| heart transplantation for intractable prosthetic valve endocarditis. | a 25-year-old woman with active systemic lupus erythematosus and infective endocarditis was seen initially with porcine aortic bioprosthetic stenosis, perivalvar regurgitation, and native mitral regurgitation 9 years after aortic valve replacement for lupus endocarditis. double-valve replacement was performed with st. jude medical mechanical prostheses. after operation the patient developed fever and an elevated white blood cell count. one month later she had increasing mitral and aortic perival ... | 1990 | 2319373 |
| human ureaplasmas show diverse genome sizes by pulsed-field electrophoresis. | contour clamped homogeneous field (chef) agarose gel electrophoresis (age), ramped to give linear separation of dna molecules of 600-1600 kilobase pairs (kbp), was used to determine mobilities for full-sized genomic dna of the serotype standard strains of the human genital mollicutes, ureaplasma urealyticum relative to yeast chromosomal dna markers. indicated genome sizes (in kbp) were 760 for the four biotype 1 strains and 840-1140 for eleven biotype 2 strains. other estimates were: 720 for myc ... | 1990 | 2326188 |
| mycoplasmal infections of cerebrospinal fluid in newborn infants from a community hospital population. | mycoplasma hominis or ureaplasma urealyticum have previously been isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) in 13 of 100 newborn infants tested from a high risk university hospital population where the mothers were of predominantly lower income and socioeconomic status and had often received little or no prenatal care. we sought to determine whether such infections occur in neonates born to women cared for mainly through private obstetric practices and who delivered in 4 suburban community hospita ... | 1990 | 2336309 |
| mycoplasma hominis pneumonia and pleural effusion in a postpartum adolescent. | | 1990 | 2336318 |
| near fatal puerperal fever due to mycoplasma hominis. | we describe a case of severe septicaemia caused by mycoplasma hominis in a 23 year old patient following childbirth. she developed disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute respiratory distress syndrome which have not hitherto been described in association with septicaemia due to this organism. investigation and treatment leading to full recovery is outlined. | 1990 | 2349190 |
| urethral infection of male monkeys by mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum. | seven male macaca nemestrina, eight male macaca mulatta and three male papio hamadrias were infected with m. hominis or u. urealyticum separately or simultaneously into the urethra. animals of the first two species exhibited moderate infection and mild clinical urethritis characterized by increased number of pmnl in the urethral discharge and colonization and lymphocytic infiltration of the mucous membrane of the urethra and urinary bladder. animals of the third species proved to be less sensiti ... | 1990 | 2363322 |
| polymicrobial infections of the female low genital tract. | a complete microbiologic analysis of nine infectious agents causing low genital tract infection (lgti) was obtained in 240 young women, of whom 193 were symptomatic for lgti and 47 were asymptomatic (control group). the polymicrobial nature of lgti was demonstrated by both the increased frequency of different microorganisms (1.77 +/- 1.09 sd in symptomatic vs. 1.08 +/- 0.98 in asymptomatic patients) and the increased total number of agents (0 agents 8.3 and 36.2%, 1-2 agents 67.4 and 55.3%, grea ... | 1990 | 2380032 |
| microbiologic efficacy of intravaginal clindamycin cream for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. | bacterial vaginosis is characterized by replacement of the normal lactobacillus-predominant vaginal flora with gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobic bacteria, and mycoplasma hominis. the present study evaluated the vaginal flora of women with bacterial vaginosis before and after treatment with intravaginal clindamycin cream. sixty-seven nonpregnant women with symptoms and signs of bacterial vaginosis, and without other genital tract infections, were randomly assigned to receive placebo cream or 0.1, ... | 1990 | 2381617 |
| infection and labor. vi. prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in twin gestations with preterm labor. | the purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence, microbiology, and outcome of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in twin gestation presenting with preterm labor and intact membranes. amniocenteses were performed on both sacs of 46 women with twin gestations, preterm labor, and intact membranes. indigo carmine was injected to ensure sampling of both amniotic sacs. amniotic fluid was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum. a pos ... | 1990 | 2403156 |
| a clinical and microbiologic analysis of risk factors for puerperal endometritis. | predictors of postpartum endometritis were identified in 607 asymptomatic, laboring women. one hundred (16.5%) developed postpartum endometritis. multivariate analysis using stepwise logistic regression identified cesarean delivery (relative risk 12.8; p less than .0001) as the dominant overall predictor. in patients with cesarean delivery (n = 124), prophylactic antibiotics (relative risk 0.54; p less than .0002) and high-virulence bacteria or mycoplasma hominis (relative risk 1.4; p less than ... | 1990 | 2406660 |
| human mycoplasmal infections: serologic observations. | three species of mycoplasmas have been implicated in human disease. mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other complications, is an uncommon isolate from the ororespiratory tract except during outbreaks of disease. mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum are the two principal species of genital mycoplasmas. these are responsible for some cases of urogenital infections, and more recent studies show that they are associated with perinatal disorders ... | 1985 | 2408311 |
| genomic and gene variation in mycoplasma hominis strains. | dnas from 14 strains of mycoplasma hominis isolated from various habitats, including strain pg21, were analyzed for genomic heterogeneity. dna-dna filter hybridization values were from 51 to 91%. restriction endonuclease digestion patterns, analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, revealed no identity or cluster formation between strains. variation within m. hominis rrna genes was analyzed by southern hybridization of ecori-cleaved dna hybridized with a cloned fragment of the rrna gene from the ... | 1987 | 2444564 |
| diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis infection--culture versus serology. | the diagnostic value of different laboratory methods in detecting chlamydia trachomatis infections in high risk groups was analysed. the efficiency of a direct specimen test was compared with serology (igg and igm elisa) and culture in l929 cells, stained either with fluorescein conjugated monoclonal antibodies or with iodine. patients (no. = 1041) with localized genital infections attending a std clinic, sexual contacts and patients with ascending infections from urological and gynecological cl ... | 1988 | 2451616 |
| [isolation and use of a mycoplasma hominis antigen in the laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases]. | | 1987 | 2471038 |
| comparison of methods for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women. | the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is usually based on clinical criteria including homogeneous vaginal discharge, an elevated vaginal ph, the presence of clue cells, and an amine odor. we have evaluated the vaginal flora and clinical signs for 593 pregnant women. gardnerella vaginalis, bacteroides spp., and mycoplasma hominis were isolated more frequently among women with clinical signs than among those without clinical signs of bacterial vaginosis in multivariable analyses that controlled for ... | 1989 | 2473992 |
| [diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases in chilean pregnant adolescents]. | we searched in 100 healthy pregnant women by isolation, the presence of neisseria gonorrhoeae, herpes simplex, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum and chlamydia trachomatis. blood was also taken for examination of specific antibodies to these microorganisms. we studied only for antibodies titled cytomegalovirus (cmv), treponema pallidum and human immunodeficiency virus, and condyloma acuminatum by cervical cytology. in 85 adolescents we found 5 (6%) patients with c. trachomatis, four of t ... | 1989 | 2490169 |
| sexually transmitted pathogens in acute pelvic inflammatory disease. | the prevalence of sexually transmitted pathogens in two groups of women was studied: 50 women with clinical diagnoses of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) and 50 asymptomatic women attending a family planning clinic (fpc). genital specimens, collected by non-invasive procedures, were examined. endocervical neisseria gonorrhoeae was present in 62% of the pid group and 10% of the fpc group (p less than 0.0001). one-third of n. gonorrhoeae isolates were penicillinase-producing strains. chlamy ... | 1989 | 2506653 |
| in vitro activity of lomefloxacin against chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus ducreyi, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum. | the in vitro activity of lomefloxacin, a new difluorinated quinolone antimicrobial was compared to comparative agents against organisms causing sexually transmitted diseases. against chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and haemophilus ducreyi, lomefloxacin exhibited mic90 of 2.0, 8.0, 8.0, less than or equal to 0.015, and 0.003 micrograms/ml, respectively. overall, the lomefloxacin activity was very similar to ciprofloxacin. | 1989 | 2507222 |
| morphological response of mycoplasma to fleroxacin. | quinolones exhibit partially reduced activity in vitro against genital mycoplasma. therefore, the morphological response to fleroxacin, a difluorinated quinolone, by mycoplasma hominis was studied. even at subinhibitory concentrations the ultrastructural investigations revealed distinct alterations such as cytolysis, vacuole and cell "ghost" formation. the typical dumbbell-shaped cells observed with monofluorinated compounds were not found, which may indicate a qualitatively different mode of ac ... | 1989 | 2515157 |
| the susceptibility of germ-free, oestradiol-treated, mice to mycoplasma hominis. | conventionally reared female balb/c mice, rendered susceptible to mycoplasma hominis infection of the genital tract by treatment with oestradiol, have increased numbers of endogenous vaginal bacteria. the latter was reflected by the occurrence of bacterial growth in 95 (65.5%) of 145 cultures undertaken to isolate m. hominis from oestradiol-treated mice, but in only seven (4.8%) of 146 cultures from untreated animals. in addition, larger numbers of bacteria were seen in vaginal smears from oestr ... | 1989 | 2585474 |
| efficacy of single-agent therapy for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease with ciprofloxacin. | a prospective, randomized, controlled, non-blind clinical trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of monotherapy with ciprofloxacin with that of a combination of clindamycin plus gentamicin in the treatment of patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease. pretreatment and post-treatment cervical culture specimens were obtained for neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum. pretreatment and post-treatment endometrial culture specimens were ... | 1989 | 2589358 |
| a phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. | small-subunit rrna sequences were determined for almost 50 species of mycoplasmas and their walled relatives, providing the basis for a phylogenetic systematic analysis of these organisms. five groups of mycoplasmas per se were recognized (provisional names are given): the hominis group (which included species such as mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma lipophilum, mycoplasma pulmonis, and mycoplasma neurolyticum), the pneumoniae group (which included species such as mycoplasma pneumoniae and mycopla ... | 1989 | 2592342 |
| septic osteomyelitis and polyarthritis with ureaplasma in hypogammaglobulinemia. | we describe a hypogammaglobulinemic woman with a one-year history of destructive septic osteomyelitis and polyarthritis with positive cultures for ureaplasma urealyticum from joint exudate and blood. the clinical course was complicated by subcutaneous abscesses from which both u. urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis were grown. multiple routine cultures had been negative, except for sporadic findings of staphylococcus epidermidis before specific cultures for mycoplasmas were performed. therapy wit ... | 1989 | 2599651 |
| [the clinical characteristics of diseases caused by mycoplasma hominis]. | of 1125 patients with acute respiratory diseases (complicated) and uncomplicated 49 (4.4%) showed infection caused by mycoplasma hominis. the diagnosis was established by serological and microbiological methods. the authors describe the microbiological method of detection of the pathogen in nasopharyngeal wash offs and sputum. illustrative clinical examples are presented. | 1989 | 2609572 |
| [a preclinical and clinical study of cefmenoxime in newborns]. | 1. cefmenoxime (cmx) was administered with a dosage regimen of 20-25 mg/kg, 2-3 times daily (40-75 mg/kg/day) by intravenous drip over 30 minutes to 9 neonates with bacterial infections including purulent meningitis and septicemia. clinical responses to the treatment were excellent in 7 and poor in 2. bacteriological responses were "eradication of pathogens" from 8 of them except another patient with an infection due to staphylococcus aureus. 2. adverse reactions to cmx were observed in 6 of 18 ... | 1989 | 2614917 |
