Publications

interface symbiotic membrane formation in root nodules of medicago truncatula: the role of synaptotagmins mtsyt1, mtsyt2 and mtsyt3.	symbiotic bacteria (rhizobia) are maintained and conditioned to fix atmospheric nitrogen in infected cells of legume root nodules. rhizobia are confined to the asymmetrical protrusions of plasma membrane (pm): infection threads (it), cell wall-free unwalled droplets and symbiosomes. these compartments rapidly increase in surface and volume due to the microsymbiont expansion, and remarkably, the membrane resources of the host cells are targeted to interface membrane quite precisely. we hypothesiz ...	2017	28265280
comparative analysis of the bacterial membrane disruption effect of two natural plant antimicrobial peptides.	in the medicago truncatula genome about 700 genes code for nodule-specific cysteine-rich (ncr) small peptides that are expressed in the symbiotic organ, the root nodule, where they control terminal differentiation of the endosymbiotic rhizobium bacteria to nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. cationic ncr peptides were predicted to have antimicrobial activities. here antibacterial activities of ncr247, ncr335, polymyxin b (pmb), and streptomycin were investigated and compared on two foodborne pathogens s ...	2017	28167938
wheat drought-responsive wxpl transcription factors regulate cuticle biosynthesis genes.	the cuticle forms a hydrophobic waxy layer that covers plant organs and provides protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. transcription of genes responsible for cuticle formation is regulated by several types of transcription factors (tfs). five orthologous to wax production (wxp1 and wxp2) genes from medicago truncatula were isolated from a cdna library prepared from flag leaves and spikes of drought tolerant wheat (triticum aestivum, breeding line rac875) and designated tawxp-like (tawxpl) ...	2017	28161858
insights into the function of the phasirna-triggering mir1514 in response to stress in legumes.	we recently described the activity of mir1514a in response to water deficit in phaseolus vulgaris. pvu-mir1514a targets a nac transcription factor mrna for cleavage and subsequently triggers nac-derived phasirna formation. here we show that accumulation and activity of mir1514a are also conserved in the model legume medicago truncatula. consistently, we identified mtr-mir1514a and detected its increased accumulation in response to stress conditions, targeting a nac tf mrna for cleavage and trigg ...	2017	28151043
reconstruction of a composite comparative map composed of ten legume genomes.	the fabaceae (legume family) is the third largest and the second of agricultural importance among flowering plant groups. in this study, we report the reconstruction of a composite comparative map composed of ten legume genomes, including seven species from the galegoid clade (medicago truncatula, medicago sativa, lens culinaris, pisum sativum, lotus japonicus, cicer arietinum, vicia faba) and three species from the phaseoloid clade (vigna radiata, phaseolus vulgaris, glycine max). to accomplish ...	2017	28090266
evolution and structural diversification of nictaba-like lectin genes in food crops with a focus on soybean (glycine max).	the nictaba family groups all proteins that show homology to nictaba, the tobacco lectin. so far, nictaba and an arabidopsis thaliana homologue have been shown to be implicated in the plant stress response. the availability of more than 50 sequenced plant genomes provided the opportunity for a genome-wide identification of nictaba-like genes in 15 species, representing members of the fabaceae, poaceae, solanaceae, musaceae, arecaceae, malvaceae and rubiaceae. additionally, phylogenetic relations ...	2017	28087663
cis-regulatory plethora promoter elements directing root and nodule expression are conserved between arabidopsis thaliana and medicago truncatula.	nodules are unique organs formed on roots of legumes by soil-borne bacteria, collectively known as rhizobium. recently, we have shown that orthologs of the aintegumenta-like (ail) ap2 transcription factors plethora (plt) 1 to 4, that redundantly regulate arabidopsis thaliana root development are involved in root and nodule growth in medicago truncatula. hence, it is conceivable that rhizobium has co-opted these genes for nodule development. whether this co-option requires the presence of specifi ...	2017	28067580
identification and network-enabled characterization of auxin response factor genes in medicago truncatula.	the auxin response factor (arf) family of transcription factors is an important regulator of environmental response and symbiotic nodulation in the legume medicago truncatula. while previous studies have identified members of this family, a recent spurt in gene expression data coupled with genome update and reannotation calls for a reassessment of the prevalence of arf genes and their interaction networks in m. truncatula. we performed a comprehensive analysis of the m. truncatula genome and tra ...	2016	28018393
regulation of differentiation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria by microsymbiont targeting of plant thioredoxin s1.	legumes associate with rhizobia to form nitrogen (n2)-fixing nodules, which is important for plant fitness [1, 2]. medicago truncatula controls the terminal differentiation of sinorhizobium meliloti into n2-fixing bacteroids by producing defensin-like nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides (ncrs) [3, 4]. the redox state of ncrs influences some biological activities in free-living bacteria, but the relevance of redox regulation of ncrs in planta is unknown [5, 6], although redox regulation plays ...	2017	28017611
catchup: a web database for spatiotemporally regulated genes.	for proper control of biological activity, some key genes are highly expressed in a particular spatiotemporal domain. mining of such spatiotemporally expressed genes using large-scale gene expression data derived from a broad range of experimental sources facilitates our understanding of genome-scale functional gene networks. however, comprehensive information on spatiotemporally expressed genes is lacking in plants. to collect such information, we devised a new index, δdmax, which is the maximu ...	2017	28013273
mtnf-ya1, a central transcriptional regulator of symbiotic nodule development, is also a determinant of medicago truncatula susceptibility toward a root pathogen.	plant nf-y transcription factors control a wide array of biological functions enabling appropriate reproductive and developmental processes as well as adaptation to various abiotic and biotic environments. in medicago truncatula, mtnf-ya1 was previously identified as a key determinant for nodule development and establishment of rhizobial symbiosis. here, we highlight a new role for this protein in compatibility to aphanomyces euteiches, a root pathogenic oomycete. the mtnf-ya1-1 mutant plants sh ...	2016	27994614
mtmapkk4 is an essential gene for growth and reproduction of medicago truncatula.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are universal signaling modules in eukaryotes, including yeasts, animals and plants. they are involved in responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses, hormones, cell division and developmental processes. a mapk cascade is composed of three functionally tiered protein kinases, namely mapk, mapk kinases (mapkks) and mapk kinase kinases (mapkkks). these kinases have been intensively studied for their roles in developmental and physiological proc ...	2017	27935060
type iv effector proteins involved in the medicago-sinorhizobium symbiosis.	in this study, we investigated genetic elements of the type iv secretion system (t4ss) found in sinorhizobium spp. and the role they play in symbiosis. sinorhizobium meliloti and s. medicae each contain a putative t4ss similar to that used by agrobacterium tumefaciens during pathogenesis. the cre reporter assay for translocation system was used to validate potential effector proteins. both s. meliloti and s. medicae contained the effector protein tfea, which was translocated into the host plant. ...	2017	27918247
