Publications

flower-inhabiting frankliniella thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae), pesticides, and fusarium hardlock in cotton.	cotton hardlock caused by fusarium verticillioides (sacc. nirenberg) can reduce cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., yields > 70% in the southeastern united states. the spores infect flowers on the day of pollination, resulting in hardlock, which is the failure of the fiber to fluff as the boll opens at maturity. frankliniella spp. thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) inhabiting the flowers are hypothesized to increase hardlock by spreading the conidia or by creating entranceways for the germinating fusar ...	2009	19610399
trichogramma (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) ecology in a tropical bt transgenic cotton cropping system: sampling to improve seasonal pest impact estimates in the ord river irrigation area, australia.	trichogramma westwood (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) cause high mortality rates in the potentially resistant pest species, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), and are considered integral to the resistance management plan for bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., production in the ord river irrigation area (oria), western australia. measured as percentage of parasitism, trichogramma activity seems highly variable over time; yet, it contributes sign ...	2009	19610415
cry2ab tolerance response of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) populations from crylac cotton planting region.	helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is an important lepidopteran pest of cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., in asia. transgenic cotton expressing the cry1ac gene from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been widely planted for control of this pest. for managing the potential risk from resistance evolution in this pest, a new transgenic bt cotton containing cry1ac and cry2ab genes (gene pyramided strategy) was designed as a successor of cry1ac cotton. this article reports on levels of ...	2009	19610441
effects of pink bollworm resistance to bacillus thuringiensis on phenoloxidase activity and susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes.	widespread planting of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) imposes selection on many key agricultural pests to evolve resistance to bt. fitness costs can slow the evolution of bt resistance. we examined effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on fitness costs of bt resistance in the pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), a major pest of cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., in the southwestern u ...	2009	19610442
quantification of cry1ac and cry1f bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins in selected transgenic cotton plant tissue types.	quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to characterize the geographical (locations) and temporal (through 6 wk) expression of crylac, from bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki, and cry1f, from b. thuringiensis variety aizawai, in transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., plant structures. terminal leaves, squares (flower buds), flowers, bolls (fruit), and mature leaves located five and eight nodes below the terminal apex were sampled during weeks 2, 4, and 6 after the initi ...	2009	19610451
functional analysis of a cotton cellulose synthase a4 gene promoter in transgenic tobacco plants.	a 1,482-bp promoter sequence of the cotton cellulose synthase gene (ghcesa4) was isolated from chinese cultivar cri12 of gossypium hirsutum, and transcriptionally fused to a beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene for investigation of important regions controlling gene expression in transgenic tobacco plants. histochemical staining showed that the full-length promoter directs efficient expression of the reporter gene in the roots, hypocotyls, vascular tissues of stems, trichomes, the central leaf ...	2009	19655147
spatiotemporal patterns and dispersal of stink bugs (heteroptera: pentatomidae) in peanut-cotton farmscapes.	in the southeast united states, a field of peanuts, arachis hypogaea l., is often closely associated with a field of cotton, gossypium hirsutum l. the objective of this 4-yr on-farm study was to examine and compare the spatiotemporal patterns and dispersal of the southern green stink bug, nezara viridula l., and the brown stink bug, euschistus servus (say), in six of these peanut-cotton farmscapes. gs(+) version 9 was used to generate interpolated estimates of stink bug density by inverse distan ...	2009	19689882
efficacy of cry1ac:cry1f proteins in cotton leaf tissue against fall armyworm, beet armyworm, and soybean looper (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., plants expressing cry1ac and cry1f insecticidal crystal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) were evaluated against selected lepidopteran pests including fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith), beet armyworm, spodoptera exigua (hübner), and soybean looper, pseudoplusia includens (walker). studies were conducted in a range of environments, challenging various cotton tissue types from several varieties containing a combination of cry1ac and cr ...	2009	19736762
crop juxtaposition affects cotton fiber quality in georgia farmscapes.	phytophagous stink bugs (hemiptera: pentatomidae), including green stink bug [acrosternum hilare (say)], southern green stink bug [nezara viridula (l.)], and brown stink bug [euschistus servus (say)], have become a serious production issue for southeastern u.s. cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., growers. to investigate how different agronomic crops may affect stink bug damage and fiber quality in neighboring cotton fields, replicated 1.6-2.0-ha trials were planted with corn (zea mays l.), peanut (ar ...	2009	19736764
evaluation of transgenic soybean exhibiting high expression of a synthetic bacillus thuringiensis cry1a transgene for suppressing lepidopteran population densities and crop injury.	several transgenic lines of soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., expressing a synthetic cry1a gene from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), were examined in replicated field trials in 2003-2007 for suppression of naturally occurring population densities of lepidopteran pests and the resultant crop injury that they caused. bt soybean and negative controls (isogenic segregants and parental lines) were evaluated against velvetbean caterpillar, anticarsia gemmatalis (hübner); soybean looper, pseudoplusia inclu ...	2009	19736779
efficient production of gossypol from hairy root cultures of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).	a protocol for induction and establishment of agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated hairy root culture of gossypium hirsutum was developed through infection with the a4 strain and co-cultivation on hormone-free semi-solid ms medium with b5 vitamins. it resulted in the emergence of hairy roots from the leaf explants, 21 days after infection. the transformation of hairy roots was established by pcr amplification of rol b and rol c genes of the ri plasmid. all root lines expressed gossypol, although di ...	2009	19751178
molecular cloning and characterization of an inducible rna-dependent rna polymerase gene, ghrdrp, from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).	the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) cdna, designated as gossypium hirsutum rdrp (ghrdrp) was cloned from cotton by rapid amplification of cdna ends-polymerase chain reaction (race-pcr). the full-length cdna was 3,672 bp in size and encoded an open reading frame (orf) of 1,110 amino acids which contained the rdrp conserved functional domain and the signature motif dbdgd. amino acid sequence alignment indicated that ghrdrp shared the highest identity (66.37%) with atrdrp1 and had homology with ...	2009	17929195
