Publications

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lead isotope ratios in tree bark pockets: an indicator of past air pollution in the czech republic.tree bark pockets were collected at four sites in the czech republic with differing levels of lead (pb) pollution. the samples, spanning 1923-2005, were separated from beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies). elevated pb content (0.1-42.4 microg g(-1)) reflected air pollution in the city of prague. the lowest pb content (0.3-2.6 microg g(-1)) was found at the kosetice emep "background pollution" site. changes in (206)pb/(207)pb and (208)pb/(206)pb isotope ratios were in agreement with o ...200818597820
functional characteristics of a tiny but specialized olfactory system: olfactory receptor neurons of carrot psyllids (homoptera: triozidae).with only approximately 50 olfactory receptor neurons (orns), the carrot psyllid trioza apicalis (homoptera: psylloidea) may have the smallest olfactory system described in adult neopteran insects. using single sensillum recordings (ssr) and gas chromatograph-linked ssr, we characterized 4 olfactory sensilla forming a distinct morphological type, which together house approximately 25% of all orns. we recorded responses to extracts and single constituents from daucus carota ssp. sativus, from the ...200818653644
the chromosomal distribution of histone methylation marks in gymnosperms differs from that of angiosperms.the chromosomal distribution of seven histone methylation marks (h3k4me2, h3k9me1,2,3 and h3k27me1,2,3) was analysed in the gymnosperm species pinus sylvestris and picea abies. similarly to the situation in other investigated eukaryotes, dimethylation of lysine 4 of histone h3 is restricted to euchromatin in gymnosperms. surprisingly, also h3k9me1-a mark classified as heterochromatin-specific in angiosperms-labels the euchromatin in p. sylvestris and p. abies. the other investigated methylation ...200818679813
[water-holding characteristics of coniferous forest litters in west qinling mountains].by the methods of field survey and soaking extraction, the storage, water-holding capacity, water-holding rate, and water-absorption rate of the litters in larix principis-ruprechtii, larix kaempferi, picea asperate, and picea abies plantations in west qinling mountains were studied. the results showed that the litter storage in the four similar aged coniferous forests decreased in the order of p. asperate (29.81 t x hm(-2)) > p. abies (26.17 t x hm(-2)) > l. kaempferi (13.30 t x hm(-2)) > l. ru ...200819238830
[peculiarities of population-genetic structure of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst) from ukrainian carpathians and poles'e].genetic differences of various populations of picea abies (l.) karst.) have been studied basing on 20 allozyme loci variability. two populations located in ukrainian carpathians (1000-1500 m above sea level) and one plain, island, and scanty population of polesrye were compared. despite their different high-altitude location, geographical remoteness and population size the very low genetic differentiation (dn = 0,003-0,005) was observed. recombination variability analysis showed that populations ...200819253751
diastereomeric stilbene glucoside dimers from the bark of norway spruce (picea abies).as part of a long-term study of the chemical defenses of norway spruce (picea abies) against herbivores and pathogens, a phytochemical survey of the phenolics in the bark was carried out. eight stilbene glucoside dimers, designated as piceasides a-h (1a-4b), were isolated as four 1:1 mixtures of inseparable diastereomers. their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic means including 1d (1h and 13c) and 2d nmr (1h-1h cosy, hsqc, hmbc, roesy) spectra, and were supported by enzymatic ...200818028966
seasonal differences and within-canopy variations of antioxidants in mature spruce (picea abies) trees under elevated ozone in a free-air exposure system.the effect of free-air ozone fumigation and crown position on antioxidants were determined in old-growth spruce (picea abies) trees in the seasonal course of two consecutive years (2003 and 2004). levels of total ascorbate and its redox state in the apoplastic washing fluid (awf) were increased under double ambient ozone concentrations (2xo3), whilst ascorbate concentrations in needle extracts were unchanged. concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic ascorbate were significantly higher in 2003 ...200818031879
climatic control of bud burst in young seedlings of nine provenances of norway spruce.detailed knowledge of temperature effects on the timing of dormancy development and bud burst will help evaluate the impacts of climate change on forest trees. we tested the effects of temperature applied during short-day treatment, duration of short-day treatment, duration of chilling and light regime applied during forcing on the timing of bud burst in 1- and 2-year-old seedlings of nine provenances of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.). high temperature during dormancy induction, little ...200818055441
root inoculation with a forest soil streptomycete leads to locally and systemically increased resistance against phytopathogens in norway spruce.soil streptomycetes are commonly antagonistic against plant pathogens. however, interactions involving increased defense responses in the host plant, leading to suppression of plant disease development, have not yet been detailed. here, the mechanisms were studied of disease suppression by streptomyces sp. gb 4-2 against heterobasidion root and butt rot in norway spruce (picea abies) seedlings. gb 4-2 promoted mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungus, germination rate of fungal spores, exte ...200818086220
fungal diversity of norway spruce litter: effects of site conditions and premature leaf fall caused by bark beetle outbreak.fungi play an important role in leaf litter decomposition due to their ability to break down the lignocellulose matrix, which other organisms are unable to digest. however, little is known regarding the factors affecting components of fungal diversity. here, we quantified richness of internal fungi in relation to litter nutrient and phenolic concentrations, sampling season (spring or fall), and premature leaf shedding due to low precipitation and infestation of bark beetles (mainly ips typograph ...200818095016
fertilization effects on mean stomatal conductance are mediated through changes in the hydraulic attributes of mature norway spruce trees.stomatal conductance was quantified with sap flux sensors and whole-tree chambers in mature norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) trees after 3 years of exposure to elevated co(2) concentration ([co(2)]) in a 13-year nutrient optimization experiment. the long-term nutrient optimization treatment increased tree height by 3.7 m (67%) and basal diameter by 8 cm (68%); the short-term elevated [co(2)] exposure had no effect on tree size or allometry. nighttime transpiration was estimated as approxi ...200818244944
vegetative buffers for fan emissions from poultry farms: 1. temperature and foliar nitrogen.this study sought to evaluate the potential of trees planted around commercial poultry farms to trap ammonia (nh(3)), the gas of greatest environmental concern to the poultry industry. four plant species (norway spruce, spike hybrid poplar, streamco willow, and hybrid willow) were planted on eight commercial farms from 2003 to 2004. because temperature (t) can be a stressor for trees, t was monitored in 2005 with data loggers among the trees in front of the exhaust fans (11.4 to 17.7 m) and at a ...200818246513