[the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium arthrobacter agilis umcv2 endophytically colonizes medicago truncatula].	arthrobacter agilis umcv2 is a rhizosphere bacterium that promotes legume growth by solubilization of iron, which is supplied to the plant. a second growth promotion mechanism produces volatile compounds that stimulate iron uptake activities. additionally, a. agilis umcv2 is capable of inhibiting the growth of phytopathogens. a combination of quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques were used here to detect and quantify the presence of the bacteriu ...	2016	27916328
dna double-strand break repair is involved in desiccation resistance of sinorhizobium meliloti, but is not essential for its symbiotic interaction with medicago truncatula.	the soil bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of legume plants, is exposed to numerous stress conditions in nature, some of which cause the formation of harmful dna double-strand breaks (dsbs). in particular, the reactive oxygen species (ros) and the reactive nitrogen species (rns) produced during symbiosis, and the desiccation occurring in dry soils, are conditions which induce dsbs. two major systems of dsb repair are known in s. meliloti: homologous recombination (hr) ...	2017	27902438
mining the cicer arietinum genome for the mildew locus o (mlo) gene family and comparative evolutionary analysis of the mlo genes from medicago truncatula and some other plant species.	the mildew locus o (mlo) gene family is ubiquitous in land plants. some members of this gene family are involved in negative regulation of powdery mildew resistance, while others are involved in several other biological functions. mlo proteins have characteristic seven transmembrane domains and a calmodulin-binding domain at their c-termini, and are associated with plasma membrane. the mlo gene family has been studied in several economically important cereals, but little information is available ...	2017	27900493
chemical induction of hairpin rnai molecules to silence vital genes in plant roots.	understanding the functions encoded by plant genes can be facilitated by reducing transcript levels by hairpin rna (hprna) mediated silencing. a bottleneck to this technology occurs when a gene encodes a phenotype that is necessary for cell viability and silencing the gene inhibits transformation. here we compared the use of two chemically inducible plant promoter systems to drive hprna mediated gene silencing in transgenic, hairy roots. we cloned the gene encoding the yellow fluorescence protei ...	2016	27898105
a developmental and molecular view of formation of auxin-induced nodule-like structures in land plants.	several studies have shown that plant hormones play important roles during legume-rhizobia symbiosis. for instance, auxins induce the formation of nodule-like structures (nlss) on legume roots in the absence of rhizobia. furthermore, these nls can be colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which favor nitrogen fixation compared to regular roots and subsequently increase plant yield. interestingly, auxin also induces similar nls in cereal roots. while several genetic studies have identified plant ...	2016	27891144
the evolution of symbiont preference traits in the model legume medicago truncatula.	many hosts preferentially associate with or reward better symbionts, but how these symbiont preference traits evolve is an open question. legumes often form more nodules with or provide more resources to rhizobia that fix more nitrogen (n), but they also acquire n from soil via root foraging. it is unclear whether root responses to abiotically and symbiotically derived n evolve independently. here, we measured root foraging and both preferential allocation of root resources to and preferential a ...	2017	27864973
transcriptome analysis of the fungal pathogen fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis during colonisation of resistant and susceptible medicago truncatula hosts identifies differential pathogenicity profiles and novel candidate effectors.	pathogenic members of the fusarium oxysporum species complex are responsible for vascular wilt disease on many important crops including legumes, where they can be one of the most destructive disease causing necrotrophic fungi. we previously developed a model legume-infecting pathosystem based on the reference legume medicago truncatula and a pathogenic f. oxysporum forma specialis (f. sp.) medicaginis (fom). to dissect the molecular pathogenicity arsenal used by this root-infecting pathogen, we ...	2016	27809762
increasing seed size and quality by manipulating big seeds1 in legume species.	plant organs, such as seeds, are primary sources of food for both humans and animals. seed size is one of the major agronomic traits that have been selected in crop plants during their domestication. legume seeds are a major source of dietary proteins and oils. here, we report a conserved role for the big seeds1 (bs1) gene in the control of seed size and weight in the model legume medicago truncatula and the grain legume soybean (glycine max). bs1 encodes a plant-specific transcription regulator ...	2016	27791139
infiltration-rnaseq: transcriptome profiling of agrobacterium-mediated infiltration of transcription factors to discover gene function and expression networks in plants.	transcription factors (tfs) coordinate precise gene expression patterns that give rise to distinct phenotypic outputs. the identification of genes and transcriptional networks regulated by a tf often requires stable transformation and expression changes in plant cells. however, the production of stable transformants can be slow and laborious with no guarantee of success. furthermore, transgenic plants overexpressing a tf of interest can present pleiotropic phenotypes and/or result in a high numb ...	2016	27777610
negative gravitropism in plant roots.	plants are capable of orienting their root growth towards gravity in a process termed gravitropism, which is necessary for roots to grow into soil, for water and nutrient acquisition and to anchor plants. here we show that root gravitropism depends on the novel protein, negative gravitropic response of roots (ngr). in both medicago truncatula and arabidopsis thaliana, loss of ngr reverses the direction of root gravitropism, resulting in roots growing upward.	2016	27748769
a proteomic atlas of the legume medicago truncatula and its nitrogen-fixing endosymbiont sinorhizobium meliloti.	legumes are essential components of agricultural systems because they enrich the soil in nitrogen and require little environmentally deleterious fertilizers. a complex symbiotic association between legumes and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria called rhizobia culminates in the development of root nodules, where rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen and transfer it to their plant host. here we describe a quantitative proteomic atlas of the model legume medicago truncatula and its rhizobial symbiont sinor ...	2016	27748755
quantitative resistance to verticillium wilt in medicago truncatula involves eradication of the fungus from roots and is associated with transcriptional responses related to innate immunity.	resistance mechanisms to verticillium wilt are well-studied in tomato, cotton, and arabidopsis, but much less in legume plants. because legume plants establish nitrogen-fixing symbioses in their roots, resistance to root-attacking pathogens merits particular attention. the interaction between the soil-borne pathogen verticillium alfalfae and the model legume medicago truncatula was investigated using a resistant (a17) and a susceptible (f83005.5) line. as shown by histological analyses, coloniza ...	2016	27746789
