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fitness costs associated with cry1ac-resistant helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae): a factor countering selection for resistance to bt cotton?the heritability, stability, and fitness costs in a cry1ac-resistant helicoverpa zea (boddie) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) colony (ar) were measured in the laboratory. in response to selection, heritability values for ar increased in generations 4-7 and decreased in generations 11-19. ar had significantly increased pupal mortality, a male-biased sex ratio, and lower mating success compared with the unselected parental strain (sc). ar males had significantly more mating costs compared with females. a ...200818767756
global analysis of gene expression in cotton fibers from wild and domesticated gossypium barbadense.gossypium barbadense is widely cultivated because of its extra-long staple cotton with superior luster, silkiness and high yield. these economically important traits were selected during initial domestication of an agronomically inferior wild ancestor, followed by millennia of human-mediated selection. to reveal the effects of this history on the cotton fiber transcriptome, we conducted comparative expression profiling on mechanically isolated fiber cells at three different stages encompassing e ...200818803775
evolution of virulence in fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum using serial passage assays through susceptible cotton.fifty strains of fusarium oxysporum, recovered from rhizosphere soil around native gossypium species and found to be mildly virulent on cotton (gossypium hirsutum), were used to assay the propensity for evolution of virulence using serial passage assays through cotton. only one lineage a strain, 2613, successfully completed 10 successive passages, while all others lost the ability to cause foliar disease symptoms at various stages during this process. based on 46 amplified fragment length polymo ...200818944080
effects of refuge contamination by transgenes on bt resistance in pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae).refuges of non-bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., are used to delay bt resistance in pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), a pest that eats cotton seeds. contamination of refuges by bt transgenes could reduce the efficacy of this strategy. previously, three types of contamination were identified in refuges: 1) homozygous bt cotton plants, with 100% of their seeds producing the bt toxin cry1ac; 2) hemizygous bt plants with 70-80% of ...200818459418
toxicity and characterization of cotton expressing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac and cry2ab2 proteins for control of lepidopteran pests.cry1ac protoxin (the active insecticidal toxin in both bollgard and bollgard ii cotton [gossypium hirsutum l.]), and cry2ab2 toxin (the second insecticidal toxin in bollgard ii cotton) were bioassayed against five of the primary lepidopteran pests of cotton by using diet incorporation. cry1ac was the most toxic to heliothis virescens (f.) and pectinophora gossypiella (saunders), demonstrated good activity against helicoverpa zea (boddie), and had negligible toxicity against spodoptera exigua (hü ...200818459423
outcrossed cottonseed and adventitious bt plants in arizona refuges.outcrossing of non-bt cotton (gossypium hirsutum (l.)) in refuges by transgenic bt cultivars could reduce the efficacy of refuges for delaying resistance in seed-feeding pests. based on reports that outcrossing decreased as distance from bt cotton increased in small-scale studies, we hypothesized that increasing refuge width or distance from bt fields would reduce outcrossing. in a large-scale study in arizona, we quantified bt seed in refuges of experimental and commercial fields, comparing out ...200818549770
parallel domestication, convergent evolution and duplicated gene recruitment in allopolyploid cotton.a putative advantage of allopolyploidy is the possibility of differential selection of duplicated (homeologous) genes originating from two different progenitor genomes. in this note we explore this hypothesis using a high throughput, snp-specific microarray technology applied to seed trichomes (cotton) harvested from three developmental time points in wild and modern accessions of two independently domesticated cotton species, gossypium hirsutum and g. barbadense. we show that homeolog expressio ...200818562666
co-expression and preferential interaction between two calcineurin b-like proteins and a cbl-interacting protein kinase from cotton.the cbl/cipk signaling system mediates a variety of responses to environmental stimuli in plants. in this work, we identified four cbl genes from gossypium hirsutum, two of which (designated ghcbl2 and ghcbl3) showed preferential expression in the elongating fiber cells. moreover, the expression patterns of these two cbl genes coincided with that of a putative cbl-interacting protein kinase gene (ghcipk1) that we isolated in a previous study. yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that among the four ...200818573665
geminivirus-mediated gene silencing from cotton leaf crumple virus is enhanced by low temperature in cotton.a silencing vector for cotton (gossypium hirsutum) was developed from the geminivirus cotton leaf crumple virus (clcrv). the clcrv coat protein gene was replaced by up to 500 bp of dna homologous to one of two endogenous genes, the magnesium chelatase subunit i gene (chli) or the phytoene desaturase gene (pds). cotyledons of cotton cultivar 'deltapine 5415' bombarded with the modified viral vectors manifested chlorosis due to silencing of either chli or pds in approximately 70% of inoculated pla ...200818621976
cloning and characterization of a tau glutathione s-transferase subunit encoding gene in gossypium hirsutum.a predicted tau glutathione s-transferase (gst) subunit encoding gene, named ghgst, was isolated from gossypium hirsutum with race method from ssh library based on verticillium dahliae stress. the data revealed an open reading frame of 678 bp encoding a protein of 225 amino acids with a molecular weight of 25.821 kda. semi-quantitative rt-pcr analysis showed that the mrna of ghgst was expressed in root, stem and leaf. and the content of ghgst expression increased under verticillium dahliae stres ...200818670133
promoter of a cotton fibre myb gene functional in trichomes of arabidopsis and glandular trichomes of tobacco.cotton fibres are unicellular seed trichomes. our previous study suggested that the cotton r2r3 myb transcript factor gamyb2 is a functional homologue of the arabidopsis trichome regulator glabra1 (gl1). here, the gamyb2 promoter activity is reported in cotton (gossypium hirsutum), tobacco (nicotiana tabacum), and arabidopsis plants. a 2062 bp promoter of gamyb2 was isolated from g. arboreum, and fused to a beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene. in cotton, the gamyb2 promoter exhibited activiti ...200818711121
functional characterization of a cotton late embryogenesis-abundant d113 gene promoter in transgenic tobacco.previous studies have shown that mrna and protein encoded by late embryogenesis-abundant (lea) gene d113 from gossypium hirsutum l. accumulate at high levels in mature seeds and also in response to abscisic acid (aba) in young embryo. in this study, we studied the expression of four promoter 5' deletion constructs (-1383, -974, -578 and -158) of the lea d113 gene fused to beta-glucuronidase (gus). gus activity analysis revealed that the -578 promoter fragment was necessary to direct seed-specifi ...200818066554
