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high-throughput polymorphism detection and genotyping in brassica napus using next-generation rad sequencing.the complex genome of rapeseed (brassica napus) is not well understood despite the economic importance of the species. good knowledge of sequence variation is needed for genetics approaches and breeding purposes. we used a diversity set of b. napus representing eight different germplasm types to sequence genome-wide distributed restriction-site associated dna (rad) fragments for polymorphism detection and genotyping.201222726880
genetic characterization and fine mapping of a yellow-seeded gene in dahuang (a brassica rapa landrace).the development of yellow-seeded cultivars in brassica rapa (b. rapa) would improve the quality and quantity of available oil. the identification and mapping of the seed coat color gene may aid in the development of yellow-seeded cultivars and facilitate introgression of the yellow-seeded gene into desirable brassica napus (b. napus) lines through marker-assisted selection. in the current study, we investigated the inheritance of a yellow-seeded landrace in b. rapa, "dahuang", originating from t ...201222120455
exploiting comparative mapping among brassica species to accelerate the physical delimitation of a genic male-sterile locus (bnrf) in brassica napus.the recessive genic male sterility (rgms) line 9012ab has been used as an important pollination control system for rapeseed hybrid production in china. here, we report our study on physical mapping of one male-sterile locus (bnrf) in 9012ab by exploiting the comparative genomics among brassica species. the genetic maps around bnrf from previous reports were integrated and enriched with markers from the brassica a7 chromosome. subsequent collinearity analysis of these markers contributed to the i ...201222382487
a knockout mutation in the lignin biosynthesis gene ccr1 explains a major qtl for acid detergent lignin content in brassica napus seeds.seed coat phenolic compounds represent important antinutritive fibre components that cause a considerable reduction in value of seed meals from oilseed rape (brassica napus). the nutritionally most important fibre compound is acid detergent lignin (adl), to which a significant contribution is made by phenylpropanoid-derived lignin precursors. in this study, we used bulked-segregant analysis in a population of recombinant inbred lines (rils) from a cross of the chinese oilseed rape lines gh06 (ye ...201222350089
identification and characterization of candidate rlm4 blackleg resistance genes in brassica napus using next-generation sequencing.a thorough understanding of the relationships between plants and pathogens is essential if we are to continue to meet the agricultural needs of the world's growing population. the identification of genes underlying important quantitative trait loci is extremely challenging in complex genomes such as brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape or rapeseed). however, recent advances in next-generation sequencing (ngs) enable much quicker identification of candidate genes for traits of interest. here, we ...201222726421
antidiabetic ii drug metformin in plants: uptake and translocation to edible parts of cereals, oily seeds, beans, tomato, squash, carrots, and potatoes.residues of pharmaceuticals present in wastewater and sewage sludge are of concern due to their transfer to aquatic and terrestrial food chains and possible adverse effects on nontargeted organisms. in the present work, uptake and translocation of metformin, an antidiabetic ii medicine, by edible plant species cultivated in agricultural soil have been investigated in greenhouse experiment. metformin demonstrated a high uptake and translocation to oily seeds of rape ( brassica napus cv. sheik and ...201222712757
transgene expression and fitness of hybrids between gm oilseed rape and brassica rapa.oilseed rape (brassica napus) is sexually compatible with its wild and weedy relative b. rapa, and introgression of genes from b. napus has been found to occur over a few generations. we simulated the early stages of transgene escape by producing f1 hybrids and the first backcross generation between two lines of transgenic b. napus and two populations of weedy b. rapa. transgene expression and the fitness of the hybrids were examined under different environmental conditions. expression of the tr ...201216209132
real-time analysis of sulfur-containing volatiles in brassica plants infested with root-feeding delia radicum larvae using proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry.plants damaged by herbivores emit a variety of volatile organic compounds (vocs). here we used proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (ptr-ms) as a sensitive detection method for online analysis of herbivore-induced vocs. previously, it was found that brassica nigra plants emit several sulfur-containing vocs when attacked by cabbage root fly (delia radicum) larvae with m/z 60 as a marker for the formation of allylisothiocyanate from the glucosinolate sinigrin. we tested the hypothesis that m ...201222916330
broccoli and turnip plants display contrasting responses to belowground induction by delia radicum infestation and phytohormone applications.induced responses to insect herbivory are a common phenomenon in the plant kingdom. so far, induced responses have mostly investigated in aerial plant parts. recently it was found that root herbivore may also elicit both local and systemic responses affecting aboveground herbivores and their natural enemies. using broccoli (brassica oleracea subsp. italica l.) and turnip (brassica rapa subsp. rapa l.), two cultivated brassicaceaous plants differing in their chemistry and morphology, we analysed ...201222019318
mechanism and thermodynamics of ligand binding to auxin amidohydrolase.brill2 is catalytically the most efficient auxin amidohydrolase from brassica rapa, playing a key role in auxin metabolism by catalyzing its release from amino acid conjugates. auxins, with the most abundant representative indole-acetic acid ([1h-indol-3-yl]-acetic acid, iaa), are a group of plant hormones that in very small concentrations regulate ubiquitin-mediated degradation of transcription regulators. kinetic studies on brill2 showed that it hydrolyzes alanine conjugates of iaa and of its ...201221812060
analysis of carotenoid accumulation and expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in different organs of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis).the relationship between carotenoid accumulation and expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes was investigated in the flowers, stems, young leaves, old leaves, and roots of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis). quantitative real-time pcr analysis showed that the mrna levels of brpsy, brpds, brzds, brlcyb, brlcye, brchxb, and brzep leading to the production of carotenoids were highest in the flowers or the leaves and lowest in the roots of chinese cabbage. in contrast, the mrna ex ...201227540344
altered patterns of fractionation and exon deletions in brassica rapa support a two-step model of paleohexaploidy.the genome sequence of the paleohexaploid brassica rapa shows that fractionation is biased among the three subgenomes and that the least fractionated subgenome has approximately twice as many orthologs as its close (and relatively unduplicated) relative arabidopsis than had either of the other two subgenomes. one evolutionary scenario is that the two subgenomes with heavy gene losses (i and ii) were in the same nucleus for a longer period of time than the third subgenome (iii) with the fewest ge ...201222308264