interkingdom responses to bacterial quorum sensing signals regulate frequency and rate of nodulation in legume-rhizobia symbiosis.	density-dependent phenotypic switching in bacteria, the phenomenon of quorum sensing (qs), is instrumental in many pathogenic and mutualistic behaviors. in many gram-negative bacteria, qs is regulated by n-acylated-l-homoserine lactones (ahls). synthetic analogues of these ahls hold significant promise for regulating qs at the host-symbiont interface. regulation depends on refined temporal and spatial models of quorums under native conditions. critical to this is an understanding of how the pres ...	2016	27739645
identification of lipoxygenase (lox) genes from legumes and their responses in wild type and cultivated peanut upon aspergillus flavus infection.	lipoxygenase (lox) genes are widely distributed in plants and play crucial roles in resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. although they have been characterized in various plants, little is known about the evolution of legume lox genes. in this study, we identified 122 full-length lox genes in arachis duranensis, arachis ipaënsis, cajanus cajan, cicer arietinum, glycine max, lotus japonicus and medicago truncatula. in total, 64 orthologous and 36 paralogous genes were identified. the full-leng ...	2016	27731413
clade iva basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors form part of a conserved jasmonate signaling circuit for the regulation of bioactive plant terpenoid biosynthesis.	plants produce many bioactive, specialized metabolites to defend themselves when facing various stress situations. their biosynthesis is directed by a tightly controlled regulatory circuit that is elicited by phytohormones such as jasmonate (ja). the basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) transcription factors (tfs) bhlh iridoid synthesis 1 (bis1) and triterpene saponin activating regulator (tsar) 1 and 2, from catharanthus roseus and medicago truncatula, respectively, all belong to clade iva of the bhlh ...	2016	27694525
molecular characterization of a trisegmented mycovirus from the plant pathogenic fungus colletotrichum gloeosporioides.	a novel double-stranded rna (dsrna) mycovirus, consisting of three dsrna genome segments and possibly belonging to the family chrysoviridae, was isolated from the filamentous phytopathogenic fungus colletotrichum gloeosporioides and designated as colletotrichum gloeosprioides chrysovirus 1 (cgcv1). the three dsrnas of the cgcv1 genome with lengths of 3397, 2869, and 2630 bp (dsrnas1-3) were found to contain a single open reading frame (orf) putatively encoding the rna-dependent rna polymerase (r ...	2016	27690081
a conserved cis-regulatory module determines germline fate through activation of the transcription factor duo1 promoter.	the development of the male germline within pollen relies upon the activation of numerous target genes by the transcription factor duo pollen1 (duo1). the expression of duo1 is restricted to the male germline and is first detected shortly after the asymmetric division that segregates the germ cell lineage. transcriptional regulation is critical in controlling duo1 expression, since transcriptional and translational fusions show similar expression patterns. here, we identify key promoter sequence ...	2017	27624837
advances in faba bean genetics and genomics.	vicia faba l, is a globally important grain legume whose main centers of diversity are the fertile crescent and mediterranean basin. because of its small number (six) of exceptionally large and easily observed chromosomes it became a model species for plant cytogenetics the 70s and 80s. it is somewhat ironic therefore, that the emergence of more genomically tractable model plant species such as arabidopsis and medicago coincided with a marked decline in genome research on the formerly favored pl ...	2016	27597858
della-mediated gibberellin signalling regulates nod factor signalling and rhizobial infection.	legumes develop symbiotic interactions with rhizobial bacteria to form nitrogen-fixing nodules. bacterial nod factors (nfs) and plant regulatory pathways modulating nf signalling control rhizobial infections and nodulation efficiency. here we show that gibberellin (ga) signalling mediated by della proteins inhibits rhizobial infections and controls the nf induction of the infection marker enod11 in medicago truncatula. ectopic expression of a constitutively active della protein in the epidermis ...	2016	27586842
expression of apoplast-targeted plant defensin mtdef4.2 confers resistance to leaf rust pathogen puccinia triticina but does not affect mycorrhizal symbiosis in transgenic wheat.	rust fungi of the order pucciniales are destructive pathogens of wheat worldwide. leaf rust caused by the obligate, biotrophic basidiomycete fungus puccinia triticina (pt) is an economically important disease capable of causing up to 50 % yield losses. historically, resistant wheat cultivars have been used to control leaf rust, but genetic resistance is ephemeral and breaks down with the emergence of new virulent pt races. there is a need to develop alternative measures for control of leaf rust ...	2017	27582300
opposing control by transcription factors myb61 and myb3 increases freezing tolerance by relieving c-repeat binding factor suppression.	cold acclimation is an important process by which plants respond to low temperature and enhance their winter hardiness. c-repeat binding factor1 (cbf1), cbf2, and cbf3 genes were shown previously to participate in cold acclimation in medicago truncatula in addition, mtcbf4 is transcriptionally induced by salt, drought, and cold stresses. we show here that mtcbf4, shown previously to enhance drought and salt tolerance, also positively regulates cold acclimation and freezing tolerance. to identify ...	2016	27578551
comparison of effectiveness of 5'-regulatory sequences in transplastomic tobacco chloroplasts.	the development of tools which ensure the desired level of transgene expression in plastids is a prerequisite for the effective utilization of these plant organelles for the deployment of bioactive proteins. high-level accumulation of target proteins is considered as a positive feature of transplastomic plants, but excessive accumulation of foreign proteins may have deleterious effects on host plants. on the other hand, expression at low levels can result in ineffective phenotypes. we compared t ...	2017	27565642
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel freezing-inducible dreb1/cbf transcription factor gene in boreal plant iceland poppy (papaver nudicaule).	dreb1 of the ap2/erf superfamily plays a key role in the regulation of plant response to low temperatures. in this study, a novel dreb1/cbf transcription factor, pndreb1, was isolated from iceland poppy (papaver nudicaule), a plant adaptive to low temperature environments. it is homologous to the known dreb1s of arabidopsis and other plant species. it also shares similar 3d structure, and conserved and functionally important motifs with dreb1s of arabidopsis. the phylogenetic analysis indicated ...	2017	27560992
genome-wide identification, evolutionary analysis and expression profiles of lateral organ boundaries domain gene family in lotus japonicus and medicago truncatula.	the lateral organ boundaries domain (lbd) gene family has been well-studied in arabidopsis and play crucial roles in the diverse growth and development processes including establishment and maintenance of boundary of developmental lateral organs. in this study we identified and characterized 38 lbd genes in lotus japonicus (ljlbd) and 57 lbd genes in medicago truncatula (mtlbd), both of which are model legume plants that have some specific development features absent in arabidopsis. the phylogen ...	2016	27560982
a snapshot of functional genetic studies in medicago truncatula.	in the current context of food security, increase of plant protein production in a sustainable manner represents one of the major challenges of agronomic research, which could be partially resolved by increased cultivation of legume crops. medicago truncatula is now a well-established model for legume genomic and genetic studies. with the establishment of genomics tools and mutant populations in m. truncatula, it has become an important resource to answer some of the basic biological questions r ...	2016	27555857