| [the capacity of ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis and seven other mycoplasma species for hemadsorption, sperm adsorption, hemolysis and peroxide formation]. | searching for potential virulence markers of ureaplasma (u.) urealyticum and mycoplasma (m.) hominis, simple laboratory methods were used to detect strain specific properties. haemadsorption, sperm adsorption, haemolysis, and peroxide formation were tested on clinical isolates and type strains of u. urealyticum and m. hominis in comparison to reference strains of seven other mycoplasma species. in contrast to m. bovis, m. gallisepticum and m. pulmonis, all strains of m. hominis and u. urealyticu ... | 1989 | 2619479 |
| [detection of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with leukospermia]. | cytological and microbiological tests were applied to urethral and prostate secretion, initial, midstream, and postmassage urine, and ejaculate of 61 patients with granulocyte counts of approximately 2 million/ml sperm, using the working principle of four-tube testing. findings included 8 cases of chronic urethritis (caused by chlamydia trachomatis in 5 instances, ureaplasma (u.) urealyticum in 2, and mycoplasma (m.) hominis in 1), 11 cases of chronic bacterial prostatitis, most of them in conco ... | 1989 | 2619480 |
| mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum. comparison of media for isolation and prevalence among patients with nongonococcal nonchlamydial genital infections. | one hundred and twelve genital specimens were cultured for mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum using a conventional system and the mycotrim gu biphasic culture system. both systems gave the same percentage of recovery (60%) of mycoplasma hominis, while the recovery rates of ureaplasma urealyticum were 95% with the conventional system and 83% with the mycotrim gu. the media contamination was similar for both systems. the average time for mycoplasma isolation and identification was short ... | 1989 | 2628275 |
| [isolation of mycoplasmas from female genitalia]. | the author tested ways of collection, transport and storage of material for mycoplasmatological examination. the use of tampons on a stick during transport in urea substrate medium proved useful. the site of maximum occurrence of mycoplasmas was the posterior vaginal vault. on examination of the vaginal secretion of 804 women mycoplasma hominis was isolated in 29.6% and ureaplasma urealyticum in 65.2% of the cases. concurrent isolation of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum was recorde ... | 1989 | 2632013 |
| oestradiol-induced infection of the genital tract of female mice by mycoplasma hominis. | treatment of female balb/c mice with oestradiol rendered them susceptible to vaginal colonization by three of four different strains of mycoplasma hominis. overall, the organisms were recovered persistently from the vagina of 68 (87%) of 78 of these mice. strain to mice given one of the strains were at least susceptible, all of ten becoming colonized and larger numbers of organisms being recovered. the hormone arrested the reproductive cycle in the oestrous phase, characterized by non-nucleated, ... | 1989 | 2632670 |
| [the significance of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis in non-specific urethritis]. | 184 urethral swabs from patients with unspecific urethritis were taken. ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated with 86 (46.74%), and mycoplasma hominis with 26 (14.13%) patients. in the control group of 156 examinees u. urealyticum was isolated in 43 (27.56%), and m. hominis in 13 (8.33%) cases. u. urealyticum with patients was isolated in a significantly larger number than with the control group (p less than 0.05) which shows possible part of this mycoplasma in the etiology of unspecific urethriti ... | 1989 | 2640277 |
| is genital colonization with mycoplasma hominis or ureaplasma urealyticum associated with prematurity/low birth weight? | mycoplasma species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight (lbw), and preterm premature rupture of membranes. the purpose of this study was to review the available literature to determine whether there is an association between genital colonization with mycoplasma hominis or ureaplasma urealyticum and prematurity/lbw. twelve studies were reviewed: nine cohort studies, two case-control studies, and one randomized clinical trial of ... | 1989 | 2644604 |
| chlamydiazyme test for rapid detection of chlamydia trachomatis. | endocervical (120) and endourethral (104) swabs collected from patients attending the gynaecological opd and std clinic of a hospital, in north india were subjected to the chlamydiazyme test to detect c. trachomatis antigen. this antigen was detected in 25 per cent (30 of 120) of cervical and 20.19 per cent (21 of 104) of urethral specimens. of the 51 antigen positive cases, 30 (58.8%) presented with the clinical picture of cervicitis, 11 (21.5%) with urethritis, 6 (11.7%) were cases of primary ... | 1989 | 2661422 |
| mycoplasma hominis septic thrombophlebitis in a patient with multiple trauma: a case report and literature review. | mycoplasma hominis was recovered from the site of a septic thrombophlebitis on the left cephalic veins of a patient with pelvic and other multiple trauma. the organisms were initially isolated from routine cultures in conventional blood agar media incubated anaerobically. the absence of other demonstrable pathogens and the patient's serologic response to the isolate support the role of the organism as the cause of this previously unreported mycoplasmal infection. m. hominis should be considered ... | 1989 | 2666016 |
| detection of chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum in pregnant dutch women. | a prospective study was performed to determine the prevalence of endocervical infection by chlamydia trachomatis and vaginal colonization by mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum in pregnant women seeking routine obstetrical care in two clinics in the southern part of the netherlands. c. trachomatis was detected using the direct immunofluorescence staining technique. for the genital mycoplasmata, generally accepted culture methods were used. evaluable samples were obtained from 691 of 77 ... | 1989 | 2673884 |
| infection and labor. v. prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes. | amniotic fluid was retrieved by amniocentesis from 264 patients with preterm labor and intact membranes admitted to yale-new haven hospital from jan. 1, 1985, to july 31, 1988. the prevalence of a positive amniotic fluid culture was 9.1% (24/264). a total of 111 patients (42%) delivered preterm neonates, and 24 (21.6%) of those had positive amniotic fluid cultures. the diagnostic indexes of the gram stain of amniotic fluid in the prediction of a positive amniotic fluid culture were as follows: s ... | 1989 | 2675611 |