molecular cloning and functional analysis of an erf gene from cotton (gossypium hirsutum).ethylene response factors (erfs) play important roles in regulating plant biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. in this paper, a new ethylene response factor gene gherf1 was isolated from cotton. the deduced amino acid sequence of gherf1 contained an ap2/erf domain, which shared high similarity with other reported ap2/erf domains and was most closely related to the b3 subgroup of the erf subfamily. the particle bombardment assay showed that gherf1 functioned as an in vivo transcription activator ...200818078841
molecular cloning and characterization of ghnpr1, a gene implicated in pathogen responses from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).a novel gene, designated as ghnpr1 (gossypium hirsutum non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1), was isolated from g. hirsutum (cotton) by rt-pcr (reverse transcription-pcr) and race (rapid amplification of cdna ends). the full-length cdna was 2108 bp long and had an orf (open reading frame) that putatively encoded a polypeptide of 592 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 66 kda. comparison of this protein sequence with that of arabidopsis thaliana, brassica juncea and nicotiana ...200818215146
rise and fall of cotton aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) populations in southeastern cotton production systems.the impact of natural enemies on cotton aphid, aphis gossypii glover (hemiptera: aphididae), populations in cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., production systems in the southeastern united states was evaluated over 3 yr in irrigated commercial cotton fields. fungal epizootics caused by the entomopathogen neozygites fresenii (nowakowski) batko reduced aphid numbers to subthreshold levels in 1999, 2000, and 2001 and occurred consistently in early to mid-july in all 3 yr. scymnus spp. were the most abu ...200818330112
relationships of abscised cotton fruit to boll weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) feeding, oviposition, and development.abscised cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., fruit in field plots planted at different times were examined to assess adult boll weevil, anthonomus grandis grandis boheman (coleoptera: curculionidae), use of squares and bolls during 2002 and 2003 in the lower rio grande valley of texas. although boll abscission is not necessarily related to infestation, generally more bolls abscised than squares and abundances of fallen bolls were not related to the planting date treatments. during 2003, fallen square ...200818330118
baseline susceptibility of tobacco budworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to cry1f toxin from bacillus thuringiensis.transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., lines expressing both cry1f and cry1ac insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been commercially available in the united states since 2005. both bt proteins are highly effective against tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (f.), and other lepidopteran pests of cotton. although crylac has been available in bt cotton since 1996, the cry1f component is relatively new. as part of the proactive resistance management program for cry1f/cry1a ...200818330132
molecular characterization and temporal expression analyses indicate that the mic (meloidogyne induced cotton) gene family represents a novel group of root-specific defense-related genes in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).the molecular events underlying the resistance of upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) to the root-knot nematode (rkn) are largely unknown. in this report, we further characterize the previously identified mic3 gene including the identification of 14 related mic cdnas in nematode-infected roots of allotetraploid cotton that show >85% identity with mic3. a time-course analysis of rkn infection in resistant and susceptible cotton lines showed that maximum mic transcript accumulation occurred imme ...200818357465
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in sub-saharan savannas of benin, west africa, as affected by agricultural land use intensity and ecological zone.the rapid decline of soil fertility of cultivated lands in the sub-saharan savannas of west africa is considered to be the main cause of the increasingly severe constraints of food production. the soils in this tropical area are highly fragile, and crop yields are limited by characteristically low levels of available phosphorus. under such preconditions, the multiple benefits of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis are likely to play a pivotal role for maintaining natural soil fertility by ...200818386078
sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) as a pre-columbian domesticate in mexico.mexico has long been recognized as one of the world's cradles of domestication with evidence for squash (cucurbita pepo) cultivation appearing as early as 8,000 cal b.c. followed by many other plants, such as maize (zea mays), peppers (capsicum annuum), common beans (phaseolus vulgaris), and cotton (gossypium hirsutum). we present archaeological, linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnohistoric data demonstrating that sunflower (helianthus annuus) had entered the repertoire of mexican domesticates by ...200818443289
effect of fumigation on rotylenchulus reniformis population density through subsurface drip irrigation located every other furrow.plots naturally infested with rotylenchulus reniformis were sampled in the spring of 2006 and 2007 at depths of 15 and 30 cm in the bed, furrow over the drip tape, and "dry" furrow, and at approximately 40 to 45 cm depth in the bed and dry furrow. then, 1,3-dichloropropene (telone ec) was injected into the subsurface drip irrigation at 46 kg a.i./ha, and 3 to 4 weeks later the plots were resampled and assayed for nematodes. the transformed values for nematode population density (ivlrr) before fu ...200819440261
resistance allele frequency to bt cotton in field populations of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in china.resistance evolution in target insects to bacillus thurningiensis (bt) cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., is a main threat to bt cotton technology. an increasing trend of population density of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) has been observed since 2001 in qiuxian county (hebei, china), where bt cotton has been planted dominantly since 1998. this region was selected in 2006 and 2007 for estimating frequency of gene alleles conferring resistance to bt cotton by screening the f1 ...200818613597
survivorship of helicoverpa zea and heliothis virescens on cotton plant structures expressing a bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein.a series of tests quantified bollworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), and tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (f.), larval survival on plant structures of a nontransgenic cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.), 'coker 312', and two transgenic cottons expressing vip3a protein or both vip3a + crylab proteins (vipcot). vegetative and reproductive structures including terminal leaves, flower bud (square) bracts, whole debracted squares, flower petals, flower anthers, and intact capsules (bolls) were harvested f ...200818767734
evaluation of extended-life pheromone formulations used with and without dichlorvos for boll weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) trapping.boll weevil traps baited with a combolure (25 of mg grandlure + 30 mg of eugenol + 90 of mg dichlorvos [ddvp]), an extended-release lure (25 mg of grandlure + 30 mg of eugenol + 60 of mg ddvp kill-strip), and extended-release lure with no ddvp were evaluated for boll weevil, anthonomus grandis grandis boheman (coleoptera: curculionidae), captures in south texas cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., fields during february-march 2005 and march-april 2006. the traps were serviced once a week for five cons ...200818459404