analysis of peptide uptake and location of root hair-promoting peptide accumulation in plant roots.peptide uptake by plant roots from degraded soybean-meal products was analyzed in brassica rapa and solanum lycopersicum. b. rapa absorbed about 40% of the initial water volume, whereas peptide concentration was decreased by 75% after 24 h. analysis by reversed-phase hplc showed that number of peptides was absorbed by the roots during soaking in degraded soybean-meal products for 24 h. carboxyfluorescein-labeled root hair-promoting peptide was synthesized, and its localization, movement, and acc ...201222249961
biomass yield and heterosis of crosses within and between european winter cultivars of turnip rape (brassica rapa l.).because of its high growth rate at low temperatures in early spring, there is renewed interest in brassica rapa as a winter crop for biomass production in europe. the available cultivars are not developed for this purpose however. an approach for breeding bioenergy cultivars of b. rapa could be to establish populations from two or more different cultivars with high combining ability. the objective of this study was to evaluate the heterosis for biomass yield in the european winter b. rapa genepo ...201222002119
in silico identification and comparative genomics of candidate genes involved in biosynthesis and accumulation of seed oil in plants.genes involved in fatty acids biosynthesis, modification and oil body formation are expected to be conserved in structure and function in different plant species. however, significant differences in the composition of fatty acids and total oil contents in seeds have been observed in different plant species. comparative genomics was performed on 261 genes involved in fatty acids biosynthesis, tag synthesis, and oil bodies formation in arabidopsis, brassica rapa, castor bean and soybean. in silico ...201222312320
genomic and transcriptomic alterations following hybridisation and genome doubling in trigenomic allohexaploid brassica carinata × brassica rapa.allopolyploidisation is a prominent evolutionary force that involves two major events: interspecific hybridisation and genome doubling. both events have important functional consequences in shaping the genomic architecture of the neo-allopolyploids. the respective effects of hybridisation and genome doubling upon genomic and transcriptomic changes in brassica allopolyploids are unresolved. in this study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), methylation-sensitive amplification polymorph ...201222309095
establishment of evaluation method to determine effects of veterinary medicinal products on manure fermentation using small-scale composting apparatus.to evaluate on a laboratory scale the influence of veterinary medicinal products (vmps) excreted into feces on manure fermentation, we have developed an evaluation method that uses a small-scale composting apparatus. each run is of approximately 3 kg scale and the operation can be conducted in an environmentally controlled laboratory. the main evaluation parameter is calorific value generated by aerobic fermentation. at the sulfadimethoxine (sdm) trial, the volume of co(2) generated during ferme ...201222595343
evaluation of the predation capacity of podisus maculiventris (hemiptera: pentatomidae) on microtheca ochroloma (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in field cages.the predation capacity of the spined soldier bug, podisus maculiventris (say) (hemiptera: pentatomidae), was evaluated at three release rates in field cages containing larvae of the yellowmargined leaf beetle, microtheca ochroloma stål (coleoptera chrysomelidae), a pest of organic crucifer (brassicaceae) crops in the united states. the experiment was conducted twice, in february-march 2009 and in february-march 2010. on the same day as the introduction of 132 first instars of m. ochroloma into t ...201223156169
a hypomethylated population of brassica rapa for forward and reverse epi-genetics.epigenetic marks superimposed on the dna sequence of eukaryote chromosomes provide agility and plasticity in terms of modulating gene expression, ontology, and response to the environment. modulating the methylation status of cytosine can generate epialleles, which have been detected and characterised at specific loci in several plant systems, and have the potential to generate novel and relatively stable phenotypes. there have been no systematic attempts to explore and utilise epiallelic variat ...201223082790
glucosinolate variation in leaves of brassica rapa crops.total and individual glucosinolate (gsl) content of leaves of vegetable turnip rape (brassica rapa l. var. rapa) was determined in a set of 45 varieties consisting in early, medium and late types grown at two locations in northwestern spain. the objectives were to determine the diversity among varieties in gsl content and to relate that variation with earliness and plant habit. eight gsl were identified, being two aliphatic gsl, gluconapin (84.4 % of the total gsl) and glucobrassicanapin (7.2 % ...201223001436
determining the geographical origin of chinese cabbages using multielement composition and strontium isotope ratio analyses.recently, the korean market has seen many cases of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) that have been imported from china, yet are sold as a korean product to illegally benefit from the price difference between the two products. this study aims to establish a method of distinguishing the geographical origin of chinese cabbage. one hundred chinese cabbage heads from korea and 60 cabbage heads from china were subjected to multielement composition and strontium isotope ratio ((87)sr/(86 ...201222980856
comparative genomic in situ hybridization (cgish) analysis of the genomic relationships among sinapis arvensis, brassica rapa and brassica nigra.to further understand the relationships between the ss genome of sinapis arvensis and the aa, bb genomes in brassica, genomic dna of sinapis arvensis was hybridized to the metaphase chromosomes of brassica nigra (bb genome), and the metaphase chromosomes and interphase nucleus of brassica rapa (aa genome) by comparative genomic in situ hybridization (cgish). as a result, every chromosome of b. nigra had signals along the whole chromosomal length. however, only half of the condensed heterochromat ...201222804340
[transfer characteristics of cadmium in soil-vegetable-insect food chain].taking two kinds of vegetables (brassica rapa and amaranthus mangostanus) and one insect species (prodenia litura) as test materials, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the transfer characteristics of cadmium (cd) in soil-vegetable-insect food chain and the distribution patters of different cd chemical forms in the organs of the two vegetables. with the increasing concentration of applied cd in soil, the biomass of the two vegetables decreased significantly, while the cd concentr ...201223431799
biotoxicity assessment of pyrene in soil using a battery of biological assays.a test battery, composed of a range of biological assays, was applied to evaluate the ecological health of soil aged for 69 days and spiked with a range of pyrene levels (1.04, 8.99, 41.5, 72.6, 136, and 399 μg g(-1) dry soil; soxhlet-extracted concentrations after 69 days of aging). chinese cabbage (brassica rapa), earthworm (eisenia fetida), and bacteria (vibrio fischeri) were used as test organisms to represent different trophic levels. among the acute ecotoxicity bioassays used, the v. fisch ...201222941450
[preliminary research of quality standard on brassica rapa].to explore the physical and behavioral, microscopic and chemical characteristic traits of brassica rapa, and supply scientific bases for establishing its quality control standard.201223234129
