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tal effectors target the c-terminal domain of rna polymerase ii (ctd) by inhibiting the prolyl-isomerase activity of a ctd-associated cyclophilin.transcriptional activator-like (tal) effectors of plant pathogenic bacteria function as transcription factors in plant cells. however, how tal effectors control transcription in the host is presently unknown. previously, we showed that tal effectors of the citrus canker pathogen xanthomonas citri, named pthas, targeted the citrus protein complex comprising the thioredoxin cstdx, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes csuev/ubc13 and cyclophilin cscyp. here we show that cscyp complements the function of c ...201222911812
citrus psorosis and mirafiori lettuce big-vein ophiovirus coat proteins localize to the cytoplasm and self interact in vivo.citrus psorosis (cpsv) and mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (milbvv) belong to the family ophioviridae, plant viruses with filamentous nucleocapsids and segmented genomes of negative polarity, causing the worldwide distributed citrus psorosis and lettuce big-vein diseases, respectively. to gain insight into the replication cycle of these viruses, the subcellular localization of the viral coat proteins (cp) was studied. immunoblot analysis of fractionated extracts derived from natural and experim ...201222921760
analysis of full-length sequences of two citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus isolates infecting citrus jambhiri (rough lemon) and citrus sinensis l. osbeck (sweet orange) from a nursery in india.citrus yellow mosaic badna virus (cmbv), a member of the family caulimoviridae, genus badnavirus is the causative agent of mosaic disease among citrus species in southern india. despite its reported prevalence in several citrus species, complete information on clear functional genomics or functional information of full-length genomes from all the cmbv isolates infecting citrus species are not available in publicly accessible databases. cmbv isolates from rough lemon and sweet orange collected fr ...201222926812
d-limonene rich volatile oil from blood oranges inhibits angiogenesis, metastasis and cell death in human colon cancer cells.to identify the chemical constituents of volatile oil from blood orange (citrus sinensis (l) osbeck) and understand the possible mechanisms of inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation.201222935404
a draft of the genome and four transcriptomes of a medicinal and pesticidal angiosperm azadirachta indica.the azadirachta indica (neem) tree is a source of a wide number of natural products, including the potent biopesticide azadirachtin. in spite of its widespread applications in agriculture and medicine, the molecular aspects of the biosynthesis of neem terpenoids remain largely unexplored. the current report describes the draft genome and four transcriptomes of a. indica and attempts to contextualise the sequence information in terms of its molecular phylogeny, transcript expression and terpenoid ...201222958331
on line characterization of 58 phenolic compounds in citrus fruit juices from spanish cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection coupled to electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.polyphenol profile of citrus juices of sweet orange, tangerine, lemon and grapefruit from spanish cultivars was obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. fifty eight phenolic compounds of five different classes were identified in these citrus juices. flavanone: o-dihexoside of naringenin; flavones: apigenin-7-o-rutinoside-4'-o-glucoside, luteolin-7-o-neohesperidoside-4'-o-glucoside, lu ...201222967544
protective effects of sweet orange (citrus sinensis) peel and their bioactive compounds on oxidative stress.protective effects of sweet orange (citrus sinensis) peel and their bioactive compounds on oxidative stress were investigated. according to hplc-dad and hplc-ms/ms analysis, hesperidin (hd), hesperetin (ht), nobiletin (nt), and tangeretin (tt) were present in water extracts of sweet orange peel (wesp). the cytotoxic effect in 0.2mm t-bhp-induced hepg2 cells was inhibited by wesp and their bioactive compounds. the protective effect of wesp and their bioactive compounds in 0.2mm t-bhp-induced hepg ...201222980779
ceramides as possible nutraceutical compounds: characterization of the ceramides of the moro blood orange ( citrus sinensis ).ceramides are presented as nutraceutical compounds for protection of colon carcinoma and as important cosmetic preparation components, increasing absorption through the skin. therefore, the ceramide (cer) content of moro blood oranges was determined by mass spectrometry. a total of 114 cer species were identified: ∼160 mg in the peels and ∼140 mg in the pulp per kilogram of oranges, expressed as "milligram equivalents of d18:1,17:0 cer". the predominant ceramides contained 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenin ...201222985176
citrus phenylpropanoids and defence against pathogens. part ii: gene expression and metabolite accumulation in the response of fruits to penicillium digitatum infection.the effect of infection of citrus sinensis (var. navelina) fruits with penicillium digitatum was studied at gene expression and metabolite levels. in this study, expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway was studied in the flavedo (outer coloured part of the peel) and albedo (inner white part) in response to pathogen infection. results of the time-course experiment showed that maximal expression of 10 out of 17 phenylpropanoid genes analysed occurred at 48h post-inoculation, wh ...201323017425
tetraploid rangpur lime rootstock increases drought tolerance via enhanced constitutive root abscisic acid production.whole-genome duplication, or polyploidy, is common in many plant species and often leads to better adaptation to adverse environmental condition. however, little is known about the physiological and molecular determinants underlying adaptation. we examined the drought tolerance in diploid (2x) and autotetraploid (4x) clones of rangpur lime (citrus limonia) rootstocks grafted with 2x valencia delta sweet orange (citrus sinensis) scions, named v/2xrl and v/4xrl, respectively. physiological experim ...201323050986
molecular cloning and characterization of two novel nac genes from mikania micrantha (asteraceae).nac proteins, which are plant-specific transcription factors, have been identified to play important roles in plant response to stresses and in plant development. the full-length cdnas that encode 2 putative nac proteins, designated as mmataf1 and mmnap, respectively, were cloned from mikania micrantha by rapid amplification of cdna ends. the full-length cdnas of mmataf1 and mmnap were 1329 and 1072 bp, respectively, and they encoded deduced proteins of 260- and 278-amino acid residues, respecti ...201223079980
a dark incubation period is important for agrobacterium-mediated transformation of mature internode explants of sweet orange, grapefruit, citron, and a citrange rootstock.citrus has an extended juvenile phase and trees can take 2-20 years to transition to the adult reproductive phase and produce fruit. for citrus variety development this substantially prolongs the time before adult traits, such as fruit yield and quality, can be evaluated. methods to transform tissue from mature citrus trees would shorten the evaluation period via the direct production of adult phase transgenic citrus trees.201223082165
