crossbred growing chickens (rhode island red x indigenous burkina faso hens) from 6 to 17 weeks of age, under five feeding/management regimes: (1) cmx(+), confined and given a mixed feed containing cracked maize and cowpea and a vitamin-mineral premix ad libitum; (2) cs(+), confined and offered ad libitum a choice of cracked maize and cowpea with the premix; (3) scs(+), scavenging from 09:00 to 16:00 with the diet in treatment (2) availa ...	2006	17137134
production, acceptability and microbiological evaluation of weaning food formulations.	weaning food formulations were produced from pearl millet cultivar (sosat c-88), cowpea and groundnut in the ratio of 70:20:10 and 5 per cent malt from six pearl millet cultivars (sosat c-88, zango, ex-borno, icmv is 94206, gwagwa, gb 8735) and one sorghum cultivar (icsv iii) were added to produce seven formulations plus the one without malt. microbiological quality of eight weaning food formulations was evaluated. twenty weaning mothers were used to determine the acceptability of gruels from th ...	2006	16169859
fragments of atp synthase mediate plant perception of insect attack.	plants can perceive a wide range of biotic attackers and respond with targeted induced defenses. specificity in plant non-self-recognition occurs either directly by perception of pest-derived elicitors or indirectly through resistance protein recognition of host targets that are inappropriately proteolyzed. indirect plant perception can occur during interactions with pathogens, yet evidence for analogous events mediating the detection of insect herbivores remains elusive. here we report indirect ...	2006	16720701
production and biochemical characterization of insecticidal enzymes from aspergillus fumigatus toward callosobruchus maculatus.	in the present work, aspergillus fumigatus is described as a higher producer of hydrolytic enzymes secreted in response to the presence of the callosobruchus maculatus bruchid pest. this fungus was able to grow over cowpea weevil shells as a unique carbon source, secreting alkaline proteolytic and chitinolytic enzymes. enzyme secretion in a. fumigatus was induced by both c. maculatus exoskeleton as well as commercial chitin, and alkaline proteolytic and chitinolytic activities were detected afte ...	2006	16732450
capsid protein gene and the type of host plant differentially modulate cell-to-cell movement of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	a study was undertaken to measure the rate of coat protein (cp) independent cell-to-cell movement of cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (ccmv) in three different host plants. a ccmv rna3 variant in which the cp gene was substituted with enhanced green fluorescent protein (c3/deltacp-egfp) was coinoculated to three different host plants with transcripts of wild type rnas 1 and 2. comparative analysis of cell-to-cell movement monitored by the egfp expression at various days post inoculation reveal ...	2006	16732474
[transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.) with increased resistance to the storage pest obtained by agrobacterium tumefaciens--mediated].	the transgenic wheat of improved resistance to the storage pest was production. we have introduced the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene (cpti) into cultured embryonic callus cells of immature embryos of wheat elite line by agrobacterium-mediated method. independent plantlets were obtained from the kanamycin-resistant calli after screening. pcr and real time pcr analysis, pcr-southern and southern blot hybridization indicated that there were 3 transgenic plants viz. transformed- i, ii and iii (t- i, ...	2006	16755923
the potential of plant virus vectors for vaccine production.	plants viruses are versatile vectors that allow the rapid and convenient production of recombinant proteins in plants. compared with production systems based on transgenic plants, viral vectors are easier to manipulate and recombinant proteins can be produced more quickly and in greater yields. over the last few years, there has been much interest in the development of plant viruses as vectors for the production of vaccines, either as whole polypeptides or epitopes displayed on the surface of ch ...	2006	16784246
cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) is widespread in passionfruit in brazil and causes passionfruit woodiness disease.	leaf samples of yellow passionfruit (passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) displaying fruit woodiness symptoms were collected in seven brazilian states and the federal district. viral infection was confirmed by host range and elisa, and fourteen viral isolates were obtained. all isolates were capable of infecting several leguminous host species, although differences in symptom severity were noticeable. woodiness symptoms were reproduced in yellow passionfruit, and mosaic symptoms were induced in comm ...	2006	16596328
