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costs and benefits of insecticide and foliar nutrient applications to huanglongbing-infected citrus trees.the asian citrus psyllid (acp), diaphorina citri kuwayama (hemiptera: psyllidae), vectors candidatus liberibacter asiaticus, which causes huanglongbing (hlb). in florida, hlb incidence is approaching 100% statewide. yields have decreased and production costs have increased since 2005. despite this, some growers are maintaining a level of production and attribute this in part to aggressive psyllid control and foliar nutrition sprays. however, the value of these practices is debated. a replicated ...201727427170
laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (lifs) for discrimination of genetically close sweet orange accessions ( citrus sinensis l. osbeck).although there is substantial diversity among cultivated sweet oranges genotypes with respect to morphological, physiological, and agronomic traits, very little variation at dna level has been observed. it is possible that this low dna molecular variability is due to a narrow genetic basis commonly observed in this citrus group. the most different morphological characters observed were originated through mutations, which are maintained by vegetative propagation. despite all molecular tools avail ...201727402688
the effect of inhalation of citrus sinensis flowers and mentha spicata leave essential oils on lung function and exercise performance: a quasi-experimental uncontrolled before-and-after study.recently, there has been an increased interest in the effects of essential oils on athletic performances and other physiological effects. this study aimed to assess the effects of citrus sinensis flower and mentha spicata leaves essential oils inhalation in two different groups of athlete male students on their exercise performance and lung function.201727688737
impact of d-limonene synthase up- or down-regulation on sweet orange fruit and juice odor perception.citrus fruits are characterized by a complex mixture of volatiles making up their characteristic aromas, being the d-limonene the most abundant one. however, its role on citrus fruit and juice odor is controversial. transgenic oranges engineered for alterations in the presence or concentration of few related chemical groups enable asking precise questions about their contribution to overall odor, either positive or negative, as perceived by the human nose. here, either down- or up-regulation of ...201727664619
two previously unknown phytophthora species associated with brown rot of pomelo (citrus grandis) fruits in vietnam.two distinct phytophthora taxa were found to be associated with brown rot of pomelo (citrus grandis), a new disease of this ancestral citrus species, in the vinh long province, mekong river delta area, southern vietnam. on the basis of morphological characters and using the its1-5.8s-its2 region of the rdna and the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi) as barcode genes, one of the two taxa was provisionally named as phytophthora sp. prodigiosa, being closely related to but distinct from p. insolita ...201728208159
natural compounds from mexican medicinal plants as potential drug leads for anti-tuberculosis drugs.in mexican traditional medicine 187 plant species are used in the treatment of respiratory conditions that may be associated with tuberculosis. in this contribution, we review the ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of 63 species whose extracts have been assayed for antimycobacterial activity in vitro. among these, the most potent is aristolochia brevipes (mic= 12.5 µg/ml), followed by aristolochia taliscana, citrus sinensis, chrysactinia mexicana, persea americana, and olea europaea (mic<64 ...201728198919
encapsulation of polymethoxyflavones in citrus oil emulsion-based delivery systems.the purpose of this work was to elucidate the effects of citrus oil type on polymethoxyflavone (pmf) solubility and on the physicochemical properties of pmf-loaded emulsion-based delivery systems. citrus oils were extracted from mandarin, orange, sweet orange, and bergamot. the major constituents were determined by gc/ms: sweet orange oil (97.4% d-limonene); mandarin oil (72.4% d-limonene); orange oil (67.2% d-limonene); and bergamot oil (34.6% linalyl acetate and 25.3% d-limonene). pmf-loaded e ...201728182421
depletion of abscisic acid levels in roots of flooded carrizo citrange (poncirus trifoliata l. raf. × citrus sinensis l. osb.) plants is a stress-specific response associated to the differential expression of pyr/pyl/rcar receptors.soil flooding reduces root abscisic acid (aba) levels in citrus, conversely to what happens under drought. despite this reduction, microarray analyses suggested the existence of a residual aba signaling in roots of flooded carrizo citrange seedlings. the comparison of aba metabolism and signaling in roots of flooded and water stressed plants of carrizo citrange revealed that the hormone depletion was linked to the upregulation of csaog, involved in aba glycosyl ester (abage) synthesis, and to a ...201728160166