disulfide cross-linking influences symbiotic activities of nodule peptide ncr247.	interactions of rhizobia with legumes establish the chronic intracellular infection that underlies symbiosis. within nodules of inverted repeat-lacking clade (irlc) legumes, rhizobia differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. this terminal differentiation is driven by host nodule-specific cysteine-rich (ncr) peptides that orchestrate the adaptation of free-living bacteria into intracellular residents. medicago truncatula encodes a family of >700 ncr peptides that have conserved cysteine moti ...	2016	27551097
pseudomonas fluorescens c7r12 type iii secretion system impacts mycorrhization of medicago truncatula and associated microbial communities.	type three secretion systems (t3sss) mediate cell-to-cell interactions between gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotes. we hypothesized that fluorescent pseudomonads harboring t3ss (t3ss+) would be beneficial to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis because non-pathogenic fluorescent pseudomonads have been previously shown to be much more abundant in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal roots. we tested this hypothesis by comparing mycorrhization and the associated rhizosphere microbial communities of m ...	2017	27549437
comparative transcriptome investigation of global gene expression changes caused by mir156 overexpression in medicago sativa.	medicago sativa (alfalfa) is a low-input forage and potential bioenergy crop, and improving its yield and quality has always been a focus of the alfalfa breeding industry. transgenic alfalfa plants overexpressing a precursor of alfalfa microrna156 (msmir156) were recently generated by our group. these plants (mir156oe) showed enhanced biomass yield, reduced internodal length, increased shoot branching and trichome density, and a delay in flowering time. transcripts of three squamosa-promoter bin ...	2016	27542359
della proteins are common components of symbiotic rhizobial and mycorrhizal signalling pathways.	legumes form symbiotic associations with either nitrogen-fixing bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. formation of these two symbioses is regulated by a common set of signalling components that act downstream of recognition of rhizobia or mycorrhizae by host plants. central to these pathways is the calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (ccamk)-ipd3 complex which initiates nodule organogenesis following calcium oscillations in the host nucleus. however, downstream signalling events ...	2016	27514472
genetic mapping of a major resistance gene to pea aphid (acyrthosipon pisum) in the model legume medicago truncatula.	resistance to the australian pea aphid (pa; acyrthosiphon pisum) biotype in cultivar jester of the model legume medicago truncatula is mediated by a single dominant gene and is phloem-mediated. the genetic map position for this resistance gene, apr (acyrthosiphon pisum resistance), is provided and shows that apr maps 39 centimorgans (cm) distal of the a. kondoi resistance (akr) locus, which mediates resistance to a closely related species of the same genus bluegreen aphid (a. kondoi). the apr re ...	2016	27483247
expression analysis of pin genes in root tips and nodules of medicago truncatula.	polar auxin transport is dependent on the family of pin-formed proteins (pins), which are membrane transporters of anionic indole-3-acetic acid (iaa(-)). it is assumed that polar auxin transport may be essential in the development and meristematic activity maintenance of medicago truncatula (m. truncatula) root nodules. however, little is known about the involvement of specific pin proteins in m. truncatula nodulation. using real-time quantitative pcr, we analyzed the expression patterns of all ...	2016	27463709
24-epibrassinolide ameliorates salt stress effects in the symbiosis medicago truncatula-sinorhizobium meliloti and regulates the nodulation in cross-talk with polyamines.	brassinosteroids (brs) are steroid plant hormones that have been shown to be involved in the response to salt stress in cross-talk with other plant growth regulators such as polyamines (pas). in addition, brs are involved in the regulation of the nodulation in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis through the alteration of the pas content in leaves. in this work, we have studied the effect of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (ebl) in the response to salinity of nitrogen fixation in the symbiosis medicago t ...	2016	27448795
plantapa: a portal for visualization and analysis of alternative polyadenylation in plants.	alternative polyadenylation (apa) is an important layer of gene regulation that produces mrnas that have different 3' ends and/or encode diverse protein isoforms. up to 70% of annotated genes in plants undergo apa. increasing numbers of poly(a) sites collected in various plant species demand new methods and tools to access and mine these data. we have created an open-access web service called plantapa (http://bmi.xmu.edu.cn/plantapa) to visualize and analyze genome-wide poly(a) sites in plants. ...	2016	27446120
comparative sequence and expression analysis of tapetum specific male sterility related genes in medicago truncatula.	heterosis, or enhancement through outbreeding, is one of the most promising approaches for increasing crop yield. male sterility (ms), which promotes heterosis, has been widely applied in hybrid crop production. medicago truncatula is a model legume species and is closely related to m. sativa, an important legume forage plant. although the molecular mechanisms of ms in m. truncatula and m. sativa remain unclear, several studies of ms have been conducted in arabidopsis thaliana. previous research ...	2016	27421020
impact of soil salinity on the structure of the bacterial endophytic community identified from the roots of caliph medic (medicago truncatula).	in addition to being a forage crop, caliph medic (medicago truncatula) is also a model legume plant and is used for research focusing on the molecular characterization of the interaction between rhizobia and plants. however, the endophytic microbiome in this plant is poorly defined. endophytic bacteria play a role in supplying plants with the basic requirements necessary for growth and development. moreover, these bacteria also play a role in the mechanism of salinity stress adaptation in plants ...	2016	27391592
molecular signals controlling the inhibition of nodulation by nitrate in medicago truncatula.	the presence of nitrogen inhibits legume nodule formation, but the mechanism of this inhibition is poorly understood. we found that 2.5 mm nitrate and above significantly inhibited nodule initiation but not root hair curling in medicago trunatula. we analyzed protein abundance in m. truncatula roots after treatment with either 0 or 2.5 mm nitrate in the presence or absence of its symbiont sinorhizobium meliloti after 1, 2 and 5 days following inoculation. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis comb ...	2016	27384556
a single amino acid substitution in a chitinase of the legume medicago truncatula is sufficient to gain nod-factor hydrolase activity.	the symbiotic interaction between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and legumes depends on lipo-chitooligosaccharidic nod-factors (nfs). the nf hydrolase mtnfh1 of medicago truncatula is a symbiotic enzyme that hydrolytically inactivates nfs with a c16 : 2 acyl chain produced by the microsymbiont sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. mtnfh1 is related to class v chitinases (glycoside hydrolase family 18) but lacks chitinase activity. here, we investigated the substrate specificity of mtnfh1-related proteins. mtch ...	2016	27383628