effects of vegetated field borders on arthropods in cotton fields in eastern north carolina.the influence, if any, of 5m wide, feral, herbaceous field borders on pest and beneficial arthropods in commercial cotton, gossypium hirsutum (l.) (malvales: malvaceae), fields was measured through a variety of sampling techniques over three years. in each year, 5 fields with managed, feral vegetation borders and five fields without such borders were examined. sampling was stratified from the field border or edge in each field in an attempt to elucidate any edge effects that might have occurred. ...200820345293
identification and characterization of the novel gene ghdbp2 encoding a dre-binding protein from cotton (gossypium hirsutum).a cdna encoding one novel dre-binding protein, ghdbp2, was isolated from cotton seedlings. it is classified into the a-6 group of dreb subfamily based on multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic characterization. using semi-quantitative rt-pcr, we found that the ghdbp2 transcripts were greatly induced by drought, nacl, low temperature and aba treatments in cotton cotyledons. the dna-binding properties of ghdbp2 were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa), showing that ghdbp2 ...200817224201
transgene integration and organization in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) genome.while genetically modified upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) varieties are ranked among the most successful genetically modified organisms (gmo), there is little knowledge on transgene integration in the cotton genome, partly because of the difficulty in obtaining large numbers of transgenic plants. in this study, we analyzed 139 independently derived t0 transgenic cotton plants transformed by agrobacterium tumefaciens strain agl1 carrying a binary plasmid ppzp-gfp. it was found by pcr that ...200817549600
molecular cloning and expression characteristics of alternative oxidase gene of cotton (gossypium hirsutum).a novel alternative oxidase (aox) gene derived from cotton (gossypium hirsutum), designated as ghaox1, was cloned with race-pcr. the full-length cdna of ghaox1was 1,298 bp in size, containing a 996 bp open reading frame (orf) which corresponds to a precursor protein of 332 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 37.5 kda. the predicted amino acid sequence exhibited 68.4%, 68.1%, 59.4%, and 69.8% homology to the alternative oxidases of arabidopsis thaliana, nicotiana tabacum, sola ...200817351819
plant-herbivore-carnivore interactions in cotton, gossypium hirsutum: linking belowground and aboveground.most studies on plant-herbivore interactions focus on either root or shoot herbivory in isolation, but above- and belowground herbivores may interact on a shared host plant. cotton (gossypium spp.) produces gossypol and a variety of other gossypol-like terpenoids that exhibit toxicity to a wide range of herbivores and pathogens. cotton plants also can emit herbivore-induced volatile compounds at the site of damage and systemically on all tissues above the site of damage. as these volatile compou ...200818709506
alternate row placement is ineffective for cultural control of meloidogyne incognita in cotton.the objective of this study was to determine if planting cotton into the space between the previous year's rows reduces crop loss due to meloidogyne incognita compared to planting in the same row every year. row placement had a significant (p </= 0.05) effect on nematode population levels only on 8 july 2005. plots receiving 1,3-dichloropropene plus aldicarb had lower nematode population levels than non-fumigated plots on 24 may and 8 july in 2005, but not in 2004. the effect of nematicide treat ...200819440259
the r2r3 myb transcription factor ghmyb109 is required for cotton fiber development.cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) fibers are single highly elongated cells derived from the outer epidermis of ovules. a large number of genes are required for fiber differentiation and development, but so far, little is known about how these genes control and regulate the process of fiber development. here we examine the role of the cotton-fiber-specific r2r3 myb gene ghmyb109 in cotton fiber development. transgenic reporter gene analysis revealed that a 2-kb ghmyb109 promoter was sufficient to co ...200818780729
cu/zn superoxide dismutases in developing cotton fibers: evidence for an extracellular form.hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species are important signaling molecules in diverse physiological processes. previously, we discovered superoxide dismutase (sod) activity in extracellular protein preparations from fiber-bearing cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) seeds. we show here, based on immunoreactivity, that the enzyme is a cu/zn-sod (csd). immunogold localization shows that csd localizes to secondary cell walls of developing cotton fibers. five cotton csd cdnas were cloned from c ...200818425534
interactive effects of elevated co2 and cotton cultivar on tri-trophic interaction of gossypium hirsutum, aphis gossyppii, and propylaea japonica.information on the effects of enriched co2 on both the chemical composition of plants and the consequences of such changes for performance of a herbivore and its predator is an important first step in understanding the responses of plants and insects to global environmental change. we examined interactions across three trophic levels, cotton, gossypium hirsutum, an aphid herbivore, aphis gossypii glover, and a coccinellid predator, propylaea japonica (thunberg), as affected by elevated co2 conce ...200818348793
overexpression of an h+-ppase gene from thellungiella halophila in cotton enhances salt tolerance and improves growth and photosynthetic performance.salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. an h(+)-ppase gene, tsvp from thellungiella halophila, was transferred into cotton (gossypium hirsutum) in sense and antisense orientations under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter. southern and northern blotting analysis showed that the sense or antisense tsvp were integrated into the cotton genome and expressed. transgenic plants overexpressing the vacuolar h(+)-ppase were much m ...200818550626
transcriptional profiling of mature arabidopsis trichomes reveals that noeck encodes the mixta-like transcriptional regulator myb106.leaf hairs (trichomes) of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) have been extensively used as a model to address general questions in cell and developmental biology. here, we lay the foundation for a systems-level understanding of the biology of this model cell type by performing genome-wide gene expression analyses. we have identified 3,231 genes that are up-regulated in mature trichomes relative to leaves without trichomes, and we compared wild-type trichomes with two mutants, glabra3 and triptyc ...200818805951
sequence analysis and characterization of vacuolar-type h+ -atpase proteolipid transcript from acanthus ebracteatus vah1.the vacuolar-type h+ -atpase (v-atpase) is a multimeric enzyme with diverse functions in plants such as nutrient transport, flowering, stress tolerance, guard cell movement and development. a partial sequence of v-atpase proteolipid was identified among the expressed sequence tags (ests) generated from acanthus ebracteatus, and selected for full-length sequencing. the 876-nucleotide cdna consists of an open reading frame of 165 amino acids. the deduced amino acid sequence displays high similarit ...200817852357
cotton plant, gossypium hirsutum l., defense in response to nitrogen fertilization.plants respond to insect herbivory by producing dynamic changes in an array of defense-related volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolites. a scaled response relative to herbivory levels and nutrient availability would be adaptive, particularly under nutrient-limited conditions, in minimizing the costs of expressed defensive pathways and synthesis. in this study, we investigated effects of varying nitrogen (n) fertilization (42, 112, 196, and 280 ppm n) on levels of cotton plant (gossypium hi ...200819020938