soil arsenic availability and the transfer of soil arsenic to crops in suburban areas in fujian province, southeast china.	the bioavailability, soil-to-plant transfer and associated health risks of arsenic in soils collected from paddy rice fields and vegetable fields in suburban areas of some major cities of fujian province were investigated. the total soil concentrations of arsenic ranged from 1.29 to 25.28 mg kg(-)(1) with a mean of 6.09 mg kg(-)(1). available (nah(2)po(4)-extractable) arsenic content accounted for 0.7-38.2% of total soil arsenic and was significantly correlated with total soil arsenic content. f ...	2006	16624379
pharmacological evidence for activation of phospholipid and small gtp binding protein signalling cascades by nod factors.	the effects of lipo-chitin oligosaccharide nod factors (nodngr[s] from rhizobium sp. ngr234) on root hair deformation in vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. were studied using pharmacological agents to mimic and/or inhibit their action. it was hypothesised that the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton seen during nod factor induced root hair deformation is modulated by protein kinase c, monomeric g proteins of the rho superfamily and the location and amount of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphates (pi3ps). th ...	2006	16647267
identification of a cowpea gamma-thionin with bactericidal activity.	antimicrobial peptides are an abundant group of proteinaceous compounds widely produced in the plant kingdom. among them, the gamma-thionin family, also known as plant defensins, represents one typical family and comprises low molecular mass cysteine-rich proteins, usually cationic and distributed in different plant tissues. here, we report the purification and characterization of a novel gamma-thionin from cowpea seeds (vigna unguiculata), named cp-thionin ii, with bactericidal activity against ...	2006	16824043
visualization of ptdins3p dynamics in living plant cells.	to investigate ptdins3p localization and function in plants, a fluorescent ptdins3p-specific biosensor (yfp-2xfyve) was created. on lipid dot blots it bound specifically and with high affinity to ptdins3p. transient expression in cowpea protoplasts labelled vacuolar membranes and highly motile structures undergoing fusion and fission. stable expression in tobacco by-2 cells labelled similar motile structures, but labelled vacuolar membranes hardly at all. yfp-2xfyve fluorescence strongly co-loca ...	2006	16856980
histological studies of damage by pod-sucking bugs (heteroptera: coreoidea) associated with cowpea vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata in nigeria.	histological studies were conducted on cowpea pods fed upon by the coreoid pod-sucking bugs, anoplocnemis curvipes (fabricius), clavigralla tomentosicollis stål, c. shadabi dolling, riptortus dentipes (fabricius) and mirperus jaculus (thunberg). various degrees of tissue and cellular disruption were apparent, especially in the brachysclereids. they were manifested in terms of plasmolysis, cell enlargement and cell wall disintegration depending on the coreoid species involved. the feeding site an ...	2006	16923212
exo-oligosaccharides of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 are required for symbiosis with various legumes.	rhizobia are nitrogen-fixing bacteria that establish endosymbiotic associations with legumes. nodule formation depends on various bacterial carbohydrates, including lipopolysaccharides, k-antigens, and exopolysaccharides (eps). an acidic eps from rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 consists of glucosyl (glc), galactosyl (gal), glucuronosyl (glca), and 4,6-pyruvylated galactosyl (pvgal) residues with beta-1,3, beta-1,4, beta-1,6, alpha-1,3, and alpha-1,4 glycoside linkages. here we examined the role of n ...	2006	16923883
estimating the digestibility of sahelian roughages from faecal crude protein concentration of cattle and small ruminants.	studies on diet selection and feed intake of ruminants in extensive grazing systems often require the use of simple approaches to determine the organic matter digestibility (omd) of the ingested feed. therefore, we evaluated the validity of the one-factorial exponential regression established by lukas et al. [journal of animal science 83 (2005) 1332], which estimates omd from the faecal crude protein (fcp) concentration. the equation was applied to two sets of data obtained with free grazing and ...	2006	16958793