the genome sequence of an isolate of indian citrus ringspot virus infecting the sweet orange in india.whole-genome sequencing of an isolate of mandarivirus infecting the sweet orange [citrus sinensis (l) blanco] in the western part of india (pune) was done. the single-stranded positive-sense rna genome of indian citrus ringspot virus (icrsv) pune has 7,560 nucleotides (nt), excluding a poly(a) tail, comprised of 27.98% (2,115 nt) a, 32.12% (2,428 nt) c, 19.68% (1,488 nt) g, and 20.22% (1,529 nt) t residues. the genome, organized into six open reading frames (orfs), shares 97.7% sequence identity ...201223087111
isolation and biological activities of decanal, linalool, valencene, and octanal from sweet orange oil.product 1 (82.25% valencene), product 2 (73.36% decanal), product 3 (78.12% octanal), and product 4 (90.61% linalool) were isolated from sweet orange oil by combined usage of molecular distillation and column chromatography. the antioxidant activity of sweet orange oil and these products was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and reducing power assays. in this test, product 1 (82.25% valencene), product 2 (73.36% decanal), and product 4 (90.61% linalool) had antioxidant activity, b ...201223106968
development and systematic validation of qpcr assays for rapid and reliable differentiation of xylella fastidiosa strains causing citrus variegated chlorosis.the xylem-limited, gram-negative, fastidious plant bacterium xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc), a destructive disease affecting approximately half of the citrus plantations in the state of são paulo, brazil. the disease was recently found in central america and is threatening the multi-billion u.s. citrus industry. many strains of x. fastidiosa are pathogens or endophytes in various plants growing in the u.s., and some strains cross infect several host p ...201323123161
identification of flavonoids with trypsin inhibitory activity extracted from orange peel and green tea leaves.orange peel (citrus sinensis) and green tea (camellia sinensis) leaves, rich sources of food flavonoids, were analyzed for their trypsin inhibitory potential. hesperetin, rutin and hesperidin from orange peel, and catechin from green tea leaves, were isolated and their chemical structures were analyzed. all four compounds were evaluated for their trypsin inhibitory potential.201323124490
a reference genetic map of c. clementina hort. ex tan.; citrus evolution inferences from comparative mapping.most modern citrus cultivars have an interspecific origin. as a foundational step towards deciphering the interspecific genome structures, a reference whole genome sequence was produced by the international citrus genome consortium from a haploid derived from clementine mandarin. the availability of a saturated genetic map of clementine was identified as an essential prerequisite to assist the whole genome sequence assembly. clementine is believed to be a 'mediterranean' mandarin × sweet orange ...201223126659
the genetic diversity of citrus dwarfing viroid populations is mainly dependent on the infected host species.as with viruses, viroids infect their hosts as polymorphic populations of variants. identifying possible sources of genetic variability is significant in the case of the species citrus dwarfing viroid (cdvd) which has been proposed as a dwarfing agent for high-density citrus plantings. here, a natural cdvd isolate (cmc) was used as an inoculum source for long-term (25 years) and short-term (1 year) bioassays in different citrus host species. characterization of progenies indicated that the genet ...201323152366
the draft genome of sweet orange (citrus sinensis).oranges are an important nutritional source for human health and have immense economic value. here we present a comprehensive analysis of the draft genome of sweet orange (citrus sinensis). the assembled sequence covers 87.3% of the estimated orange genome, which is relatively compact, as 20% is composed of repetitive elements. we predicted 29,445 protein-coding genes, half of which are in the heterozygous state. with additional sequencing of two more citrus species and comparative analyses of s ...201323179022
effects of fruit juices of citrus sinensis l. and citrus limon l. on experimental hypercholesterolemia in the rat.in citrus juices there are various substances of different chemical nature, some of which possess already-known hypocholesterolemic properties. therefore it has seemed interesting to evaluate the effects of a prolonged administration of lyophilized juices of citrus sinensis l. osbeck and citrus limon l. burm fil. in diet-induced rat hypercholesterolemia. lyophilized citrus juices were administered for 15 days (by gavage, at the dose of 5g/kg in aqueous veicle in a volume of 0.5 ml/100 g body wei ...199623194620
green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using citrus fruits (citrus limon, citrus reticulata and citrus sinensis) aqueous extract and its characterization.this study reports the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the reduction of haucl(4) by using citrus fruits (citrus limon, citrus reticulata and citrus sinensis) juice extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent. a various shape and size of gold nanoparticles were formed when the ratio of the reactants were altered with respect to 1.0mm chloroauric acid solution. the gold nanoparticles obtained were characterized by uv-visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy (tem) and x-ray ...201323211617
[effectiveness of antimicrobial formulations for acne based on orange (citrus sinensis) and sweet basil (ocimum basilicum l) essential oils].currently, the antimicrobial resistance has developed in bacterial strains involved in the development of acne. therefore, alternatives to antibiotic treatment have become necessary.201623235794
[experimental study on chromium in gannan navel orange by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy].it is a relatively new task to apply the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (libs) to fruit samples. to apply libs technique in the field related to analysis of trace heavy metal element in fruits samples, we have done primary experiments using gannan navel orange samples. the authors put the samples into different concentration gradient k2cr2o7 solution and left it for 30 hours, and then we did the libs experiment, discriminated characteristic spectra of chromium element and recorded the peak ...201223240437
synergistic combinations of high hydrostatic pressure and essential oils or their constituents and their use in preservation of fruit juices.this work addresses the inactivation achieved with escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes egd-e by combined processes of high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) and essential oils (eos) or their chemical constituents (ccs). hhp treatments (175-400 mpa for 20 min) were combined with 200 μl/l of each eo (citrus sinensis l., citrus lemon l., citrus reticulata l., thymus algeriensis l., eucalyptus globulus l., rosmarinus officinalis l., mentha pulegium l., juniperus phoenicea l., and cyperus lo ...201323246609
[determination: of citrus red 2 in navel orange by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (uplc-ms/ ms) method was developed for the determination of citrus red 2 (cr2) in navel orange. the sample was extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned-up by an nh2 solid phase extraction cartridge. then, the analyte was separated on a waters acquity uplc beh c18 column (50 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 microm) in gradient elution with the mobile phases of water and acetonitrile. the separated compounds were detected with a waters xevo tq ms tan ...201223256388