production of mrna from the cry1ac transgene differs among bollgard lines which correlates to the level of subsequent protein.	commercial cultivars of bollgard cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., differ in the amount of expressed cry1ac protein. however, the plant-mechanism for which this occurs is still unknown. using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr), we developed a method to determine if differences in the overall level of cry1ac among bollgard lines could be correlated to the mrna transcripts. our data shows that the cry1ac mrna transcript differs among bollgard lines and are correlated with corresp ...	2009	18594999
scanning electron microscopy applied to seed-borne fungi examination.	the aim of this study was to test the standard scanning electron microscopy (sem) as a potential alternative to study seed-borne fungi in seeds, by two different conditions of blotter test and water restriction treatment. in the blotter test, seeds were subjected to conditions that enabled pathogen growth and expression, whereas the water restriction method consisted in preventing seed germination during the incubation period, resulting in the artificial inoculation of fungi. in the first condit ...	2009	19204924
identification and expression of a new delta-12 fatty acid desaturase (fad2-4) gene in upland cotton and its functional expression in yeast and arabidopsis thaliana plants.	a cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) genomic clone encompassing a 17.9-kb dna fragment was found to contain a delta-12 fatty acid desaturase gene (designated fad2-4). the fad2-4 open reading frame has 1,155bp and is uninterrupted, encoding a conceptual fad2-4 polypeptide of 384 amino acids that has 98% identity with the cotton fad2-3 polypeptide. the fad2-4 gene has a single intron of 2,780 bp in its 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr). the 3'-flanking regions and 5'-utr introns in the fad2-4 and fad2-3 ...	2009	19217793
temporal analysis of cotton boll symptoms resulting from southern green stink bug feeding and transmission of a bacterial pathogen.	the southern green stink bug, nezara viridula (l.), is a significant pest of cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., and is becoming an increasing challenge due to the decrease in use of broad-spectrum insecticides on the crop. the southern green stink bug can vector an opportunistic pantoea agglomerans strain (designated sc 1-r) into cotton bolls, resulting in infection. the appearance of stink bug damage varies, and pest managers cannot readily identify its source. this research reports a systematic de ...	2009	19253615
comparisons of boll weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) pheromone traps with and without kill strips.	boll weevil, anthonomus grandis grandis boheman (coleoptera: curculionidae), eradication programs typically equip pheromone traps with an insecticide-impregnated kill strip. these strips are intended to kill captured insects, thereby simplifying trap servicing and reducing the loss of weevils from predation and escape. however, the effectiveness of kill strips has not been extensively evaluated. we examined the influences of kill strips on weevil captures, trap servicing, and the incidences of w ...	2009	19253635
can the amount of corn acreage predict fall armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) infestation levels in nearby cotton?	fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), is a major pest of corn, zea mays l., and a significant, but more sporadic, pest of cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., in the western hemisphere. previous studies showed that the cotton infestations primarily involve a fall armyworm subpopulation known as the "corn-strain" for which corn is the preferred host plant. it was suggested that the fall armyworm infesting cotton originated in corn and spread into secondary hosts as ...	2009	19253639
bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac resistance frequency in tobacco budworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (f.) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), is one of the most important pests of cotton, gossypium hirsutum l, that has become resistant to a wide range of synthetic insecticides. crylac-expressing cotton has proven its effectiveness against this insect since its introduction in north america in 1996. however, the constant exposure of tobacco budworm to this protein toxin may result in the development of resistance to it. to estimate the frequency of alleles that con ...	2009	19253658
expressions of three cotton genes encoding the pip proteins are regulated in root development and in response to stresses.	cotton (gossypium hirsutum), the most important textile crop worldwide, often encounters water stress such as drought or waterlog during its growth season (summer). to investigate molecular mechanism of water regulation in cotton plants, three cdnas encoding the plasma membrane intrinsic protein (pip) were isolated from cotton root cdna library, and designated ghpip1;1, ghpip2;1 and ghpip2;2, respectively. all of the three pip proteins displayed water channel activity in xenopus laevis oocytes. ...	2009	18956193
a cotton (gossypium hirsutum) dre-binding transcription factor gene, ghdreb, confers enhanced tolerance to drought, high salt, and freezing stresses in transgenic wheat.	a cotton (g. hirsutum l.) dehydration responsive element binding protein gene, ghdreb, which encodes a 153 amino acid protein containing a conserved ap2/erebp domain, was isolated from the cdna library of cotton cv. simian 3 by a yeast one-hybrid system. rna blot analysis showed that the ghdreb gene was induced in cotton seedlings by drought, high salt and cold stresses. an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa) indicated that the ghdreb protein bound specifically to the dre core element (a ...	2009	19005655
cotton metallothionein ghmt3a, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, increased tolerance against abiotic stress in transgenic tobacco and yeast.	a cdna clone encoding a 64-amino acid type 3 metallothionein protein, designated ghmt3a, was isolated from cotton (gossypium hirsutum) by cdna library screening. northern blot analysis indicated that mrna accumulation of ghmt3a was up-regulated not only by high salinity, drought, and low temperature stresses, but also by heavy metal ions, abscisic acid (aba), ethylene, and reactive oxygen species (ros) in cotton seedlings. transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing ghmt3a showe ...	2009	19033550
sucrose synthase affects carbon partitioning to increase cellulose production and altered cell wall ultrastructure.	overexpression of the gossypium hirsutum sucrose synthase (susy) gene under the control of 2 promoters was examined in hybrid poplar (populus alba x grandidentata). analysis of rna transcript abundance, enzyme activity, cell wall composition, and soluble carbohydrates revealed significant changes in the transgenic lines. all lines showed significantly increased susy enzyme activity in developing xylem. this activity manifested in altered secondary cell wall cellulose content per dry weight in al ...	2009	19625620
population dynamics of meloidogyne arenaria and pasteuria penetrans in a long-term crop rotation study.	the endospore-forming bacterium pasteuria penetrans is an obligate parasite of root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.). the primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of crop sequence on abundance of p. penetrans. the experiment was conducted from 2000 to 2008 at a field site naturally infested with both the bacterium and its host meloidogyne arenaria and included the following crop sequences: continuous peanut (arachis hypogaea) (p-p-p) and peanut rotated with either 2 years of ...	2009	22736828