use of virus vectors for the expression in plants of active full-length and single chain anti-coronavirus antibodies.	to extend the potential of antibodies and their derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed both a small immune protein (sip) and a full-length antibody in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus x (pvx) and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the alphasip molecule consisted of a single chain antibody (scfv) specific for the porcine coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) ...	2006	17004304
an engineered virus as a bright fluorescent tag and scaffold for cargo proteins--capture and transport by gliding microtubules.	we have demonstrated substantial capture and transport of fluorescently-labeled engineered cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) using drosophila kinesin-driven microtubules (mts). the capture occurred through both neutravidin (na)-biotin and antibody (igg)-antigen interactions. the mts were derivatized with rabbit anti-chicken igg or biotin, and the virus was conjugated with chicken igg or na. the cpmv conjugate was introduced into standard mt motility assays via convective flow at concentrations as high ...	2006	17037855
cloning and characterization of a cowpea seed lipid transfer protein cdna: expression analysis during seed development and under fungal and cold stresses in seedlings' tissues.	lipid transfer proteins (ltps) are antimicrobial peptides (amps) involved in the defense of plants against pathogens. our group has previously characterized and purified a ltp from cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.) seeds which caused the inhibition of growth of fungal pathogens in vitro. the aim of this work was to obtain the cdna encoding the cowpea ltp and after cloning, to use the cdna as a probe for studying its expression profile during the development of cowpea seeds. in this work, the ...	2006	17084637
electrostatic properties of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus capsids.	electrostatic properties of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) were investigated using numerical solutions to the poisson-boltzmann equation. experimentally, it has been shown that ccmv particles swell in the absence of divalent cations when the ph is raised from 5 to 7. cmv, although structurally homologous, does not undergo this transition. an analysis of the calculated electrostatic potential confirms that a strong electrostatic repulsion at the calcium-bindi ...	2006	16278831
cell-to-cell movement of alfalfa mosaic virus can be mediated by the movement proteins of ilar-, bromo-, cucumo-, tobamo- and comoviruses and does not require virion formation.	rna 3 of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) encodes the movement protein (mp) and coat protein (cp). chimeric rna 3 with the amv mp gene replaced by the corresponding mp gene of prunus necrotic ringspot virus, brome mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus or cowpea mosaic virus efficiently moved from cell-to-cell only when the expressed mp was extended at its c-terminus with the c-terminal 44 amino acids of amv mp. mp of tobacco mosaic virus supported the movement of the chimeric rna 3 whether or not the mp ...	2006	16316673
the potyvirus associated with the dappled fruit of passiflora edulis in kagoshima prefecture, japan is the third strain of the proposed new species east asian passiflora virus (eapv) phylogenetically distinguished from strains of passion fruit woodiness virus.	a potyvirus (isolate ib) causing dappled or faded fruits and foliar mosaic symptoms of purple passionfruit, was found in the botanical garden of kagoshima university, japan. this isolate--differed in host range from isolates of passion fruit woodiness virus (pwv)-ao, previously reported to cause "woodiness" in japan. isolates ib and ao had 83% amino acid identity in their coat proteins (cps). in phylogenetic analysis, east asian isolates ib, ao, and pwv-taiwan clustered together, and were distin ...	2006	16328141
molecular modeling and inhibitory activity of cowpea cystatin against bean bruchid pests.	plant cystatins show great potential as tools to genetically engineer resistance of crop plants against pests. two important potential targets are the bean weevils acanthoscelides obtectus and zabrotes subfasciatus, which display major activities of digestive cysteine proteinases in midguts. in this study a cowpea cystatin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor found in cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds, was expressed in escherichia coli and purified with a ni-nta agarose column. it strongly inhibited ...	2006	16470583