construction of genetic linkage map and mapping of qtl for seed color in brassica rapa.a genetic linkage map of brassica rapa l. was constructed using recombinant inbred lines (rils) derived from a cross between yellow-seeded cultivar sampad and a yellowish brown seeded inbred line 3-0026.027. the rils were evaluated for seed color under three conditions: field plot, greenhouse, and controlled growth chambers. variation for seed color in the rils ranged from yellow, like yellow sarson, to dark brown/black even though neither parent had shown brown/black colored seeds. one major qt ...201223231600
effects of the veterinary pharmaceutical salinomycin and its formulation on the plant brassica rapa.veterinary pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants found throughout the environment, and their presence and effects are a matter of concern. the purpose of this study was to compare the phytotoxicity of salinomycin (pure compound = 96 %) and sacox 120 (formulated product = 120 g salinomycin/kg) to the plant species brassica rapa as well as to investigate salinomycin persistence in soil. calculated ec/ic(50) values for salinomycin and sacox 120 were 1.10 and 2.88 and 2.19 and 18.03 mg/kg, respe ...201222961218
a phylogenetic analysis of the brassicales clade based on an alignment-free sequence comparison method.phylogenetic analyses reveal the evolutionary derivation of species. a phylogenetic tree can be inferred from multiple sequence alignments of proteins or genes. the alignment of whole genome sequences of higher eukaryotes is a computational intensive and ambitious task as is the computation of phylogenetic trees based on these alignments. to overcome these limitations, we here used an alignment-free method to compare genomes of the brassicales clade. for each nucleotide sequence a chaos game rep ...201222952468
a naturally occurring indel variation in braa.flc.b (brflc2) associated with flowering time variation in brassica rapa.flowering time is an important trait in brassica rapa crops. flowering locus c (flc) is a mads-box transcription factor that acts as a potent repressor of flowering. expression of flc is silenced when plants are exposed to low temperature, which activates flowering. there are four copies of flc in b. rapa. analyses of different segregating populations have suggested that braa.flc.a (brflc1) and braa.flc.b (brflc2) play major roles in controlling flowering time in b. rapa.201222925611
genetic analysis of morphological traits in a new, versatile, rapid-cycling brassica rapa recombinant inbred line population.a recombinant inbred line (ril) population was produced based on a wide cross between the rapid-cycling and self-compatible genotypes l58, a caixin vegetable type, and r-o-18, a yellow sarson oil type. a linkage map based on 160 f7 lines was constructed using 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), 130 aflp®, 27 indel, and 13 publicly available ssr markers. the map covers a total length of 1150 centimorgan (cm) with an average resolution of 4.3 cm/marker. to demonstrate the versatility of th ...201222912644
practical considerations for the use of pollen δ13c value as a paleoclimate indicator.workers have shown a correlation between temperature and the pollen δ(13)c value, and therefore suggested using pollen δ(13)c values to reconstruct paleotemperature. to evaluate the potential for pollen δ(13)c values to be used as a paleotemperature proxy, it is essential to quantify the variability in pollen δ(13)c values and to evaluate the effect of temperature on pollen δ(13)c values, in isolation, under controlled environmental conditions.201222886813
arvelexin inhibits colonic inflammation by suppression of nf-κb activation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice and tnf-α-induced colonic epithelial cells.recently, we reported the anti-inflammatory effects of arvelexin isolated from brassica rapa in macrophages. in the present study, the effects of arvelexin were investigated in a dextran sulfate sodium (dss)-induced colitis mouse model and in a cellular model. in the dss-induced colitis model, arvelexin significantly reduced the severity of colitis, as assessed by disease activity, colonic damage, neutrophil infiltration, and levels of colonic inos. moreover, arvelexin inhibited the expressions ...201222794033
role of mediterranean diet, tropical vegetables rich in antioxidants, and sunlight exposure in blindness, cataract and glaucoma among african type 2 diabetics.to assess whether regular mediterranean diet and regular intake of vegetables may reduce the risk of blindness, cataract, and glaucoma in these type 2 diabetics.201222762057
isolation and expression of glucosinolate synthesis genes cyp83a1 and cyp83b1 in pak choi (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis var. communis (n. tsen & s.h. lee) hanelt).cyp83a1 and cyp83b1 are two key synthesis genes in the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway. cyp83a1 mainly metabolizes the aliphatic oximes to form aliphatic glucosinolate and cyp83b1 mostly catalyzes aromatic oximes to synthesis corresponding substrates for aromatic and indolic glucosinolates. in this study, two cyp83a1 genes named bccyp83a1-1 (jq289997), bccyp83a1-2 (jq289996) respectively and one cyp83b1 (bccyp83b1, hm347235) gene were cloned from the leaves of pak choi (brassica rapa l. ssp. ...201222754334
cadmium accumulation in different pakchoi cultivars and screening for pollution-safe cultivars.the selection and breeding of pollution-safe cultivars (pscs) is a practicable and cost-effective approach to minimize the influx of heavy metal to the human food chain. in this study, both pot-culture and field experiments were conducted to identify and screen out cadmium pollution-safe cultivars (cd-pscs) from 50 pakchoi (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis) cultivars for food safety. when treated with 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg cd, most of the pakchoi cultivars (>70%) showed greater or similar shoot biomas ...201222661212
high-throughput sequencing discovery of conserved and novel micrornas in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis).micrornas (mirnas) are a class of 21-24 nucleotide non-coding rnas that down-regulate gene expression by cleaving or inhibiting the translation of target gene transcripts. mirnas have been extensively analyzed in a few model plant species such as arabidopsis, rice and populus, and partially investigated in other non-model plant species. however, only a few conserved mirnas have been identified in chinese cabbage, a common and economically important crop in asia. to identify novel and conserved m ...201222643909
environmental and genetic effects on yield and secondary metabolite production in brassica rapa crops.twelve brassica rapa varieties grown, such as turnip green and turnip top, were evaluated in seven environments to determine the environmental and genotypic variables that have an influence on crop production and on the content of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. factorial regression analysis showed that, in general, crop production was favored by high temperatures all along the crop cycle. however, the lack of a period of intense cold could be a limiting factor. the metabolite content see ...201222587693
biased gene fractionation and dominant gene expression among the subgenomes of brassica rapa.polyploidization, both ancient and recent, is frequent among plants. a "two-step theory" was proposed to explain the meso-triplication of the brassica "a" genome: brassica rapa. by accurately partitioning of this genome, we observed that genes in the less fractioned subgenome (lf) were dominantly expressed over the genes in more fractioned subgenomes (mfs: mf1 and mf2), while the genes in mf1 were slightly dominantly expressed over the genes in mf2. the results indicated that the dominantly expr ...201222567157