analysis of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) root proteomes during a compatible interaction with the black root rot fungus thielaviopsis basicola.	a proteomic approach was used to uncover the inducible molecular defense mechanism of cotton root occurring during the compatible interaction with thielaviopsis basicola. microscopic observation of cotton root inoculated with a suspension of conidia showed that this necrotrophic hemibiotroph fungus interacts with the plant and completes its life cycle in our experimental system. 2-de analysis of root extracts taken after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days postinoculation and cluster analysis of the protein exp ...	2009	19105169
reproduction of meloidogyne marylandi and m. incognita on several poaceae.	the susceptibility of 22 plant species to meloidogyne marylandi and m. incognita was examined in three greenhouse experiments. inoculum of m. marylandi was eggs from cultures maintained on zoysia matrella "cavalier" or cynodon dactylon x c. trasvaalensis "tifdwarf". inoculum of m. incognita was eggs from cultures maintained on solanum lycopersicum 'rutgers'. in each host test the inoculum density was 2,000 nematode eggs/pot. none of the three dicot species tested (gossypium hirsutum, arachis hyp ...	2009	22661770
the multi-year effects of repeatedly growing cotton with moderate resistance to meloidogyne incognita.	meloidogyne incognita causes more damage to cotton in the us than any other pathogen. the objective of this study was to document the cumulative effect of moderate resistance on m. incognita population density, root galling, and yield suppression in the southern united states on a moderately resistant cotton genotype grown continuously for three years. cotton genotypes were phytogen ph98-3196 (77% suppression of m. incognita), acala nemx (85% suppression of m. incognita), and delta and pine land ...	2009	22661787
molecular and biochemical evidence for phenylpropanoid synthesis and presence of wall-linked phenolics in cotton fibers.	the mature cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) fiber is a single cell with a typically thickened secondary cell wall. the aim of this research was to use molecular, spectroscopic and chemical techniques to investigate the possible occurrence of previously overlooked accumulation of phenolics during secondary cell wall formation in cotton fibers. relative quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that ghcad6 and ghcad1 were predominantly expressed among seven gene ho ...	2009	19566641
transcript profiling during fiber development identifies pathways in secondary metabolism and cell wall structure that may contribute to cotton fiber quality.	a global gene expression profiling study at different stages of fiber development was undertaken on two cotton species cultivated for fiber, gossypium hirsutum (l.) and g. barbadense (l.). a large proportion of the genome was expressed during both fiber elongation and subsequent secondary cell wall thickening. there was a major shift in abundance of transcripts for gene regulation, cell organization and metabolism between fiber elongation and fiber thickening that was fundamentally similar in bo ...	2009	19520671
identification and molecular mapping of a fusarium wilt resistant gene in upland cotton.	fusarium wilt (fw) is one of the most economically damaging cotton diseases worldwide, causing yellowing, wilting, defoliation, vascular tissue damage and ultimately death. identification of molecular markers linked to fw genes is vital to incorporate resistance into elite cotton cultivars. an intraspecific f(2) in gossypium hirsutum l. was developed by crossing with a highly resistant cultivar zhongmiansuo 35 (zms35) and a susceptible cultivar junmian 1 to screen simple sequence repeats (ssrs) ...	2009	19506830
expression and localization of ghh6l, a putative classical arabinogalactan protein in cotton (gossypium hirsutum).	arabinogalactan proteins (agps) are a large family of highly glycosylated of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that play important roles in plant growth, development, and signal transduction. a cdna encoding a putative classical agp named ghh6l was isolated from cotton fiber cdna libraries, and the deduced protein contains 17 copies of repetitive motif of x-y-proline-proline-proline (where x is serine or alanine and y is threonine or serine). northern blotting analysis and quantitative rt-pcr re ...	2009	19499153
a synthetic auxin (naa) suppresses secondary wall cellulose synthesis and enhances elongation in cultured cotton fiber.	use of a synthetic auxin (naphthalene-1-acetic acid, naa) to start (gossypium hirsutum) ovule/fiber cultures hindered fiber secondary wall cellulose synthesis compared with natural auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, iaa). in contrast, naa promoted fiber elongation and ovule weight gain, which resulted in larger ovule/fiber units. to reach these conclusions, fiber and ovule growth parameters were measured and cell wall characteristics were examined microscopically. the differences in fiber from naa and ...	2009	19479259
a new interspecific, gossypium hirsutum x g. barbadense, ril population: towards a unified consensus linkage map of tetraploid cotton.	we report the development of a new interspecific cotton recombinant inbred line (ril) population of 140 lines deriving from an interspecific cross between gossypium hirsutum (gh) and g. barbadense (gb), using the same two parents that have served for the construction of a bc(1) map and for the marker-assisted backcross selection program underway at cirad. two marker systems, microsatellites and aflps, were used. an important feature of the ril population was its marked segregation distortion wit ...	2009	19387609
a specialized outer layer of the primary cell wall joins elongating cotton fibers into tissue-like bundles.	cotton (gossypium hirsutum) provides the world's dominant renewable textile fiber, and cotton fiber is valued as a research model because of its extensive elongation and secondary wall thickening. previously, it was assumed that fibers elongated as individual cells. in contrast, observation by cryo-field emission-scanning electron microscopy of cotton fibers developing in situ within the boll demonstrated that fibers elongate within tissue-like bundles. these bundles were entrained by twisting f ...	2009	19369592
interaction of novel dobzhansky-muller type genes for the induction of hybrid lethality between gossypium hirsutum and g. barbadense cv. coastland r4-4.	hybrid lethality was identified in interspecific hybrids between two cotton species, gossypium hirsutum and g. barbadense cv. coastland r4-4 (r4-4). genetic analysis indicated that the lethal symptom was controlled by two dominant complementary genes, one from g. hirsutum and another from r4-4. microsatellite mapping identified the location of the causal gene in g. hirsutum as chromosome d8, while the r4-4 gene was placed on chromosome d11. our data indicate that these genes conform to the dobzh ...	2009	19330312
the myb transcription factor ghmyb25 regulates early fibre and trichome development.	little is still known about the developmental control of the long seed coat trichomes of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.). in arabidopsis, leaf trichome initiation is regulated by a group of well-defined transcription factors that includes myb and homeodomain types. many mybs are expressed in fibres, but their roles in fibre development remain unclear. we analysed the function of one myb transcription factor, ghmyb25, identified from transcriptome comparisons between wild-type and fibreless cotton ...	2009	19309462
undamaged cotton plants yield more if their neighbour is damaged: implications for pest management.	understanding the compensatory responses of crops to pest damage is important in developing pest thresholds. compensation for pest damage in crops can occur at the plant level, where the architecture, growth dynamics and allocation patterns of damaged plants are altered, allowing them to recover or, at the crop level, where differential damage between plants may alter plant-to-plant interactions. we investigated growth and yield of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) following non-uniform manual defo ...	2009	19203400
construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of tm-1, a standard line for genetics and genomics in upland cotton.	a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library was constructed for gossypium hirsutum acc. tm-1, a genetic and genomic standard line for upland cotton. the library consists of 147 456 clones with an average insert size of 122.8 kb ranging from 97 to 240 kb. about 96.0% of the clones have inserts over 100 kb. therefore, this library represents theoretically 7.4 haploid genome equivalents based on an ad genome size of 2 425 mb. clones were stored in 384 384(-) well plates and arrayed into multipl ...	2009	19166501
index selection on seed traits under direct, cytoplasmic and maternal effects in multiple environments.	crop seeds are important sources of protein, oil, and carbohydrates for food, animal feeds, and industrial products. recently, much attention has been paid to quality and functional properties of crop seeds. however, seed traits possess some distinct genetic characteristics in comparison with plant traits, which increase the difficulty of genetically improving these traits. in this study, diallel analysis for seed models with genotype by environment interaction (ge) effect was applied to estimat ...	2009	19161944
expression of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism in cotton stems and roots.	cotton (gossypium hirsutum l) is an important crop worldwide that provides fiber for the textile industry. cotton is a perennial plant that stores starch in stems and roots to provide carbohydrates for growth in subsequent seasons. domesticated cotton makes these reserves available to developing seeds which impacts seed yield. the goals of these analyses were to identify genes and physiological pathways that establish cotton stems and roots as physiological sinks and investigate the role these p ...	2009	19161628
overexpression of thellungiella halophila h(+)-ppase (tsvp) in cotton enhances drought stress resistance of plants.	an h(+)-ppase gene, tsvp from thellungiella halophila, was transferred into two cotton (gossypium hirsutum) varieties (lumianyan19 and lumianyan 21) and southern and northern blotting analysis showed the foreign gene was integrated into the cotton genome and expressed. the measurement of isolated vacuolar membrane vesicles demonstrated that the transgenic plants had higher v-h(+)-ppase activity compared with wild-type plants (wt). overexpressing tsvp in cotton improved shoot and root growth, and ...	2009	19130078
the ghacs1 gene encodes an acyl-coa synthetase which is essential for normal microsporogenesis in early anther development of cotton.	microsporogenesis, associated with the functional expression of many genes, is a highly programmed and regulated process in flowering plants. to elucidate the roles of genes during anther development, two anther-specific cdnas (designated ghacs1 and ghacs2) encoding acyl-coa synthetases (acss) were isolated from a cotton (gossypium hirsutum) flower cdna library. subsequently, the corresponding ghacs1 gene was isolated from a cotton genomic dna library. real-time quantitative rt-pcr and northern ...	2009	18826432
purification and biochemical characterization of polyphenol oxidases from embryogenic and nonembryogenic cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) cells.	polyphenol oxidases (ppos) were isolated from cell suspensions of two cultivars of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.), and their biochemical characteristics were studied. ppo from coker 312, an embryogenic cultivar, showed a highest affinity to catechol 20 mm, and ppo from r405-2000, a nonembryogenic cultivar, showed a highest affinity to 4-methylcatechol 20 mm. the optimal ph for ppo activity was 7.0 and 6.0 for coker 312 and r405-2000, respectively. the enzyme had an optimal temperature of 25 degr ...	2009	18795241
analysis of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (xth) genes from allotetraploid (gossypium hirsutum) cotton and its diploid progenitors expressed during fiber elongation.	multiple cellular pathways have been shown to be involved during fiber initiation and elongation stages in the cultivated allotetraploid cotton (gossypium hirsutum). the cell wall enzymes xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases (xth) have been reported to be associated with the biosynthesis of the cell wall and the growth of cotton fibers, probably regulating the plasticity of the primary cell wall. among various cotton fiber cdnas found to be preferentially expressed in cotton fibers, a xylo ...	2009	18789555
down-regulation of ghadf1 gene expression affects cotton fibre properties.	cotton fibre is the most important natural fibres for textile industry. to date, the mechanism that governs the development of fibre traits is largely unknown. in this study, we have characterized the function of a member of the actin depolymerizing factor (adf) family in gossypium hirsutum by down-regulation of the gene (designated as ghadf1) expression in the transgenic cotton plants. we observed that both the fibre length and strength of the ghadf1-underexpressing plants increased as compared ...	2009	18761653
genome-wide analysis reveals rapid and dynamic changes in mirna and sirna sequence and expression during ovule and fiber development in allotetraploid cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).	cotton fiber development undergoes rapid and dynamic changes in a single cell type, from fiber initiation, elongation, primary and secondary wall biosynthesis, to fiber maturation. previous studies showed that cotton genes encoding putative myb transcription factors and phytohormone responsive factors were induced during early stages of ovule and fiber development. many of these factors are targets of micrornas (mirnas) that mediate target gene regulation by mrna degradation or translational rep ...	2009	19889219
variation in resistance to pyrethroids in helicoverpa armigera from benin republic, west africa.	pyrethroid resistance in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) field populations was investigated in benin over several years by using third- and fourth-instar larval topicalbioassays. h. armigera was resistant to pyrethroids tested as cypermethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and fenvalerate. pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide significantly decreased the ld50 value of cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and the resistance suppression by this synergist effect was observed. no significant decrease in the ld50 ...	2009	19886459
tarnished plant bug (hemiptera: miridae) thresholds and sampling comparisons for flowering cotton in the midsouthern united states.	the tarnished plant bug, lygus lineolaris (palisot de beauvois) (hemiptera: miridae), has become the primary target of foliar insecticides in cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., throughout the midsouth over the past several years. this prompted a reevaluation of existing action thresholds for flowering cotton under current production practices and economics. a trial was conducted at 19 locations throughout the midsouth during 2006 and 2007. threshold treatments ranged from a weekly automatic insectic ...	2009	19886447
response of the enzymes to nitrogen applications in cotton fiber (gossypium hirsutum l.) and their relationships with fiber strength.	to investigate the response of key enzymes to nitrogen (n) rates in cotton fiber and its relationship with fiber strength, experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 with cotton cultivars in nanjing. three n rates 0, 240 and 480 kgn/hm(2), signifying optimum and excessive nitrogen application levels were applied. the activities and the gene expressions of the key enzymes were affected by n, and the characteristics of cellulose accumulation and fiber strength changed as the n rate varied. beta-1 ...	2009	19937205