viral nanoparticles as tools for intravital vascular imaging.	a significant impediment to the widespread use of noninvasive in vivo vascular imaging techniques is the current lack of suitable intravital imaging probes. we describe here a new strategy to use viral nanoparticles as a platform for the multivalent display of fluorescent dyes to image tissues deep inside living organisms. the bioavailable cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) can be fluorescently labeled to high densities with no measurable quenching, resulting in exceptionally bright particles with in vi ...	2006	16501571
variation in the nod gene rflps, nucleotide sequences of 16s rrna genes, nod factors, and nodulation abilities of bradyrhizobium strains isolated from thai vigna plants.	the analysis of nod genes and 16s rrna gene regions, nod factors, and nodulation abilities of brady rhizobium strains isolated from tropical thai vigna species is reported. a total of 55 bradyrhizobium strains isolated from two cultivated and six wild vigna species growing in central and northern thailand were evaluated. thai vigna spp. bradyrhizobium strains showed higher levels of nod gene rflp diversity compared with thai soybean brady rhizobium strains or temperate strains of bradyrhizobium ...	2006	16541157
cap-independent translation mechanism of red clover necrotic mosaic virus rna2 differs from that of rna1 and is linked to rna replication.	the genome of red clover necrotic mosaic virus (rcnmv) in the genus dianthovirus is divided into two rna molecules of rna1 and rna2, which have no cap structure at the 5' end and no poly(a) tail at the 3' end. the 3' untranslated region (3' utr) of rcnmv rna1 contains an essential rna element (3'te-dr1), which is required for cap-independent translation. in this study, we investigated a cap-independent translational mechanism of rna2 using a firefly luciferase (luc) gene expression assay system ...	2006	16571795
cloning, restriction mapping and phylogenetic relationship of genomic components of mymiv from lablab purpureus.	the present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infecting lablab purpureus syn. dolichos lablab (commonly known as dolichos bean or hyacinth bean). the genome characterization using pcr with geminiviral degenerate primers and dna sequencing were used to describe the bipartite virus associated with yellow mosaic disease of dolichos lablab. full-length dna-a and dna-b clones were obtained. the dna-a sequence analysis showed that the isolate was similar ...	2006	16242317
genetic transformation of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.) and stable transmission of the transgenes to progeny.	cowpeas are nutritious grains that provide the main source of protein, highly digestible energy and vitamins to some of the world's poorest people. the demand for cowpeas is high but yields remain critically low, largely because of insect pests. cowpea germplasm contains little or no resistance to major insect pests and a gene technology approach to adding insect protection traits is now a high priority. we have adapted features of several legume and other transformation systems and reproducibly ...	2006	16244884
the use of viral vectors to produce hepatitis b virus core particles in plants.	the expression and assembly of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) nucleocapsid protein (hbcag) were investigated in plants using viral vectors. constructs based on either potato virus x (pvx) or cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) containing the sequence of hbcag were able to infect the appropriate host plants and remained genetically stable during infection. analysis of hbcag expression revealed that the protein can self-assemble into core-like particles and that the assembled material could be partially purif ...	2006	16112207
screening of entomopathogenic metarhizium anisopliae isolates and proteomic analysis of secretion synthesized in response to cowpea weevil (callosobruchus maculatus) exoskeleton.	cowpea crops are severely attacked by callosobruchus maculatus, a coleopteran that at the larval stage penetrates into stored seeds and feeds on cotyledons. cowpea weevil control could be based in utilization of bacteria and fungi to reduce pest development. entomopathogenic fungi, such as metarhizium anisopliae, are able to control insect-pests and are widely applied in biological control. this report evaluated ten m. anisopliae isolates according to their virulence, correlating chitinolytic, p ...	2006	16406356
dynamics of meloidogyne incognita virulence to resistance genes rk and rk in cowpea.	the virulence index of three meloidogyne incognita field isolates to the resistance gene rk in cowpea was 0%, 75%, and 120%, with the index measured as reproduction on resistant plants as a percentage of the reproduction on susceptible plants. continuous culture of the 75% virulent isolate on susceptible tomato for more than 5 years (about 25 generations) resulted in virulence decline to about 4%. the rate of the decline in virulence was described by exponential decay, indicating the progressive ...	2006	19259435