forest microsite effects on community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi on seedlings of picea abies and betula pendula.niche differentiation in soil horizons, host species and natural nutrient gradients contribute to the high diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in boreal forests. this study aims at documenting the diversity and community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi of norway spruce (picea abies) and silver birch (betula pendula) seedlings in five most abundant microsites in three estonian old-growth forests. undisturbed forest floor, windthrow mounds and pits harboured more species than brown- and white- ...200818266759
ontogenetic variation in the relative influence of light and belowground resources on european beech seedling growth.we used height growth data from a 7-year field experiment with european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seedlings to test the hypothesis that the effects of above- and belowground resources on height growth depend on seedling size and age. photosynthetically active radiation (par) was determined by hemispheric photography, and estimates of fine root biomass of the overstory trees were used as an inverse proportional surrogate for belowground resource availability. for recently germinated seedlings gr ...200818316304
throughfall chemistry in a spruce chronosequence in southern poland.the chemical composition of throughfall and canopy leaching, as well as the acid neutralizing capacity and alkalinity depended on the age of norway spruce (picea abies karst) stands and season of the year. a higher amount of sulphur and strong acids was deposited to the soil in the older age classes. concentrations of so(4)(2)(-), k(+), h(+), mn(2+), fe(2+) and zn(2+) in throughfall were higher than in bulk precipitation in any season. this suggests that these ions were washed out or washed from ...200818358577
assessing the suitability of norway spruce wood as an environmental archive for sulphur.the aim of this study was to assess the suitability of norway spruces (picea abies l. karst.) as an environmental archive for sulphur. for this purpose spruce trees were sampled in two distinct regions of switzerland: the alps and the swiss plateau, which differ significantly with respect to s immission. wood samples were measured using two methods: laser ablation high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (la-hr-icp-ms) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrome ...200818534728
superior wood for violins--wood decay fungi as a substitute for cold climate.violins produced by antonio stradivari during the late 17th and early 18th centuries are reputed to have superior tonal qualities. dendrochronological studies show that stradivari used norway spruce that had grown mostly during the maunder minimum, a period of reduced solar activity when relatively low temperatures caused trees to lay down wood with narrow annual rings, resulting in a high modulus of elasticity and low density. the main objective was to determine whether wood can be processed us ...200818554266
mollusc grazing may constrain the ecological niche of the old forest lichen pseudocyphellaria crocata.this study reports on mollusc grazing of two epiphytic cyanobacterial lichens (pseudocyphellaria crocata and lobaria pulmonaria) transplanted within three picea abies-dominated boreal rain forest stands (clear-cut, young and old forests) in west central norway. grazing was particularly high in transplants located in the old forest and was almost absent in clear-cut transplants. grazing marks were absent on natural thalli on nearby spruce twigs (required creeping distance for mollusc from the gro ...200818950428
fresh-stem bending of silver fir and norway spruce.the bending and growth characteristics of large fresh stems from four silver fir (abies alba mill.) and three norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) trees were studied. twenty logs taken from different stem heights were subjected to four-point bending tests. from the bending test records, we calculated stress-strain curves, which accounted for detailed log taper, shear deformation and self weight. from these curves we determined, among other parameters, the modulus of elasticity (moe), the modu ...200818171659
isolation of mitochondria from embryogenic cultures of picea abies (l.) karst. and abies cephalonica loud.: characterization of a k+(atp) channel.a valuable method to isolate and purify mitochondria from embryonal masses of two coniferous species (picea abies [l.] karst. and abies cephalonica loud.) is described. crude mitochondria from both species were shown to be intact, oxygen consuming (with malate plus glutammate, succinate and nadh as substrates) and well coupled (respiratory control ratio ca. 4). the oxidation of the substrates was only partially kcn-insensitive (alternative oxidase) in some cases. however, these fractions were co ...200817823801
three-dimensional analysis of the anatomical growth response of european conifers to mechanical disturbance.studies on tree reaction after wounding were so far based on artificial wounding or chemical treatment. for the first time, type, spread and intensity of anatomical responses were analyzed and quantified in naturally disturbed larix decidua mill., picea abies (l.) karst. and abies alba mill. trees. the consequences of rockfall impacts on increment growth were assessed at the height of the wounds, as well as above and below the injuries. a total of 16 trees were selected on rockfall slopes, and g ...200919696053
sulfur fixation in wood mapped by synchrotron x-ray studies: implications for environmental archives.there is a shortage of archives of sulfur that can be used to investigate industrial orvolcanic pollution in terrestrial catchments, but the role of s as a nutrient, coupled with sparse published evidence, suggests that trees are promising targets. we focused on two conifer species (picea abies (l.) karst and abies alba miller) from an alpine site in ne italy. bulk analyses of abies demonstrate that s concentrations were higher in the second half of the 20th century but with some high outliers p ...200919350896
non-radioactive in situ hybridization protocol applicable for norway spruce and a range of plant species.the high-throughput expression analysis technologies available today give scientists an overflow of expression profiles but their resolution in terms of tissue specific expression is limited because of problems in dissecting individual tissues. expression data needs to be confirmed and complemented with expression patterns using e.g. in situ hybridization, a technique used to localize cell specific mrna expression. the in situ hybridization method is laborious, time-consuming and often requires ...200919377440
evaluation of candidate reference genes for real-time quantitative pcr of plant samples using purified cdna as template.quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) is a precise method to measure changes in gene transcript level. accurate quantification requires careful rna quality assessment, determination of primer efficiency, and selection of an appropriate reference gene. while many experimental procedures for these purposes have been described for mammalian samples, the direct application of these methods to plant samples often introduces unexpected experimental errors due to the complex and va ...200924489433
modelling tree roots in mixed forest stands by inhomogeneous marked gibbs point processes.the aim of the paper is to apply point processes to root data modelling. we propose a new approach to parametric inference when the data are inhomogeneous replicated marked point patterns. we generalize geyer's saturation point process to a model, which combines inhomogeneity, marks and interaction between the marked points. furthermore, the inhomogeneity influences the definition of the neighbourhood of points. using the maximum pseudolikelihood method, this model is then fitted to root data fr ...200919572316