effect of pasteurization on flavonoids and carotenoids in citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck cv. 'cara cara' and 'bahia' juices.orange juice is considered an excellent dietary source of several bioactive compounds with beneficial properties for human health. citrus sinensis osbeck cv. 'cara cara' is a bud mutation originated from 'washington' navel orange, also known as 'bahia' navel orange. the ascorbic acid, flavonoid, and carotenoid contents in pasteurized and nonpasteurized bahia and cara cara juices using two lc-ms/ms platforms were investigated. higher ascorbic acid content was observed in bahia compared to cara ca ...201728146357
leaf-disc grafting for the transmission of candidatus liberibacter asiaticus in citrus (citrus sinensis; rutaceae) seedlings.the search for resistance/tolerance to the devastating citrus huanglongbing disease (syn. hlb or citrus greening) is generating an increasing number of new plants of diverse genetic makeup. as the increasing number of new plants require more space, resources, and time, the need for faster and more efficient hlb screening tests becomes crucial.201728090406
physiologic, anatomic, and gene expression changes in citrus sunki, poncirus trifoliata, and their hybrids after 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' infection.huanglongbing (hlb) is a destructive disease of citrus caused by phloem-limited bacteria, namely 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' (las), 'candidatus liberibacter africanus', and 'candidatus liberibacter americanus'. although there are no known hlb-resistant citrus species, studies have reported poncirus trifoliata as being more tolerant. assuming that callose deposition in the phloem of infected plants can inhibit translocation of photosynthetic products and cause starch accumulation, we comp ...201728068188
microrna annotation of plant genomes - do it right or not at all.micrornas are non-coding regulators of gene expression and key factors in development, disease, and targets for bioengineering. consequently, micrornas have become essential elements of already burgeoning draft plant genome descriptions where their annotation is often particularly poor, contributing unduly to the corruption of public databases. using the citrus sinensis as an example, we highlight and review common failings of mirnaome annotations. understanding and exploiting the role of mirnas ...201728054378
assessing a traceability technique in fresh oranges (citrus sinensis l. osbeck) with an hs-spme-gc-ms method. towards a volatile characterisation of organic oranges.a targeted approach using hs-spme-gc-ms was performed to compare flavour compounds of 'navelina' and 'salustiana' orange cultivars from organic and conventional management systems. both varieties of conventional oranges showed higher content of ester compounds. on the other hand, higher content of some compounds related with the geranyl-diphosphate pathway (neryl and geranyl acetates) and some terpenoids were found in the organic samples. furthermore, the partial least square discriminant analys ...201727979182
fast separation and sensitive quantitation of polymethoxylated flavonoids in the peels of citrus using uplc-q-tof-ms.a rapid, sensitive, and efficient ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (uplc-q-tof-ms) method has been developed to analyze polymethoxylated flavonoids (pmfs) in 14 citrus peels, including 7 citrus reticulata (c. reticulata) and 7 citrus sinensis (c. sinensis). in this study, fast separation can be achieved within 12 min and 42 pmfs have been identified including 33 flavones and 9 flavanones. most c. reticulata were shown to contain more ...201728260382
genome-wide identification and functional analysis of s-rnase involved in the self-incompatibility of citrus.s-rnase-based self-incompatibility is found in solanaceae, rosaceae, and scrophulariaceae, and is the most widespread mechanism that prevents self-fertilization in plants. although 'shatian' pummelo (citrus grandis), a traditional cultivated variety, possesses the self-incompatible trait, the role of s-rnases in the self-incompatibility of 'shatian' pummelo is poorly understood. to identify genes associated with self-incompatibility in citrus, we identified 16 genes encoding homologs of ribonucl ...201727933381
changes in anthocyanin production during domestication of citrus.mandarin (citrus reticulata), citron (citrus medica), and pummelo (citrus maxima) are important species of the genus citrus and parents of the interspecific hybrids that constitute the most familiar commercial varieties of citrus: sweet orange, sour orange, clementine, lemon, lime, and grapefruit. citron produces anthocyanins in its young leaves and flowers, as do species in genera closely related to citrus, but mandarins do not, and pummelo varieties that produce anthocyanins have not been repo ...201728196843