small rna profiling reveals phosphorus deficiency as a contributing factor in symptom expression for citrus huanglongbing disease.huanglongbing (hlb) is a devastating citrus disease that is associated with bacteria of the genus 'candidatus liberibacter' (ca. l.). powerful diagnostic tools and management strategies are desired to control hlb. host small rnas (srna) play a vital role in regulating host responses to pathogen infection and are used as early diagnostic markers for many human diseases, including cancers. to determine whether citrus srnas regulate host responses to hlb, srnas were profiled from citrus sinensis 10 ...201323292880
phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of physiological drop of citrus fruits.the phytochemical content and the antioxidant activity (aa) of physiological drop of the main citrus species grown in china were investigated. among the flavonoids, hesperidin was found mostly in mandarin and sweet orange, naringin was found mostly in sour orange, pummelo, grapefruit and a hybrid (gaocheng), narirutin was found in most varieties, neohesperidin was found in gaocheng and huyou, and nobiletin and tangeretin were found in most varieties. hydroxycinnamic acids were the main phenolic ...201323301602
evaluation of codon biology in citrus and poncirus trifoliata based on genomic features and frame corrected expressed sequence tags.citrus, as one of the globally important fruit trees, has been an object of interest for understanding genetics and evolutionary process in fruit crops. meta-analyses of 19 citrus species, including 4 globally and economically important citrus sinensis, citrus clementina, citrus reticulata, and 1 citrus relative poncirus trifoliata, were performed. we observed that codons ending with a- or t- at the wobble position were preferred in contrast to c- or g- ending codons, indicating a close associat ...201323315666
metabolism in orange fruits is driven by photooxidative stress in the leaves.in plants, stress signals propagate to trigger distant responses and thus stress acclimation in non-exposed organs. we tested here the hypothesis that leaves submitted to photooxidative stress may influence the metabolism of nearby fruits and thus quality criteria. leaves of orange trees (citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck cv. 'navelate') were acclimated to shade for 1 week and then submitted to full (fl) and medium light (ml) conditions. as expected, photoinhibition was detected in leaves of both fl a ...201323330573
larvicidal activity of citrus limonoids against aedes albopictus larvae.development of insecticide resistance occurred due to the continuous and misuse of synthetic insecticides therefore, the recent study was conducted to explore eco-friendly plant extracts that have some potential to suppress mosquito larval population.201223378967
[determination of parameter range in detecting cu of gannan navel orange by libs setup].in order to improve the precision and sensitivity of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy device on detecting heavy metal, parameter optimization should be done. after selecting the initial delay time parameter in detecting navel orange experiment of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy device, a cell range from 1.10 to 1.30 micros of delay time containing the initial parameter was extracted and experiment on it was conducted. there are more than one peak in the curve of element line intensity a ...201223387151
[near-infrared spectrum detection result influenced by navel oranges placement position].the present paper studies the near-infrared spectroscopy of soluble solids content in navel orange that was influenced by different placement positions of the navel orange. according to the different angles between incident light and the straight line composed by navel orange stems and pit, the authors chose three different placement positions,vertical (90 degrees), parallel (0 degrees) and random(not including 0 degrees and 90 degrees). the authors acquired the semi-transmission spectrum of the ...201223387166
[identification of different citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck trees varieties using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hierarchical cluster analysis].researched on diversity of the spring leaf samples of seven different citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck varieties by fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy technology, the results showed that the fourier transform infrared spectra of seven varieties leaves was composited by the absorption band of cellulose and polysaccharide mainly, the wave number of characteristics absorption peaks were similar at their ftir spectra. however, there were some differences in shape of peaks and relatively absor ...201223387167
a sensitive method for determination of allergenic fragrance terpene hydroperoxides using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.different compositions of monoterpenes are utilized for their pleasant scent in cosmetics and perfumes. however, the most commonly used fragrance terpenes easily oxidize upon contact with air, forming strongly skin-sensitizing hydroperoxides. due to their thermolability and low uv absorbance, detection methods for hydroperoxides are scarce. for the first time, a simple and sensitive method using lc/esi-ms/ms was developed to quantitatively determine hydroperoxides from the common fragrance compo ...201323404959
draft genome sequence of fructophilic lactobacillus florum.herein we report the first genome sequence for lactobacillus florum. l. florum 2f was isolated from valencia orange leaves and is fructophilic, like other strains of this species. the draft genome of l. florum 2f contains 1,261,842 bp with a g+c content of 41.5% in 46 contigs (≥500 bp).201323405360
[determination of soluble solids content in navel oranges by vis/nir diffuse transmission spectra combined with cars method].soluble solids content (ssc) is one of important internal quality index for navel oranges. in the present study, visible/near infrared (vis/nir) diffuse transmission spectra of navel oranges were acquired using a qualityspec spectrometer in the wavelength range of 350-1 000 nm, and cars (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling) was used to select important variables related with ssc of navel oranges from spectra data, then was compared with other variable selection methods such as uninformative ...201223427541
[analysis of chlorophyll in gannan navel orange with algorithm of ga and spa based on hyperspectral].the hyperspectral effective information of gannan navel orange was extracted by genetic algorithm (ga) and successive projections algorithm (spa) for partial least squares (pls) model. average spectral was extracted from region of interest (rod) of hyperspectral images after preprocessing. ga and spa were used to select 27 and 8 characteristic wavelengths for chlorophyll model with pls. the correlation coefficients and rms error of ga-pls were 0.80 and 2.45, and the correlation coefficients and ...201223427571