| morphological lesions of the rat urinary tract induced by inoculation of mycoplasmas and other urinary tract pathogens. | the effects on the urinary tract after inoculation of ureaplasma urealyticum into the rat bladder were evaluated and compared to that seen after mycoplasma hominis, escherichia coli and proteus mirabilis inoculation. the inoculation of the urease-producing organisms p. mirabilis and u. urealyticum were associated with the formation of struvite bladder stones and predominantly hyperplastic lesions of the bladder. the p. mirabilis inoculated rats also displayed marked pyelonephritis. a similar but ... | 1989 | 2678669 |
| mycoplasma hominis as a respiratory pathogen in x-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia. | we report a case of lower respiratory tract infection with mycoplasma hominis in a patient with x-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia. | 1989 | 2708833 |
| susceptibilities of genital mycoplasmas to the newer quinolones as determined by the agar dilution method. | the increasing resistance of genital mycoplasmas to tetracycline poses a problem because tetracycline is one of the few antimicrobial agents active against mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, chlamydiae, gonococci, and other agents of genitourinary-tract disease. since the quinolones are a promising group of antimicrobial agents, the susceptibilities of m. hominis and u. urealyticum to the newer 6-fluoroquinolones were determined by the agar dilution method. ciprofloxacin, difloxacin, an ... | 1989 | 2712541 |
| [changes in the biological properties of mycoplasma hominis under the influence of prednisolone and cyclophosphane]. | the results of experimental investigations on the influence of prednisolone and cyclophosphane on biological properties of m. hominis are presented. changes in the morphology of mycoplasmal colonies depending on the type and dose of the preparation were stated. the virulence of mycoplasmas was found to be intensified with an increase of the concentration of prednisolone in the culture medium from 0.1 to 20.0 micrograms/ml and that of cyclophosphane from 0.2 to 20.0 micrograms/ml. | 1989 | 2725356 |
| association of chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma hominis with intrauterine growth retardation and preterm delivery. the john hopkins study of cervicitis and adverse pregnancy outcome. | the authors conducted a prospective study of risk factors for intrauterine growth retardation (birth weight less than a standard (race- and sex-adjusted) 10th percentile for gestational age) and preterm birth (birth prior to 37 weeks gestation) in a high-risk, inner-city, obstetric population, with special interest in pathogens colonizing the maternal genital tract. a total of 801 women within 22 to 30 weeks of gestation were enrolled and interviewed. subjects were cultured for gardnerella vagin ... | 1989 | 2729260 |
| prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by mycoplasma hominis. | | 1989 | 2729342 |
| [genital infections in adolescence]. | in 126 patients with relapsing cervicitis or abnormal cytologic findings, aged 13-19 years (12.5% were virgins), the most frequently bacteria were ureaplasma urealyticum (30.2%), mycoplasma hominis, and gardnerella vaginalis (14.3%), and chlamydia trachomatis (9.5%). in patients with abnormal cytologic findings, ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated most frequently--5 times in group iiia after papanicolaou and 4 times in group iiib, followed by mycoplasma hominis 3 times in group iiia and iiib eac ... | 1989 | 2739437 |
| characterization of a strain of mycoplasma hominis lacking 120 kda membrane protein isolated from vero cell culture. | a strain of mycoplasma hominis lacking a major membrane protein of 120 kda was isolated from a vero cell culture. this strain showed very slow growth rate and formed nipple-less colonies on agar medium. | 1989 | 2755364 |
| incidence of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum infection in pregnant women and gynaecological patients; the effectivity of doxycycline therapy. | the authors report on the results of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum cultivations performed within two and a half years in 1,421 pregnant women and gynaecological patients. considering the obstetrical-gynaecological patients mycoplasma hominis was identified in 7.25% and ureaplasma urealyticum in 38.11% of cases. no significant difference was found in the incidence of mycoplasma infection when comparing the results of cultivations of samples obtained from a clinically non-inflamed ... | 1989 | 2756511 |
| transmission of genital mycoplasmas from mother to neonate in women with prolonged membrane rupture. | colonization of the neonate with genital mycoplasmas occurs during passage through a colonized birth canal or in utero via contamination of the amniotic fluid. to define further the route of transmission we obtained cultures from the maternal vagina, the amniotic fluid and the neonatal pharynx in 131 mother-baby pairs. sixty-six percent (33 of 50) of the corresponding amniotic fluids were colonized when the vagina was colonized with mycoplasma hominis. when the amniotic fluid contained m. homini ... | 1989 | 2771527 |
| neonatal serologic response at term to the genital mycoplasmas. | genital mycoplasmas are frequently found in the amniotic fluid (af) of women with ruptured membranes but are infrequent pathogens in the neonates born to these women. the serologic response to the genital mycoplasmas, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum, was studied in 35 mother-baby pairs following term deliveries. amniotic fluid and neonatal surface cultures were obtained in all cases, as were maternal and neonatal acute and convalescent sera. despite significant maternal serologic r ... | 1989 | 2771528 |
| successful management of mycoplasma hominis septic arthritis involving a cementless prosthesis. | prompt identification of the infectious agent and antibiotic treatment are essential to the prevention of mortality or serious morbidity in patients with septic arthritis. of concern is the increasing incidence of mycoplasma hominis saprophytes as a cause of joint infections given the problems in isolating these microbes. the case of a 32-year-old black woman with a 9-year history of systemic lupus erythematous who presented with an m hominis-related septic arthritis involving hip and knee joi ... | 1989 | 2773970 |