effect of tree species and mycorrhizal colonization on the archaeal population of boreal forest rhizospheres.group 1.1c crenarchaeota are the predominating archaeal group in acidic boreal forest soils. in this study, we show that the detection frequency of 1.1c crenarchaeotal 16s rrna genes in the rhizospheres of the boreal forest trees increased following colonization by the ectomycorrhizal fungus paxillus involutus. this effect was very clear in the fine roots of pinus sylvestris, picea abies, and betula pendula, the most common forest trees in finland. the nonmycorrhizal fine roots had a clearly dif ...200918978075
phylogeny of phaeomollisia piceae gen. sp. nov.: a dark, septate, conifer-needle endophyte and its relationships to phialocephala and acephala.dark, septate endophytes (dse) were isolated from roots and needles of dwarf picea abies and from roots of vaccinium spp. growing on a permafrost site in the jura mountains in switzerland. two of the isolates sporulated after incubation for more than one year at 4 degrees c. one of them was a hitherto undescribed helotialean ascomycete phaeomollisia piceae gen. sp. nov., the other was a new species of phialocephala, p. glacialis sp. nov. both species are closely related to dse of the phialocepha ...200919015028
screening of selected food and medicinal plant extracts for pancreatic lipase inhibition.lipids are important components in human nutrition; however, their increased intake contributes to the development of obesity and can lead to multiple long-term complications. pancreatic lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, ec 3.1.1.3) is a key enzyme for the absorption of dietary triglycerides. interference with fat hydrolysis results in the reduced utilization of ingested lipids, therefore inhibition of lipases decreases fat absorption. extracts from 106 species of medicinal plants, vegetabl ...200919107742
steam explosion lignins; their extraction, structure and potential as feedstock for biodiesel and chemicals.in the present study, a steam explosion wood pre-treatment process, optimized earlier with respect to ethanol production, has been applied to both softwoods (picea abies and pinus sylvestris) and hardwoods (betula verrucosa and populus tremula). the alkaline extractable lignins have then been isolated to investigate lignin separation efficiency and lignin structure and to evaluate their potential for producing value-added products, such as biodiesel components or chemicals, in terms of the purit ...200919157871
effect of 3 years' free-air exposure to elevated ozone on mature norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) needle epicuticular wax physicochemical characteristics.we examined the effect of ozone (o(3)) on norway spruce (picea abies) needle epicuticular wax over three seasons at the kranzberg ozone fumigation experiment. exposure to 2x ambient o(3) ranged from 64.5 to 74.2 microl o(3) l(-1) h aot40, and 117.1 to 123.2 nl o(3) l(-1) 4th highest daily maximum 8-h average o(3) concentration. the proportion of current-year needle surface covered by wax tubes, tube aggregates, and plates decreased (p=0.011) under 2x o(3). epistomatal chambers had increased depo ...200919188008
conifer embryogenic tissue initiation: improvements by supplementation of medium with d-xylose and d-chiro-inositol.a major barrier to the commercialization of somatic embryogenesis technology in loblolly pine (lp, pinus taeda l.) is recalcitrance of some high-value crosses to initiate embryogenic tissue and to continue early-stage somatic embryo growth. developing initiation and multiplication media that resemble the seed environment may decrease this recalcitrance. sugar and sugar alcohol analyses were performed weekly throughout the sequence of seed development for female gametophyte and zygotic embryo tis ...200919203940
root proliferation of norway spruce and scots pine in response to local magnesium supply in soil.nutrient sources in soils are often heterogeneously distributed. although many studies have examined the root responses to local n and p enrichments in the soil, less research was conducted on root responses to mg patches. new roots of pre-grown mg-insufficient and mg-sufficient plants of norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings were allowed to grow into four other pots of equal size, which were placed under the tree-bearing pot. soils in the lower p ...200919203945
ectomycorrhizal root tips in relation to site and stand characteristics in norway spruce and scots pine stands in boreal forests.variations in ectomycorrhizal (ecm) short root tips of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) in 16 stands throughout finland were studied, and their relationships with latitude, organic layer c:n ratio, temperature sum and foliage biomass were determined. there were no significant differences in ecm root tip frequency (number per milligram of fine roots) or root tip mass between tree species or between northern and southern sites. the ecm root tip number pe ...200919203968
summer temperature dependency of larch budmoth outbreaks revealed by alpine tree-ring isotope chronologies.larch budmoth (lbm, zeiraphera diniana gn.) outbreaks cause discernable physical alteration of cell growth in tree rings of host subalpine larch (larix decidua mill.) in the european alps. however, it is not clear if these outbreaks also impact isotopic signatures in tree-ring cellulose, thereby masking climatic signals. we compared lbm outbreak events in stable carbon and oxygen isotope chronologies of larch and their corresponding tree-ring widths from two high-elevation sites (1800-2200 m a.s ...200919219459
microwave-assisted rapid plant sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy.the preparation of plant leaf material for transmission electron microscopical investigations can be a very time- and labour-consuming task as the reagents infiltrate the samples quite slowly and as usually most steps have to be performed manually. fixation, buffer washes, dehydration, resin infiltration and polymerization of the resin-infiltrated leaf samples can take several days before the specimen can be cut ultrathin and used for ultrastructural investigations. in this study, we present a m ...200919220692
the role of xylem class iii peroxidases in lignification.lignification is a cell wall fortifying process which occurs in xylem tissue in a scheduled manner during tissue differentiation. in this review, enzymes and the genes responsible for lignin biosynthesis have been studied with an emphasis on lignin polymerizing class iii secretable plant peroxidases. our aim is to understand the cell and molecular biology of the polymerization of lignin especially in tracheids and vessels of woody species but much of the experimental evidence comes from herbaceo ...200919264758
cold-regulated proteins with potent antifreeze and cryoprotective activities in spruces (picea spp.).antifreeze proteins (afps) were obtained from intercellular spaces of spruce needles picea abies (l.) karst. and picea pungens engelm. by vacuum infiltration with ascorbic acid, followed by centrifugation to recover the infiltrate. as shown by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds- page), apoplastic proteins are accumulated in these spruce species as a group of 5-9 polypeptide bands. these proteins have a molecular mass of 7-80 kda. the spruce afps have the ability to m ...200919444972
cryptic speciation and community structure of herpotrichia juniperi, the causal agent of brown felt blight of conifers.conifer twigs showing brown felt blight were collected along 100-m long transects at the timberline in the swiss alps and single-hyphal-tip cultures were prepared. forty-seven of the sequenced 48 strains were herpotrichia juniperi based on sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacers (its). a non-sporulating strain was tentatively identified as another, undescribed herpotrichia species. herpotrichia coulteri was not isolated. most strains were from juniperus communis var. saxatilis, ...200919450682