effect of the use of a neutralizing step after antimicrobial application on microbial counts during challenge studies for orange disinfection.the effects of using a neutralizer after applying antimicrobial treatments and the effect of time lapse between treatment application and subsequent recovery and enumeration of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella were investigated in valencia oranges. inoculated oranges surfaces were washed with distilled water for 15 s and then sprayed with a solution containing 200 mg/liter sodium hypochlorite (ph 6.5) for 15 s; they were then dipped in l-lactic acid (2.0% at 55°c) for 1 min or in distille ...201323433383
variations in type iii effector repertoires, pathological phenotypes and host range of xanthomonas citri pv. citri pathotypes.the mechanisms determining the host range of xanthomonas are still undeciphered, despite much interest in their potential roles in the evolution and emergence of plant pathogenic bacteria. xanthomonas citri pv. citri (xci) is an interesting model of host specialization because of its pathogenic variants: pathotype a strains infect a wide range of rutaceous species, whereas pathotype a*/a(w) strains have a host range restricted to mexican lime (citrus aurantifolia) and alemow (citrus macrophylla) ...201323437976
quantification of hesperidin in citrus-based foods using a fungal diglycosidase.a simple enzymatic-spectrophotometric method for hesperidin quantification was developed by means of a specific fungal enzyme. the method utilises the diglycosidase α-rhamnosyl-β-glucosidase (ec 3.2.1.168) to quantitatively hydrolyse hesperidin to hesperetin, and the last is measured by its intrinsic absorbance in the uv range at 323 nm. the application of this method to quantify hesperidin in orange (citrus sinensis) juices was shown to be reliable in comparison with the standard method for fla ...201223442693
new excised-leaf assay method to test inoculativity of asian citrus psyllid (hemiptera: psyllidae) with candidatus liberibacter asiaticus associated with citrus huanglongbing disease.the asian citrus psyllid, diaphorina citri kuwayama (hemiptera: psyllidae), is the primary vector of candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (las) associated with huanglongbing, or citrus greening, the most devastating citrus (citrus spp.) disease worldwide. here, we developed a new "excised-leaf assay" that can speed up las-inoculativity tests on asian citrus psyllid from the current 3-12 mo (when using whole citrus seedlings for inoculation) to only 2-3 wk. young adults of asian citrus psyllid that ...201323448011
modification of carotenoid levels by abscission agents and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in 'valencia' sweet orange.the effect of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1h-pyrazole (cmnp) and ethephon on peel color, flavedo carotenoid gene expression, and carotenoid accumulation was investigated in mature 'valencia' orange ( citrus sinensis l. osbeck) fruit flavedo at three maturation stages. abscission agent application altered peel color. cmnp was more effective than ethephon in promoting green-to-red (a) and blue-to-yellow (b) color at the middle and late maturation stages and total carotenoid changes at all maturation ...201323451824
characterization of citrus sinensis transcription factors closely associated with the non-host response to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.plants, when exposed to certain pathogens, may display a form of genotype-independent resistance, known as non-host response. in this study, the response of citrus sinensis (sweet orange) leaves to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv), a pepper and tomato pathogenic bacterium, was analyzed through biochemical assays and cdna microarray hybridization and compared with asiatic citrus canker infection caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. citrus leaves exposed to the non-host bacterium ...201323453188
metabolic responses to iron deficiency in roots of carrizo citrange [citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck. x poncirus trifoliata (l.) raf].the effects of iron (fe) deficiency on the low-molecular-weight organic acid (lmwoa) metabolism have been investigated in carrizo citrange (cc) [citrus sinensis (l.) osb. × poncirus trifoliata (l.) raf.] roots. major lmwoas found in roots, xylem sap and root exudates were citrate and malate and their concentrations increased with fe deficiency. the activities of several enzymes involved in the lmwoa metabolism were also assessed in roots. in the cytosolic fraction, the activities of malate dehyd ...201323462311
transcriptional profiling of canker-resistant transgenic sweet orange (citrus sinensis osbeck) constitutively overexpressing a spermidine synthase gene.citrus canker disease caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the citrus industry worldwide. in our previous study, the canker-resistant transgenic sweet orange (citrus sinensis osbeck) plants were produced via constitutively overexpressing a spermidine synthase. to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying xcc resistance of the transgenic plants, in the present study global transcriptional profiling was compared between untransformed li ...201223509803
computational predictions provide insights into the biology of tal effector target sites.transcription activator-like (tal) effectors are injected into host plant cells by xanthomonas bacteria to function as transcriptional activators for the benefit of the pathogen. the dna binding domain of tal effectors is composed of conserved amino acid repeat structures containing repeat-variable diresidues (rvds) that determine dna binding specificity. in this paper, we present talgetter, a new approach for predicting tal effector target sites based on a statistical model. in contrast to prev ...201323526890
fumigant toxicity of citrus sinensis essential oil on musca domestica l. adults in the absence and presence of a p450 inhibitor.essential oils (eos) are potential tools for controlling musca domestica l. in a fumigant assay, m. domestica adults treated with citrus sinensis eo (lc50=3.9mg/dm(3)), with (4r)(+)-limonene (95.1%) being its main component, died within 15min or less. the terpenes absorbed by the flies and their metabolites, analyzed using spme fiber, were (4r)(+)-limonene (lc50=6.2mg/dm(3)), α-pinene (lc50=11.5mg/dm(3)), β-pinene (lc50=6.4mg/dm(3)), and two new components, carveol (lc50=1122mg/dm(3)) and carvon ...201323545130
stylet morphometrics and citrus leaf vein structure in relation to feeding behavior of the asian citrus psyllid diaphorina citri, vector of citrus huanglongbing bacterium.the asian citrus psyllid (acp), diaphorina citri (hemiptera: psyllidae), is the primary vector of the phloem-limited bacterium candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (las) associated with huanglongbing (hlb, citrus greening), considered the world's most serious disease of citrus. stylet morphometrics of acp nymphs and adults were studied in relation to citrus vein structure and to their putative (histologically verified) feeding sites on valencia orange leaves. acp nymphs preferred to settle and feed ...201323555830
larvicidal and irritant activities of hexane leaf extracts of citrus sinensis against dengue vector aedes aegypti l.to assess the larvicidal and irritant activities of the hexane extracts of leaves of citrus sinensis (c. sinensis) against the early fourth instars and female adults of aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti).023569887