interstrain pseudorecombinants of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus: effects on systemic spread and symptom formation in soybean and cowpea.	full-length complementary dna (cdna) copies of genomic rna1, rna2, and rna3 segments of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) strains d, n, and s were synthesized using polymerase chain reaction and were cloned downstream of a t7 rna polymerase promoter. mixtures of the homologous in vitro-transcribed rnas produced typical ccmv symptoms when inoculated on soybean (cv. bragg) and cowpea (cv. california blackeye) plants. using either gel-purified or in vitro-transcribed ccmv rna components, the pse ...	2006	8118057
deterrent activity of plant lectins on cowpea weevil callosobruchus maculatus (f.) oviposition.	a set of 14 plant lectins was screened in a binary choice bioassay for inhibitory activity on cowpea weevil callosobruchus maculatus (f.) oviposition. coating of chickpea seeds (cicer arietinum l.) with a 0.05% (w/v) solution of plant lectins caused a significant reduction in egg laying. control experiments with heat inactivated lectin and bsa indicated that the observed deterrent effects are specific and require carbohydrate-binding activity. however, no clear correlation could be established b ...	2006	16887156
expression and self-assembly of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus-like particles in pseudomonas fluorescens.	coat protein of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), a plant bromovirus, has been expressed in a soluble form in a prokaryote, pseudomonas fluorescens, and assembled into virus-like particles (vlps) in vivo that were structurally similar to the native ccmv particles derived from plants. the ccmv vlps were purified by peg precipitation followed by separation on a sucrose density gradient and analyzed by size exclusion chromatography, uv spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. dna ...	2007	17113675
sobemoviruses possess a common cfmv-like genomic organization.	based on structural differences in the orf2 region, the sobemoviruses have been subdivided into southern cowpea mosaic virus (scpmv)-like and cocksfoot mottle virus (cfmv)-like types of genome organization. however, nearly identical amino acid sequences are encoded by these subgroups in different reading frames of orf2, suggesting that insertion or deletion of appropriate nucleotides could restore similar genomic organizations for these viruses. we resequenced the regions of inconsistency for is ...	2007	17115301
interaction between a 54-kilodalton mammalian cell surface protein and cowpea mosaic virus.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), a plant virus that is a member of the picornavirus superfamily, is increasingly being used for nanotechnology applications, including material science, vascular imaging, vaccine development, and targeted drug delivery. for these applications, it is critical to understand the in vivo interactions of cpmv within the mammalian system. although the bioavailability of cpmv in the mouse has been demonstrated, the specific interactions between cpmv and mammalian cells need t ...	2007	17121801
introduction of the anti-apoptotic baculovirus p35 gene in passion fruit induces herbicide tolerance, reduced bacterial lesions, but does not inhibits passion fruit woodiness disease progress induced by cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv).	the introduction of anti-apoptotic genes into plants leads to resistance to environmental stress and broad-spectrum disease resistance. the anti-apoptotic gene (p35) from a baculovirus was introduced into the genome of passion fruit plants by biobalistics. eleven regenerated plants showed the presence of the p35 gene by pcr and/or dot blot hybridization. transcriptional analysis of regenerated plants showed the presence of specific p35 transcripts in 9 of them. regenerated plants containing the ...	2007	17016672
high-level constitutive expression in pichia pastoris and one-step purification of phospholipase d from cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp).	phospholipase d (pld) is one of the main enzymes involved in signal transduction, vesicle trafficking and membrane metabolism processes. here we describe the heterologous high-yield expression in the yeast pichia pastoris, one-step purification and characterization of catalytically active pldalpha from cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp). immunoblotting experiments showed that recombinant pldalpha is recognized by a polyclonal antibody raised against native soybean pldalpha. a single calcium-depe ...	2007	16949301