tyramine pathways in citrus plant defense: glycoconjugates of tyramine and its n-methylated derivatives.glucosylated forms of tyramine and some of its n-methylated derivatives are here reported for the first time to occur in citrus genus plants. the compounds tyramine-o-β-d-glucoside, n-methyltyramine-o-β-d-glucoside, and n,n-dimethyltyramine-o-β-d-glucoside were detected in juice and leaves of sweet orange, bitter orange, bergamot, citron, lemon, mandarin, and pomelo. the compounds were identified by mass spectrometric analysis, enzymatic synthesis, and comparison with extracts of stapelia hirsut ...201728117581
citrus leprosis virus n: a new dichorhavirus causing citrus leprosis disease.citrus leprosis (cl) is a viral disease endemic to the western hemisphere that produces local-necrotic and -chlorotic lesions on leaves, branches and fruits and causes serious yield reduction in citrus orchards. samples of sweet orange (citrus × sinensis) trees showing cl symptoms were collected during a survey in non-commercial citrus areas in the southeast region of brazil in 2013-2016. transmission electron microscopy analyses of foliar lesions confirmed the presence of rod-like viral particl ...201728398876
cytological and molecular characterization of carotenoid accumulation in normal and high-lycopene mutant oranges.ripe cara cara sweet orange contains 25 times as much carotenoids in flesh as newhall sweet orange, due to high accumulation of carotenes, mainly phytoene, lycopene and phytofluene. only yellow globular chromoplasts were observed in newhall flesh. distinct yellow globular and red elongated crystalline chromoplasts were found in cara cara but only one type of chromoplast was present in each cell. the red crystalline chromoplasts contained lycopene as a dominant carotenoid and were associated with ...201728396598
kinetic and isotherm studies of bisphenol a adsorption onto orange albedo(citrus sinensis): sorption mechanisms based on the main albedo components vitamin c, flavones glycosides and carotenoids.orange albedo and its adsorption capacity towards bisphenol a (bpa) were studied. adsorption experiments were conducted in batch mode at 25-55°c. scanning electron microscopy (sem), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (edx), x-ray diffraction (xrd), brunauer-emmett-teller (bet) and fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy were used to characterise the biosorbent. the effects of various parameters including adsorption time, equilibrium ph, adsorbent dosage and initial adsorbate concentrati ...201728394738
comparison of two dna extraction protocols from leave samples of cotinus coggygria, citrus sinensis and genus juglans.high quality dna is essential for molecular research. secondary metabolites can affect the quantity and quality dna. in current research two dna isolation methods including ctab and delaporta (protocols 1 &amp; 2 respectively) were applied in three leave samples from cotinus coggygria, citrus sinensis and genus juglans that their leaves are rich of secondary metabolites. we successfully isolated dna from c. coggygria, c. sinensis and genus juglans using the two protocols described above. good qu ...201728364796
one target, two mechanisms: the impact of candidatus liberibacter asiaticus and its vector, diaphorina citri on citrus leaf pigments.huanglongbing is currently the largest threat to global citrus production. we examined the effect of hlb pathogen, candidatus liberibacter asiaticus-infection and/or its vector, diaphorina citri-infestation on valencia sweet orange leaf pigments using hplc, followed by gene expression analysis for 46 involved genes in carotenoids- and chlorophylls-biosynthesis pathways. both clas and d. citri alter the total citrus leaf pigments balance with a greater impact by clas. while zeaxanthin was accumul ...201728358623
root adaptive responses to aluminum-treatment revealed by rna-seq in two citrus species with different aluminum-tolerance.seedlings of aluminum (al)-tolerant citrus sinensis and al-intolerant citrus grandis were fertigated daily with nutrient solution containing 0 and 1.0 mm alcl3●6h2o for 18 weeks. the al-induced decreases of biomass and root total soluble proteins only occurred in c. grandis, demonstrating that c. sinensis had higher al-tolerance than c. grandis. under al-treatment, c. sinensis roots secreted more citrate and malate than c. grandis ones; less al was accumulated in c. sinenis than in c. grandis le ...201728337215
investigation on key molecules of huanglongbing (hlb)-induced orange juice off-flavor.orange fruits from huanglongbing (hlb)-infected trees do not fully mature and show a severe off-flavor described as bitter-harsh, metallic, and less juicy and fruity. the investigation of juice from hlb-infected (hlboj) and healthy control oranges (coj) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed higher concentrations of fruity esters, such as ethyl butyrate and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, and soapy-waxy alkanals, such as octanal and decanal, in the coj, whereas the hlboj showed higher concentrat ...201728285516