isolation of protein complexes from the model legume medicago truncatula by tandem affinity purification in hairy root cultures.	tandem affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (tap-ms) is one of the most powerful techniques to isolate protein complexes and elucidate protein interaction networks. here, we describe the development of a tap-ms strategy for the model legume medicago truncatula, which is widely studied for its ability to produce valuable natural products and to engage in endosymbiotic interactions. as biological material, transgenic hairy roots, generated through agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated tr ...	2016	27377668
nod factor effects on root hair-specific transcriptome of medicago truncatula: focus on plasma membrane transport systems and reactive oxygen species networks.	root hairs are involved in water and nutrient uptake, and thereby in plant autotrophy. in legumes, they also play a crucial role in establishment of rhizobial symbiosis. to obtain a holistic view of medicago truncatula genes expressed in root hairs and of their regulation during the first hours of the engagement in rhizobial symbiotic interaction, a high throughput rna sequencing on isolated root hairs from roots challenged or not with lipochitooligosaccharides nod factors (nf) for 4 or 20 h was ...	2016	27375649
different pathways act downstream of the cep peptide receptor cra2 to regulate lateral root and nodule development.	c-terminally encoded peptides (ceps) control root system architecture in a non-cell-autonomous manner. in medicago truncatula, mtcep1 affects root development by increasing nodule formation and inhibiting lateral root emergence by unknown pathways. here, we show that the mtcep1 peptide-dependent increase in nodulation requires the symbiotic signaling pathway and ethylene insensitive2 (ein2)/sickle (skl), but acts independently of super numeric nodules. mtcep1-dependent inhibition of lateral root ...	2016	27342310
function of succinoglycan polysaccharide in sinorhizobium meliloti host plant invasion depends on succinylation, not molecular weight.	the acidic polysaccharide succinoglycan produced by the rhizobial symbiont sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 is required for this bacterium to invade the host plant medicago truncatula and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. s. meliloti mutants that cannot make succinoglycan cannot initiate invasion structures called infection threads in plant root hairs. s. meliloti exoh mutants that cannot succinylate succinoglycan are also unable to form infection threads, despite the fact that they make large q ...	2016	27329751
rhizotubes as a new tool for high throughput imaging of plant root development and architecture: test, comparison with pot grown plants and validation.	in order to maintain high yields while saving water and preserving non-renewable resources and thus limiting the use of chemical fertilizer, it is crucial to select plants with more efficient root systems. this could be achieved through an optimization of both root architecture and root uptake ability and/or through the improvement of positive plant interactions with microorganisms in the rhizosphere. the development of devices suitable for high-throughput phenotyping of root structures remains ...	2016	27279895
organic nitrogen-driven stimulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae correlates with abundance of ammonia oxidizers.	large fraction of mineral nutrients in natural soil environments is recycled from complex and heterogeneously distributed organic sources. these sources are explored by both roots and associated mycorrhizal fungi. however, the mechanisms behind the responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) hyphal networks to soil organic patches of different qualities remain little understood. therefore, we conducted a multiple-choice experiment examining hyphal responses to different soil patches within the root ...	2016	27242732
cloning and biochemical characterization of indole-3-acetic acid-amino acid synthetase psgh3 from pea.	phytohormone conjugation is one of the mechanisms that maintains a proper hormonal homeostasis and that is necessary for the realization of physiological responses. gretchen hagen 3 (gh3) acyl acid amido synthetases convert indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) to iaa-amino acid conjugates by atp-dependent reactions. iaa-aspartate (iaa-asp) exists as a predominant amide conjugate of auxin in pea tissues and acts as an intermediate during iaa catabolism. here we report a novel recombinant indole-3-acetic ac ...	2016	27235647
a laser dissection-rnaseq analysis highlights the activation of cytokinin pathways by nod factors in the medicago truncatula root epidermis.	nod factors (nfs) are lipochitooligosaccharidic signal molecules produced by rhizobia, which play a key role in the rhizobium-legume symbiotic interaction. in this study, we analyzed the gene expression reprogramming induced by purified nf (4 and 24 h of treatment) in the root epidermis of the model legume medicago truncatula tissue-specific transcriptome analysis was achieved by laser-capture microdissection coupled to high-depth rna sequencing. the expression of 17,191 genes was detected in th ...	2016	27217496
the symbiosis-related ern transcription factors act in concert to coordinate rhizobial host root infection.	legumes improve their mineral nutrition through nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses with soil rhizobia. rhizobial infection of legumes is regulated by a number of transcription factors, including erf required for nodulation1 (ern1). medicago truncatula plants defective in ern1 are unable to nodulate, but still exhibit early symbiotic responses including rhizobial infection. ern1 has a close homolog, ern2, which shows partially overlapping expression patterns. here we show that ern2 mutants exh ...	2016	27208242
copper-induced modifications in early symbiotic signaling factors of ensifer (sinorhizobium)-medicago interactions.	cu is an essential micronutrient required during nitrogen fixation, but above threshold concentrations it becomes toxic. the present study was aimed at studying the effect of high cu concentrations on the early plant-microbe interactions between ensifer (sinorhizobium) meliloti 1021, a symbiotic diazotrophic bacterium belonging to α-proteobacteria, and its plant host medicago truncatula. e. meliloti exhibited pleomorphism with elongated and branched growth at 100 µm cu which brought about 50 % r ...	2016	27207673
mass spectrometric-based selected reaction monitoring of protein phosphorylation during symbiotic signaling in the model legume, medicago truncatula.	unlike the major cereal crops corn, rice, and wheat, leguminous plants such as soybean and alfalfa can meet their nitrogen requirement via endosymbiotic associations with soil bacteria. the establishment of this symbiosis is a complex process playing out over several weeks and is facilitated by the exchange of chemical signals between these partners from different kingdoms. several plant components that are involved in this signaling pathway have been identified, but there is still a great deal ...	2016	27203723
different functions of the histone acetyltransferase hac1 gene traced in the model species medicago truncatula, lotus japonicus and arabidopsis thaliana.	in eukaryotes, histone acetyltransferases regulate the acetylation of histones and transcription factors, affecting chromatin structural organization, transcriptional regulation, and gene activation. to assess the role of hac1, a gene encoding for a histone acetyltransferase in medicago truncatula, stable transgenic lines with modified hac1 expression in the model plants m. truncatula, lotus japonicus, and arabidopsis thaliana were generated by agrobacterium-mediated transformation and used for ...	2017	27180194
identification and expression analysis of burp domain-containing genes in medicago truncatula.	burp domain-containing proteins belong to a newly identified protein class that is unique to plants and plays an important role in plant development and metabolism. although systematic characterization of burp domain-containing proteins have been carried out in many species, such as rice, poplar and maize, little is known about burp domain-containing proteins in medicago. in this study, multiple bioinformatics approaches were employed to identify all the members of burp family genes in medicago. ...	2016	27148311