molecular cloning and characterization of crmdr1, a novel mdr-type abc transporter gene from catharanthus roseus.a novel gene encoding a mdr-like abc transporter protein was cloned from catharanthus roseus, a medicinal plant with more than 120 kinds of secondary metabolites, through rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). this gene (named as crmdr1; genbank accession no.: dq660356) had a total length of 4395 bp with an open reading frame of 3801 bp, and encoded a predicted polypeptide of 1266 amino acids with a molecular weight of 137.1 kda. the crmdr1 protein shared 59.8, 62.5, 60.0 and 58.2% identity wi ...200717541839
cotton ghkch2, a plant-specific kinesin, is low-affinitive and nucleotide-independent as binding to microtubule.kinesin is an atp-driven microtubule motor protein that plays important roles in control of microtubule dynamics, intracellular transport, cell division and signal transduction. the kinesin superfamily is composed of numerous members that are classified into 14 subfamilies. animal kinesins have been well characterized. in contrast, plant kinesins have not yet to be characterized adequately. here, a novel plant-specific kinesin gene, ghkch2, has been cloned from cotton (gossypium hirsutum) fibers ...200717927906
cross-resistance responses of crylac-selected heliothis virescens (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to the bacillus thuringiensis protein vip3a.one susceptible and three cry1ac-resistant strains of tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (f.) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), were used in laboratory studies to determine the level of cross-resistance between the bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) toxins cry1ac and vip3a by using concentration-mortality and leaf tissue experiments. concentration-mortality data demonstrated that the three cry1ac-resistant h. virescens strains, yhd2, kcbhyb, and cxc, were at least 215- to 316-fold resistant to cry1ac c ...200717370826
a polymerase chain reaction screen of field populations of heliothis virescens for a retrotransposon insertion conferring resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin.the evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crop plants producing insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) berliner poses a continuing threat to their sustainable use in agriculture. one component of the u.s.-wide resistance management plan for bt cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., involves monitoring the frequency of resistance alleles in field populations. however, existing methods are expensive and may not detect recessive resistance alleles until their frequencies are too high for ...200717370827
cloning of a mads box gene (ghmads3) from cotton and analysis of its homeotic role in transgenic tobacco.a mads box gene (ghmads3) was cloned from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) based on est sequences. the predicted protein sequence of ghmads3 showed 85%, 73%, and 62% identity with theobroma cacao tcag, antirrhinum majus far, and arabidopsis thaliana ag, respectively, and was grouped with ag homologues when the full length sequences excluding n-extensions were compared. ghmads3 expressed in the wild type cotton flower primarily in stamens and carpels, which was comparable to ag in arabidopsis. howe ...200717601612
the 9-lipoxygenase ghlox1 gene is associated with the hypersensitive reaction of cotton gossypium hirsutum to xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum.hypersensitive reaction (hr) cell death of cotton to the incompatible race 18 from xanthomonas campestris pathovar malvacearum (xcm) is associated with 9s-lipoxygenase activity (lox) responsible for lipid peroxidation. here, we report the cloning of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) lox gene (ghlox1) and the sequencing of its promoter. ghlox1 was found to be highly expressed during xcm induced hr. sequence analysis showed that ghlox1 is a putative 9-lox, and ghlox1 promoter contains sa and ja respo ...200717611116
a cotton ascorbate peroxidase is involved in hydrogen peroxide homeostasis during fibre cell development.reactive oxygen species (ros) play important roles in multiple physiological processes such as cellular signalling and stress responses, whereas, the hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) scavenging enzyme ascorbate peroxidase (apx) participates in the regulation of intracellular ros levels. here, a cotton (gossypium hirsutum) cytosolic apx1 (ghapx1) was identified to be highly accumulated during cotton fibre elongation by proteomic analysis. ghapx1 cdna contained an open reading frame of 753-bp encoding ...200717635221
cloning and expression of the chloroplast copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase gene in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).a full-length 1,043-base-pair cdna clone encoding a chloroplast copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (cu/zn-sod) of upland cotton was first isolated by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) from the leaves of the cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) variety 'cri36'. nucleotide sequence analysis of the clone revealed that it contained the complete coding sequence of the mature sod isozyme subunit, along with a 60-amino acid transit peptide at n-terminal. the amino acid sequence predicted from the full-le ...200717556806
a novel map kinase gene in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.), ghmapk, is involved in response to diverse environmental stresses.the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade is one of the major and evolutionally conserved signaling pathways and plays pivotal role in the regulation of stress and developmental signals in plants. here, a novel gene, termed gossypium hirsutum mapk (ghmapk), was isolated from cotton. the full-length cdna of ghmapk encodes for a 372 amino acid protein that contains all 11 of the mapk conserved subdomains and the phosphorylation-activation motif, tey. amino acid sequence alignment reveale ...200717562283
investigation of some yield and fibre quality characteristics of interspecific hybrid (gossypium hirsutum l. x g. barbadense l.) cotton varieties.interspecific hybrid cottons (gossypium hirsutum l. x g. barbadense l.) have great both yield and quality potential. this study was conducted to determine potential yields and quality characteristics of hybrid cotton varieties in southeastern anatolia region of turkey. the experiment was set out a completely randomized block design with four replications during 2003 and 2004 at university of dicle, faculty of agriculture experimental field. seven interspecific hybrid cotton varieties (48-08, sev ...200717567438
differentiating tobacco budworm and corn earworm using near-infrared spectroscopy.near-infrared spectroscopy (nirs) was used to develop a simple and quick technique to differentiate two economically important species, the tobacco budworm, heliothis cirescens (f.), and corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), which are major pests of cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., in the southern united states. in practice, it is difficult to distinguish the two species during their immature stages using morphological characteristics unless expensive microscopy equipment or trained technicians ...200717598536