structural characterization of early michaelis complexes in the reaction catalyzed by (+)-limonene synthase from citrus sinensis using fluorinated substrate analogues.the stereochemical course of monoterpene synthase reactions is thought to be determined early in the reaction sequence by selective binding of distinct conformations of the geranyl diphosphate (gpp) substrate. we explore here formation of early michaelis complexes of the (+)-limonene synthase [(+)-ls] from citrus sinensis using monofluorinated substrate analogues 2-fluoro-gpp (fgpp) and 2-fluoroneryl diphosphate (fnpp). both are competitive inhibitors for (+)-ls with ki values of 2.4 ± 0.5 and 3 ...201728272876
functional and structural characterization of a (+)-limonene synthase from citrus sinensis.terpenes make up the largest and most diverse class of natural compounds and have important commercial and medical applications. limonene is a cyclic monoterpene (c10) present in nature as two enantiomers, (+) and (-), which are produced by different enzymes. the mechanism of production of the (-)-enantiomer has been studied in great detail, but to understand how enantiomeric selectivity is achieved in this class of enzymes, it is important to develop a thorough biochemical description of enzyme ...201728272875
effects of low ph on photosynthesis, related physiological parameters, and nutrient profiles of citrus.seedlings of "xuegan" (citrus sinensis) and "sour pummelo" (citrus grandis) were irrigated daily with a nutrient solution at a ph of 2.5, 3, 4, 5, or 6 for 9 months. thereafter, the following responses were investigated: seedling growth; root, stem, and leaf concentrations of nutrient elements; leaf gas exchange, pigment concentration, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity and chlorophyll a fluorescence; relative water content, total soluble protein level, h2o2 production and ...201728270819
effects of high toxic boron concentration on protein profiles in roots of two citrus species differing in boron-tolerance revealed by a 2-de based ms approach.citrus are sensitive to boron (b)-toxicity. in china, b-toxicity occurs in some citrus orchards. so far, limited data are available on b-toxicity-responsive proteins in higher plants. thirteen-week-old seedlings of "sour pummelo" (citrus grandis) and "xuegan" (citrus sinensis) was fertilized every other day until dripping with nutrient solution containing 10 μm (control) or 400 μm (b-toxicity) h3bo3 for 15 weeks. the typical b-toxic symptom only occurred in 400 μm b-treated c. grandis leaves, an ...201728261239
accurate measurement of transgene copy number in crop plants using droplet digital pcr.genetic transformation is a powerful means for the improvement of crop plants, but requires labor- and resource-intensive methods. an efficient method for identifying single-copy transgene insertion events from a population of independent transgenic lines is desirable. currently, transgene copy number is estimated by either southern blot hybridization analyses or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) experiments. southern hybridization is a convincing and reliable method, but it also is ...201728231382
spasmolytic and antibacterial activity of two citrus sinensis osbeck varieties cultivated in mexico.antibacterial activity on atcc strains of escherichia coli, salmonella enterica, salmonella enteritidis, and salmonella choleraesuis and spasmolytic effect on contraction on rat ileum trips were determinate. eight organic extracts (hexanic and methanolic) of albedo (mesocarp) and flavedo (pericarp) of two varieties (valencian and national) of citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck of yucatán, méxico, were studied. additionally, chromatographic fingerprints were obtained and correlated with their pharmacolo ...201728356916
population structure and diversity of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) isolates in hunan province, china.stem-pitting (sp) is the main type of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) that causes severe damage to citrus trees, especially those of sweet orange, in hunan province, china. understanding the local ctv population structure should provide clues for effective mild strain cross-protection (mscp) of the sp strain of ctv. in this study, markers for the p23 gene, multiple molecular markers (mmms), and sequence analysis of the three silencing suppressor genes (p20, p23 and p25) were employed to analyze the ...201727771790
citrus psorosis virus coat protein-derived hairpin construct confers stable transgenic resistance in citrus against psorosis a and b syndromes.citrus psorosis virus (cpsv) is the causal agent of psorosis, a serious and widespread citrus disease. two syndromes of psorosis, psa and psb, have been described. psb is the most aggressive and rampant form. previously, we obtained pineapple sweet orange plants transformed with a hairpin construct derived from the cpsv coat protein gene (ihpcp). some of these plants were resistant to cpsv 90-1-1, a psa isolate homologous to the transgene. in this study, we found that expression of the ihpcp tra ...201727891561