cdna cloning and differential expression patterns of ascorbate peroxidase during post-harvest in brassica rapa l.ascorbate is an antioxidant and a cofactor of many dioxygenases in plant and animal cell metabolism. a well-recognized enzyme consuming ascorbate is ascorbate peroxidase (apx), which catalyses the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water with the simultaneous oxidation of ascorbate with a high specificity. the isolation and characterisation of new apx cdnas, could provide new insights about the physiological roles and regulation of these enzymes. in this work chloroplastic (br-chlapx) and cytosol ...201222544572
assigning brassica microsatellite markers to the nine c-genome chromosomes using brassica rapa var. trilocularis-b. oleracea var. alboglabra monosomic alien addition lines.brassica rapa var. trilocularis-b. oleracea var. alboglabra monosomic alien addition lines (maals) were used to assign simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers to the nine c-genome chromosomes. a total of 64 ssr markers specific to single c-chromosomes were identified. the number of specific markers for each chromosome varied from two (c3) to ten (c4, c7 and c9), where the designation of the chromosomes was according to cheng et al. (genome 38:313-319, 1995). seventeen additional ssrs, which were du ...201222422193
cdna-aflp analysis on bolting or flowering of flowering chinese cabbage and molecular characteristics of brcudfr-like/brcuaxs gene.the molecular basis of flower bud differentiation in flowering chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis var. utilis tsen et lee) was studied in this work. samples were taken from two varieties, the early-blooming "youqin 49" and the late-blooming "youqingtiancaixin 80", at five different developmental stages and studied via cdna-aflp. nineteen expression sequence tags (ests) associated with bolting or flowering were isolated and cloned. blast results indicated that 15 ests were involved ...201222331487
quantitative variation in water-use efficiency across water regimes and its relationship with circadian, vegetative, reproductive, and leaf gas-exchange traits.drought limits light harvesting, resulting in lower plant growth and reproduction. one trait important for plant drought response is water-use efficiency (wue). we investigated (1) how the joint genetic architecture of wue, reproductive characters, and vegetative traits changed across drought and well-watered conditions, (2) whether traits with distinct developmental bases (e.g. leaf gas exchange versus reproduction) differed in the environmental sensitivity of their genetic architecture, and (3 ...201222319207
effects of phosphorus amendments and plant growth on the mobility of pb, cu, and zn in a multi-metal-contaminated soil.phosphorus amendments have been widely and successfully used in immobilization of one single metal (e.g., pb) in contaminated soils. however, application of p amendments in the immobilization of multiple metals and particularly investigations about the effects of planting on the stability of the initially p-induced immobilized metals in the contaminated soils are far limited.201222161145
three brassica rapa metallothionein genes are differentially regulated under various stress conditions.the expression profiles of three brassica rapa metallothionein genes (brmt 1-3) were determined in 7-day-old seedlings exposed to various exogenous factors including plant hormones, heavy metals and abiotic stresses. brmt1, brmt2, and brmt3 were representatives of mt gene type 1, type 2, and type 3, respectively, according to their cysteine alignment. brmt2 showed a relatively higher basal expression level compared to brmt1 and brmt3 under normal conditions. the brmt1 transcript was markedly inc ...201221643753
dna-based genetic markers for rapid cycling brassica rapa (fast plants type) designed for the teaching laboratory.we have developed dna-based genetic markers for rapid cycling brassica rapa (rcbr), also known as fast plants. although markers for b. rapa already exist, ours were intentionally designed for use in a teaching laboratory environment. the qualities we selected for were robust amplification in pcr, polymorphism in rcbr strains, and alleles that can be easily resolved in simple agarose slab gels. we have developed two single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) based markers and 14 variable number tandem ...201222675329
influence of urea fertilizer placement on nitrous oxide production from a silt loam soil.urea placement in band or nests has been shown to enhance n use efficiency, but limited work has been done to assess its affect on n(2)o emissions. this study compared n(2)o emissions from urea prills applied to an amsterdam silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid typic haplustolls) using broadcast, band, and nest placements. experiments were conducted in greenhouse pots (200 kg n ha(-1)) and in canola (brassica rapa l.) seeded fields using rates of 100 kg n ha(-1) (recommended) and 20 ...201320048299
influence of irrigation methods and an adjuvant on the persistence of carbaryl on pakchoi.influence of irrigation methods and use of an adjuvant on the persistence of the carbaryl (1-naphthyl n-methylcarbamate) on pakchoi [brassica rapa l. subsp. chinensis (rupr.) olsson] was studied using a commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit. after applying carbaryl at a.i. 10.6 g l(-1) with or without an adjuvant (latron b-1956) to leaves, plants were provided water daily by either overhead or basal application. pesticide residue on leaf tissues was examined immediately after pesticid ...201317071867
ethylenediaminedissuccinate as a new chelate for environmentally safe enhanced lead phytoextraction.using a soil column experiment, we compared the effect of a single dose and weekly additions of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) and ethylenediaminedissuccinate (edds) on the uptake of pb, zn, and cd by chinese cabbage [brassica rapa l. subsp. pekinensis (lour.) hanelt], and on the leaching of heavy metals through the soil profile. the analysis of plant material revealed that both chelates increased the concentrations of pb and, to a lesser extent, also of zn and cd in the leaves of the te ...201312708673
genetic analysis of hybrid seed formation ability of brassica rapa in intergeneric crossings with raphanus sativus.a hybridization barrier leads to the inability of seed formation after intergeneric crossings between brassica rapa and raphanus sativus. most b. rapa lines cannot set intergeneric hybrid seeds because of embryo breakdown, but a b. rapa line obtained from turnip cultivar 'shogoin-kabu' is able to produce a large number of hybrid seeds as a maternal parent by crossings with r. sativus. in 'shogoin-kabu' crossed with r. sativus, developments of embryos and endosperms were slower than those in intr ...201323203221
discrimination of cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) cultivars grown in different geographical areas using ¹h nmr-based metabolomics.cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is one of the most popular foods in asia and is widely cultivated in many countries for the production of lightly fermented vegetables. in this study, metabolomic analysis was performed to distinguish two cultivars of cabbage grown in different geographical areas, korea and china, using ¹h nmr spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. principal component analysis (pca) showed clear discrimination between extracts of cabbage grown in kore ...201323199992