the american cotton rat: a novel model for pulmonary tuberculosis.several animal models are used to study mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infections, but none is a fully ideal model of human disease. the american cotton rat is an excellent model for the study of several human viral and bacterial respiratory infectious diseases, but until now has not been reported to be a model with mtb infection. preliminary experiments were designed in which two species of cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus and sigmodon fulviventer) received respiratory challenges with m. tuberc ...200716973421
common subtropical and tropical nonpollen food sources of the boll weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae).it is known that substantial boll weevil, anthonomus grandis grandis boheman, individuals can survive mild subtropical winters in some habitats, such as citrus orchards. our study shows that endocarp of the fruit from prickly pear cactus, opuntia engelmannii salm-dyck ex. engel.; orange, citrus sinensis l. osbeck.; and grapefruit, citrus paradisi macfad., can sustain newly emerged adult boll weevils for >5 mo, which is the duration of the cotton-free season in the subtropical lower rio grande va ...200717349122
designing and transgenic expression of melanin gene in tobacco trichome and cotton fiber.in streptomyces antibioticus, there are two genes tyra and orf438 required for the melanin biogenesis. to investigate whether expression of these two genes in cotton can change cotton fiber colour, we modified the tyra and orf438 genes to make their codon usage closer to the codon preference of cotton fiber genes. the resulting versions of these two genes were referred to as dtyra and dorf438, respectively. vacuolar targeting signals were also added to their ends. under the cotton fiber specific ...200717006798
genetics of resistance to cotton leaf curl disease in gossypium hirsutum l. under field conditions.one hundred and forty two cotton germplasm lines were screened for cotton leaf curl virus symptoms in field evaluations during 2003, 2004, and 2005. fifty cross combinations involving 30 of these lines classified resistant or susceptible were used for inheritance study of the disease. all the f(1) plants of crosses involving resistant x resistant, resistant x susceptible, and susceptible x resistant parents were resistant, indicating dominant expression of the disease resistance and there were n ...200717159229
role of pantoea agglomerans in opportunistic bacterial seed and boll rot of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) grown in the field.to investigate the aetiology of seed and boll rot of cotton grown in south carolina (sc).200717184328
host plants of the tarnished plant bug (heteroptera: miridae) in central texas.the tarnished plant bug, lygus lineolaris (palisot de beauvois), has taken on added importance as a pest of cotton in the cotton belt after successful eradication efforts for the boll weevil (anthonomus grandis grandis boheman). because the southern blacklands region of central texas is in advanced stages of boll weevil eradication, blooming weeds and selected row crops were sampled during a 3-yr study to determine lygus species composition and associated temporal host plants. l. lineolaris was ...200717716463
mating compatibility among helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) occurring on selected host plants and bt cotton survivors.helicoverpa armigera (hiibner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is a well-known polyphagous insect pest. mating compatibility among the insects occurring on different host plants is essential for free gene flow among populations. we tested the extent of crossability and fecundity of the insects that survived on bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton with those occurring on pigeon pea, cajanus cajun (l.) millsp., non-bt cotton, gossypium hirsutum l.; sunflower, helianthus annuus; sorghum, sorghum bicolor l. ...200717598554
cross-resistance studies of cry1ac-resistant strains of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to cry2ab.bioassays and binding tests between cry toxins (crylaa, crylab, crylac, and cry2ab) and brush-border membrane vesicles (bbmvs) from larvae of a bacillus thurningiensis (bt)-susceptible (96s) and two crylac-resistant strains (btr and lfr10) were conducted for investigating cross-resistance of crylac-resistant strains to cry2ab in helicoverpa armigera (hiibner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). the resistance ratio (rr) values of the btr and lfr10 strains to crylac and cry2ab were 2,971- and 1.1-fold and ...200717598555
transmission of cotton seed and boll rotting bacteria by the southern green stink bug (nezara viridula l.).to determine the ability of the southern green stink bug (sgsb) (nezara viridula l.) to transmit pantoea agglomerans into cotton (gossypium hirsutum) bolls.200717650204
detection and characterization of cry1ac transgene construct in bt cotton: multiple polymerase chain reaction approach.to comply with international labeling regulations for genetically modified (gm) crops and food, and to enable proper identification of gm organisms (gmos), effective methodologies and reliable approaches are needed. the spurious and unapproved gm planting has contributed to crop failures and commercial losses. to ensure effective and genuine gm cultivation, a methodology is needed to detect and identify the trait of interest and concurrently evaluate the structural and functional stability of th ...200718193727
saturated very-long-chain fatty acids promote cotton fiber and arabidopsis cell elongation by activating ethylene biosynthesis.fatty acids are essential for membrane biosynthesis in all organisms and serve as signaling molecules in many animals. here, we found that saturated very-long-chain fatty acids (vlcfas; c20:0 to c30:0) exogenously applied in ovule culture medium significantly promoted cotton (gossypium hirsutum) fiber cell elongation, whereas acetochlor (2-chloro-n-[ethoxymethyl]-n-[2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl]-acetamide; ace), which inhibits vlcfa biosynthesis, abolished fiber growth. this inhibition was overcome b ...200717993622
variable rainfall intensity and tillage effects on runoff, sediment, and carbon losses from a loamy sand under simulated rainfall.the low-carbon, intensively cropped coastal plain soils of georgia are susceptible to runoff, soil loss, and drought. reduced tillage systems offer the best management tool for sustained row crop production. understanding runoff, sediment, and chemical losses from conventional and reduced tillage systems is expected to improve if the effect of a variable rainfall intensity storm was quantified. our objective was to quantify and compare effects of a constant (ic) intensity pattern and a more real ...200717766829
cotton ghdreb1 increases plant tolerance to low temperature and is negatively regulated by gibberellic acid.the transcription factors c-repeat binding factors/dehydration-responsive element binding proteins (cbfs/drebs) control the expression of many stress-inducible genes in arabidopsis. a cdna clone, designated ghdreb1, was isolated from cotton (gossypium hirsutum) by cdna library screening. northern blot analysis indicated that mrna accumulation of ghdreb1 was induced by low temperatures and salt stress, but was not induced by abscisic acid (aba) or drought stress in cotton seedlings. transgenic to ...200717803642
transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton (gossypium hirsutum) allomone response to cotton aphid, aphis gossypii, in a closed-dynamics co(2) chamber (cdcc).allocation of allomones of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis gossypium hirsutum (bt cotton) (cv. gk-12) and non-bt-transgenic cotton (cv. simian-3) grown in elevated co(2) in response to infestation by cotton aphid, aphis gossypii glover, was studied in a closed-dynamics co(2) chamber. significant increases in foliar condensed tannin and carbon/nitrogen ratio for gk-12 and simian-3 were observed in elevated co(2) relative to ambient co(2,) as partially supported by the carbon nutrient balance hy ...200717805479