| evidence relating bacterial vaginosis to intraamniotic infection. | we performed a two-part study to determine relationships of bacterial vaginosis and intraamniotic infection. in the first part of the study, we determined whether bacterial vaginosis organisms (gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis, and anaerobes) were associated with each other in the amniotic fluid of 408 cases of intraamniotic infection. in the second part, we determined the association of bacterial vaginosis itself with intraamniotic infection in 125 cases at high risk for intraamniotic ... | 1989 | 2782365 |
| comparative in vitro activity of lomefloxacin, a difluoro-quinolone. | lomefloxacin is a new difluoro-quinolone. in this study, we have determined the in vitro activity of lomefloxacin against a wide range of clinical bacterial isolates and compared it with that of other fluoro-quinolones and some unrelated antimicrobials. lomefloxacin was very active against enterobacteriaceae (mic90, 0.5 micrograms/ml) with activity comparable to that of ofloxacin (mic90, 0.25 micrograms/ml). lomefloxacin was moderately active against isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa (mic90, 4 ... | 1989 | 2791500 |
| is genital colonization with mycoplasma hominis or ureaplasma urealyticum associated with prematurity/low birth weight? | | 1989 | 2797647 |
| elevated antibody titers against cytomegalovirus among patients with testicular cancer. | the epidemiology of testicular cancer (tc) has 2 distinguishing features. first, it has an unusual unimodal age-incidence curve which peaks about age 30, and decreases with increasing age. second, risk of the disease has been consistently associated with a high standard of living inasmuch as it is a disease of young white men of generally higher social class in economically developed populations. these features suggest that risk may be related to relatively late age of exposure to common infecti ... | 1988 | 2831159 |
| in vitro comparison of the activity of doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin and a new macrolide, cp 62993, against mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum. | the in vitro activities of doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin and a new macrolide, cp 62993, against clinical isolates of mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 3), mycoplasma hominis (n = 64) and ureaplasma urealyticum (n = 33), were compared using an agar dilution method. m. pneumoniae seemed equally susceptible to the two tetracyclines, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of doxycycline were one or two dilution steps lower than the mics of tetracycline for most strains of m. hominis a ... | 1988 | 2843982 |
| role of ureaplasma urealyticum and other pathogens in the development of chronic lung disease of prematurity. | a prospective cohort study enrolling 107 infants weighing less than 1250 g was conducted between september 1, 1986, and november 15, 1987 in order to determine the role of microorganisms on the development of chronic lung disease (cld). ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated significantly more frequently from gastric aspirates and nasopharyngeal or endotracheal aspirates from 43 infants developing cld than from 56 who did not (51% vs. 16%; p less than 0.005). infants developing cld, defined by radi ... | 1988 | 2845345 |
| relationship of vaginal ph and papanicolaou smear results to vaginal flora and pregnancy outcome. | prematurity is a major cause of perinatal morbidity. studies have implicated components of the vaginal flora in the etiology of some cases of preterm birth. current scoring systems do not include factors which directly reflect the vaginal flora. since papanicolaou smears and the vaginal ph may be affected by the vaginal flora and are easy tests to perform, we studied their relationship to vaginal flora and pregnancy outcome. among 231 patients, those with a vaginal ph greater than or equal to 4. ... | 1987 | 2883041 |
| heterogeneity of mycoplasma hominis as detected by a probe for atp genes. | use of a plasmid containing part of the atp operon of mycoplasma pg50 as a probe in southern blots show that this region can be used to detect the presence of mycoplasma species in general. dna from 14 different strains of m. hominis was analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) by the use of the same pg50 probe. the m. hominis strains exhibit considerable polymorphism, although some groupings can be observed. these groupings are compared to those obtained for the same strains ... | 1987 | 2889697 |
| prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and the genital mycoplasmas in a nonmetropolitan population. | results of cultures from patients with nonspecific urethritis (nsu) during a 4-year period were retrospectively analyzed. nsu cultures included chlamydiae and mycoplasmas. seventy-five of 2,408 cultures run by the missoula community hospital microbiology laboratory were positive for chlamydiae (3%). seventy-five of 1,944 mycoplasma cultures were positive for mycoplasma hominis (4%), 532 of 1,944 for ureaplasma urealyticum (27%), and 305 of 1,944, for both (15%), for a total of 46% culture positi ... | 1987 | 2891633 |
| chronic ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis infections of central nervous system in preterm infants. | in a prospective study of meningitis in 100 predominantly preterm infants, ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of 8 and mycoplasma hominis from the csf of 5 babies undergoing investigation of suspected sepsis or treatment of hydrocephalus. u urealyticum was isolated from 6 infants with severe intraventricular haemorrhage and from 3 with hydrocephalus. in 4 babies multiple isolations were made over several weeks. there were clinical features of congenital infect ... | 1988 | 2891889 |
| sexually transmitted diseases in women with urethral syndrome. | frequency of micturition and dysuria were prominent symptoms in 135 (57%) of 237 women with urethral syndrome. ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis and chlamydia trachomatis were the principal organisms associated with the urethral syndrome (38.41%, 28.14% and 11.11%, respectively). escherichia coli was cultured from four patients and herepes genitalis and neisseria gonorrhoea were isolated from five patients. infections with more than one organism were frequent. thirty-one of 135 patients ... | 1988 | 2903082 |
| ureaplasmal pneumonia and sepsis associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. | ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated from the lower respiratory tract of three infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. in one, cultures positive for u urealyticum were obtained on multiple occasions from trachea, blood, and pleural fluid prior to the infant's death on postnatal day 6. autopsy findings confirmed the presence of severe pneumonia and the organism was again recovered from multiple sites. a second infant had no apparent predisposing factors for development of pe ... | 1989 | 2909979 |