characterization of four bifunctional plant iam/pam-amidohydrolases capable of contributing to auxin biosynthesis.	amidases [ec 3.5.1.4] capable of converting indole-3-acetamide (iam) into the major plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) are assumed to be involved in auxin de novo biosynthesis. with the emerging amount of genomics data, it was possible to identify over forty proteins with substantial homology to the already characterized amidases from arabidopsis and tobacco. the observed high conservation of amidase-like proteins throughout the plant kingdom may suggest an important role of theses ...	2014	27135507
abscisic acid: hidden architect of root system structure.	plants modulate root growth in response to changes in the local environment, guided by intrinsic developmental genetic programs. the hormone abscisic acid (aba) mediates responses to different environmental factors, such as the presence of nitrate in the soil, water stress and salt, shaping the structure of the root system by regulating the production of lateral roots as well as controlling root elongation by modulating cell division and elongation. curiously, aba controls different aspects of r ...	2015	27135341
hormonal control of lateral root and nodule development in legumes.	many plants can establish symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, some of which lead to nodulation, including legumes. indeed, in the rhizobium/legume symbiosis, new root organs, called nodules, are formed by the plant in order to host the rhizobia in protective conditions, optimized for nitrogen fixation. in this way, these plants can benefit from the reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia by the hosted bacteria, and in exchange the plant provides the rhizobia with a carbon source. s ...	2015	27135340
multiple autoregulation of nodulation (aon) signals identified through split root analysis of medicago truncatula sunn and rdn1 mutants.	nodulation is energetically costly to the host: legumes balance the nitrogen demand with the energy expense by limiting the number of nodules through long-distance signaling. a split root system was used to investigate systemic autoregulation of nodulation (aon) in medicago truncatula and the role of the aon genes rdn1 and sunn in the regulatory circuit. developing nodule primordia did not trigger aon in plants carrying mutations in rdn1 and sunn genes, while wild type plants had fully induced a ...	2015	27135324
jasmonate signalling and defence responses in the model legume medicago truncatula-a focus on responses to fusarium wilt disease.	jasmonate (ja)-mediated defences play important roles in host responses to pathogen attack, in particular to necrotrophic fungal pathogens that kill host cells in order to extract nutrients and live off the dead plant tissue. the root-infecting fungal pathogen fusarium oxysporum initiates a necrotrophic growth phase towards the later stages of its lifecycle and is responsible for devastating fusarium wilt disease on numerous legume crops worldwide. here we describe the use of the model legume me ...	2016	27135231
cross-regulation between n metabolism and nitric oxide (no) signaling during plant immunity.	plants are sessile organisms that have evolved a complex immune system which helps them cope with pathogen attacks. however, the capacity of a plant to mobilize different defense responses is strongly affected by its physiological status. nitrogen (n) is a major nutrient that can play an important role in plant immunity by increasing or decreasing plant resistance to pathogens. although no general rule can be drawn about the effect of n availability and quality on the fate of plant/pathogen inte ...	2016	27092169
ripeip1, a gene from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus rhizophagus irregularis, is preferentially expressed in planta and may be involved in root colonization.	transcriptomics and genomics data recently obtained from the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus rhizophagus irregularis have offered new opportunities to decipher the contribution of the fungal partner to the establishment of the symbiotic association. the large number of genes which do not show similarity to known proteins witnesses the uniqueness of this group of plant-associated fungi. in this work, we characterize a gene that was called ripeip1 (preferentially expressed in planta). its expre ...	2016	27075897
structural investigations of n-carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase from medicago truncatula: insights into the ultimate step of putrescine biosynthesis in plants.	putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of more complexed polyamines, spermidine and spermine. unlike other eukaryotes, plants have evolved a multistep pathway for putrescine biosynthesis that utilizes arginine. in the final reaction, n-carbamoylputrescine is hydrolyzed to putrescine by n-carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase (cpa, ec 3.5.1.53). during the hydrolysis, consecutive nucleophilic attacks on the substrate by cys158 and water lead to formation of putrescine ...	2016	27066023
wrky domain-encoding genes of a crop legume chickpea (cicer arietinum): comparative analysis with medicago truncatula wrky family and characterization of group-iii gene(s).	the wrky genes have been identified as important transcriptional modulators predominantly during the environmental stresses, but they also play critical role at various stages of plant life cycle. we report the identification of wrky domain (wd)-encoding genes from galegoid clade legumes chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) and barrel medic (medicago truncatula). in total, 78 and 98 wd-encoding genes were found in chickpea and barrel medic, respectively. comparative analysis suggests the presence of bo ...	2016	27060167
genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the 14-3-3 family genes in medicago truncatula.	the 14-3-3 gene family, which is conserved in eukaryotes, is involved in protein-protein interactions and mediates signal transduction. however, detailed investigations of the 14-3-3 gene family in medicago truncatula are largely unknown. in this study, the identification and study of m. truncatula 14-3-3-family genes were performed based on the latest m. truncatula genome. in the m. truncatula genome, 10 14-3-3 family genes were identified, and they can be grouped into ε and non-ε groups. an ex ...	2016	27047505
an essential role of caffeoyl shikimate esterase in monolignol biosynthesis in medicago truncatula.	biochemical and genetic analyses have previously identified caffeoyl shikimate esterase (cse) as an enzyme in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway in arabidopsis thaliana, although the generality of this finding has been questioned. here we show the presence of cse genes and associated enzyme activity in barrel medic (medicago truncatula, dicot, leguminosae), poplar (populus deltoides, dicot, salicaceae), and switchgrass (panicum virgatum, monocot, poaceae). loss of function of cse in transposon ...	2016	27037613
mtsweet11, a nodule-specific sucrose transporter of medicago truncatula.	optimization of nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in legumes is a key area of research for sustainable agriculture. symbiotic nitrogen fixation (snf) occurs in specialized organs called nodules and depends on a steady supply of carbon to both plant and bacterial cells. here we report the functional characterization of a nodule-specific suc transporter, mtsweet11 from medicago truncatula mtsweet11 belongs to a clade of plant sweet proteins that are capable of transporting suc and play critical roles ...	2016	27021190