toxicity of seven foliar insecticides to four insect parasitoids attacking citrus and cotton pests.laboratory studies were carried out to compare the toxicity of seven foliar insecticides to four species of adult beneficial insects representing two families of hymenoptera: aphelinidae (aphytis melinus debach, eretmocerus eremicus rose & zolnerowich, and encarsiaformosa gahan) and mymaridae (gonatocerus ashmeadi girault) that attack california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell); sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (both e. eremicus and e. formosa); and glassy-winged sharpsho ...200717849851
effects of proportion and configuration of bacillus thuringiensis cotton on pest abundance, damage, and yield.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., kills several economically important pests, reducing injury and increasing yields. refuges of non-bt cotton are currently planted with bt cotton in different designs to slow pest resistance evolution. to compare the effects of differences in bt/non-bt plant heterogeneity found in different refuge designs on square (flower bud) damage, abscissions, sap-feeding herbivore densities, and yield in cotton, four types of 24-row cotto ...200717849898
a proteinaceous elicitor sm1 from the beneficial fungus trichoderma virens is required for induced systemic resistance in maize.we have previously shown that the beneficial filamentous fungus trichoderma virens secretes the highly effective hydrophobin-like elicitor sm1 that induces systemic disease resistance in the dicot cotton (gossypium hirsutum). in this study we tested whether colonization of roots by t. virens can induce systemic protection against a foliar pathogen in the monocot maize (zea mays), and we further demonstrated the importance of sm1 during maize-fungal interactions using a functional genomics approa ...200717885089
establishment of azotobacter on plant roots: chemotactic response, development and analysis of root exudates of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.).biofertilizers contribute in n(2) fixation, p solubilization, phytohormone production and thus enhance plant growth. beneficial plant-microbe interactions and the stability and effectiveness of biofertilizer depend upon the establishment of bacterial strains in the rhizosphere of the plant. this interaction depends upon many factors, one of them being plant exudates. root exudates are composed of small organic molecules like carbonic acids, amino acids or sugars etc., which are released into the ...200717910096
qtl mapping of yield and yield components for elite hybrid derived-rils in upland cotton.a population of 180 recombinant inbred lines (rils) was developed by single seed descended from the cross of high yield upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) varieties zhongmiansuo12 (zms12) and 8891, the two parents of xiangzamian2 (xzm2). a genetic linkage map consisting of 132 loci and covering 865.20 cm was constructed using the ril population chiefly with ssr markers. yield and yield components were investigated for rils in three environments in china. the purpose of the present research wa ...200717469776
resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry2ab in a strain of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in australia.transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., expressing the crylac and cry2ab genes from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) berliner variety kurstaki in a pyramid (bollgard ii) was widely planted for the first time in australia during the 2004-2005 growing season. before the first commercial bollgard ii crops, limited amounts of cotton expressing only the crylac gene (ingard) was grown for seven seasons. no field failures due to resistance to crylac toxin were observed during that period and a monitoring ...200717598553
combining ability and heterosis for earliness characters in line x tester population of gossypium hirsutum l.the objective of this study was to estimate the general combining ability of the parents and specific combining ability of hybrids for earliness traits for line selection. inheritance and interrelationships of earliness characters were evaluated in a line x tester design. three intermediate-early-maturing female (lines) which are grown regionally and four early-maturing males (testers) cotton varieties were crossed in 2003. the twelve f(1) and seven parents were planted randomized block design w ...200718031352
influence of nezara viridula feeding on cotton yield, fiber quality, and seed germination.the influence of southern green stink bug, nezara viridula (l.), adults (males and females) and fourth to fifth instars on cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., boll abscission, seedcotton yield, fiber quality, and seed viability was evaluated in field studies conducted during 2004 and 2005. cotton bolls representing several age classes ranging from 0-600 heat units were individually infested with a specific gender or life stage of southern green stink bug. adults and nymphs induced abscission of bolls ...200717972633
molecular characterization of a transient expression gene encoding for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).ethylene performs an important function in plant growth and development. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) synthase (acs), the key enzyme involved in ethylene biosynthesis, has been the focus of most ethylene studies. here, a cotton acs gene referred to as gossypium hirsutum acs1 (ghacs1), was isolated. the full-length cdna of ghacs1 encodes for a 476-amino acid protein which harbors seven conserved regions, 11 invariant amino acid residues, and the plp binding active site, all of which ch ...200717927914
molecular markers linked to the rf2 fertility restorer gene in cotton.cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is a maternally inherited trait in which plants do not produce viable pollen. fertility in plants with cms can be recovered by nuclear restorer genes. most restorer genes cloned so far are members of the pentatricopeptide repeat (ppr) protein family. the objective of our study was to use the cms-d8 and restoration (rf2) system of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) to develop more dna markers for the rf2 gene. in a backcross population with 112 plants, segregation of ...200717893722
molecular characterization of cotton 14-3-3l gene preferentially expressed during fiber elongation.the 14-3-3 protein, highly conserved in all eukaryotic cells, is an important regulatory protein. it plays an important role in the growth, amplification, apoptosis, signal transduction, and other crucial life activities of cells. a cdna encoding a putative 14-3-3 protein was isolated from cotton fiber cdna library. the cdna, designated as gh14-3-3l (gossypium hirsutum 14-3-3-like), is 1,029 bp in length (including a 762 bp long open reading frame and 5'-/3'-untranslated regions) and deduced a p ...200717469787
microcolinearity and genome evolution in the adha region of diploid and polyploid cotton (gossypium).genome sizes vary by several orders of magnitude, driven by mechanisms such as illegitimate recombination and transposable element proliferation. prior analysis of the cesa region in two cotton genomes that diverged 5-10 million years ago (ma), and acquired a twofold difference in genome size, revealed extensive local conservation of genic and intergenic regions, with no evidence of the global genome size difference. the present study extends the comparison to include bac sequences surrounding t ...200717461788