variation in host specificity and gene content in strains from genetically isolated lineages of the ectomycorrhizal fungus paxillus involutus s. lat.ectomycorrhizal fungi are known to vary in host range. some fungi can enter into symbiosis with multiple plant species, while others have restricted host ranges. the aim of this study was to examine variation in host specificity among strains from the basidiomycete paxillus involutus s. lat. recent studies have shown that this fungus consists of at least four genetically isolated lineages, phylogenetic species (ps) i (which corresponds to the morphological species paxillus obscurosporus), ps ii ...200919452174
short-term dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates and hemicelluloses in young branches of temperate forest trees during bud break.nonstructural carbohydrates (nsc) are the most important c reserves in the tissues of deciduous and evergreen tree species. besides nsc, cell-wall hemicelluloses as the second most abundant polysaccharides in plants have often been discussed to serve as additional mobile carbon (c) reserves during periods of enhanced carbon-sink activities. to assess the significance of hemicelluloses as mobile carbon reserves, branches of two deciduous (carpinus betulus l. and fagus sylvatica l.) and two evergr ...200919457884
do heavy metals and metalloids influence the detoxification of organic xenobiotics in plants?mixed pollution with trace elements and organic industrial compounds is characteristic for many spill areas and dumping sites. the danger for the environment and human health from such sites is large, and sustainable remediation strategies are urgently needed. phytoremediation seems to be a cheap and environmentally sound option for the removal of unwanted compounds, and the hyperaccumulation of trace elements and toxic metals is seemingly independent from the metabolism of organic xenobiotics. ...200919462193
effects of norway spruce (picea abies) resin on cell wall and cell membrane of staphylococcus aureus.resin salve prepared from norway spruce (picea abies) has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat skin diseases. the authors studied with transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and with electron physiology, changes in cell wall and cell membrane of staphylococcus aureus after exposure of the bacterial cultures to resin. after exposure, cell wall thickening, cell aggregation, changed branching of fatty acids, and dissipation of membrane potential of the bacterial cells we ...200919479653
wox2 and polar auxin transport during spruce embryo pattern formation.the wox family of transcription factors and polar auxin transport (pat) are both essential for embryonic patterning and thus normal embryo development in angiosperms. recent analysis by us of wox-related genes in picea and pinus suggests that they play fundamental roles during embryo development also in conifers. it has been proposed that there is a connection between the spatial separation of wox2 and wox8, and pat in the formation of the apical-basal axis in arabidopsis embryos and that both a ...200919649198
intra-annual variability of anatomical structure and delta(13)c values within tree rings of spruce and pine in alpine, temperate and boreal europe.tree-ring width, wood density, anatomical structure and (13)c/(12)c ratios expressed as delta(13)c-values of whole wood of picea abies were investigated for trees growing in closed canopy forest stands. samples were collected from the alpine renon site in north italy, the lowland hainich site in central germany and the boreal flakaliden site in north sweden. in addition, pinus cembra was studied at the alpine site and pinus sylvestris at the boreal site. the density profiles of tree rings were m ...200919653008
pine weevil feeding on norway spruce bark has a stronger impact on needle voc emissions than enhanced ultraviolet-b radiation.plants can respond physiologically to damaging ultraviolet-b radiation by altering leaf chemistry, especially uv absorbing phenolic compounds. however, the effects on terpene emissions have received little attention. we conducted two field trials in plots with supplemented uv-b radiation and assessed the influence of feeding by pine weevils, hylobius abietis l., on volatile emissions from 3-year old norway spruce trees (picea abies l. karst.). we collected emissions from branch tips distal to th ...200918775595
long-term changes in aluminum fractions of drainage waters in two forest catchments with contrasting lithology.aluminum (al) chemistry was studied in soils and waters of two catchments covered by spruce (picea abies) monocultures in the czech republic that represent geochemical end-members of terrestrial and aquatic sensitivity to acidic deposition. the acid-sensitive lysina catchment, underlain by granite, was compared to the acid-resistant pluhův bor catchment on serpentine. organically-bound al was the largest pool of reactive soil al at both sites. very high median total al (alt) concentrations (40 m ...200919748678
volatiles from a mite-infested spruce clone and their effects on pine weevil behavior.induced responses by norway spruce (picea abies) seedlings to feeding damage by two mite species were studied by analyzing the volatiles emitted during infestation. four specimens of a norway spruce (picea abies l.) clone were infested with mites of nalepella sp., another four with oligonychus ununguis, and four were kept mite-free as controls. after a year of infestation, spruce volatiles were collected, analyzed, and identified using spme-gc-ms. in addition, enantiomers of chiral limonene and ...200919902304
impact of experimentally elevated ozone on seed germination and growth of russian pine (pinus sylvestris) and spruce (picea spp.) provenances.the impact of elevated ozone concentrations on early ontogenetic stages of pine (pinus sylvestris) and spruce (picea abies, picea obovata, p. abies x p. obovata) seedlings originating from different provenances in russia were studied in the open-field ozone fumigation system located in kuopio, finland, over a span of 2 y. the aot40 value (accumulated ozone dose over the threshold 40 ppb during daylight hours) was 11 ppm hr per growing season, which was 1.4 times higher than the ambient air conce ...200920175444
ectomycorrhization of tricholoma matsutake and two major conifers in finland-an assessment of in vitro mycorrhiza formation.this study aimed to test the ability of tricholoma matsutake isolates to form mycorrhizas with aseptic seedlings of pinus sylvestris l. and picea abies (l.) karst. germinated seedlings of scots pine and norway spruce were separately inoculated with either isolates originating from finland or japan. eight months after inoculation, the finnish isolate had formed a sheath and hartig net on both host species. ectomycorrhizal scots pine seedlings inoculated with the finnish isolate showed the same sh ...201020177716
different atmospheric methane-oxidizing communities in european beech and norway spruce soils.norway spruce (picea abies) forests exhibit lower annual atmospheric methane consumption rates than do european beech (fagus sylvatica) forests. in the current study, pmoa (encoding a subunit of membrane-bound ch(4) monooxygenase) genes from three temperate forest ecosystems with both beech and spruce stands were analyzed to assess the potential effect of tree species on methanotrophic communities. a pmoa sequence difference of 7% at the derived protein level correlated with the species-level di ...201020348309