development of a small scale orange juice extractor.a small scale motorized orange juice extractor was designed and fabricated, using locally-available construction materials. the essential components of the machine include feeding hopper, top cover, worm shaft, juice sieve, juice collector, waste outlet, transmission belt, main frame, pulleys and bearings. in operation, the worm shaft conveys, crushes, presses and squeezes the fruit to extract the juice. the juice extracted is filtered through the juice sieve into juice collector while the resid ...201023572610
citrus biotechnology: achievements, limitations and future directions.citrus is one of the most important commercial and nutritional fruit crops in the world, hence it needs to be improved to cater to the diverse needs of consumers and crop breeders. genetic manipulation through conventional techniques in this genus is invariably a difficult task for plant breeders as it poses various biological limitations comprising long juvenile period, high heterozygosity, sexual incompatibility, nucellar polyembryony and large plant size that greatly hinder cultivar improveme ...200923572908
candidatus liberibacter americanus induces significant reprogramming of the transcriptome of the susceptible citrus genotype.citrus huanglongbing (hlb) disease is caused by endogenous, phloem-restricted, gram negative, uncultured bacteria named candidatus liberibacter africanus (calaf), ca. l. asiaticus (calas), and ca. l. americanus (calam), depending on the continent where the bacteria were first detected. the asian citrus psyllid vector, diaphorina citri, transmits calas and calam and both liberibacter species are present in brazil. several studies of the transcriptional response of citrus plants manifesting hlb sy ...201323586643
tropospheric ozone reduces carbon assimilation in trees: estimates from analysis of continuous flux measurements.high ground-level ozone concentrations are typical of mediterranean climates. plant exposure to this oxidant is known to reduce carbon assimilation. ozone damage has been traditionally measured through manipulative experiments that do not consider long-term exposure and propagate large uncertainty by up-scaling leaf-level observations to ecosystem-level interpretations. we analyzed long-term continuous measurements (>9 site-years at 30 min resolution) of environmental and eco-physiological param ...201323589473
itraq protein profile analysis of citrus sinensis roots in response to long-term boron-deficiency.seedlings of citrus sinensis were fertilized with boron (b)-deficient (0μm h3bo3) or -sufficient (10μm h3bo3) nutrient solution for 15weeks. thereafter, itraq analysis was employed to compare the abundances of proteins from b-deficient and -sufficient roots. in b-deficient roots, 164 up-regulated and 225 down-regulated proteins were identified. these proteins were grouped into the following functional categories: protein metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, stress responses, carbohydrate and ene ...201323628855
effects of citrus sinensis juice on blood pressure.citrus sinensis juice (csj) is a rich source of dietary flavonoids which reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. this study aimed to examine the effects of four-week intake of natural and commercial orange (citrus sinensis) juice on blood pressure in healthy volunteers.201323696766
a redox 2-cys mechanism regulates the catalytic activity of divergent cyclophilins.the citrus (citrus sinensis) cyclophilin cscyp is a target of the xanthomonas citri transcription activator-like effector ptha, required to elicit cankers on citrus. cscyp binds the citrus thioredoxin cstdx and the carboxyl-terminal domain of rna polymerase ii and is a divergent cyclophilin that carries the additional loop ksgkplh, invariable cysteine (cys) residues cys-40 and cys-168, and the conserved glutamate (glu) glu-83. despite the suggested roles in atp and metal binding, the functions o ...201323709667
the in vitro antimicrobial activity of lavandula angustifolia essential oil in combination with other aroma-therapeutic oils.the antimicrobial activity of lavandula angustifolia essential oil was assessed in combination with 45 other oils to establish possible interactive properties. the composition of the selected essential oils was confirmed using gc-ms with a flame ionization detector. the microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) assay was undertaken, whereby the fractional inhibitory concentration (σfic) was calculated for the oil combinations. when lavender oil was assayed in 1 : 1 ratios with other o ...201323737850
red orange: experimental models and epidemiological evidence of its benefits on human health.in recent years, there has been increasing public interest in plant antioxidants, thanks to the potential anticarcinogenic and cardioprotective actions mediated by their biochemical properties. the red (or blood) orange (citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck) is a pigmented sweet orange variety typical of eastern sicily (southern italy), california, and spain. in this paper, we discuss the main health-related properties of the red orange that include anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular prote ...201323738032
genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of genetic variants in sweet orange.heterozyosity is an important feature of many plant genomes, and is related to heterosis. sweet orange, a highly heterozygous species, is thought to have originated from an inter-species hybrid between pummelo and mandarin. to investigate the heterozygosity of the sweet orange genome and examine how this heterozygosity affects gene expression, we characterized the genome of valencia orange for single nucleotide variations (snvs), small insertions and deletions (indels) and structural variations ...201323738603
green synthesized silver nanoparticles for selective colorimetric sensing of hg2+ in aqueous solution at wide ph range.in the present study, the syntheses of crystalline silver and gold nanoparticles (nps) has been demonstrated in a green and environmentally friendly approach using citrus fruit extracts (lemon, citrus limon (cl-1) and sweet orange, citrus limetta (cl-2)). in addition, potentially hazardous metal ion sensing properties of these nps in aqueous solution has been explored. cl-1 and cl-2 that predominantly contained citric and ascorbic acid, exhibited different reducing abilities towards silver and g ...201323741735
digital gene expression analysis of corky split vein caused by boron deficiency in 'newhall' navel orange (citrus sinensis osbeck) for selecting differentially expressed genes related to vascular hypertrophy.corky split vein caused by boron (b) deficiency in 'newhall' navel orange was studied in the present research. the boron-deficient citrus exhibited a symptom of corky split vein in mature leaves. morphologic and anatomical surveys at four representative phases of corky split veins showed that the symptom was the result of vascular hypertrophy. digital gene expression (dge) analysis was performed based on the illumina hiseq™ 2000 platform, which was applied to analyze the gene expression profilin ...201323755275
increased resistance against citrus canker mediated by a citrus mitogen-activated protein kinase.mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) play crucial roles in plant immunity. we previously identified a citrus mapk (csmapk1) as a differentially expressed protein in response to infection by xanthomonas aurantifolii, a bacterium that causes citrus canker in mexican lime but a hypersensitive reaction in sweet oranges. here, we confirm that, in sweet orange, csmapk1 is rapidly and preferentially induced by x. aurantifolii relative to xanthomonas citri. to investigate the role of csmapk1 in citr ...201323777433