pol iv-dependent sirna production is reduced in brassica rapa.plants produce a diverse array of small rna molecules capable of gene regulation, including pol iv-dependent short interfering (p4-si)rnas that trigger transcriptional gene silencing. small rna transcriptomes are available for many plant species, but mutations affecting the synthesis of pol iv-dependent sirnas are characterized only in arabidopsis and maize, leading to assumptions regarding nature of p4-sirnas in all other species. we have identified a mutation in the largest subunit of pol iv, ...201324833221
ogura-cms in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) causes delayed expression of many nuclear genes.we investigated the mechanism regulating cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) in brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis using floral bud transcriptome analyses of ogura-cms chinese cabbage and its maintainer line in b. rapa 300-k oligomeric probe (br300k) microarrays. ogura-cms chinese cabbage produced few and infertile pollen grains on indehiscent anthers. compared to the maintainer line, cms plants had shorter filaments and plant growth, and delayed flowering and pollen development. in microarray analysis, ...201323265314
functioning of metal contaminated garden soil after remediation.the effect of remediation using three edta doses (10, 30, 60 mmol kg(-1)) on soil functioning was assessed using column experiment and brassica rapa. soil washing removed up to 77, 29 and 72% of metals from soil contaminated with 1378, 578 and 8.5 mg kg(-1) of pb, zn and cd, respectively. sequential extraction indicated removal from the carbonate soil fraction. metal oral-accessibility from the stomach phase was reduced by up to 75 and from the small intestine by up to 79% (pb). part of metals ( ...201323246748
metabolite profiling of mizuna ( brassica rapa l. var. nipponsinica) to evaluate the effects of organic matter amendments.organic matter amendment is an essential agricultural protocol to improve soil function and carbon sequestration. however, the effect of organic matter amendments on crop quality has not been well-defined. this study applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the metabolite profiling of mizuna ( brassica rapa l. var. nipponsinica) with different organic matter amendments with respect to quality and quantity. principal component analysis showed that 33.4, 15.6, and 6.6% of the to ...201323244647
nucleotide sequence variation of glabra1 contributing to phenotypic variation of leaf hairiness in brassicaceae vegetables.glabra1 (gl1) belongs to the group of r2r3-myb transcription factors and is known to be essential for trichome initiation in arabidopsis. in our previous study, we identified a gl1 ortholog in brassica rapa as a candidate for the gene controlling leaf hairiness by qtl analysis and suggested that a 5-bp deletion (b-allele) and a 2-bp deletion (d-allele) in the exon 3 of brgl1 and a non-synonymous snp (c-allele) in the second nucleotide of exon 3 possibly cause leaf hairlessness. in this study, we ...201323370467
induced production of 1-methoxy-indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate by jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate in sprouts and leaves of pak choi (brassica rapa ssp. chinensis).pak choi plants (brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) were treated with different signaling molecules methyl jasmonate, jasmonic acid, linolenic acid, and methyl salicylate and were analyzed for specific changes in their glucosinolate profile. glucosinolate levels were quantified using hplc-dad-uv, with focus on induction of indole glucosinolates and special emphasis on 1-methoxy-indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate. furthermore, the effects of the different signaling molecules on indole glucosinolate accumu ...201323873294
uptake of arsenic species by turnip (brassica rapa l.) and lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) treated with roxarsone and its metabolites in chicken manure.roxarsone is an organoarsenic feed additive that can be metabolised to other higher toxic arsenic (as) species in animal manure such as arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid and other unknown as species. the accumulation, transport and distribution of as species in turnip (brassica rapa l.) and lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) amended with roxarsone and its metabolites in chicken manure were investigated. results showed arsenite was the ...201323859781
evaluation of glucosinolate variation in a collection of turnip (brassica rapa) germplasm by the analysis of intact and desulfo glucosinolates.glucosinolates (gls) are secondary metabolites occurring in cruciferous species. these compounds are important for plant defense, human health, and the characteristic flavor of brassica vegetables. in this study, the gls in tubers from a collection of 48 turnip ( brassica rapa ) accessions from different geographic origin were analyzed. two different methods were used: desulfo gls were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector, and intact gls were analyz ...201323528157
influence of stress hormones on the auxin homeostasis in brassica rapa seedlings.key message : stress hormones, particularly jasmonic acid, influenced root growth, auxin levels, and transcription of auxin amidohydrolase briar3 in brassica rapa seedlings, while auxin conjugate synthetases brgh3.1 and brgh3.9 were down-regulated by all treatments. the influence of stress hormones: jasmonic acid (ja), salicylic acid (sa), and abscisic acid (aba) on 1-day-old seedlings of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis) was investigated with particular focus on auxin levels an ...201323508255
randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of powdered brassica rapa ethanol extract on alteration of body composition and plasma lipid and adipocytokine profiles in overweight subjects.we evaluated the effects of brassica rapa ethanol extract (bree) on body composition and plasma lipid profiles through a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial in overweight subjects. fifty-eight overweight participants (age 20-50 years, body mass index23.0-24.9) were randomly assigned to two groups and served bree (2 g/day) or placebo (starch, 2 g/day) for 10 weeks. body compositions, nutrients intake, plasma lipids, adipocytokines, and hepatotoxicity biomarkers were assessed in ...201323342969
analysis of animal and plant selenometabolites in roots of a selenium accumulator, brassica rapa var. peruviridis, by speciation.many studies have examined the metabolic pathway of selenium (se) compounds in se-accumulating plants (hereafter "se accumulators") when the plants are exposed to inorganic se, such as selenite and selenate. however, if we were to consider se circulation in the biosphere, the metabolism of organic se, in particular, selenometabolites of animals and plants, in plants should be elucidated. in this study, brassica rapa var. peruviridis, a known se accumulator, was hydroponically cultivated and then ...201323348393
development of indel markers for brassica rapa based on whole-genome re-sequencing.genome-wide detection of short insertion/deletion length polymorphisms (indels, <5 bp) in brassica rapa (named the a genome) was performed by comparing whole-genome re-sequencing data from two b. rapa accessions, l144 and z16, to the reference genome sequence of chiifu-401-42. in total, we identified 108,558 indel polymorphisms between chiifu-401-42 and l144, 26,795 indels between z16 and chiifu-401-42, and 26,693 indels between l144 and z16. from these, 639 indel polymorphisms of 3-5 bp in leng ...201322972202