cell wall lignin is polymerised by class iii secretable plant peroxidases in norway spruce.class iii secretable plant peroxidases occur as a large family of genes in plants with many functions and probable redundancy. in this review we are concentrating on the evidence we have on the catalysis of lignin polymerization by class iii plant peroxidases present in the apoplastic space in the xylem of trees. some evidence exists on the specificity of peroxidase isozymes in lignin polymerization through substrate specificity studies, from antisense mutants in tobacco and poplar and from tiss ...201020377680
distribution of (1->4)-beta-galactans, arabinogalactan proteins, xylans and (1->3)-beta-glucans in tracheid cell walls of softwoods.polysaccharides were located in the walls of normal and compression wood tracheids of pinus radiata (radiata pine), picea sitchensis (sitka spruce) and picea abies (norway spruce) by transmission electron microscopy using immunogold labelling with monoclonal antibodies to (1-->4)-beta-galactan (lm5), (1-->3)-beta-glucan, arabinogalactan proteins (agps) (mac207) and heteroxylans (lm10 and lm11). in fully differentiated compression wood tracheids, (1-->4)-beta-galactan was found in the s2((l)) lay ...201020382964
the impact of ambient ozone on mountain spruce forests in the czech republic as indicated by malondialdehyde.malondialdehyde (mda), a product of lipid peroxidation and biomarker of oxidative stress, is measured over the long term in spruce picea abies needles under real conditions in three czech mountain border areas. the trends presented collate the mda content in spruce needles with ambient ozone, temperature and precipitation as casual, and defoliation as a subsequent factor for the period 1994-2006. we have found the overall decreasing trends in mda and defoliation. the highest mda and defoliation ...201020466470
diversity and pathogenicity of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with tetropium species colonizing picea abies in poland.the ophiostomatoid fungi associated with cerambycid beetles tetropium spp. (their symbiotic vectors) colonizing norway spruce in poland (six species collected) were isolated. the virulence of representative isolates was evaluated through inoculations using 2-year-old norway spruce seedlings. a total of 1325 isolates (ophiostoma piceae, o. tetropii, o. minus, grosmannia piceiperda, g. cucullata, and five other less frequent taxa) were obtained. tetropium castaneum and t. fuscum were vectors of si ...201020490757
limitation of the cavitron technique by conifer pit aspiration.the cavitron technique facilitates time and material saving for vulnerability analysis. the use of rotors with small diameters leads to high water pressure gradients (deltap) across samples, which may cause pit aspiration in conifers. in this study, the effect of pit aspiration on cavitron measurements was analysed and a modified 'conifer method' was tested which avoids critical (i.e. pit aspiration inducing) deltap. four conifer species were used (juniperus communis, picea abies, pinus sylvestr ...201020551085
the influence of ceratocystis polonica inoculation and methyl jasmonate application on terpene chemistry of norway spruce, picea abies.constitutive and inducible terpene production is involved in conifer resistance against bark beetles and their associated fungi. in this study 72 norway spruce (picea abies) were randomly assigned to methyl jasmonate (mj) application, inoculation with the bluestain fungus ceratocystis polonica, or no-treatment control. we investigated terpene levels in the stem bark of the trees before treatment, 30 days and one year after treatment using gc-ms and two-dimensional gc (2d-gc) with a chiral column ...201020557909
production of ectomycorrhizal mycelium peaks during canopy closure in norway spruce forests.*here, species composition and biomass production of actively growing ectomycorrhizal (em) mycelia were studied over the rotation period of managed norway spruce (picea abies) stands in south-western sweden. *the em mycelia were collected using ingrowth mesh bags incubated in the forest soil during one growing season. fungal biomass was estimated by ergosterol analysis and the em species were identified by 454 sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. nutrient availability and t ...201020561206
below-ground carbon allocation in mature beech and spruce trees following long-term, experimentally enhanced o3 exposure in southern germany.canopies of adult european beech (fagus sylvatica) and norway spruce (picea abies) were labeled with co(2) depleted in (13)c to evaluate carbon allocation belowground. one-half the trees were exposed to elevated o(3) for 6 yrs prior to and during the experiment. soil-gas sampling wells were placed at 8 and 15 cm and soil co(2) was sampled during labeling in mid-late august, 2006. in beech, delta(13)co(2) at both depths decreased approximately 50 h after labeling, reflecting rapid translocation o ...201020641169
the effect of tree architecture on conduit diameter and frequency from small distal roots to branch tips in betula pendula, picea abies and pinus sylvestris.we studied the effect of tree architecture on xylem anatomy in three betula pendula roth., three picea abies (l.) h. karst. and three pinus sylvestris (l.) trees (mean age 35 years). first, the analysis of conduit anatomy in different tree parts showed that conduits tapered and their frequency increased from roots (≥ 2 mm) to stem, from stem to branches and further to leaf petioles in b. pendula. conduit anatomy in lateral and main roots, as well as lateral and main branches, significantly diffe ...201021030407
logging residue removal after thinning in boreal forests: long-term impact on the nutrient status of norway spruce and scots pine needles.the aim of this study was to compare how conventional stem harvesting (ch) and whole-tree harvesting (wth) in the first, and in some cases also in the second, thinning affect the needle nutrient status of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) stands in finland. a series of 12 long-term field experiments was studied. the experiments were established during 1978-86. the effects of logging residue removal after thinnings on the needle nutrient concentrations w ...201019934174
a bifunctional geranyl and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is involved in terpene oleoresin formation in picea abies.the conifer picea abies (norway spruce) defends itself against herbivores and pathogens with a terpenoid-based oleoresin composed chiefly of monoterpenes (c(10)) and diterpenes (c(20)). an important group of enzymes in oleoresin biosynthesis are the short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases that produce geranyl diphosphate (c(10)), farnesyl diphosphate (c(15)), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (c(20)) as precursors of different terpenoid classes. we isolated a gene from p. abies via a homology-b ...201019939949
immunomodulatory activity of the lignan 7-hydroxymatairesinol potassium acetate (hmr/lignan) extracted from the heartwood of norway spruce (picea abies).the pharmacological profile of the lignan 7-hydroxymatairesinol (hmr/lignan, hmr) includes chemopreventive effects, antioxidant properties, and mild proestrogenic activity. the present study was devised to investigate the effects of hmr on thp-1 cells, an established model of human monocytes, and on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns). in thp-1 cells, hmr concentration-dependently reduced lps-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha secretion in the supernatant. hmr at low, sub-mum con ...201020005303