expression of bacillus thuringiensis cytolytic toxin (cyt2ca1) in citrus roots to control diaprepes abbreviatus larvae.diaprepes abbreviatus (l.) is an important pest of citrus in the usa. currently, no effective management strategies of d. abbreviatus exist in citriculture, and new methods of control are desperately sought. to protect citrus against d. abbreviatus a transgenic citrus rootstock expressing bacillus thuringiensis cyt2ca1, an insect toxin protein, was developed using agrobacterium-mediated transformation of 'carrizo' citrange [citrus sinensis (l) osbeck poncirus trifoliate (l) raf]. the transgenic ...201728187824
essential oil components of orange peels and antimicrobial activity.in this study, the orange peel of 12 cultivars of citrus sinensis from central-eastern sicily was employed to obtain essential oils and extracts. the ones were extracted through steam distillation, the others through extraction in hexane. chemical constituents were evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. fifty-four components were identified in the steam essential oils and 44 in the extracts. in all the cultivars, the main component is ...201727535797
effect of postharvest practices including degreening on citrus carpoplane microbial biomes.to investigate the effect of commercial citrus packhouse processing steps on the fruit surface microbiome of clementines and palmer navel oranges.201728052466
physicochemical and sensory quality of yogurt incorporated with pectin from peel of citrus sinensis.industrial by-product like orange peel plays an important role in pectin manufacture. the objective of this article was to extract pectin from peel of citrus sinensis and to study the effect of its incorporation on the quality of yogurt during the period of fermentation and postacidification. physicochemical, organoleptic, and rheological properties of yogurt prepared with pectin were studied in order to determine the best preparation depending on the rate of pectin. the extraction pectin yield ...201728265371
engineering canker-resistant plants through crispr/cas9-targeted editing of the susceptibility gene cslob1 promoter in citrus.citrus canker, caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc), is severely damaging to the global citrus industry. targeted editing of host disease-susceptibility genes represents an interesting and potentially durable alternative in plant breeding for resistance. here, we report improvement of citrus canker resistance through crispr/cas9-targeted modification of the susceptibility gene cslob1 promoter in citrus. wanjincheng orange (citrus sinensis osbeck) harbors at least three copies of the cs ...201728371200
ectopic accumulation of linalool confers resistance to xanthomonas citri subsp. citri in transgenic sweet orange plants.in order to clarify whether high linalool content in citrus leaves alone induces strong field resistance to citrus canker caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc), and to assess whether this trait can be transferred to a citrus type highly sensitive to the bacterium, transgenic 'hamlin' sweet orange (citrus sinensis l. osbeck) plants over-expressing a linalool synthase gene (custs3-1) were generated. transgenic lines (lil) with the highest linalool content showed strong resistance to citru ...201728131994
inducible expression of bs2 r gene from capsicum chacoense in sweet orange (citrus sinensis l. osbeck) confers enhanced resistance to citrus canker disease.transgenic expression of the pepper bs2 gene confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) pathogenic strains which contain the avrbs2 avirulence gene in susceptible pepper and tomato varieties. the avrbs2 gene is highly conserved among members of the xanthomonas genus, and the avrbs2 of xcv shares 96% homology with the avrbs2 of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc), the causal agent of citrus canker disease. a previous study showed that the transient expression of pepper bs ...201728155188
insecticidal and repellent activity of several plant-derived essential oils against aedes aegypti.we examined the pupicidal, adulticidal, repellent, and oviposition-deterrent activities of essential oils (eos) from lippia alba, l. origanoides, eucalyptus citriodora, cymbopogon citratus, cymbopogon flexuosus, citrus sinensis , cananga odorata , swinglea glutinosa, and tagetes lucida plants against aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. pupicidal and adulticidal activities were assessed at exploratory concentrations of 250, 310, and 390 parts per million (ppm); and 30, 300, and 1,000 ppm, ...201728388322