| case-control study of men with suspected chronic idiopathic prostatitis. | we studied prospectively 50 asymptomatic men (24 men from infertile couples and 26 normal volunteers) with no history of genitourinary infection and 34 men referred for symptoms of chronic prostatitis. both groups were evaluated by urethral and prostatic secretion cultures for chlamydia trachomatis, 4-glass prostatic localization cultures for facultative aerobic bacteria (ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis and selected fungi) and counts of prostatic fluid leukocytes. the men with symptom ... | 1989 | 2913355 |
| sociocultural factors in puerperal infectious morbidity among navajo women. | from 1980 to 1982, a sample of 968 pregnant navajo women in new mexico was enrolled in a prospective study of biologic and sociocultural factors in puerperal infectious morbidity. past studies have independently implicated both genital infection and psychosocial stressors in perinatal complications, but, to the authors' knowledge, no previous work has concurrently investigated the interactive effects of genital pathogens and psychosocial processes. endocervical cultures for mycoplasma hominis an ... | 1989 | 2916554 |
| [course of pregnancy and labor and pregnancy outcome for mother and fetus in women infected with mycoplasma hominis]. | | 1985 | 2932010 |
| in vitro susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas to new macrolides and aryl-fluoroquinolones. | in vitro activities of the new macrolides clarithromycin, previously designated a-56268 (te-031), and a-63075 and of the aryl-fluoroquinolones difloxacin (a-56619) and temafloxacin (a-62254) against 14 strains of mycoplasma pneumoniae, 20 strains of mycoplasma hominis, and 28 strains of ureaplasma urealyticum were compared with that of erythromycin. all three macrolides inhibited growth of m. pneumoniae at less than 0.125 micrograms/ml. no macrolide was active against m. hominis. for five strain ... | 1988 | 2973283 |
| the association of sexually transmitted diseases with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a case-control study. | thirty-three women with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (grades i to iii, with one case of microinvasive carcinoma) and 54 women without evidence of the disease were prospectively studied to determine the relationship of genital infection to cervical neoplasia. demographic and sexual data for patients and control subjects were collected, with standardized clinical and colposcopic evaluation by means of predefined diagnostic categories. cultures from the cervix were ex ... | 1985 | 2982264 |
| tetracycline-resistant mycoplasma hominis strains contain streptococcal tetm sequences. | clinical isolates of mycoplasma hominis resistant to high levels of tetracycline contained dna sequences homologous to the streptococcal tetracycline determinant, tetm. in contrast, none of the susceptible m. hominis isolates tested carried this determinant. this is the first description of tetm in an unrelated genus and suggests the spread of tetm from streptococcus spp. to mycoplasma spp. | 1985 | 2994555 |
| prevalence of genital pathogens among female prostitutes in new york city and in rotterdam. | the authors studied the prevalence of genital microorganisms among 300 female prostitutes in brothels in new york city and 60 female prostitutes attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in rotterdam, the netherlands. rates of isolation of neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum in the two cities were 9.3% and 8.3%, 25.3% and 16.6%, 57.3% and 74.9%, and 73% and 79%, respectively. trichomonas vaginalis was detected in 3.6% of new york pr ... | 1986 | 3012805 |
| sexually communicable micro-organisms in human semen samples to be used for artificial insemination by donor. | two hundred and thirty seven semen samples from 10 institutes for artificial insemination by donor (aid) in belgium and the netherlands were tested for the presence of neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus. the incidence of these micro-organisms in the semen samples was 0%, 6.3%, 4.6%, 35.9%, 0%, and 0.4% respectively, and 47% of all samples were infected with one or more of the micro-organisms. as the ... | 1987 | 3034761 |
| conjugal transfer of transposon tn916 from streptococcus faecalis to mycoplasma hominis. | transposon tn916 was transferred from streptococcus faecalis to mycoplasma hominis by a mating process resembling conjugation with a frequency of 10(-6) to 10(-7). tn916 was inserted into the mycoplasmal chromosome in single and multiple copies. | 1987 | 3038852 |
| the efficacy and safety of spiramycin in the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis in men. | twenty-five male patients with nongonococcal urethritis including 15 chlamydial infections, were treated with spiramycin for ten days. all but four patients had been treated previously, mostly with tetracyclines. chlamydia trachomatis was cultured in seven patients and was detected in three additional men by immunofluorescent smear. five other patients had antibodies to chlamydia, and one patient yielded a positive culture for ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis. a successful clinical ... | 1988 | 3053571 |
| protein antigens of genital mycoplasmas. | surface structures of the genital mycoplasmas ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis that are important in the human immune response and pathogenesis of disease are relatively poorly defined. in this study, an unusual antigen complex of u. urealyticum consisting of multiple bands forming a "ladder" pattern after electrophoretic separation was noted. it is similar to the variable v-1 surface antigen of mycoplasma pulmonis. data on u. urealyticum are only preliminary, but the ureaplasma ant ... | 1988 | 3055206 |
| mycoplasma hominis in maternal and fetal infections. | although prevalence of m. hominis colonization during pregnancy varies from 12-50%, its role in infections of the mother and newborn infants is unclear. definite correlations exist with chorioamnionitis and amniotic fluid infections, but as it is rarely isolated alone during these infections, its pathogenic role is uncertain. its association with septic abortion is similarly questioned. prevalence and antibody titers to m. hominis increase with increasing parity. transient bacteremia occurs in a ... | 1988 | 3067641 |
| cervical chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasmal infections in women with abnormal papanicolaou smears. | in a series of 2,346 papanicolaou-stained smears from women undergoing routine gynaecological examination, 39 showed cytomorphological signs of inflammation suggesting chlamydia trachomatis infection (papanicolaou class ii or iii). the 39 smears were studied microbiologically by the direct-immunofluorescence test and cell culture to see whether chlamydial infection correlated with the presence of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum. the results were compared with the cytological and co ... | 1988 | 3069248 |