does nitrogen deposition increase forest production? the role of phosphorus.effects of elevated n deposition on forest aboveground biomass were evaluated using long-term data from n addition experiments and from forest observation plots in switzerland. n addition experiments with saplings were established both on calcareous and on acidic soils, in 3 plots with fagus sylvatica and in 4 plots with picea abies. the treatments were conducted during 15 years and consisted of additions of dry nh4no3 at rates of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg n ha(-1) yr(-1). the same tree spec ...201020015583
evaluating the suitability of management strategies of pure norway spruce forests in the black forest area of southwest germany for adaptation to or mitigation of climate change.the study deals with the problem of evaluating management strategies for pure stands of norway spruce (picea abies karst) to balance adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, taking into account multiple objectives of a forest owner. a simulation and optimization approach was used to evaluate the management of a 1000 ha model age-class forest, representing the age-class distribution of an area of 66,000 ha of pure norway spruce forests in the black forest region of southwest germany. eight ...201020016985
underestimation of terpene exposure in the nordic wood industry.this study determined that emission of sesquiterpenes from processed wood warrants attention in the work environment. currently, only the monoterpenes in the terpene group are monitored in occupational hygiene studies. terpene emissions are a work environment issue for industries that process wood, as they are known to cause respiratory difficulties and mucous membrane irritation. fresh sawdust of the most common boreal conifers, norway spruce (picea abies) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris), was ...201020029714
determination of de novo and pool emissions of terpenes from four common boreal/alpine trees by 13co2 labelling and ptr-ms analysis.boreal forests emit a large amount of monoterpenes into the atmosphere. traditionally these emissions are assumed to originate as evaporation from large storage pools. thus, their diurnal cycle would depend mostly on temperature. however, there is indication that a significant part of the monoterpene emission would originate directly from de novo synthesis. by applying 13co2 fumigation and analyzing the isotope fractions with proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (ptr-ms) and classical gc-m ...201020040067
combining sap flow and eddy covariance approaches to derive stomatal and non-stomatal o3 fluxes in a forest stand.stomatal o3 fluxes to a mixed beech/spruce stand (fagus sylvatica/picea abies) in central europe were determined using two different approaches. the sap flow technique yielded the tree-level transpiration, whereas the eddy covariance method provided the stand-level evapotranspiration. both data were then converted into stomatal ozone fluxes, exemplifying this novel concept for july 2007. sap flow-based stomatal o3 flux was 33% of the total o3 flux, whereas derivation from evapotranspiration rate ...201020056523
simulating stand climate, phenology, and photosynthesis of a forest stand with a process-based growth model.in the face of climate change and accompanying risks, forest management in europe is becoming increasingly important. model simulations can help to understand the reactions and feedbacks of a changing environment on tree growth. in order to simulate forest growth based on future climate change scenarios, we tested the basic processes underlying the growth model balance, simulating stand climate (air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (par) and precipitation), tree phenology, and ph ...201020084520
culturable bacterial populations associated with ectomycorrhizae of norway spruce stands with different degrees of decline in the czech republic.the aim of this study was to determine which species of culturable bacteria are associated with ectomycorrhizae (ecm) of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst) in the sudety mountains, exposed for years to atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, and climatic stress, and to identify particular species that have adapted to those conditions. biolog identification was performed on bacterial species from ecm of adult spruce trees and seedlings of stands with low, intermediate, and high forest decline. bac ...201020130694
individual variability in tree allometry determines light resource allocation in forest ecosystems: a hierarchical bayesian approach.tree species differences in crown size and shape are often highlighted as key characteristics determining light interception strategies and successional dynamics. the phenotypic plasticity of species in response to light and space availability suggests that intraspecific variability can have potential consequences on light interception and community dynamics. species crown size varies depending on site characteristics and other factors at the individual level which differ from competition for li ...201020169451
effects of stump and slash removal on growth and mycorrhization of picea abies seedlings outplanted on a forest clear-cut.the objectives of this study were to investigate impact of stump and slash removal on growth and mycorrhization of picea abies seedlings outplanted on a forest clear-cut. four non-replicated site preparation treatments included: (1) mounding (m), (2) removal of stumps (k), (3) mounding and removal of logging slash (hm) and (4) removal of logging slash and stumps (hk). results showed that height increment of the seedlings was highest in k and lowest in m after the third growing season, and simila ...201020174952
ophiostoma spp. associated with pine- and spruce-infesting bark beetles in finland and russia.the timber and pulp industries of finland rely heavily on importations from russia as source of raw timber. these imports raise the risk of accidentally importing forest pests and pathogens, especially bark beetles and their associated fungi, into finland. although ophiostomatoid fungi have previously been reported from finland and russia, the risks of accidentally moving these fungi has prompted a first survey to compare the diversity of conifer-infesting bark beetles and associated fungi from ...201021339968
assessing the long-term species composition predicted by prognaus.tree growth models are supposed to contain stand growth laws as so called "emergent properties" which derive from interactions of individual-tree growth and mortality functions. this study investigates whether the evolving tree species composition in a long term simulation by the distance-independent tree growth model prognaus matches the species composition of the potential natural vegetation type which is expected to occur if one refrains from further management interventions and major disturb ...201021151325
fine root decomposition rates do not mirror those of leaf litter among temperate tree species.elucidating the function of and patterns among plant traits above ground has been a major research focus, while the patterns and functioning of belowground traits remain less well understood. even less well known is whether species differences in leaf traits and their associated biogeochemical effects are mirrored by differences in root traits and their effects. we studied fine root decomposition and n dynamics in a common garden study of 11 temperate european and north american tree species (ab ...201019882174
eriophyoid mites (acari: eriophyoidea) on coniferous trees: is the occurrence of one species associated with the other?although eriophyoidea is one of the most important phytophagous mite taxa owing to its negative impact on plants, reports on associations between occurrences of eriophyoid species are scarce. the aim of this paper is to test the hypothesis that the occurrence of one species is correlated with the occurrence of another in some predictive manner. analyses are carried out for two popular coniferous trees in poland, i.e., norway spruce (picea abies) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris). observations we ...201019690969