fifty years of the integrated control concept: the role of landscape ecology in ipm in san joaquin valley cotton.	in defining the integrated control concept, stern, smith, van den bosch and hagan described 'understanding the ecosystem' as a key underpinning of the concept. in following years, stern and van den bosch continued to refine and expand the role of the ecological landscape. they and their colleagues developed cultural practices that took advantage of this understanding to limit the need of pesticide intervention in cotton in the san joaquin valley during the 1960s and 1970s. research and extension ...	2009	19856340
enrichment of a set of micrornas during the cotton fiber development.	cotton (gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important economic crops and provides excellent fibers for textile manufacture. in addition to its industrial and agricultural importance, the fiber cell (plant trichome) also is a biological model system for exploring gene expression and regulation. small rnas regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. however, whether small rnas are involved in regulation of fiber cell development is unknown.	2009	19788742
heat stress-induced limitations to reproductive success in gossypium hirsutum.	using in vitro systems, numerous authors have cited the sensitivity of pollen tube growth to high temperature as a major cause of low yields for crops with valuable reproductive structures. we investigated the hypothesis that in vivo fertilization efficiency would be negatively affected by heat stress-induced changes in energy reserves and calcium-mediated oxidative status in the pistil. gossypium hirsutum plants exposed to optimal (30/20 degrees c) or high day temperature (38/20 degrees c) cond ...	2009	19656331
conserved mirna analysis in gossypium hirsutum through small rna sequencing.	several mirna family and their targets in cotton had been identified by computational methods based on the conserved characterization of mirnas. so far, there are no experiments to validate the existence of mirnas in cotton. in this study, to analyze the mirnas in cotton, a small rna library of sequences from 18 to 26 nt of gossypium hirsutum seedling has been built by high-throughput sequencing. in this library, 34 conserved mirna families were identified by homology search and the mirna sequen ...	2009	19628031
[effects of mepiquat chloride on inorganic elements contents in seeds of transgenic insect-resistant cotton determined by icp-ms].	to evaluate the effects of a worldwide used plant growth regulator mepiquat chloride on the nutrition value and safety of seeds of transgenic bt cotton, inorganic element components and contents in seeds of bt cotton (gossypium hirsutum cv. guoxin 6) under field condition were determined using icp-ms. in bt cotton seeds, 54 kinds of inorganic elements were identified by icp-ms, and 5 kinds of major elements, k, p, mg, ca and na, were in range from 138.3 to 13,835.1 microg x g(-1). the contents o ...	2009	19626916
tarnished plant bug (hemiptera: miridae) thresholds for cotton before bloom in the midsouth of the united states.	insecticide applications to control tarnished plant bug, lygus lineolaris (palisot de beauvois) (hemiptera: miridae), during cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., bud formation are common throughout the midsouth of the united states. cultivation practices and the pest complex have changed since action thresholds were established for this pest. a trial was conducted at 33 locations over 3 yr throughout the midsouth to evaluate tarnished plant bug damage to cotton during the prebloom period. there was no ...	2009	20069839
purification and characterization of cell suspensions peroxidase from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).	two peroxidases, cpod-i and rpod-ii, have been isolated and purified from cotton cell suspension and their biochemical characteristics studied. rpod-ii from r405-2000, a non-embryogenic cultivar, has higher activity than cpod-i derived from coker 312, which developed an embryogenic structure. the cpod-i and rpod-ii had molecular mass of 39.1 and 64 kda respectively, as determined by sds-page. both enzymes showed high efficiency of interaction with the guaiacol at 25 mm. the optimal ph for cpod-i ...	2009	18649146
pb(ii) biosorption from hazardous aqueous streams using gossypium hirsutum (cotton) waste biomass.	studies on the biosorptive ability of gossypium hirsutum (cotton) waste biomass outlined that smaller size of biosorbent (0.355mm), higher biomass dose (0.20g), 5 ph and 100mg/l initial pb(ii) concentration were more suitable for enhanced pb(ii) biosorption from aqueous medium. the langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic model fitted well to the data of pb(ii) biosorption. highly negative magnitude of gibbs free energy (deltag degrees ) indicated that the process was spontaneous ...	2009	18502037
sampling nucleotide diversity in cotton.	cultivated cotton is an annual fiber crop derived mainly from two perennial species, gossypium hirsutum l. or upland cotton, and g. barbadense l., extra long-staple fiber pima or egyptian cotton. these two cultivated species are among five allotetraploid species presumably derived monophyletically between g. arboreum and g. raimondii. genomic-based approaches have been hindered by the limited variation within species. yet, population-based methods are being used for genome-wide introgression of ...	2009	19840401
total and percent atropisomers of gossypol and gossypol-6-methyl ether in seeds from pima cottons and accessions of gossypium barbadense l.	gossypol occurs naturally in the seed, foliage, and roots of the cotton plant ( gossypium ) as atropisomers due to restricted rotation around the binaphthyl bond. the atropisomers differ in their biological activities. (-)-(r)-gossypol is more toxic and exhibits significantly greater anticancer activity than the (+)-(s)-atropisomer. most commercial upland ( gossypium hirsutum ) cottonseeds have an (r)- to (s)-gossypol ratio of approximately 2:3, but some pima ( gossypium barbadense ) seeds have ...	2009	19113939
[cotton fiber quality traits were controlled mainly by maternal plant genotype].	hai1, a gossypium barbadense l. variety with super fiber quality, and ccri36 and zhong221, two upland cotton cultivars (gossypium hirsutum l.), were used as recurrent parents to develop two backcross combinations of ccri36xhai1 and zhong221xhai1. fiber quality of inter-crossing bolls and self-crossing bolls were analyzed from different generations of the two combinations. the results showed that there existed significant difference in the average value, pole difference and cv% of fiber quality t ...	2008	19073557
identification of differentially expressed genes associated with cotton fiber development in a chromosomal substitution line (cs-b22sh).	one of the impediments in the genetic improvement of cotton fiber is the paucity of information about genes associated with fiber development. availability of chromosome arm substitution line cs-b22sh (chromosome 22 short arm substitution from 3-79 (gossypium barbadense) into a tm-1 (gossypium hirsutum) background) provides a novel opportunity to study fiber-associated genes because previous studies revealed this line was associated with some superior fiber quality traits compared to tm-1. we us ...	2008	18043952
low temperature and light regulate delta 12 fatty acid desaturases (fad2) at a transcriptional level in cotton (gossypium hirsutum).	lipid modifying enzymes play a key role in the development of cold stress tolerance in cold-resistant plants such as cereals. however, little is known about the role of the endogenous enzymes in cold-sensitive species such as cotton. delta 12 fatty acid desaturases (fad2), known to participate in adaptation to low temperatures through acyl chain modifications were used in gene expression studies in order to identify parameters of plant response to low temperatures. the induction of microsomal de ...	2008	18453533