| the importance of chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis infections in obstetrics and gynaecology. | | 1988 | 3075818 |
| epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of pelvic inflammatory disease associated with mycoplasma hominis, chlamydia trachomatis, and neisseria gonorrhoeae. | we studied selected epidemiologic, clinical, serologic, and microbiologic findings and their interrelationships among 57 women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (pid). cervical cultures positive for neisseria gonorrhoeae alone and for both n. gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis were associated with young age, nulliparity, and use of birth-control pills. positive serologic findings for c. trachomatis were associated with the isolation of c. trachomatis and/or n. gonorrhoeae from the cervix ... | 1986 | 3082018 |
| sexually transmissible infectious agents in sexually active and virginal asymptomatic adolescent girls. | sixty-eight sexually active and 52 virginal adolescent girls were evaluated for six sexually transmissible infectious agents: gardnerella vaginalis, ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis, and neisseria gonorrhoeae. there were significant differences between sexually active and virginal girls with respect to the prevalence of isolation of u urealyticum (75% v 33%, p less than .005), m hominis (27% v 10%, p less than .05), and c trachomatis (19% v ... | 1986 | 3083395 |
| in vitro activity of the two new 4-quinolones a56619 and a56620 against neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum and gardnerella vaginalis. | the in vitro activity of tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and two recently developed 1-aryl-fluoroquinolones, a56610 and a56620, was tested against 65 beta-lactamase-negative and 35 beta-lactamase-positive neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, 12 chlamydia trachomatis, 50 mycoplasma hominis, 28 ureaplasma urealyticum and 50 gardnerella vaginalis strains. in the case of chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma hominis both the mic and the mbc were determined. the mic90 of ciprofloxacin for neisseria gonorrhoeae ... | 1986 | 3096726 |
| high-level tetracycline resistance in neisseria gonorrhoeae is result of acquisition of streptococcal tetm determinant. | recently, strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae have been isolated which are highly resistant to tetracycline (mics of 16 to 64 micrograms/ml). this resistance was due to the acquisition of the resistance determinant tetm, a transposon-borne determinant initially found in the genus streptococcus and more recently in mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, and gardnerella vaginalis. in n. gonorrhoeae, the tetm determinant was located on a 25.2-megadalton plasmid. this plasmid arose from the insert ... | 1986 | 3099640 |
| influence of microbial colonization on sperm-mucus interaction in vivo and in vitro. | two-hundred-and-thirty-three asymptomatic couples with a mean duration of infertility of 5 years were submitted to postcoital testing (pt) and to sperm penetration meter test (spmt) and simultaneous microbial screening. cervical swabs and semen specimens were collected for culture of mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, other potentially pathogenic and commensal aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, herpes simplex virus, vaginal swabs for trichomona ... | 1987 | 3114313 |
| sexually transmittable organisms in the urethra of males with and without urethritis. | in 589 males, 169 with and 420 without urethritis, urethral swabs were taken and assessed semiquantitatively for the sexually transmittable infectious agents neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis, trichomonas vaginalis and candida species. the organisms were isolated in patients with and without urethritis as follows: n. gonorrhoeae with urethritis 19.5%, without 0.0%; c. trachomatis with urethritis 16.0%, without 2.9%; u. urealyticum (high cfu- ... | 1987 | 3118595 |
| prevalence of lower genital tract infections in pregnancy. | a descriptive profile of 106 pregnant women with various forms of cervicitis and vaginitis is provided. fifty women attending individual physicians' private offices are compared with 56 clinic patients: 34 attending a university prenatal teaching clinic and 22 attending a pregnancy termination unit. univariate analysis showed that single women were significantly more likely to be infected by mycoplasmas, yeasts, trichomonads, and gardnerella vaginalis than were married women. teenagers were more ... | 1988 | 3128883 |
| non-occurrence of mycoplasma genitalium in clinical specimens. | five hundred and thirteen clinical specimens, mainly from patients with urogenital inflammations, were examined for ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasmas, including cultures for mycoplasma genitalium. the study yielded 95 isolates of ureaplasma urealyticum, 37 isolates of mycoplasma hominis and two isolates of mycoplasma fermentans, but no growth of mycoplasma genitalium was obtained. it was concluded that mycoplasma genitalium is a relatively rare inhabitant of the human urogenital tract in is ... | 1988 | 3132377 |
| comparative in vitro activity of fleroxacin (ro 23-6240) against ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis. | the susceptibility of 67 isolated ureaplasma urealyticum, 25 mycoplasma hominis and five mycoplasma spp. reference strains to fleroxacin, ofloxacin, josamycin and doxycycline was determined by agar dilution. josamycin had the best activity against ureaplasma urealyticum, followed in order by doxycycline, ofloxacin and fleroxacin. all the strains were inhibited by josamycin at 0.4 mg/l, while only 38.8% of the strains were inhibited by doxycycline at this concentration. mycoplasma hominis strains ... | 1988 | 3132382 |
| correlation of ultrasonography and bacteriology of the endocervix and posterior cul-de-sac of patients with severe pelvic inflammatory disease. | we evaluated 30 patients admitted with a diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) by culdocentesis and ultrasonography to determine the severity of disease in relation to endocervical and culdocentesis bacteriology. specimens from the endocervix were cultured for neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum. in addition, culdocentesis fluid was cultured for aerobes and anaerobes. patients with n. gonorrhoeae or c. trachomatis had significantl ... | 1988 | 3135606 |