early legume responses to inoculation with rhizobium sp. ngr234.	interactions between legumes and rhizobia are controlled by the sequential exchange of symbiotic signals. two different techniques, 2d-page electrophoresis and differential display were used to study the effects of rhizobial signals on legume development. application of variously substituted lipo-oligo-saccharidic nod-factors to roots of vigna unguiculata resulted in changes in the phosphorylation patterns of microsomal proteins. reliable amino-acid sequences were obtained for one nod-factor enh ...	2007	16887234
toxic effects of low concentrations of cu on nodulation of cowpea (vigna unguiculata).	although cu is phytotoxic at cu(2+) activities as low as 1-2 microm, the effect of cu(2+) on the nodulation of legumes has received little attention. the effect of cu(2+) on nodulation of cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. cv. caloona) was examined in a dilute solution culture system utilising a cation exchange resin to buffer solution cu(2+). the nodulation process was more sensitive to increasing cu(2+) activities than both shoot and root growth; whilst a cu(2+) activity of 1.0 microm corres ...	2007	16678321
roots and leaves display contrasting oxidative response during salt stress and recovery in cowpea.	in this study, we compare some antioxidative responses of leaves and roots associated to growth reduction in cowpea plants (vigna unguiculata) during short-term salt stress and recovery. the salt treatment was imposed (200 mm nacl) for six consecutive days and the salt withdrawal after 3 d. the salt treatment caused an almost complete cessation in the relative growth rate of both leaves and roots. although nacl withdrawal has induced an intense reduction in the na(+) content from the leaves and ...	2007	16690169
highly sensitive determination of transient generation of biophotons during hypersensitive response to cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea.	the hypersensitive response (hr) is one mechanism of the resistance of plants to pathogen infection. it involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) which have crucial roles in signal transduction or as toxic agents leading to cell death. often, ros generation is accompanied by an ultraweak photon emission resulting from radical reactions that are initiated by ros through the oxidation of living materials such as lipids, proteins, and dna. this photon emission, referred to as 'biopho ...	2007	17158510
seven-up facilitates insect counter-defense by suppressing cathepsin b expression.	when challenged by the dietary soybean cysteine protease inhibitor scn, the cowpea bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus) adapts to the inhibitory effects by readjusting the transcriptome of its digestive system, including the specific activation of a cathepsin b-like cysteine protease cmcatb. to understand the transcriptional regulation of cmcatb, we cloned a portion of its promoter and demonstrated its activity in drosophila cells using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter system. emsas de ...	2007	17459103
phenotypic plasticity in a complex world: interactive effects of food and temperature on fitness components of a seed beetle.	most studies of phenotypic plasticity investigate the effects of an individual environmental factor on organism phenotypes. however, organisms exist in an ecologically complex world where multiple environmental factors can interact to affect growth, development and life histories. here, using a multifactorial experimental design, we examine the separate and interactive effects of two environmental factors, rearing host species (vigna radiata, vigna angularis and vigna unguiculata) and temperatur ...	2007	17486371
pyramiding of insecticidal compounds for control of the cowpea bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus f.).	the cowpea bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus f.) (chrysomelidae: bruchini) is a major pest of stored cowpea grain. with limited available technologies for controlling the bruchid, transgenic cowpeas with bruchid resistance genes engineered into them could become the next management tools. an investigation was made of two different sets of potential transgenic insecticidal compounds using an artificial seed system: (i) cip-ph-bt-j and recombinant egg white avidin, and (ii) avidin and wheat alpha- ...	2007	17340671
screening and secretomic analysis of enthomopatogenic beauveria bassiana isolates in response to cowpea weevil (callosobruchus maculatus) exoskeleton.	the production of cowpea (vigna unguiculata), an important self-sustained crop in latin america and africa, is severely affected by damage by the cowpea weevil callosobruchus maculatus. the presence of a single larva in stored seeds can lead to losses of almost 40%. control of c. maculatus currently relies on the inefficient use of chemical insecticides and post-harvest treatments. the use of entomopathogenic fungus became a reliable alternative for coleopteran pest control and has been extensiv ...	2007	17350346