nadph oxidases in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.	plant nadph oxidases are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ros) that plays key roles as both signal and stressor in several plant processes, including defense responses against pathogens. ros accumulation in root cells during arbuscular mycorrhiza (am) development has raised the interest in understanding how ros-mediated defense programs are modulated during the establishment of this mutualistic interaction. we have recently analyzed the expression pattern of 5 nadph oxidase (also cal ...	2016	27018627
structural studies of medicago truncatula histidinol phosphate phosphatase from inositol monophosphatase superfamily reveal details of penultimate step of histidine biosynthesis in plants.	the penultimate enzyme in the histidine biosynthetic pathway catalyzes dephosphorylation of l-histidinol 1-phosphate (holp) into l-histidinol. the recently discovered in arabidopsis thaliana plant-type histidinol phosphate phosphatase (hpp) shares no homology with the two other hpp superfamilies known previously in prokaryotes and resembles myo-inositol monophosphatases (impases). in this work, identification of an hpp enzyme from a model legume, medicago truncatula (mthpp) was based on the high ...	2016	26994138
mtvrn2 is a polycomb vrn2-like gene which represses the transition to flowering in the model legume medicago truncatula.	optimising the timing of flowering contributes to successful sexual reproduction and yield in agricultural plants. flowering locus t (ft) genes, first identified in arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis), promote flowering universally, but the upstream flowering regulatory pathways can differ markedly among plants. flowering in the model legume, medicago truncatula (medicago) is accelerated by winter cold (vernalisation) followed by long day (ld) photoperiods leading to elevated expression of the fl ...	2016	26947149
comparative genomics and prediction of conditionally dispensable sequences in legume-infecting fusarium oxysporum formae speciales facilitates identification of candidate effectors.	soil-borne fungi of the fusarium oxysporum species complex cause devastating wilt disease on many crops including legumes that supply human dietary protein needs across many parts of the globe. we present and compare draft genome assemblies for three legume-infecting formae speciales (ff. spp.): f. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (foc-38-1) and f. sp. pisi (fop-37622), significant pathogens of chickpea and pea respectively, the world's second and third most important grain legumes, and lastly f. sp. me ...	2016	26945779
rapid identification of causative insertions underlying medicago truncatula tnt1 mutants defective in symbiotic nitrogen fixation from a forward genetic screen by whole genome sequencing.	in the model legume medicago truncatula, the near saturation genome-wide tnt1 insertion mutant population in ecotype r108 is a valuable tool in functional genomics studies. forward genetic screens have identified many tnt1 mutants defective in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (snf). however, progress toward identifying the causative mutations of these symbiotic mutants has been slow because of the high copy number of tnt1 insertions in some mutant plants and inefficient recover ...	2016	26920390
bioinformatic identification and analysis of extensins in the plant kingdom.	extensins (exts) are a family of plant cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (hrgps) that are implicated to play important roles in plant growth, development, and defense. structurally, exts are characterized by the repeated occurrence of serine (ser) followed by three to five prolines (pro) residues, which are hydroxylated as hydroxyproline (hyp) and glycosylated. some exts have tyrosine (tyr)-x-tyr (where x can be any amino acid) motifs that are responsible for intramolecular or intermol ...	2016	26918442
snp discovery and genetic mapping using genotyping by sequencing of whole genome genomic dna from a pea ril population.	progress in genetics and breeding in pea still suffers from the limited availability of molecular resources. snp markers that can be identified through affordable sequencing processes, without the need for prior genome reduction or a reference genome to assemble sequencing data would allow the discovery and genetic mapping of thousands of molecular markers. such an approach could significantly speed up genetic studies and marker assisted breeding for non-model species.	2016	26892170
a medicago truncatula cystathionine-β-synthase-like domain-containing protein is required for rhizobial infection and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.	the symbiosis between leguminous plants and soil rhizobia culminates in the formation of nitrogen-fixing organs called nodules that support plant growth. two medicago truncatula tnt1-insertion mutants were identified that produced small nodules, which were unable to fix nitrogen effectively due to ineffective rhizobial colonization. the gene underlying this phenotype was found to encode a protein containing a putative membrane-localized domain of unknown function (duf21) and a cystathionine-β-sy ...	2016	26884486
medicago truncatula gaertn. as a model for understanding the mechanism of growth promotion by bacteria from rhizosphere and nodules of alfalfa.	the present study showed all the 16 strains isolated and identified from the alfalfa rhizosphere and nodules, and registered in genbank, to be good candidates for targeted use in studies addressing the rather weak known mechanism of plant growth promotion, including that of medicago truncatula, a molecular crop model. based on physiological, biochemical and molecular analysis, the 16 isolates obtained were ascribed to the following five families: bacillaceae, rhizobiaceae, xantomonadaceae, enter ...	2016	26861677
comprehensive comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of the legume genes controlling the nodulation process.	nitrogen is one of the most essential plant nutrients and one of the major factors limiting crop productivity. having the goal to perform a more sustainable agriculture, there is a need to maximize biological nitrogen fixation, a feature of legumes. to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction between legumes and rhizobia, the symbiotic partner fixing and assimilating the atmospheric nitrogen for the plant, researchers took advantage of genetic and genomic ...	2016	26858743
molecular docking of glycine max and medicago truncatula ureases with urea; bioinformatics approaches.	urease (ec 3.5.1.5) is a nickel-dependent metalloenzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. it is present in many bacteria, fungi, yeasts and plants. most species, with few exceptions, use nickel metalloenzyme urease to hydrolyze urea, which is one of the commonly used nitrogen fertilizer in plant growth thus its enzymatic hydrolysis possesses vital importance in agricultural practices. considering the essentiality and importance of urea and urease activity in most ...	2016	26852122
six medicago truncatula dicer-like protein genes are expressed in plant cells and upregulated in nodules.	here we report the existence of six putative dicer-like genes in the medicago truncatula genome. they are ubiquitously expressed throughout the plant and significantly induced in root nodules. over the past decade, small noncoding rnas (sncrna) have emerged as widespread and important regulatory molecules influencing both the structure and expression of plant genomes. one of the key factors involved in sncrna biogenesis in plants is a group of rnase iii-type nucleases known as dicer-like (dcl) p ...	2016	26825594
evidence for a rhizobia-induced drought stress response strategy in medicago truncatula.	drought stress hampers plant energy and biomass production; however it is still unknown how internal c:n balance and rhizobial symbiosis impact on plant response to water limitation. here, the effect of differential optimal nitrogen nutrition and root nodule symbiosis on drought stress and rehydration responses of medicago truncatula was assessed. two groups of plants were nodulated with sinorhizobium medicae or sinorhizobium meliloti--differing in the performance of n fixation; the third group ...	2016	26812498