genotypic variation of the glucosinolate profile in pak choi (brassica rapa ssp. chinensis).thirteen different pak choi (brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) cultivars were characterized regarding their glucosinolate profile analyzed by hplc-dad-ms. the identified glucosinolates were subjected to principal component analysis, and three distinct groups of pak choi sprouts were identified. group differences were marked mainly by variations in the aliphatic glucosinolate profile such as differing levels of 3-butenyl glucosinolate and 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate as well as by their varying ...201323350944
molecular characterization of the brassica rapa auxin-repressed, superfamily genes, brarp1 and brdrm1.two auxin-repressed superfamily genes, auxin-repressed protein 1 (arp1) and dormancy-associated protein 1 (drm1), are highly expressed in both the dormant buds and non-growing tissues of several plant species. to further identify the function of these proteins in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis), we examined comprehensive expression patterns of brarp1 and brdrm1 under various developmental and stress conditions. we also examined these same genes in transgenic arabidopsis plants ...201323065269
enzymatic degradation of congo red by turnip (brassica rapa) peroxidase.the enzyme peroxidase is known for its capacity to remove phenolic compounds and aromatic amines from aqueous solutions and also to decolourize textile effluents. this study aims at evaluating the potential of a turnip (brassica rapa) peroxidase (tp) preparation in the discolouration of textile azo dyes and effluents. an azo dye, congo red (cr), was used as a model pollutant for treatment by the enzyme. the effects of various operating conditions like ph value, temperature, initial dye and hydro ...201323016283
brrzfp1 a brassica rapa c3hc4-type ring zinc finger protein involved in cold, salt and dehydration stress.c3hc4-type ring zinc finger proteins are known to be essential in the regulation of plant processes, including responses to abiotic stress. here, we identify, clone and examine the first c3hc4-type ring zinc finger protein (brrzfp1) from brassica rapa under stress conditions. phylogenetic analysis of brrzfp1 revealed strong sequence similarity to c3hc4-type zinc finger proteins from arabidopsis that are induced by abiotic stresses. diverse environmental stresses, including salt and cold, were fo ...201322726580
co-expression of monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase from brassica rapa effectively confers tolerance to freezing-induced oxidative stress.plants are exposed to various environmental stresses and have therefore developed antioxidant enzymes and molecules to protect their cellular components against toxicity derived from reactive oxygen species (ros). ascorbate is a very important antioxidant molecule in plants, and monodehydroascorbate reductase (mdhar; ec 1.6.5.4) and dehydroascorbate reductase (dhar; ec 1.8.5.1) are essential to regeneration of ascorbate for maintenance of ros scavenging ability. the mdhar and dhar genes from bra ...201324170089
comprehensive analysis of expressed sequence tags from cultivated and wild radish (raphanus spp.).radish (raphanus sativus l., 2n = 2× = 18) is an economically important vegetable crop worldwide. a large collection of radish expressed sequence tags (ests) has been generated but remains largely uncharacterized.201324144082
regulated changes in the acetylation of α-tubulin on lys(40) during growth and organ development in fast plants, brassica rapa l.recently, we confirmed the widespread occurrence of α-tubulin acetylation on lys(40) in angiosperms. in the present study, we found that α-tubulin acetylation is regulated in a growth stage- and organ development-dependent manner in the rapid cycling brassica rapa, also known as fast plants. organ distribution analysis showed that the proportion of acetylated α-tubulin is high in the cotyledons of young plants and in the true leaves and flowers of mature plants. a correlation between the increas ...201324200785
phylogenetic analysis of brassica rapa math-domain proteins.the math (meprin and traf-c homology) domain is a fold of seven anti-parallel β-helices involved in protein-protein interaction. here, we report the identification and characterization of 90 math-domain proteins from the brassica rapa genome. by sequence analysis together with math-domain proteins from other species, the b. rapa math-domain proteins can be grouped into 6 classes. class-i protein has one or several math domains without any other recognizable domain; class-ii protein contains a ma ...201324179444
the effects of chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of brassica rapa l. on cell-mediated immune response in mice.turnips with a long history of usage, are helpful in preventing breast and prostate cancer, inflammation and body`s immune system dysfunction. in this study, we investigated the effects of chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of brassica rapa l. on cell-mediated immune response in mice. chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of b. rapa glands were prepared by maceration method. to study the effects of b. rapa on acquired immunity, groups of balb/c mice (n=8) were used. sh ...201324019825
gene ontology based characterization of expressed sequence tags (ests) of brassica rapa cv. osome.chinese cabbage (brassica rapa) is widely recognized for its economic importance and contribution to human nutrition but abiotic and biotic stresses are main obstacle for its quality, nutritional status and production. in this study, 3,429 express sequence tag (est) sequences were generated from b. rapa cv. osome cdna library and the unique transcripts were classified functionally using a gene ontology (go) hierarchy, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (kegg). kegg orthology and the structu ...201323898551
genome-wide characterization of the pectate lyase-like (pll) genes in brassica rapa.pectate lyases (pl) depolymerize demethylated pectin (pectate, ec 4.2.2.2) by catalyzing the eliminative cleavage of α-1,4-glycosidic linked galacturonan. pectate lyase-like (pll) genes are one of the largest and most complex families in plants. however, studies on the phylogeny, gene structure, and expression of pll genes are limited. to understand the potential functions of pll genes in plants, we characterized their intron-exon structure, phylogenetic relationships, and protein structures, an ...201323999922
comprehensive analysis of rna-seq data reveals the complexity of the transcriptome in brassica rapa.the species brassica rapa (2n=20, aa) is an important vegetable and oilseed crop, and serves as an excellent model for genomic and evolutionary research in brassica species. with the availability of whole genome sequence of b. rapa, it is essential to further determine the activity of all functional elements of the b. rapa genome and explore the transcriptome on a genome-wide scale. here, rna-seq data was employed to provide a genome-wide transcriptional landscape and characterization of the ann ...201324098974
the brassica rapa flc homologue flc2 is a key regulator of flowering time, identified through transcriptional co-expression networks.the role of many genes and interactions among genes involved in flowering time have been studied extensively in arabidopsis, and the purpose of this study was to investigate how effectively results obtained with the model species arabidopsis can be applied to the brassicacea with often larger and more complex genomes. brassica rapa represents a very close relative, with its triplicated genome, with subgenomes having evolved by genome fractionation. the question of whether this genome fractionati ...201324078668