host susceptibility of citrus cultivars to queensland fruit fly (diptera: tephritidae).citrus crops are considered to be relatively poor hosts for queensland fruit fly, bactrocera tryoni (froggatt), as for other tephritid species. australian citrus growers and crop consultants have reported observable differences in susceptibility of different citrus cultivars under commercial growing conditions. in this study we conducted laboratory tests and field surveys to determine susceptibility to b. tryoni of six citrus cultivars [(eureka lemon (citrus limon (l.) osbeck); navel and valenci ...201323786078
phosphoproteomic analysis of chromoplasts from sweet orange during fruit ripening.like other types of plastids, chromoplasts have essential biosynthetic and metabolic activities which may be regulated via post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, of their resident proteins. we here report a proteome-wide mapping of in vivo phosphorylation sites in chromoplast-enriched samples prepared from sweet orange [citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck] at different ripening stages by titanium dioxide-based affinity chromatography for phosphoprotein enrichment with lc-ms/ms. a tot ...201423786612
draft genome sequence of methylobacterium mesophilicum strain sr1.6/6, isolated from citrus sinensis.methylobacterium mesophilicum strain sr1.6/6 is an endophytic bacterium isolated from a surface-sterilized citrus sinensis branch. ecological and biotechnological aspects of this bacterium, such as the genes involved in its association with the host plant and the primary oxidation of methanol, were annotated in the draft genome.201323788544
interplay between aba and phospholipases a(2) and d in the response of citrus fruit to postharvest dehydration.the interplay between abscisic acid (aba) and phospholipases a2 and d (pla2 and pld) in the response of citrus fruit to water stress was investigated during postharvest by using an aba-deficient mutant from 'navelate' orange named 'pinalate'. fruit from both varieties harvested at two different maturation stages (mature-green and full-mature) were subjected to prolonged water loss inducing stem-end rind breakdown (serb) in full-mature fruit. treatment with pla2 inhibitor aristolochic acid (at) a ...201323800664
culture and serological detection of the xylem-limited bacterium causing citrus variegated chlorosis and its identification as a strain ofxylella fastidiosa.a xylem-limited bacterium resemblingxylella fastidiosa has been shown previously by electron mmcroscopy to be associated with citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc), a new disease of sweet organe tress in brazil. a bacterium was consistently cultured from plant tissues from cvc twigs of sweet orange trees but not from tissues of healthy trees on several cell-free media known to support the growth ofxylella fastidiosa. bacterial colonies typical ofx. fastidiosa became visible on pw, cs20, and pd2 agar ...199323835746
a direct sensitivity comparison between flow-modulated comprehensive 2d and 1d gc in untargeted and targeted ms-based experiments.the present contribution is focused on the measurement of the analytical sensitivity attained in untargeted/targeted ms/ms experiments, performed using flow-modulator comprehensive 2d and 1d gc. the comprehensive 2d experiment was performed by diverting part of the high flow (circa 80%) to flush the accumulation loop (about 28 ml/min) to waste, to reduce the gas flow entering the ion source. 1d analyses were performed through: (i) unmodulated and (ii) single column applications. an equivalent te ...201323868497
the role of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase and phytoene synthase gene family in citrus carotenoid accumulation.three 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthases (dxs) and three phytoene synthases (psy) were identified in citrus, from affymetrix genechip citrus genome array, genbank and public orange genome databases. tissue-specific expression analysis of these genes was carried out on fruit peel and flesh, flower and leaf of satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) in order to determine their roles in carotenoid accumulation in different tissues. expression of citdxs1 and citpsy1 was highest in all test tiss ...201323883976
the off-line combination of high performance liquid chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: a powerful approach for highly detailed essential oil analysis.the present contribution is focused on the off-line combination of high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry (gc×gc-quadms), and its application to the detailed qualitative analysis of essential oils. specifically, a silica column was exploited for the separation of the essential oil constituents in two groups, namely hydrocarbon and oxygenated compounds. after, each hplc-fraction was reduced in volume, and the ...201323890548
transgenic sweet orange plants expressing a dermaseptin coding sequence show reduced symptoms of citrus canker disease.citrus canker provoked by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri is a bacterial disease causing severe losses in all citrus-producing areas around the world. xanthomonas infection is considered as an endemic disease in northeast and northwest argentina, affecting as much as 10% of commercial citrus plantations. there is not known natural resistance neither in orange varieties nor in rootstocks used for grafting of commercial cultivars. to introduce resistance to this disease, plants of pineapple sweet ...201323896218
citrus maf1, a repressor of rna polymerase iii, binds the xanthomonas citri canker elicitor ptha4 and suppresses citrus canker development.transcription activator-like (tal) effectors from xanthomonas species pathogens act as transcription factors in plant cells; however, how tal effectors activate host transcription is unknown. we found previously that tal effectors of the citrus canker pathogen xanthomonas citri, known as pthas, bind the carboxyl-terminal domain of the sweet orange (citrus sinensis) rna polymerase ii (pol ii) and inhibit the activity of cscyp, a cyclophilin associated with the carboxyl-terminal domain of the citr ...201323898043
anticholinesterase and antioxidative properties of water-extractable phytochemicals from some citrus peels.aqueous extracts from citrus peels are used in many rural communities in nigeria in treating various degenerative conditions, although the scientific basis for its use has not been well established. this study sought to investigate the anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from some citrus peels [orange (citrus sinensis), grapefruit (citrus paradisii), and shaddock (citrus maxima)].201423907423
first report of maconellicoccus hirsutus (green, 1908) (hemiptera: coccoidea: pseudococcidae) and the associated parasitoid anagyrus kamali moursi, 1948 (hymenoptera: encyrtidae), in brazil.the pink hibiscus mealybug (phm), maconellicoccus hirsutus (green) (hemiptera: pseudococcidae) and the associated hymenopterous parasitoid, anagyrus kamali moursi, 1948 (hymenoptera: encyrtidae), are reported for the first time in brazil. specimens of the phm were collected on nine hosts plants, annona muricata l. (anonnaceae), glycine max (l.) merr. (fabaceae), centrolobium paraensis tul. (fabaceae), inga edulis mart. (fabaceae), hibiscus rosa-sinensis l. (malvaceae), psidium guajava l. (myrtac ...201323917571