metabolic engineering of proanthocyanidin production by repressing the isoflavone pathways and redirecting anthocyanidin precursor flux in legume.	mtpar is a proanthocyanidin (pa) biosynthesis regulator; the mechanism underlying its promotion of pa biosynthesis is not fully understood. here, we showed that mtpar promotes pa production by a direct repression of biosynthesis of isoflavones, the major flavonoids in legume, and by redirecting immediate precursors, such as anthocyanidins, flux into pa pathway. ectopic expression of mtpar repressed isoflavonoid production by directly binding and suppressing isoflavone biosynthetic genes such as ...	2016	26806316
a conserved role for the nam/mir164 developmental module reveals a common mechanism underlying carpel margin fusion in monocarpous and syncarpous eurosids.	the majority of angiosperms are syncarpous- their gynoecium is composed of two or more fused carpels. in arabidopsis thaliana, this fusion is regulated through the balance of expression between cup shaped cotyledon (cuc) genes, which are orthologs of the petunia hybrida transcription factor no apical meristem (nam), and their post-transcriptional regulator mir164. accordingly, the expression of a mir164-insensitive form of a. thaliana cuc2 causes a radical breakdown of carpel fusion. here, we in ...	2015	26793217
vamp721a and vamp721d are important for pectin dynamics and release of bacteria in soybean nodules.	in root nodules rhizobia enter host cells via infection threads. the release of bacteria to a host cell is possible from cell wall-free regions of the infection thread. we hypothesized that the vamp721d and vamp721e exocytotic pathway, identified before in medicago truncatula, has a role in the local modification of cell wall during the release of rhizobia. to clarify the role of vamp721d and vamp721e we used glycine max, a plant with a determinate type of nodule. the localization of the main po ...	2016	26790563
short-term molecular acclimation processes of legume nodules to increased external oxygen concentration.	nitrogenase is an oxygen labile enzyme. microaerobic conditions within the infected zone of nodules are maintained primarily by an oxygen diffusion barrier (odb) located in the nodule cortex. flexibility of the odb is important for the acclimation processes of nodules in response to changes in external oxygen concentration. the hypothesis of the present study was that there are additional molecular mechanisms involved. nodule activity of medicago truncatula plants were continuously monitored dur ...	2015	26779207
evolution by gene duplication of medicago truncatula pistillata-like transcription factors.	pistillata (pi) is a member of the b-function mads-box gene family, which controls the identity of both petals and stamens in arabidopsis thaliana. in medicago truncatula (mt), there are two pi-like paralogs, known as mtpi and mtngl9. these genes differ in their expression patterns, but it is not known whether their functions have also diverged. describing the evolution of certain duplicated genes, such as transcription factors, remains a challenge owing to the complex expression patterns and fu ...	2016	26773809
performances of survival, feeding behavior, and gene expression in aphids reveal their different fitness to host alteration.	insect populations feeding on different plant species are under selection pressure to adapt to these differences. a study integrating elements of the ecology, behavior, and gene expression of aphids on different host plants has not yet been well-explored. the present study explores the relationship between host fitness and survival, feeding behavior, and salivary gland gene expression of a pea (pisum sativum) host race of acyrthosiphon pisum feeding on a common host vicia faba and on three genet ...	2016	26758247
salicylic acid treatment and expression of an rna-dependent rna polymerase 1 transgene inhibit lethal symptoms and meristem invasion during tobacco mosaic virus infection in nicotiana benthamiana.	host rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrs) 1 and 6 contribute to antiviral rna silencing in plants. rdr6 is constitutively expressed and was previously shown to limit invasion of nicotiana benthamiana meristem tissue by potato virus x and thereby inhibit disease development. rdr1 is inducible by salicylic acid (sa) and several other phytohormones. but although it contributes to basal resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) it is dispensable for sa-induced resistance in inoculated leaves. the lab ...	2016	26757721
an alternative approach to "identification of unknowns": designing a protocol to verify the identities of nitrogen fixing bacteria.	microbiology courses often include a laboratory activity on the identification of unknown microbes. this activity consists of providing students with microbial cultures and running biochemical assays to identify the organisms. this approach lacks molecular techniques such as sequencing of genes encoding 16s rrna, which is currently the method of choice for identification of unknown bacteria. a laboratory activity was developed to teach students how to identify microorganisms using 16s rrna polym ...	2015	26753033
proteomics and metabolomics: two emerging areas for legume improvement.	the crop legumes such as chickpea, common bean, cowpea, peanut, pigeonpea, soybean, etc. are important sources of nutrition and contribute to a significant amount of biological nitrogen fixation (>20 million tons of fixed nitrogen) in agriculture. however, the production of legumes is constrained due to abiotic and biotic stresses. it is therefore imperative to understand the molecular mechanisms of plant response to different stresses and identify key candidate genes regulating tolerance which ...	2015	26734026
regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by medicago truncatula bhlh transcription factor mttt8.	the myb- basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh)-wd40 complexes regulating anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (pa) biosynthesis in plants are not fully understood. here medicago truncatula bhlh mttt8 was characterized as a central component of these ternary complexes that control anthocyanin and pa biosynthesis. mttt8 mutant seeds have a transparent testa phenotype with reduced pas and anthocyanins. mttt8 restores pa and anthocyanin productions in arabidopsis tt8 mutant. ectopic expression of mttt8 restores ...	2016	26725247
crn13 candidate effectors from plant and animal eukaryotic pathogens are dna-binding proteins which trigger host dna damage response.	to successfully colonize their host, pathogens produce effectors that can interfere with host cellular processes. here we investigated the function of crn13 candidate effectors produced by plant pathogenic oomycetes and detected in the genome of the amphibian pathogenic chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bdcrn13). when expressed in nicotiana, aecrn13, from the legume root pathogen aphanomyces euteiches, increases the susceptibility of the leaves to the oomycete phytophthora capsici. ...	2016	26700936
phylogeny of plant calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (ccamks) and functional analyses of tomato ccamk in disease resistance.	calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (ccamk) is a member of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase superfamily and is essential to microbe- plant symbiosis. to date, the distribution of ccamk gene in plants has not yet been completely understood, and its function in plant disease resistance remains unclear. in this study, we systemically identified the ccamk genes in genomes of 44 plant species in phytozome and analyzed the function of tomato ccamk (slccamk) in resistance to vari ...	2015	26697034