citrus essential oils inhalation by mice: behavioral testing, gcms plasma analysis, corticosterone, and melatonin levels evaluation.the use of orange essential oils (eos) as a complementary treatment is very common in brazilian popular culture. the levels of melatonin (mel) and corticosterone (cort) hormones were investigated simultaneously, by the luminex™ immunoassay system in mice plasma, after citrus aurantium and citrus sinensis eos inhalation for 30 min. the plasma was analyzed by headspace through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for investigation of the eo components. mice were submitted to behavioral ...201829168240
comparative analysis of juice volatiles in selected mandarins, mandarin relatives and other citrus genotypes.citrus fruit flavor is an important attribute prioritized in variety improvement. the present study compared juice volatiles compositions from 13 selected citrus genotypes, including six mandarins (citrus reticulata), three sour oranges (citrus aurantium), one blood orange (citrus sinensis), one lime (citrus limonia), one clementine (citrus clementina) and one satsuma (citrus unshiu).201828731231
control of citrus huanglongbing via trunk injection of plant defense activators and antibiotics.citrus huanglongbing (hlb) or greening is a devastating disease of citrus worldwide and no effective control measure is currently available. plant defense activators environmentally friendly compounds capable of inducing resistance against many plant pathogens. earlier studies showed that foliar spray of plant defense inducers could slow down hlb disease progress. in this study, eight plant defense activators and three antibiotics were evaluated in three field trials for their effect to control ...201828945516
metabolic alterations in the nymphal instars of diaphorina citri induced by candidatus liberibacter asiaticus, the putative pathogen of huanglongbing.currently, huanglongbing is the most damaging disease of citrus causing huge economic losses. the disease is caused by the gram-negative bacterium candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (clas). the pathogen is transmitted in a persistent propagative circulative manner within its vector, the asian citrus psyllid, diaphorina citri. exploring the metabolic alteration in the vector may lead to a better understanding of the nutritional needs of clas and to designing an artificial medium for culturing the ...201829370262
spatial distribution and sampling plans with fixed level of precision for citrus aphids (hom., aphididae) on two orange species.aphis spiraecola patch, aphis gossypii glover, and toxoptera aurantii boyer de fonscolombe are three important aphid pests of citrus orchards. in this study, spatial distributions of the aphids on two orange species, satsuma mandarin and thomson navel, were evaluated using taylor's power law and iwao's patchiness. in addition, a fixed-precision sequential sampling plant was developed for each species on the host plant by green's model at precision levels of 0.25 and 0.1. the results revealed tha ...201829365154
juice volatile composition differences between valencia orange and its mutant rohde red valencia are associated with carotenoid profile differences.a targeted approach using hs-spme-gc-ms was performed to investigate volatile compounds of ordinary valencia (val) and its more deeply colored mutant rohde red valencia orange (rrv) at different developmental stages. fifty-six volatile components classified into six chemical groups were quantified. the individual volatile compounds in each group were significantly influenced by the genotype and harvest date. cluster analysis suggested two principal clusters. cluster i included fruits of val and ...201829287364
mass spectrometry characterization of endophytic bacterium curtobacterium sp. strain er1/6 isolated from citrus sinensis.the bacteria of the genus curtobacterium are usually seen as plant pathogen, but some species have been identified as endophytes of different crops and could as such present a potential for disease control and plant growth promotion. we have therefore applied the desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (desi-msi) in the direct analysis of living curtobacterium sp. strain er1/6 colonies to map the surface metabolites, and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (esi- ...201829076604
differentiation between flavors of sweet orange (citrus sinensis) and mandarin (citrus reticulata).pioneering investigations referring to citrus flavor have been intensively conducted. however, the characteristic flavor difference between sweet orange and mandarin has not been defined. in this study, sensory analysis illustrated the crucial role of aroma in the differentiation between orange flavor and mandarin flavor. to study aroma, valencia orange and lb8-9 mandarin were used. their most aroma-active compounds were preliminarily identified by aroma extract dilution analysis (aeda). quantit ...201829237265
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