neurite outgrowth of pc12 cells by 4'-o-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3',4-dimethoxychalcone from brassica rapa l. 'hidabeni' was enhanced by pretreatment with p38mapk inhibitor.the cellular effects of eleven compounds including chalcone glycosides isolated from brassica rapa l. 'hidabeni' and their synthetic derivatives were studied in rat pheochromocytoma pc12 cells. of the compounds tested, 4'-o-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3',4-dimethoxychalcone (a2) significantly increased the levels of the phosphorylated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (erk 1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38mapk), and stress-activated protein kinases/jun amino-terminal kinas ...201324057400
microrna expression analysis of rosette and folding leaves in chinese cabbage using high-throughput solexa sequencing.in this study, a global analysis of mirna expression from rosette leaves (rls) and folding leaves (fls) of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis) was conducted using high-throughput solexa sequencing. in total, over 12 million clean reads were obtained from each library. sequence analysis identified 64 conserved mirna families in each leaf type and 104 and 95 novel mirnas from rls and fls, respectively. among these, 61 conserved mirnas and 61 novel mirnas were detected in both types ...201324055726
new insights into helitron transposable elements in the mesopolyploid species brassica rapa.helitrons are dna transposable elements that are widely present in the genomes of diverse eukaryotic taxa. helitrons are distinct from other transposons in their ability to capture gene fragments and their rolling-replication mechanism. brassica rapa is a mesopolyploid species and one of the most important vegetable and oil crops globally. a total of 787 helitrons were identified in the b. rapa genome and were assigned to 662 families and 700 subfamilies. more than 21,806 repetitive sequences we ...201324055723
genome-wide analysis of coordinated transcript abundance during seed development in different brassica rapa morphotypes.brassica seeds are important as basic units of plant growth and sources of vegetable oil. seed development is regulated by many dynamic metabolic processes controlled by complex networks of spatially and temporally expressed genes. we conducted a global microarray gene co-expression analysis by measuring transcript abundance of developing seeds from two diverse b. rapa morphotypes: a pak choi (leafy-type) and a yellow sarson (oil-type), and two of their doubled haploid (dh) progenies, (1) to stu ...201324289287
changes in the relative abundance and movement of insect pollinators during the flowering cycle of brassica rapa crops: implications for gene flow.the potential movement of transgenes from genetically modified crops to non-genetically modified crops via insect-mediated pollen dispersal has been highlighted as one of the areas of greatest concern in regards to genetically modified crops. pollen movement depends sensitively on spatial and temporal variation in the movement of insect pollinators between crop fields. this study tested the degree of variation in the diversity and relative abundance of flower-visiting insects entering versus lea ...201323937538
comprehensive analysis of genic male sterility-related genes in brassica rapa using a newly developed br300k oligomeric chip.to identify genes associated with genic male sterility (gms) that could be useful for hybrid breeding in chinese cabbage (brassicarapa ssp. pekinensis), floral bud transcriptome analysis was carried out using a b. rapa microarray with 300,000 probes (br300k). among 47,548 clones deposited on a br300k microarray with seven probes of 60 nt length within the 3' 150 bp region, a total of 10,622 genes were differentially expressed between fertile and sterile floral buds; 4,774 and 5,848 genes were up ...201324039743
genetic analysis of health-related secondary metabolites in a brassica rapa recombinant inbred line population.the genetic basis of the wide variation for nutritional traits in brassica rapa is largely unknown. a new recombinant inbred line (ril) population was profiled using high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) analysis to detect quantitative trait loci (qtls) controlling seed tocopherol and seedling metabolite concentrations. ril population parent l58 had a higher level of glucosinolates and phenylpropanoids, whereas levels of sucrose, glucose and glutamate ...201323892600
myb transcription factors regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis in different organs of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis).in this study, we investigated the expression of seven myb transcription factors (a total of 17 genes that included dof1.1, iqd1-1, myb28, myb29, myb34, myb51, and myb122 and their isoforms) involved in aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate (gsl) biosynthesis and analyzed the aliphatic and indolic gsl content in different organs of chinese cabbage (brassica rapassp. pekinensis). myb28 and myb29 expression in the stem was dramatically different when compared with the levels in the other organs. myb ...201323881053
[transposon expression and potential effects on gene regulation of brassica rapa and b. oleracea genomes].transposons or transposable elements (tes) are ubiquitous and most abundant dna components in higher eukaryotes. recent sequencing of the brassica rapa and b. oleracea genomes revealed that the amplification of tes is one of the main factors inducing the difference in genome size. however, the expressions of tes and the te effects on gene regulation and functions of these two brassica diploid species were unclear. here, we analyzed the rna sequencing data of leaves, roots, and stems from b. rapa ...201323956090
genome-wide identification and analysis of the b3 superfamily of transcription factors in brassicaceae and major crop plants.the plant-specific b3 superfamily of transcription factors has diverse functions in plant growth and development. using a genome-wide domain analysis, we identified 92, 187, 58, 90, 81, 55, and 77 b3 transcription factor genes in the sequenced genome of arabidopsis, brassica rapa, castor bean (ricinus communis), cocoa (theobroma cacao), soybean (glycine max), maize (zea mays), and rice (oryza sativa), respectively. the b3 superfamily has substantially expanded during the evolution in eudicots pa ...201323377560
rna-seq based snps in some agronomically important oleiferous lines of brassica rapa and their use for genome-wide linkage mapping and specific-region fine mapping.brassica rapa (aa) contains very diverse forms which include oleiferous types and many vegetable types. genome sequence of b. rapa line chiifu (ssp. pekinensis), a leafy vegetable type, was published in 2011. using this knowledge, it is important to develop genomic resources for the oleiferous types of b. rapa. this will allow more involved molecular mapping, in-depth study of molecular mechanisms underlying important agronomic traits and introgression of traits from b. rapa to major oilseed cro ...201323837684
dna methylation alterations at 5'-ccgg sites in the interspecific and intraspecific hybridizations derived from brassica rapa and b. napus.dna methylation is an important regulatory mechanism for gene expression that involved in the biological processes of development and differentiation in plants. to investigate the association of dna methylation with heterosis in brassica, a set of intraspecific hybrids in brassica rapa and b. napus and interspecific hybrids between b. rapa and b. napus, together with parental lines, were used to monitor alterations in cytosine methylation at 5'-ccgg sites in seedlings and buds by methylation-sen ...201323824315