the crystal structure of calcium-bound annexin gh1 from gossypium hirsutum and its implications for membrane binding mechanisms of plant annexins.	plant annexins show distinct differences in comparison with their animal orthologues. in particular, the endonexin sequence, which is responsible for coordination of calcium ions in type ii binding sites, is only partially conserved in plant annexins. the crystal structure of calcium-bound cotton annexin gh1 was solved at 2.5 a resolution and shows three metal ions coordinated in the first and fourth repeat in types ii and iii binding sites. although the protein has no detectable affinity for ca ...	2008	18441010
novel cotton homeobox gene and its expression profiling in root development and in response to stresses and phytohormones.	homeodomain-leucine zipper (hd-zip) proteins are transcriptional factors involved in plant development. in this study, one cdna clone (gossypium hirsutum homeobox1, designated ghhb1) encoding hd-zip protein was isolated from a cotton root cdna library. the ghhb1 cdna is 1132 bp in length, including an 828 bp open reading frame that encodes a peptide with 275 amino acids, and 5'/3'untranslated regions. the predicted ghhb1 protein containing a homeodomain and a leucine-rich zipper motif shares rel ...	2008	18180856
characterization and expression analysis of terminal flower1 homologs from cultivated alloteraploid cotton (gossypium hirsutum) and its diploid progenitors.	the seasonal cycle and persistence of a plant is governed by a combination of the determinate or indeterminate status of shoot and root apical meristems. a perennial plant is one in which the apical meristem of at least one of its shoot axes remains indeterminate beyond the first growth season. terminal flower1 (tfl1) genes play important roles in regulating flowering time, the fate of inflorescence meristem and perenniality. to investigate the role of tfl1-like genes in the determination of the ...	2008	18171595
comparative analysis of gene expression between cms-d8 restored plants and normal non-restoring fertile plants in cotton by differential display.	cms-d8 and its restorer were developed by introducing the cytoplasm and nuclear gene rf (2) from the wild diploid gossypium trilobum (d8) into the cultivated tetraploid upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum). no information is available on how the rf (2) gene interacts with cms-associated genes and how cms-d8 cytoplasm affects nuclear gene expression. the objective of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in anther tissues between the non-restoring fertile maintainer ark8518 (rf( ...	2008	18080126
quantitative real-time pcr assay to detect transgene copy number in cotton (gossypium hirsutum).	a taqman quantitative real-time pcr detection system was developed to examine transgene copy number in cotton. ghubc1, a gene validated to be present as a single copy per haploid gossypium hirsutum genome, was used as the endogenous reference to estimate copy number of gfp and selection marker nptii in 28 t0 plants. this system was found to be more accurate than genomic southern blot hybridization and could effectively tell homozygotes from heterozygotes in a t1 transgenic cotton population. the ...	2008	18078801
environmental effects on oxygen isotope enrichment of leaf water in cotton leaves.	the oxygen isotope enrichment of bulk leaf water (delta(b)) was measured in cotton (gossypium hirsutum) leaves to test the craig-gordon and farquhar-gan models under different environmental conditions. delta(b) increased with increasing leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (vpd) as an overall result of the responses to the ratio of ambient to intercellular vapor pressures (e(a)/e(i)) and to stomatal conductance (g(s)). the oxygen isotope enrichment of lamina water relative to source water (delt ...	2008	18065567
response of the photosynthetic apparatus of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) to the onset of drought stress under field conditions studied by gas-exchange analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging.	the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) grown during the onset of water limitation was studied by gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence to better understand the adaptation mechanisms of the photosynthetic apparatus to drought conditions. for this, cotton was grown in the field in central asia under well-irrigated and moderately drought-stressed conditions. the light and co(2) responses of photosynthesis (a(g)), stomatal conductance (g(s)) and various ch ...	2008	18053735
molecular cloning, expression profile and promoter analysis of a novel ethylene responsive transcription factor gene gherf4 from cotton (gossypium hirstum).	ethylene-responsive element binding factors (erfs) are plant-specific transcription factors, many of which have been linked to stress responses. a novel erf gene, designated gherf4, was isolated by race-pcr from gossypium hirsutum. the gherf4 cdna has a total length of 1061bp with an open reading frame of 669bp, encoding a protein of 222 amino acids with a molecular weight of 23.5kda and a calculated pi of 9.03. sequence alignment shows that gherf4 contains a 58 amino acid long ap2/erf domain an ...	2008	18035549
gene-rich islands for fiber development in the cotton genome.	cotton fiber is an economically important seed trichome and the world's leading natural fiber used in the manufacture of textiles. as a step toward elucidating the genomic organization and distribution of gene networks responsible for cotton fiber development, we investigated the distribution of fiber genes in the cotton genome. results revealed the presence of gene-rich islands for fiber genes with a biased distribution in the tetraploid cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) genome that was also linke ...	2008	18619771
qtl mapping of yield and fiber traits based on a four-way cross population in gossypium hirsutum l.	four-way cross (4wc) involving four different inbred lines frequently appears in the cotton breeding programs. however, linkage analysis and quantitative trait loci (qtl) mapping with molecular markers in cotton has largely been applied to populations derived from a cross between two inbred lines, and few results of qtl dissection were conducted in a 4wc population. in this study, an attempt was made to construct a linkage map and identify qtl for yield and fiber quality traits in 4wc derived fr ...	2008	18604518
a preliminary analysis of genome structure and composition in gossypium hirsutum.	upland cotton has the highest yield, and accounts for > 95% of world cotton production. decoding upland cotton genomes will undoubtedly provide the ultimate reference and resource for structural, functional, and evolutionary studies of the species. here, we employed genetrek and bac tagging information approaches to predict the general composition and structure of the allotetraploid cotton genome.	2008	18590573
atg-anchored aflp (atg-aflp) analysis in cotton.	amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) marker system has had broad applications in biology. however, the anonymous aflp markers are mainly amplified from non-coding regions, limiting their usefulness as a functional marker system. to take advantages of the traditional aflp techniques, we propose substitution of a restriction enzyme that recognizes a restriction site containing atg, called atg-anchored aflp (atg-aflp) analysis. in this study, we chose nsii (recognizing atgcat) to replace e ...	2008	18584177
chilling stress response of postemergent cotton seedlings.	early season development of cotton is often impaired by sudden episodes of chilling temperature. we determined the chilling response specific to postemergent 13-day-old cotton (gossypium hirsutum l. cv. coker 100a-glandless) seedlings. seedlings were gradually chilled during the dark period and rewarmed during the night-to-day transition. for some chilled plants, the soil temperature was maintained at control level. plant growth, water relations and net photosynthesis (p(n)) were analyzed after ...	2008	18573190