integrative mapping of gossypium hirsutum l. by meiotic fluorescent in situ hybridization of a tandemly repetitive sequence (b77).we determined the relative positions of the tandem-repeat molecular cytogenetic marker b77, translocation breakpoints, and telosome arms in gossypium hirsutum cytogenetic stocks by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) analysis of meiotic quadrivalents in 16 single and 2 double translocation heterozygotes and five monotelodisomics. results delimited the b77 fish locus to the right arm of the d-subgenome chromosome 14 (14r) and the short arm (14sh), respectively. by equating 14r with 14sh and ...200717409065
computational identification of micrornas and their targets in gossypium hirsutum expressed sequence tags.micrornas (mirnas) are a class of non-coding rnas that regulate gene post-transcriptional expression in animals and plants. comparatively genomic computational methods have been developed to predict new mirnas in worms, humans, and arabidopsis. here we present an est (expressed sequence tags)--and gss (genomic survey sequences)-based combined approach for the detection of novel mirnas in gossypium hirsutum. this was initiated by using previously known mirna sequences from arabidopsis, rice and o ...200717408884
evaluation of source leaf responses to water-deficit stresses in cotton using a novel stress bioassay.water-deficit stresses preferentially reduce shoot growth, thereby disrupting the flow of carbohydrates from source leaves to the developing sinks. here, we use a novel stress bioassay to dissect responses of field and greenhouse-grown cotton (gossypium hirsutum) source leaves to water-deficit stresses. fifth main stem leaf samples were harvested at sunrise and subjected to a prolonged elevated respiratory demand in the dark. sucrose levels are lower in nonstressed cotton at sunrise compared to ...200717071650
expression partitioning between genes duplicated by polyploidy under abiotic stress and during organ development.allopolyploidy has been a prominent mode of speciation and a recurrent process during plant evolution and has contributed greatly to the large number of duplicated genes in plant genomes [1-4]. polyploidy often leads to changes in genome organization and gene expression [5-9]. the expression of genes that are duplicated by polyploidy (termed homeologs) can be partitioned between the duplicates so that one copy is expressed and functions only in some organs and the other copy is expressed only in ...200717825563
a strategy for designing multi-taxa specific reference gene systems. example of application--ppi phosphofructokinase (ppi-ppf) used for the detection and quantification of three taxa: maize (zea mays), cotton (gossypium hirsutum) and rice (oryza sativa).in the first part of the paper, we report the description of a new strategy for the development of a plant reference gene system that can be used for genetically modified organism (gmo) analysis. on the basis of in silico research for candidate genes, the design of degenerate primers allowed the obtention of genomic sequences of the selected gene ppi-phosphofructokinase ( ppi-ppf) for nine taxa in which gmos have been developed. the comparison and the analysis of inter- and intraspecies sequence ...200717824661
the induction of microsomal nadph:cytochrome p450 and nadh:cytochrome b(5) reductases by long-term salt treatment of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) and bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) plants.we studied the effect of salinity on the activity of microsomal nadph:cytochrome p450 reductase (cpr, ec 1.6.2.4) and nadh:ferricytochrome b(5) oxidoreductase (b5r, ec 1.6.2.2) in two dicotyledonous plant species differing in their sensitivity to salt, cotton (gossypium hirsutum l. cv ogosta) and common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l. cv dobrujanski 7). a significant inhibition of fresh weight of salt-treated bean plants was observed, while cotton was affected to a much lesser degree. nacl applicati ...200717761430
comparative characteristics and gene action in three petal-spotted mutants of gossypium hirsutum. 200717656854
meiosis in a triploid hybrid of gossypium: high frequency of secondary bipolar spindles at metaphase ii.studies on meiosis in pollen mother cells (pmcs) of a triploid interspecific hybrid (3x = 39 chromosomes, aad) between tetraploid gossypium hirsutum (4n = 2x = 52,aadd) and diploid g. arboreum (2n = 2x = 26,aa) are reported. during meiotic metaphase i, 13 aa bivalents and 13 d univalents are expected in the hybrid. however, only 28% of the pmcs had this expected configuration. the rest of the pmcs had between 8 and 12 bivalents and between 12 and 17 univalents. univalents lagged at anaphase i, a ...200717656848
laser capture microdissection and cdna microarrays used to generate gene expression profiles of the rapidly expanding fibre initial cells on the surface of cotton ovules.cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) fibre initial cells undergo a rapid cellular re-programming around anthesis to form the long cellulose fibres prized for textile manufacture. on the day of anthesis the cotton fibre initial cells balloon out from the ovule surface and so are clearly distinguished from adjacent epidermal pavement cells. to enhance our understanding of the molecular processes that determine which cells become fibres and why adjacent epidermal cells remain in a different developmental ...200717636323
development of one set of chromosome-specific microsatellite-containing bacs and their physical mapping in gossypium hirsutum l.fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish), using bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone as probe, is a reliable cytological technique for chromosome identification. it has been used in many plants, especially in those containing numerous small chromosomes. we previously developed eight chromosome-specific bac clones from tetraploid cotton, which were used as excellent cytological markers for chromosomes identification. here, we isolated the other chromosome-specific bac clones to make a com ...200717632699
analysis of genetic effects of nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction on quantitative traits: genetic model for diploid plants.a genetic model was proposed for simultaneously analyzing genetic effects of nuclear, cytoplasm, and nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction (nci) as well as their genotype by environment (ge) interaction for quantitative traits of diploid plants. in the model, the nci effects were further partitioned into additive and dominance nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction components. mixed linear model approaches were used for statistical analysis. on the basis of diallel cross designs, monte carlo simulations show ...200717601616
analysis of differentially expressed genes in genic male sterility cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) using cdna-aflp.cdna amplified fragment length polymorphism (cdna-aflp) analysis was used to investigate the differentially expressed genes between sterile and fertile plants of ms5ms6 double-recessive genic male sterility (gms) two-type line cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) at different stages, i.e., sporogenous cell stage, pollen mother cell (pmc) stage, and pollen grain stage. seventeen differentially expressed fragments were identified. functional analysis indicated that their corresponding genes may particip ...200717601613
ghdet2, a steroid 5alpha-reductase, plays an important role in cotton fiber cell initiation and elongation.cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) fibers, one of the most important natural raw materials for textile industry, are highly elongated trichomes from epidermal cells of cotton ovules. det2, an arabidopsis steroid 5d-reductase, is considered to catalyze a major rate-limiting in brassinosteroid (br) biosynthesis. to understand the role of brs in cotton fiber development, ghdet2, which putatively encodes a steroid 5alpha-reductase by sequence comparison, was cloned from developing fiber cells. in vitro ...200717565582