ultrasonic emissions from conifer xylem exposed to repeated freezing.ultrasonic emission measurements enable the analysis of xylem cavitation induced by drought and freeze-thaw events. several studies have indicated that ultrasonic acoustic emissions (uae) in conifers occur upon freezing and not upon thawing, although classical theory has postulated gas bubble formation during freezing and cavitation during thawing. we analyzed the pattern and quality of freeze-thaw-induced uae in seven conifers (abies alba, larix decidua, juniperus communis, picea abies, pinus c ...201019692146
stable isotope signatures reflect competitiveness between trees under changed co2/o3 regimes.here we synthesize key findings from a series of experiments to gain new insight on inter-plant competition between juvenile beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies) under the influence of increased o(3) and co(2) concentrations. competitiveness of plants was quantified and mechanistically interpreted as space-related resource investments and gains. stable isotopes were addressed as temporal integrators of plant performance, such as photosynthesis and its relation to water use and nitrog ...201019796853
tree and stand growth of mature norway spruce and european beech under long-term ozone fumigation.in a 50- to 70-year-old mixed stand of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) in germany, tree cohorts have been exposed to double ambient ozone (2xo(3)) from 2000 through 2007 and can be compared with trees in the same stand under the ambient ozone regime (1xo(3)). annual diameter growth, allocation pattern, stem form, and stem volume were quantified at the individual tree and stand level. ozone fumigation induced a shift in the resource allocation into ...201019713019
belowground effects of enhanced tropospheric ozone and drought in a beech/spruce forest (fagus sylvatica l./picea abies [l.] karst).the effects of experimentally elevated o(3) on soil respiration rates, standing fine-root biomass, fine-root production and delta(13)c signature of newly produced fine roots were investigated in an adult european beech/norway spruce forest in germany during two subsequent years with contrasting rainfall patterns. during humid 2002, soil respiration rate was enhanced under elevated o(3) under beech and spruce, and was related to o(3)-stimulated fine-root production only in beech. during dry 2003, ...201019682778
expression of a gymnosperm pin homologous gene correlates with auxin immunolocalization pattern at cotyledon formation and in demarcation of the procambium during picea abies somatic embryo development and in seedling tissues.in seed plants, the body organization is established during embryogenesis and is uniform across gymnosperms and angiosperms, despite differences during early embryogeny. evidence from angiosperms implicates the plant hormone auxin and its polar transport, mainly established by the pin family of auxin efflux transporters, in the patterning of embryos. here, papin1 from norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.), a gene widely expressed in conifer tissues and organs, was characterized and its express ...201020129931
volatiles from a rare acer spp. honey sample from croatia.a rare sample of maple (acer spp.) honey from croatia was analysed. ultrasonic solvent extraction (use) using: 1) pentane, 2) diethyl ether, 3) a mixture of pentane and diethyl ether (1:2 v/v) and 4) dichloromethane as solvents was applied. all the extracts were analysed by gc and gc/ms. the most representative extracts were 3) and 4). syringaldehyde was the most striking compound, being dominant in the extracts 2), 3) and 4) with percentages 34.5%, 33.1% and 35.9%, respectively. in comparison t ...201020657377
evolution of the pebp gene family in plants: functional diversification in seed plant evolution.the phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein (pebp) gene family is present in all eukaryote kingdoms, with three subfamilies identified in angiosperms (flowering locus t [ft], mother of ft and tfl1 [mft], and terminal flower1 [tfl1] like). in angiosperms, pebp genes have been shown to function both as promoters and suppressors of flowering and to control plant architecture. in this study, we focus on previously uncharacterized pebp genes from gymnosperms. extensive database searches suggest tha ...201121642442
the performance of moss, grass, and 1- and 2-year old spruce needles as bioindicators of contamination: a comparative study at the scale of the czech republic.moss (pleurozium schreberi), grass (avenella flexuosa), and 1- and 2-year old spruce (picea abies) needles were collected over the territory of the czech republic at an average sample density of 1 site per 290km(2). the samples were analysed for 39 elements (ag, al, as, ba, be, bi, ca, cd, ce, co, cr, cs, cu, fe, ga, hg, k, la, li, mg, mn, mo, na, nd, ni, pb, pr, rb, s, sb, se, sn, sr, th, tl, u, v, y and zn) using icp-ms and icp-aes techniques (the major nutrients ca, k, mg and na were not anal ...201121421258
modelling the effect of temperature, water activity and ph on the growth of serpula lacrymans.to predict the risk factors for building infestation by serpula lacrymans, which is one of the most destructive fungi causing timber decay in buildings.201121951641
species-specific effects of woody litter on seedling emergence and growth of herbaceous plants.the effect of litter on seedling establishment can influence species richness in plant communities. the effect of litter depends on amount, and also on litter type, but relatively little is known about the species-specific effects of litter. we conducted a factorial greenhouse experiment to examine the effect of litter type, using two woody species that commonly co-occur in boreonemoral forest--evergreen spruce (picea abies), deciduous hazel (corylus avellana), and a mixture of the two species-- ...201122028890
seasonal patterns of carbon allocation to respiratory pools in 60-yr-old deciduous (fagus sylvatica) and evergreen (picea abies) trees assessed via whole-tree stable carbon isotope labeling.• the co(2) efflux of adult trees is supplied by recent photosynthates and carbon (c) stores. the extent to which these c pools contribute to growth and maintenance respiration (r(g) and r(m), respectively) remains obscure. • recent photosynthates of adult beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies) trees were labeled by exposing whole-tree canopies to (13) c-depleted co(2). label was applied three times during the year (in spring, early summer and late summer) and changes in the stable c i ...201121395596
seasonal dynamics in the stable carbon isotope composition δ¹³c from non-leafy branch, trunk and coarse root co₂ efflux of adult deciduous (fagus sylvatica) and evergreen (picea abies) trees.respiration is a substantial driver of carbon (c) flux in forest ecosystems and stable c isotopes provide an excellent tool for its investigation. we studied seasonal dynamics in δ¹³c of co₂ efflux (δ¹³c(e)) from non-leafy branches, upper and lower trunks and coarse roots of adult trees, comparing deciduous fagus sylvatica (european beech) with evergreen picea abies (norway spruce). in both species, we observed strong and similar seasonal dynamics in the δ¹³c(e) of above-ground plant components, ...201121054435
host species and strain combination determine growth reduction of spruce and birch seedlings colonized by root-associated dark septate endophytes.interactions of betula pendula and picea abies with dark septate endophytes of the phialocephala fortinii-acephala applanata species complex (pac) were studied. pac are ubiquitous fungal root symbionts of many woody plant species but their ecological role is largely unknown. sterile birch and spruce seedlings in monoculture and mixed culture were exposed to four pac strains, added either singularly or paired in all possible combinations at 18°c and 23°c. plant and fungal biomass was determined a ...201122212126