molecular cloning and characterization of a cytosolic glutamine synthetase gene, a fiber strength-associated gene in cotton.	an expressed sequence tag encoding glutamine synthetase (gs) was identified by microarray-based hybridization using fiber mrnas of allotetraploid gossypium hirsutum, 7235, a super quality property germplasm line, and tm-1, a genetic standard in g. hirsutum. northern-blot analysis verified transcript accumulation differences in 8 dpa fibers (including ovules) in the two varieties. the full-length cdna encoding gs in 7235 was isolated and named ghgs. sequence analysis revealed that the ghgs was si ...	2008	18560885
characteristics and analysis of simple sequence repeats in the cotton genome based on a linkage map constructed from a bc1 population between gossypium hirsutum and g. barbadense.	in the past decade, several molecular maps of cotton have been constructed using diverse dna molecular markers and mapping populations. in this study, an interspecific linkage map of allotetraploid cotton was developed using a bc1 population ((gossypium hirsutum x g. barbadense) x g. hirsutum). this map was genome-wide and was based entirely on simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers. forty-four linkage groups were assigned to 26 chromosomes, with 917 loci spanning 5452.2 cm of the genome. the aver ...	2008	18545277
characterization of 19 novel cotton fla genes and their expression profiling in fiber development and in response to phytohormones and salt stress.	fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (flas), a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (agps), are usually involved in cell development in plants. to investigate the expression profiling as well as the role of fla genes in fiber development, 19 ghfla genes (cdnas) were isolated from cotton (gossypium hirsutum). among them, 15 are predicted to be glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored to the plasma membranes. the isolated cotton flas could be divided into four groups. real-time quantitative revers ...	2008	18507812
detection of somaclonal variation of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) using cytogenetics, flow cytometry and molecular markers.	two protocols of plant regeneration for cotton were adopted in this study, namely, 2, 4-d and kinetin hormone combination and iba and kinetin hormone combination. twenty-eight embryogenic cell lines via somatic embryogenesis and 67 regenerated plants from these embryogenic calli were selected and used for random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd), simple sequence repeat (ssr), chromosomal number counting, and flow cytometric analysis. the roles of rapd and ssr markers in detecting somaclonal varia ...	2008	18504587
characterization and expression of plasma and tonoplast membrane aquaporins in elongating cotton fibers.	cotton fiber (gossypium hirsutum l. and g. barbadense l.) is a good model for studies of plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis. aquaporins are ancient membrane channel proteins that facilitate the permeation of water across biological membranes. we studied ghpip1-2, encoding plasma membrane intrinsic protein, and ghgammatip1, encoding tonoplast intrinsic protein, during cotton fiber development. the full-length cdnas of ghpip1-2 and ghgammatip1 were obtained through 5' race. the deduced ...	2008	18392624
increased terpenoid accumulation in cotton (gossypium hirsutum) foliage is a general wound response.	the subepidermal pigment glands of cotton accumulate a variety of terpenoid products, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and terpenoid aldehydes that can act as feeding deterrents against a number of insect herbivore species. we compared the effect of herbivory by spodoptera littoralis caterpillars, mechanical damage by a fabric pattern wheel, and the application of jasmonic acid on levels of the major representatives of the three structural classes of terpenoids in the leaf foliage of 4-we ...	2008	18386096
isolation and structural characterization of a novel oligosaccharide from the rhamnogalacturonan of gossypium hirsutum l.	an alkali extract of cell walls of gossypium hirsutum l. was sequentially digested by endo-polygalacturonase (ec 3.2.1.15), arabinofuranosidase an1571.2 (ec 3.2.1.55), endo-arabinase (ec 3.2.1.99), and rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase an9314.2 (ec 3.2.1.15). the rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase-generated oligosaccharides were separated by ultrafiltration, size-exclusion, and anion exchange chromatography. fractions from the anion exchange chromatography were pooled, lyophilized, and screened by maldi-to ...	2008	18353294
the ascorbate peroxidase regulated by h(2)o(2) and ethylene is involved in cotton fiber cell elongation by modulating ros homeostasis.	ascorbate peroxidase (apx) is a reactive oxygen species (ross) scavenging enzyme involved in regulation of intracellular ros levels by reduction of h(2)o(2) to water using ascorbate as an electron donor. in new phytologist 2007; 175:462-71, we identified a cotton cytosolic apx1 (ghapx1) that was significantly accumulated during the fast fiber-cell elongation period, through a proteomics approach. both the transcript levels of ghapx1 and the total apx activity were highly induced in response to i ...	2008	19704716
analysis of genetic effects of nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction on quantitative traits: genetic models for seed traits of plants.	two genetic models (an embryo model and an endosperm model) were proposed for analyzing genetic effects of nuclear genes, cytoplasmic genes, maternal genes, and nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction (nci) as well as their genotype by environment interaction for quantitative traits of plant seed. in these models, the nci effects were partitioned into direct additive and dominance nci components. mixed linear model approaches were employed for statistical analysis. for both balanced and unbalanced diall ...	2008	18283427
integrating soil conservation practices and glyphosate-resistant crops: impacts on soil.	conservation practices often associated with glyphosate-resistant crops, e.g. limited tillage and crop cover, improve soil conditions, but only limited research has evaluated their effects on soil in combination with glyphosate-resistant crops. it is assumed that conservation practices have similar benefits to soil whether or not glyphosate-resistant crops are used. this paper reviews the impact on soil of conservation practices and glyphosate-resistant crops, and presents data from a mississipp ...	2008	18275105
a majority of cotton genes are expressed in single-celled fiber.	multicellular eukaryotes contain a diversity of cell types, presumably differing from one another in the suite of genes expressed during development. at present, little is known about the proportion of the genome transcribed in most cell types, nor the degree to which global patterns of expression change during cellular differentiation. to address these questions in a model plant system, we studied the unique and highly exaggerated single-celled, epidermal seed trichomes ("cotton") of cultivated ...	2008	17849148
involvement of extracellular cu/zn superoxide dismutase in cotton fiber primary and secondary cell wall biosynthesis.	extracellular cu/zn superoxide dismutases (csds) that catalyze the conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide have been suggested to be involved in lignification of secondary walls in spinach, pine and aspen. in cotton fibers, hydrogen peroxide was proposed to be involved in the induction of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. recently, we identified extracellular csds from developing cotton fibers using both immunological and epitope tagging techniques. since cotton fibers are not lignified, w ...	2008	19704453