[estimation of the efficiency of seed irradiation by thermal neutrons for inducing chromosomal aberrations in m1 of cotton gossypium hirsutum l].exposure of cotton seeds to thermal neutrons at doses of 15, 25, and 35 gy was shown to induce many altered plants, including sterile and chimeric ones. most of these phenotypic changes were shown to result from novel genomic, chromosomal, and desynaptic mutations. the presence of these mutations in the karyotype of m, plants often decreased meiotic index and pollen fertility. in translocation forms, the decrease in pollen fertility was caused by the prevalence of quadrivalents in form of rings ...200717555126
[the inheritance of an ultra-dwarf plant mutant from upland cotton].the inheritance of an ultra-dwarf plant mutant from upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) was studied, which showed that the mutant was controlled by single recessive quality gene. this gene was denominated as du tentatively. no similar mutant has been found in upland cotton. the mutation could not normally flower and produce bolls under natural conditions, and its mature height was only 10.5 cm. when treated with exogenous ga3, it could normally flower and boll, and plant height could reach 57. ...200717548311
quantitative analysis of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) lint trash by fluorescence spectroscopy.the presence of cotton plant botanical components, or trash, embedded in lint subsequent to harvesting and ginning is an important criterion in the classification of baled cotton by the u.s. department of agriculture agricultural marketing service. the trash particles may be reduced in size to the point that specific trash types are not identifiable by image or gravimetric analysis, and it is desirable to quantify different trash types so that processing lines may be optimized for removal of the ...200717536818
analysis of gene expression in cotton fiber initials.cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) fibers are trichomes that initiate from the ovule epidermis. little is known about the developmental pathway causing fiber to differentiate from ovular epidermal cells even though limits on the number of cells that differentiate into fiber will limit yield.200717506877
molecular characterization of four adf genes differentially expressed in cotton.actin depolymerizing factor (adf), highly conserved in all eukaryotic cells, is a low molecular mass of actin-binding protein, which plays a key role in modulating the polymerizing and depolymerizing of the actin filaments. four cdnas (designated ghadf2, ghadf3, ghadf4, and ghadf5, respectively) encoding adf proteins were isolated from cotton (gossypium hirsutum) fiber cdna library. ghadf2 cdna is 705 bp in length and deduces a protein with 139 amino acids. ghadf3 cdna is 819 bp in length and en ...200717498633
comparison of direct and indirect sampling methods for tarnished plant bug (hemiptera: miridae) in flowering cotton.a complex of hemipterans, especially the tarnished plant bug, lygus lineolaris (palisot de beauvois) (hemiptera: miridae), has become a major target of insecticides in flowering cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., in the mid-southern united states. sampling protocols for this complex during this period of cotton development are poorly established, resulting in uncertainty about when infestations warrant treatment. nine direct and indirect sampling methods were evaluated for bias, precision, and effic ...200718232411
feeding and oviposition preference of phyllophaga cuyabana (moser) (coleoptera: melolonthidae) on several crops.laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study food and oviposition preference by phyllophaga cuyabana (moser) on different plant species as cajanus cajan l. (pigeon pea), crotalaria juncea l. (sun hemp), crotalaria spectabilis roth (showy crotalaria), crotalaria ochroleuca g. don (slenderleaf rattlebox), glycine max [l.] merrill (soybean), gossypium hirsutum l. (cotton), helianthus annuus l. (sunflower), stizolobium aterrimum [mucuna aterrima] piper tracey (velvetbean) and zea ...200718060303
simultaneous growth and emission measurements demonstrate an interactive control of methanol release by leaf expansion and stomata.emission from plants is a major source of atmospheric methanol. growing tissues contribute most to plant-generated methanol in the atmosphere, but there is still controversy over biological and physico-chemical controls of methanol emission. methanol as a water-soluble compound is thought to be strongly controlled by gas-phase diffusion (stomatal conductance), but growth rate can follow a different diurnal rhythm from that of stomatal conductance, and the extent to which the emission control is ...200717374874
the role of induced mutation in conversion of photoperiod dependence in cotton.wild cotton germplasm resources are largely underutilized because of photoperiod-dependent flowering of "exotic" cottons. the objectives of this work were to explore the genome-wide effect of induced mutation in photoperiod-converted induced cotton mutants, estimating the genetic change between mutant and wild-type cottons using simple sequence repeats (ssrs) as well as understand the pattern of ssr mutation in induced mutagenesis. three groups of photoperiod-converted radiomutants ((32)p) inclu ...200717406024
changes in homogalacturonans and enzymes degrading them during cotton cotyledon expansion.changes in homogalacturonans (hgs) and enzymes degrading them have been investigated during cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) cotyledon expansion. using an in vivo assay for pectin-degrading enzymes that involves fluorescent labeled oligomers of gala as substrate and capillary electrophoresis for product analysis, we found that endo- and exo-polygalacturonases are present in the cotyledon extracellular spaces, and there are dramatic changes in the levels of both activities as the cotyledons change ...200717395221
effects of crop rotation, tillage, and fertilizer applications on sorghum head insects.rotations, tillage, and fertilizer treatments can affect yield, costs, and profitability in sorghum, sorghum bicolor (l.) moench, depending on their effects on pests. rotation or planting different crops reduces soil erosion and pests that build up when a field is planted to the same crop each year. minimum tillage reduces the number of trips over a field, lessening soil compaction and reducing costs. we examined the effects of fertilizer, tillage, and rotation with cotton, gossypium hirsutum l. ...200717370814
detection and identification of rhamnogalacturonan lyase activity in intercellular spaces of expanding cotton cotyledons.rhamnogalacturonan lyase (rg lyase) activity has been detected and its relative activity measured in vivo during the expansion of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) cotyledons. rhamnogalacturonan (rg) oligomers labeled with a fluorescent tag were injected into the intercellular spaces of cotton cotyledons and, after incubation, the digested substrate was rinsed out. enzyme digestion products were detected and identified by capillary zone electrophoresis. rhamnogalacturonan lyase products were identi ...200717346264
a quantitative method for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in cottonseed, cottonseed meal, and cottonseed oil (gossypium hirsutum) by high-performance liquid chromatography.cyclopropenoid fatty acids (cpfas), found in cottonseed, have been shown to have detrimental health effects to susceptible livestock. previous quantitative analytical methods for the determination of cpfas expressed these acids in terms of their relative abundance with respect to other fatty acids in the oil, necessitating the concurrent analysis of other fatty acids. the proposed analytical method describes the quantitation of three relevant cpfas for cotton (malvalic acid, sterculic acid, and ...200717323967
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