population dynamics and genetic changes of picea abies in the south carpathians revealed by pollen and ancient dna analyses.studies on allele length polymorphism designate several glacial refugia for norway spruce (picea abies) in the south carpathian mountains, but infer only limited expansion from these refugia after the last glaciation. to better understand the genetic dynamics of a south carpathian spruce lineage, we compared ancient dna from 10,700 and 11,000-year-old spruce pollen and macrofossils retrieved from holocene lake sediment in the retezat mountains with dna extracted from extant material from the sam ...201121392386
impacts of changing climate on the productivity of norway spruce dominant stands with a mixture of scots pine and birch in relation to water availability in southern and northern finland.a process-based ecosystem model was used to assess the impacts of changing climate on net photosynthesis and total stem wood growth in relation to water availability in two unmanaged norway spruce (picea abies) dominant stands with a mixture of scots pine (pinus sylvestris) and birch (betula sp.). the mixed stands were grown over a 100-year rotation (2000-99) in southern and northern finland with initial species shares of 50, 25 and 25% for norway spruce, scots pine and birch, respectively. in a ...201121436231
biochemical characterization and homology modeling of methylbutenol synthase and implications for understanding hemiterpene synthase evolution in plants.2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (mbo) is a five-carbon alcohol produced and emitted in large quantities by many species of pine native to western north america. mbo is structurally and biosynthetically related to isoprene and can have an important impact on regional atmospheric chemistry. the gene for mbo synthase was identified from pinus sabiniana, and the protein encoded was functionally characterized. mbo synthase is a bifunctional enzyme that produces both mbo and isoprene in a ratio of ∼90:1. divale ...201121504898
the primary products of the norway spruce diterpene synthase palas are epimers of a thermally unstable diterpenol.the levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthase from norway spruce (picea abies) (palas) has previously been reported to produce a mixture of four diterpene hydrocarbons when incubated with geranylgeranyl diphosphate as the substrate: levopimaradiene, abietadiene, neoabietadiene, and palustradiene. however, variability in the assay products observed by gc-ms of this and orthologous conifer diterpene synthases over the past 15 years suggested that these diterpenes may not be the initial enzyme assay pro ...201121518766
quantitative evolution of transposable and satellite dna sequences in picea species.clones containing tandemly arranged repeats belonging to two distinct sequence families, (i) pag004p22f (2f) and pag004e03c (3c) or (ii) ty3/gypsy- (8r; pag004b08r) and ty1/copia-like sequences (9r; pag007f19r), were selected from a randomly sheared total genomic dna library of picea abies . the inserts were used as probes in dot-blot hybridizations to genomic dna of p. abies, picea orientalis , picea pungens , and picea pungens var. glauca. all these entities are diploid and share the same chro ...201121539442
embryogenic potential and expression of embryogenesis-related genes in conifers are affected by treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor.somatic embryogenesis is used for vegetative propagation of conifers. embryogenic cultures can be established from zygotic embryos; however, the embryogenic potential decreases during germination. in arabidopsis, leafy cotyledon (lec) genes are expressed during the embryonic stage, and must be repressed to allow germination. treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin a (tsa) causes de-repression of lec genes. abscisic acid3 (abi3) and its zea mays ortholog viviparous1 (vp1) ac ...201121541665
population dynamics in changing environments: the case of an eruptive forest pest species.in recent decades we have seen rapid and co-occurring changes in landscape structure, species distributions and even climate as consequences of human activity. such changes affect the dynamics of the interaction between major forest pest species, such as bark beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae, scolytinae), and their host trees. normally breeding mostly in broken or severely stressed spruce; at high population densities some bark beetle species can colonise and kill healthy trees on scales rangi ...201121557798
the hydraulic conductivity of the xylem in conifer needles (picea abies and pinus mugo).main resistances of the plant water transport system are situated in leaves. in contrast to angiosperm leaves, knowledge of conifer needle hydraulics and of the partitioning of resistances within needles is poor. a new technique was developed which enabled flow-meter measurements through needles embedded in paraffin and thus quantification of the specific hydraulic conductivity (k(s)) of the needle xylem. in picea abies, xylem k(s) of needle and axes as well as in needles of different age were c ...201121593348
distribution of lignin and its coniferyl alcohol and coniferyl aldehyde groups in picea abies and pinus sylvestris as observed by raman imaging.wood cell wall consists of several structural components, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, whose concentrations vary throughout the cell wall. it is a composite where semicrystalline cellulose fibrils, acting as reinforcement, are bound together by amorphous hemicelluloses and lignin matrix. understanding the distribution of these components and their functions within the cell wall can provide useful information on the biosynthesis of trees. raman imaging enables us to study chemist ...201121632083
erwinia typographi sp. nov., isolated from bark beetle (ips typographus) gut.a gram-negative bacterium was isolated from adult bark beetle ips typographus (coleoptera, scolytidae) gut as being the most resistant to monoterpene myrcene (7-methyl-3-methylene-1.6-octadiene, c10h16, concentration up to 10╬╝l/ml of tsb). the beetles were collected in the bark of norway spruce (picea abies) in lithuania. the bark beetles feed on conifers, which produce myrcene among many other defensive compounds. supposedly the microorganisms within the gut could be involved in beetle's resis ...201121669921
Induced terpene accumulation in Norway spruce inhibits bark beetle colonization in a dose-dependent manner.Tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) are among the most economically and ecologically important forest pests in the northern hemisphere. Induction of terpenoid-based oleoresin has long been considered important in conifer defense against bark beetles, but it has been difficult to demonstrate a direct correlation between terpene levels and resistance to bark beetle colonization.201122028932
sea sand disruption method (ssdm) as a valuable tool for isolating essential oil components from conifers.essential oils are one of nature's most precious gifts with surprisingly potent and outstanding properties. coniferous oils, for instance, are nowadays being used extensively to treat or prevent many types of infections, modify immune responses, soothe inflammations, stabilize moods, and to help ease all forms of non-acute pain. given the broad spectrum of usage of coniferous essential oils, a fast, safe, simple, and efficient sample-preparation method is needed in the estimation procedure of es ...201122083917
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