first record of anastrepha serpentina (wiedemann) (diptera: tephritidae) in citrus in brazil.anastrepha serpentina (wiedemann) is recorded for the first time in citrus (rutaceae) in brazil. specimens were obtained from sweet orange (citrus sinensis) sampled in the municipalities of belém and capitão poço, and from mandarin orange (citrus reticulata) from tomé-açu, state of pará, brazil.201323939279
species composition and abundance of brevipalpus spp. on different citrus species in mexican orchards.we studied the abundance of brevipalpus spp. in citrus orchards in the mexican states of yucatan, quintana roo and campeche. mites were collected from 100 trees containing a mixture of citrus species where sweet orange was always the main species. eight collections were made at each location from february 2010 to february 2011. mites from the genus brevipalpus were separated from other mites surveyed and their abundance and relationships with the different citrus species were quantified througho ...201323949863
citrus nobiletin suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in interleukin-1β-treated hepatocytes.nobiletin is a polymethoxylated flavone that is abundant in the peels of citrus fruits, such as citrus unshiu (satsuma mandarin) and citrus sinensis. the dried peels of c. unshiu (chinpi) have been included in several formulae of japanese kampo medicines. nobiletin may suppress the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), which synthesizes the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (no) in hepatocytes.201323958298
modification of valencene by bio- and chemical transformation.highly efficient production is discussed of nootkatone, the most important fragrant component of grapefruit and which possesses anti-obesity activity, from valencene, obtained from valencia orange, by the green alga, chlorella, and the fungi, mucor, botryospaeria and botryodiplodia. the microorganisms introduce an oxygen atom at an allylic position to give secondary hydroxyl and keto groups. the presented methods are a cheap one step reaction, non-hazardous and very useful for the production of ...201323980411
n-acetylcysteine in agriculture, a novel use for an old molecule: focus on controlling the plant-pathogen xylella fastidiosa.xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen bacterium that causes diseases in many different crops. in citrus, it causes citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc). the mechanism of pathogenicity of this bacterium is associated with its capacity to colonize and form a biofilm in the xylem vessels of host plants, and there is not yet any method to directly reduce populations of this pathogen in the field. in this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of n-acetylcysteine (nac), a cysteine analogue used m ...201324009716
[spider diversity in cultures of citrus sinensis (rutaceae) in corrientes province, argentina].spiders are predators that reduce insect pest populations in agroecosystems. in spite that the presence of spider assemblages has been described in different crop plants, no reports have been done for citrus species in argentina. we studied the spider community associated with cultures of citrus sinensis in the province of corrientes, argentina, in two plots (am1 irrigated and am2 unirrigated) of 0.82 hectares each. spiders were collected monthly by using pitfall traps, hand capture, agitation o ...201324027921
citric acid production from orange peel wastes by solid-state fermentation.valencia orange (citrus sinensis) peel was employed in this work as raw material for the production of citric acid (ca) by solid-state fermentation (ssf) of aspergillus niger cect-2090 (atcc 9142, nrrl 599) in erlenmeyer flasks. to investigate the effects of the main operating variables, the inoculum concentration was varied in the range 0.5·10(3) to 0.7·10(8) spores/g dry orange peel, the bed loading from 1.0 to 4.8 g of dry orange peel (corresponding to 35-80 % of the total volume), and the mo ...201124031646
metabolic engineering of β-carotene in orange fruit increases its in vivo antioxidant properties.orange is a major crop and an important source of health-promoting bioactive compounds. increasing the levels of specific antioxidants in orange fruit through metabolic engineering could strengthen the fruit's health benefits. in this work, we have afforded enhancing the β-carotene content of orange fruit through blocking by rna interference the expression of an endogenous β-carotene hydroxylase gene (csβ-chx) that is involved in the conversion of β-carotene into xanthophylls. additionally, we h ...201424034339
leaf cdna-aflp analysis of two citrus species differing in manganese tolerance in response to long-term manganese-toxicity.very little is known about manganese (mn)-toxicity-responsive genes in citrus plants. seedlings of 'xuegan' (citrus sinensis) and 'sour pummelo' (citrus grandis) were irrigated for 17 weeks with nutrient solution containing 2 μm (control) or 600 μm (mn-toxicity) mnso₄. the objectives of this study were to understand the mechanisms of citrus mn-tolerance and to identify differentially expressed genes, which might be involved in mn-tolerance.201324034812
identification of transcription factors potentially involved in the juvenile to adult phase transition in citrus.the juvenile to adult transition (jat) in higher plants is required for them to reach reproductive competence. however, it is a poorly understood process in woody plants, where only a few genes have been definitely identified as being involved in this transition. this work aims at increasing our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the jat in citrus.201324052558
rna-seq analysis of citrus reticulata in the early stages of xylella fastidiosa infection reveals auxin-related genes as a defense response.citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc), caused by xylella fastidiosa, is one the most important citrus diseases, and affects all varieties of sweet orange (citrus sinensis l. osb). on the other hand, among the citrus genus there are different sources of resistance against x. fastidiosa. for these species identifying these defense genes could be an important step towards obtaining sweet orange resistant varieties through breeding or genetic engineering. to assess these genes we made use of mandarin (c ...201324090429
coumarin and furanocoumarin quantitation in citrus peel via ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (uplc-ms).coumarins and furanocoumarins are secondary metabolites commonly found in citrus plants. these molecules are allelochemical compounds in plants that have controversial effects on humans, such as phototoxicity and the commonly described interactions with drugs, referred to as the "grapefruit juice effect". thus, it is important to develop a reliable method to identify and quantitate the coumarins and furanocoumarins in citrus extracts. for this purpose, we herein describe an ultraperformance liqu ...201324117278
detection of mandarin in orange juice by single-nucleotide polymorphism qpcr assay.a dual-probe real time pcr (qpcr) dna-based analysis was devised for the identification of mandarin in orange juice. a single nucleotide polymorphism at the trnl-trnf intergenic region of the chloroplast chromosome was confirmed in nine orange (citrus sinensis) and thirteen commercial varieties of mandarin, including citrus reticulata and citrus unshiu species and a mandarin × tangelo hybrid. two short minor-groove binding fluorescent probes targeting the polymorphic sequence were used in the du ...201424128588