in vitro digestion/caco-2 cell model to estimate cadmium and lead bioaccessibility/bioavailability in two vegetables: the influence of cooking and additives.the estimation of heavy metal bioaccessibility and bioavailability in vegetables is helpful for human health risk assessment. using an in vitro digestion/caco-2 cell model, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of cadmium (cd) and lead (pb) in raw/cooked pakchoi (brassica rapa l., chinensis group) and malabar spinach (basella rubra l.) were studied. the effect of the addition of iron, calcium and acetic acid to the samples was also determined. the results indicated that cd bioaccessibility wa ...201323791752
the consequences of alternating diet on performance and food preferences of a specialist leaf beetle.the food quality of a given host plant tissue will influence the performance and may also affect the preference behavior of herbivorous animals. as nutrient contents and defense metabolite concentrations can vary significantly between different parts of a plant and change over time, herbivores are potentially confronted with diet differing in quality even when feeding on a single plant individual. here we investigated to what extent feeding exclusively either on young or old, mature leaves of br ...201323727303
a large-scale introgression of genomic components of brassica rapa into b. napus by the bridge of hexaploid derived from hybridization between b. napus and b. oleracea.brassica rapa (aa) has been used to widen the genetic basis of b. napus (aacc), which is a new but important oilseed crop worldwide. in the present study, we have proposed a strategy to develop new type b. napus carrying genomic components of b. rapa by crossing b. rapa with hexaploid (aacccc) derived from b. napus and b. oleracea (cc). the hexaploid exhibited large flowers and high frequency of normal chromosome segregation, resulting in good seed set (average of 4.48 and 12.53 seeds per pod by ...201323699961
reconstruction of the brassica rapa ancestral genome. 201323653469
time-lapse imaging of self- and cross-pollinations in brassica rapa.pollination is an important process in the life cycle of plants and is the first step in bringing together the male and female gametophytes for plant reproduction. while pollination has been studied for many years, accurate knowledge of the morphological aspects of this process is still far from complete. this study therefore focuses on a morphological characterization of pollination, using time-series image analysis of self- and cross-pollinations in brassica rapa.201323644359
field evaluation of in situ remediation of cd-contaminated soil using four additives, two foliar fertilisers and two varieties of pakchoi.this study was conducted to determine the optimal planting mode for pakchoi (brassica rapa chinensis) in cd-contaminated soil to reduce the accumulation of cd in the edible parts while maintaining yields. four additives (red mud (rm), silicon calcium fertiliser (sc), spodium (sp) and calcium magnesium phosphate (cmp)), two foliar fertilisers (ca and zn) and two varieties of pakchoi (aijiaohuang (aj) and baixuegongzhu (bx)) were used in this study. the results show that the addition of sc and rm ...201323603772
yield, chemical composition and nutritional quality responses of carrot, radish and turnip to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide.future concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is very important due to its apparent economic and environmental impact in terms of climate change. however, a compressive assessment of its effect on the nutritional and chemical characteristics of food crops has yet to be established. in the present study the impact of elevated atmospheric co2 on the yield, chemical composition and nutritional quality of three root vegetables, carrot (daucus carota l. cv. t-1-111), radish (raphanus sativ ...201323576218
mapping quantitative trait loci for tissue culture response in vcs3m-dh population of brassica rapa.quantitative trait loci (qtl) controlling callus induction and plant regeneration were identified in the vcs3m-dh population of brassica rapa. quantitative trait loci (qtl) controlling callus induction and plant regeneration were identified in the vcs3m-dh population of brassica rapa. the vcs3m-dh population showed wide and continuous variation in callus induction and shoot regeneration. significant coefficient correlations were detected between these two parameters. broad-sense heritability (h ...201323563522
involvement of mlpk pathway in intraspecies unilateral incompatibility regulated by a single locus with stigma and pollen factors.plants have evolved many systems to prevent undesirable fertilization. among these, incompatibility is a well-organized system in which pollen germination or pollen tube growth is inhibited in pistils. we previously found that a novel one-way pollen-stigma incompatibility response [unilateral incompatibility (ui)] occurred between two self-incompatible brassica rapa plants, a turkish line, and a japanese cultivated hybrid variety, "osome." pollen from the turkish line is rejected on the stigma o ...201323550141
synthesis of indolyl-3-acetonitrile derivatives and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide and pge2 productions in lps-induced raw 264.7 cells.arvelexin is one of major constituents of brassica rapa that exerts anti-inflammatory activities. several indolyl-3-acetonitrile derivatives were synthesized as arvelexin analogs and evaluated for their abilities to inhibit no and pge2 productions in lps-induced raw 264.7 cells. of the indolyl-3-acetonitriles synthesized, compound 2k, which possesses a hydroxyl group at c-7 position of the indole ring and an n-methyl substituent, more potently inhibited no and pge2 productions and was less cytot ...201323528295
growth and antioxidant response of brassica rapa var. rapa l. (turnip) irrigated with different compositions of paper and board mill (pbm) effluent.current study presents the effect of irrigation with different compositions (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) of pbm effluent on growth and antioxidant potential of brassica rapa var. rapa l. plants. seeds were exposed to different pbm effluent compositions, which resulted in significant decrease in their germination potential with elevated delay index. significant changes in growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves and leaf area) were recorded for turnip plants at regular intervals (25 ...201323507497
a battery of bioassays for the evaluation of phenanthrene biotoxicity in soil.a battery of bioassays was used to assess the ecotoxicological risk of soil spiked with a range of phenanthrene levels (0.95, 6.29, 38.5, 58.7, 122, and 303 μg g(-1) dry soil) and aged for 69 days. multiple species (viz. brassica rapa, eisenia feotida, vibrio fischeri), representing different trophic levels, were used as bioindicator organisms. among acute toxicity assays tested, the v. fischeri luminescence inhibition assay was the most sensitive indicator of phenanthrene biotoxicity. more than ...201323440446
a new phenanthrene derivative and two diarylheptanoids from the roots of brassica rapa ssp. campestris inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines and ldl-oxidation.brassica rapa ssp. campestris (brassicaceae) is a conical, deep purple, edible root vegetable commonly known as a turnip. we initiated phytochemical and pharmacological studies to search for biological active compounds from the roots of b. rapa ssp. campestris. we isolated a novel phenanthrene derivative, 6-methoxy-1-[10-methoxy-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenanthren-3-yl]undecane-2,4-dione, named brassicaphenanthrene a (3) along with two known diarylheptanoid compounds, 6-paradol (1) and trans-6-sho ...201323435947
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