| lower genital tract infections in women: comparison of clinical and epidemiologic findings with microbiology. | we screened 392 women attending the laboratory of microbiology of toulouse purpan hospital for symptoms of lower genital tract infection for six microorganisms. rates of isolation of neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, candida albicans, mycoplasma hominis, and gardnerella vaginalis were 1%, 7.7%, 29.8%, 23.8%, and 37.5%, respectively. trichomonas vaginalis was detected by direct examination in specimens from 3.1% of patients. another goal of this study was to determine the relative pre ... | 1988 | 3135608 |
| [in vitro activity of new quinolones against mycoplasma pathogenic to humans]. | the in vitro activity of new quinolones was evaluated against mycoplasma pneumoniae (10 strains) and mycoplasma hominis (approximately equal to 70 strains) by agar dilution, and against ureaplasma urealyticum (approximately equal to 115 strains) by broth dilution. the static effect of pefloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin was investigated for all the strains. rosoxacin was included in the tests for u. urealyticum and m. hominis. pefloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin were wit ... | 1988 | 3136430 |
| microbial aetiology and diagnostic criteria of postpartum endometritis in nairobi, kenya. | using a protected triple lumen device, neisseria gonorrhoeae or chlamydia trachomatis, or both, were isolated from the endometriums of five out of 35 women with clinical postpartum endometritis compared with none of a control group of 30 puerperal women without endometritis (p less than 0.05) in nairobi, kenya. these sexually transmitted agents were also found in 12 cervical specimens from women with and three without postpartum endometritis (p = 0.04). mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyti ... | 1988 | 3137152 |
| [isolation of human urogenital mycoplasma, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum--comparative study between mycotrim-gu and conventional culture methods]. | | 1988 | 3137284 |
| gardnerella vaginalis is associated with other sexually transmittable microorganisms in the male urethra. | in a prospective study, urethral swabs were taken from 544 men presented to an std clinic, 118 with and 426 without urethritis, and examined by microscope and/or culture for g. vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis, candida species and trichomonas vaginalis. g. vaginalis was isolated from 4.2% of the males with urethritis and from 6.3% of those without urethritis. using loglinear analysis, the following associations were significant ( ... | 1988 | 3140532 |
| presence of anaplerotic reactions and transamination, and the absence of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in mollicutes. | cell extracts of the fermentative mollicutes acholeplasma laidlawii b-pg9, acholeplasma morum s2, mycoplasma capricolum 14, mycoplasma gallisepticum s6, mycoplasma pneumoniae fh, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae j and m. genitalium g-37, and the non-fermentative mycoplasma hominis pg-21, mycoplasma hominis 1620 and mycoplasma bovigenitalium pg-11 were examined for 39 cytoplasmic enzyme activities associated with the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle, transamination, anaplerotic reactions and other enzyme a ... | 1988 | 3141576 |
| in vitro activity of florphenicol. | florphenicol was active at a lower concentration than chloramphenicol against over half of 234 recent clinical bacterial isolates. the majority (98%) of the isolates were inhibited by florphenicol at a concentration of 8 mg/l or less. florphenicol was particularly effective against chloramphenicol resistant strains of haemophilus influenzae. klebsiella aerogenes and bacteroides spp. florphenicol was bacteristatic for salmonellae and escherichia coli but bactericidal for haemophilus influenzae. f ... | 1988 | 3143587 |
| [a case of peritonitis caused by mycoplasma hominis]. | | 1988 | 3143792 |
| microbiological profile of the cervix in 1,000 sexually active women. | one thousand consecutive women who attended the richmond family planning association clinic and who were to undergo a vaginal examination were asked to participate in a large prospective microbiological study. participants were questioned about their sexual activity during the previous 12 months and any apparent signs of sexually transmitted disease. on examination the cervix was inspected for evidence of inflammation, ectopy or discharge and cervical swabs were taken microbiological assessment. ... | 1988 | 3148302 |
| effects of antimicrobial therapy on sperm-mucus interaction. | sperm-mucus interaction under in-vitro or in-vivo conditions might be affected by microorganisms colonizing the reproductive tract. in order to study the influence of antimicrobial therapy, an extensive microbial screening was performed including chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, neisseria gonorrhoeae, a broad spectrum of potentially pathogenic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus and yeasts. one-hundred-and-six couples with ... | 1988 | 3182976 |
| [biological properties of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis isolated from patients with urethritis. v. sensitivity of u. urealyticum to selected chemotherapeutic agents]. | | 1988 | 3210836 |
| [biological properties of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis isolated from patients with urethritis. vi. sensitivity of m. hominis to selected chemotherapeutic agents]. | | 1988 | 3210837 |
| [genital infections and the course of pregnancy: a prospective study]. | the reported study investigates the relationship of genital infections, pathobiochemical findings and demographic data to preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes (prom) and premature delivery. the predictability of chorioamnionitis, puerperal and neonatal infections by these parameters was evaluated concurrently. 301 patients were included in this study between july 1985 and june 1986. 147 of these patients were studied longitudinally during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium (longitudinal ... | 1988 | 3215443 |
| effect of blood culture media on the in vitro recovery of mycoplasma hominis. | despite the prevalence of mycoplasma hominis few cases of septicaemia due to this organism have been reported. the ability of various blood culture media to sustain the growth of an inoculum of m. hominis was therefore studied. of the media tested, an 'in-house' hartley's digest broth with 0.1% glucose was the most efficient. the investigation also demonstrated that growth of m. hominis is adversely affected by the concentration of liquoid (sodium polyanetholsulphonate) present in blood culture ... | 1988 | 3216132 |
| mycoplasma hominis meningitis in a premature infant. | | 1988 | 3231501 |
| chronic mycoplasma hominis infection complicating severe intraventricular hemorrhage, in a premature neonate. | | 1988 | 3231506 |