genetic diversity in the orange subfamily aurantioideae. i. intraspecies and intragenus genetic variability.despite the great economic importance of citrus, its phylogeny and taxonomy remain a matter of controversy. moreover pathogens of increased virulence and dramatic environmental changes are currently spreading or emerging. the objectives of the present paper, measuring genetic variability and studying its pattern of distribution, are crucial steps to optimize sampling strategies in the search of genotypes that tolerate or resist these threatening factors within the huge array of citrus and citrus ...199624166329
mining of haplotype-based expressed sequence tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in citrus.single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), the most abundant variations in a genome, have been widely used in various studies. detection and characterization of citrus haplotype-based expressed sequence tag (est) snps will greatly facilitate further utilization of these gene-based resources.201324175923
further evidence of a cybridization requirement for plant regeneration from citrus leaf protoplasts following somatic fusion.somatic hybridization experiments in citrus that involve the fusion of protoplasts of one parent isolated from either nucellus-derived embryogenic callus or suspension cultures with leaf-derived protoplasts of a second parent, often result in the regeneration of diploid plants that phenotypically resemble the leaf parent. in this study, plants of this type regenerated following somatic fusions of the following three parental combinations were analyzed to determine their genetic origin (nuclear a ...199624178608
green fluorescent protein: an in vivo reporter of plant gene expression.protoplasts were isolated from h89, an embryogenic sweet orange (citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck cv. hamlin) suspension culture, and electroporated with p35s-gfp, a plasmid carrying the gene for the green fluorescent protein (gfp) from the bioluminescent jellyfish aequorea victoria. p35s-gfp was constructed by replacing the gus coding sequence of pbi221 with a functional gfp gene, thereby placing the gfp gene under the control of the camv 35s promoter. protoplasts were viewed by incident-light fluor ...199524185445
pyrolysis-gas chromatographic method for polybutene residues on navel oranges. 196824190082
terpene down-regulation triggers defense responses in transgenic orange leading to resistance against fungal pathogens.terpenoid volatiles are isoprene compounds that are emitted by plants to communicate with the environment. in addition to their function in repelling herbivores and attracting carnivorous predators in green tissues, the presumed primary function of terpenoid volatiles released from mature fruits is the attraction of seed-dispersing animals. mature oranges (citrus sinensis) primarily accumulate terpenes in peel oil glands, with d-limonene accounting for approximately 97% of the total volatile ter ...201324192451
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sweet orange and regeneration of transgenic plants.transgenic sweet orange (citrus sinensis l. osbeck) plants have been obtained by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. an hypervirulent a. tumefaciens strain harboring a binary vector that contains the chimeric neomycin phosphotransferase ii (npt ii) and ß-glucuronidase (gus) genes was cocultivated with stem segments from in vivo grown seedlings. shoots regenerated under kanamycin selection were harvested from the stem segments within 12 weeks. shoot basal portions were assayed for g ...199524194307
intergeneric somatic hybridization of sexually incompatible parents: citrus sinensis and atalantia ceylanica.protoplast fusion using polyethylene glycol (peg) was conducted to combine citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck cv. 'hamlin' sweet orange protoplasts, isolated from nucellus-derived embryogenic callus with atalantia ceylanica (arn.) oliv, leaf protoplasts. five plants regenerated from independent fusion events following protoplast culture were identified as intergeneric allotetraploid somatic hybrids of 'hamlin' sweet orange and a. ceylanica, and confirmed by isozyme analysis and chromosome number determ ...199324201965
analysis of cytoplasmic genomes in somatic hybrids between navel orange (citrus sinensis osb.) and 'murcott' tangor.somatic hybrid plants were produced by protoplast fusion of navel orange and 'murcott' tangor. hybridity of the plants was confirmed by the restriction endonuclease analysis of nuclear ribosomal dna. all of the plants (16 clones) were normal, uniform, and had the amphidiploid chromosome number of 36 (2n=2x=18 for each parent). the cpdna analysis showed that each of the 16 somatic hybrids contained either one parental chloroplast genome or the other. in all cases, the mitochondrial genomes of the ...199124212853
comprehensive insights on how 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid retards senescence in post-harvest citrus fruits using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches.auxin-like 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), a high-efficiency anti-stalling agent for the post-harvest fresh fruit industry, has had its use restricted due to environmental concerns. however, no other substitutes for 2,4-d are available to the post-harvest industry. insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of 2,4-d on fruit quality preservation will provide a theoretical basis for exploring new safe and effective anti-stalling agents. this study comprehensively analyse ...201424215076
induction of triploid citrus plants from endosperm calli in vitro.triploid hybrid citrus plants were regenerated by somatic embryogenesis in vitro from endosperm derived calli. a sequence of media formulations was used to induce and support proliferation of primary callus from endosperm, to induce embryogenesis from primary callus, and to allow embryo development leading to viable plantlets. calli were induced from cellular endosperm of citrus sinensis (sweet orange), c. xparadisi (grapefruit), and c. grandis (pummelo) excised 12-14 weeks post-anthesis. induct ...199024221109
fertile fruit trees obtained by somatic hybridization: navel orange (citrus sinensis) and troyer citrange (c. sinensis x poncirus trifoliata).nucellar cell suspension protoplasts of navel orange (citrus sinsensis osb.) were chemically fused with mesophyll protoplasts of troyer citrange (c. sinensis x poncirus trifoliata) and cultured in hormone-free murashige and tucker medium containing 0.6 m sucrose. two types of plant were regenerated through embryogenesis. one type showed intermediate mono-and difoliate leaves and the other types was identical to troyer citrange. the regenerated plants with intermediate morphology were demonstrate ...199124221194
an hplc-ms characterization of the changes in sweet orange leaf metabolite profile following infection by the bacterial pathogen candidatus liberibacter asiaticus.huanglongbing (hlb) presumably caused by candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (clas) threatens the commercial u.s. citrus crop of an annual value of $3 billion. the earliest shift in metabolite profiles of leaves from greenhouse-grown sweet orange trees infected with clas, and of healthy leaves, was characterized by hplc-ms concurrently with pcr testing for the presence of clas bacteria and observation of disease symptoms. twenty, 8-month-old 'valencia' and 'hamlin' trees were grafted with budwood ...201324223954
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