cowpea chloroplastic atp synthase is the source of multiple plant defense elicitors during insect herbivory.	in cowpea (vigna unguiculata), fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) herbivory and oral secretions (os) elicit phytohormone production and volatile emission due to inceptin [vu-in; (+)icdingvcvda(-)], a peptide derived from chloroplastic atp synthase gamma-subunit (catpc) proteins. elicitor-induced plant volatiles can function as attractants for natural enemies of insect herbivores. we hypothesized that inceptins are gut proteolysis products and that larval os should contain a mixture of related ...	2007	17369425
influence of heat processing on the bioaccessibility of zinc and iron from cereals and pulses consumed in india.	influence of heat processing on the bioaccessibility of zinc and iron from food grains consumed in india was evaluated. cereals - rice (oryza sativa), finger millet (eleusine coracana), sorghum (sorghum vulgare), wheat (triticum aestivum), and maize (zea mays), and pulses - chickpea (cicer arietinum) - whole and decorticated, green gram (phaseolus aureus) - whole and decorticated, decorticated black gram (phaseolus mungo), decorticated red gram (cajanus cajan), cowpea (vigna catjang), and french ...	2007	17317519
inactivation and purification of cowpea mosaic virus-like particles displaying peptide antigens from bacillus anthracis.	chimeric cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) particles displaying foreign peptide antigens on the particle surface are suitable for development of peptide-based vaccines. however, commonly used peg precipitation-based purification methods are not sufficient for production of high quality vaccine candidates because they do not allow for separation of chimeric particles from cleaved contaminating species. moreover, the purified particles remain infectious to plants. to advance the cpmv technology further, ...	2007	17227681
heavy metal accumulations of 24 asparagus bean cultivars grown in soil contaminated with cd alone and with multiple metals (cd, pb, and zn).	crops grown in heavy metal contaminated soils are an important avenue for these toxic pollutants entering the human food chain. information on how crops respond to soil contaminations of single versus multiple metals is scarce and much needed. this study investigated the accumulation of cd by 24 cultivars of asparagus bean (vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis l., family fabaceae) under a low level (0.8 mg kg-1) and a high level (11.8 mg kg-1) of cd exposure in a garden experiment, and that in ...	2007	17263511
evaluation of cymbopogon martinii oil extract for control of postharvest insect deterioration in cereals and legumes.	the essential oil of cymbopogon martinii was tested for its potency as a botanical pesticide to protect stored wheat (triticum aestivum) and gram (garbanzo bean, cicer arietinum) from insect infestation. the c. martinii oil was potent as a fumigant in stored gram. the oil was an effective repellent against the beetles callosobruchus chinensis and tribolium castaneum. geraniol, the major component of the oil, was not as effective as the oil itself. c. martinii oil significantly affected ovipositi ...	2007	17265877
interactions of viruses in cowpea: effects on growth and yield parameters.	the study was carried out to investigate the effects of inoculating three cowpea cultivars: "olo ii", "oloyin" and it86d-719 with three unrelated viruses: cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv), genus potyvirus, cowpea mottle virus (cmev), genus carmovirus and southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv), genus sobemovirus singly and in mixture on growth and yield of cultivars at 10 and 30 days after planting (dap). generally, the growth and yield of the buffer inoculated control plants were significantly ...	2007	17286870
changes in antioxidant metabolism of vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. by propiconazole under water deficit stress.	in the present study, a pot culture experiment was conducted to estimate the ameliorating effect of propiconazole (pcz) on drought stress in cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.) plants. from 30 days after sowing (das), the plants were subjected to 3, 6 and 9 days interval drought (did) stress and drought stress with pcz at 15 and 15 mg l(-1) pcz alone and 1 day interval irrigation was kept as control. the plant samples were collected on 34 das (3 did), 37 das (6 did) and 40 das (9 did). the pla ...	2007	17296289