mapping and quantitative trait loci analysis of verticillium wilt resistance genes in cotton.	verticillium wilt is one of the most serious constraints to cotton production in almost all of the cotton-growing countries. in this study, "xinluzao1" (xlz1), a susceptible cultivar gossypium hirsutum l. and "hai7124" (h7124), a resistant line g. barbadense, and their f(2:3) families were used to map and study the disease index induced by verticillium wilt. a total of 430 ssr loci were mapped into 41 linkage groups; the map spanned 3,745.9 cm and the average distance between adjacent loci was 8 ...	2008	18713439
silicon carbide whisker-mediated embryogenic callus transformation of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) and regeneration of salt tolerant plants.	a silicon carbide whisker-mediated gene transfer system with recovery of fertile and stable transformants was developed for cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) cv. coker-312. two-month-old hypocotyl-derived embryogenic/non-embryogenic calli at different days after subculture were treated with silicon carbide whiskers for 2 min in order to deliver pgreen0029 encoding gus gene and prg229 avp1 gene, encoding arabidopsis vacuolar pyrophosphatase, having neomycin phosphotransferaseii (nptii) genes as plan ...	2008	18663608
molecular diversity and association mapping of fiber quality traits in exotic g. hirsutum l. germplasm.	the narrow genetic base of cultivated cotton germplasm is hindering the cotton productivity worldwide. although potential genetic diversity exists in gossypium genus, it is largely 'underutilized' due to photoperiodism and the lack of innovative tools to overcome such challenges. the application of linkage disequilibrium (ld)-based association mapping is an alternative powerful molecular tool to dissect and exploit the natural genetic diversity conserved within cotton germplasm collections, grea ...	2008	18801424
nectar feeding by wandering spiders on cotton plants.	spiders are assumed to be strictly carnivorous in assessments of their nutritional and energetic requirements, their habitat preferences, and their potential as biological control agents. however, members of salticidae (jumping spiders), thomisidae (crab spiders), and the fast-moving miturgidae, anyphaenidae, and corinnidae, all non-webbuilding wandering spiders, have been observed at floral and extrafloral nectaries of plants, presumably feeding on nectar. to test spiders in the field for necta ...	2008	18801266
devitalization of transgenic seed that preserves dna and protein integrity.	agricultural biotechnology companies have been asked to provide intact transgenic seed to regulatory agencies as reference materials for evaluating transgene and protein detection methods (pcr and immunoassay). due to intellectual-property and product-stewardship considerations, submission of devitalized seed prior to regulatory approval is preferable in any given country. commonly used devitalization procedures, such as heating or autoclaving, degrade the protein and/or dna rendering the seed u ...	2008	19183799
alternate row placement is ineffective for cultural control of meloidogyne incognita in cotton.	the objective of this study was to determine if planting cotton into the space between the previous year's rows reduces crop loss due to meloidogyne incognita compared to planting in the same row every year. row placement had a significant (p </= 0.05) effect on nematode population levels only on 8 july 2005. plots receiving 1,3-dichloropropene plus aldicarb had lower nematode population levels than non-fumigated plots on 24 may and 8 july in 2005, but not in 2004. the effect of nematicide treat ...	2008	19440259
transcriptional profiling of mature arabidopsis trichomes reveals that noeck encodes the mixta-like transcriptional regulator myb106.	leaf hairs (trichomes) of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) have been extensively used as a model to address general questions in cell and developmental biology. here, we lay the foundation for a systems-level understanding of the biology of this model cell type by performing genome-wide gene expression analyses. we have identified 3,231 genes that are up-regulated in mature trichomes relative to leaves without trichomes, and we compared wild-type trichomes with two mutants, glabra3 and triptyc ...	2008	18805951
sequence analysis and characterization of vacuolar-type h+ -atpase proteolipid transcript from acanthus ebracteatus vah1.	the vacuolar-type h+ -atpase (v-atpase) is a multimeric enzyme with diverse functions in plants such as nutrient transport, flowering, stress tolerance, guard cell movement and development. a partial sequence of v-atpase proteolipid was identified among the expressed sequence tags (ests) generated from acanthus ebracteatus, and selected for full-length sequencing. the 876-nucleotide cdna consists of an open reading frame of 165 amino acids. the deduced amino acid sequence displays high similarit ...	2008	17852357
interactive effects of elevated co2 and cotton cultivar on tri-trophic interaction of gossypium hirsutum, aphis gossyppii, and propylaea japonica.	information on the effects of enriched co2 on both the chemical composition of plants and the consequences of such changes for performance of a herbivore and its predator is an important first step in understanding the responses of plants and insects to global environmental change. we examined interactions across three trophic levels, cotton, gossypium hirsutum, an aphid herbivore, aphis gossypii glover, and a coccinellid predator, propylaea japonica (thunberg), as affected by elevated co2 conce ...	2008	18348793
cotton plant, gossypium hirsutum l., defense in response to nitrogen fertilization.	plants respond to insect herbivory by producing dynamic changes in an array of defense-related volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolites. a scaled response relative to herbivory levels and nutrient availability would be adaptive, particularly under nutrient-limited conditions, in minimizing the costs of expressed defensive pathways and synthesis. in this study, we investigated effects of varying nitrogen (n) fertilization (42, 112, 196, and 280 ppm n) on levels of cotton plant (gossypium hi ...	2008	19020938
urease from cotton (gossypium hirsutum) seeds: isolation, physicochemical characterization, and antifungal properties of the protein.	ureases (ec 3.5.1.5) are metalloenzymes that hydrolyze urea to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide these enzymes, which are found in fungi, bacteria, and plants, show very similar structures. despite an abundance of urease in vegetal tissues, the physiological role of this enzyme in plants is still poorly understood. it has been previously described that ureases from the legumes jackbean ( canavalia ensiformis) and soybean ( glycine max) have insecticidal activity and antifungal properties. this ...	2008	18494485
plant-herbivore-carnivore interactions in cotton, gossypium hirsutum: linking belowground and aboveground.	most studies on plant-herbivore interactions focus on either root or shoot herbivory in isolation, but above- and belowground herbivores may interact on a shared host plant. cotton (gossypium spp.) produces gossypol and a variety of other gossypol-like terpenoids that exhibit toxicity to a wide range of herbivores and pathogens. cotton plants also can emit herbivore-induced volatile compounds at the site of damage and systemically on all tissues above the site of damage. as these volatile compou ...	2008	18709506
overexpression of an h+-ppase gene from thellungiella halophila in cotton enhances salt tolerance and improves growth and photosynthetic performance.	salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. an h(+)-ppase gene, tsvp from thellungiella halophila, was transferred into cotton (gossypium hirsutum) in sense and antisense orientations under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter. southern and northern blotting analysis showed that the sense or antisense tsvp were integrated into the cotton genome and expressed. transgenic plants overexpressing the vacuolar h(+)-ppase were much m ...	2008	18550626