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acylation and immunological properties of mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins.the acylation of mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins was studied by electrophoresis after in vivo labelling with different 14c-fatty acids and by chemical analysis. the immunological properties of these proteins were investigated by western blotting and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. among the ca. 200 membrane polypeptides resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis, 35 components (including the major protein p67) were covalently modified with acyl chains. these acylated proteins displaye ...19958584796
expression studies on four members of the pmga multigene family in mycoplasma gallisepticum s6.a large family of related genes known as pmga exists in the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum but only a single member of this family was previously found to be expressed in one strain of this bacterium. in this work two unrelated strains of m. gallisepticum were also shown by amino-terminal sequencing to express a unique pmga polypeptide in both cases. to investigate pmga gene selection in m. gallisepticum, mrna expression was analysed in m. gallisepticum strain 56 using reverse transcrip ...19958535528
dna diversity among isolates of campylobacter jejuni detected by pcr-based rapd fingerprinting.a pcr-based randomly amplified polymorphic dna method was used to amplify campylobacter jejuni dna using a single oligonucleotide primer derived from either a homologous source or from mycoplasma gallisepticum. the method was able to detect the heterogeneity of amplified dna from human, chicken and turkey sources and can be used as a tool to study the epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni infection.19957571378
sequence and transcriptional analysis of the genes encoding the class-ii topoisomerase of mycoplasma gallisepticum.the gyrab genes encoding the entire b and a portion of the a subunit of dna gyrase (e.c. 5.99.1.3) from mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), strain s6, were cloned and sequenced. these gyrab genes are co-transcribed as a single, polycistronic mrna transcript. the mg gyrb appears unique among prokaryotic gyrb in its use of gug as a start codon.19957557470
in vivo variation of mycoplasma gallisepticum antigen expression in experimentally infected chickens.the antigen expression profiles of mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates obtained from tracheal swabs of chickens after aerosol-inoculation with m. gallisepticum strain r or clonal variant r/e were examined in western immunoblots. a reference anti-m. gallisepticum chicken antiserum and antisera from individual infected chickens as well as monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for surface proteins were used to monitor in vivo antigenic variation. mabs 1e5 and 12d8, recognizing pvpa and p67a, recently ...19957571373
antigenic relatedness between seven avian mycoplasma species as revealed by western blot analysis.cross-reactivities among seven avian mycoplasma species (mycoplasma gallisepticum, m. synoviae, m. meleagridis, m. iowae, m. anatis, m. gallinarum, and m. iners) were examined using rabbit polyclonal antisera and two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against m. pneumoniae: myc-9 and myc-4. the major antigens and cross-reacting antigens of the seven mycoplasma species were demonstrated by immunoblotting assay using homologous and heterologous antisera. two-way cross-reacting antigens of ms and mg, wit ...19957677645
effect of isolation and sanitation on the recovery of f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum from chronically infected hens held in biological isolation units.two trials were conducted to determine if individual housing or improved sanitation would enable hens to clear mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection. in each of the two trials, 40 commercial leghorn hens were infected with f strain mg (f-mg) and confined in biological isolation units in two groups: 1) hens housed individually in each of eight isolation units and 2) hens housed in groups of four in each of eight other units. each of these two groups was further subdivided into two groups: 1) no ...19957677646
species identification of avian mycoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis were used to detect and differentiate four pathogenic species (mycoplasma gallisepticum, m. iowae, m. meleagridis, and m. synoviae) and ten nonpathogenic species of avian mycoplasma. a sequence of 1026 base pairs within the gene for 16s ribosomal rna (16s rrna) from avian mycoplasmas was successfully amplified by pcr with oligonucleotide primers (m16spcr5' and m16spcr3') common to all avian mycoplasmas t ...19957677664
occurrence of keratoconjunctivitis apparently caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum in layer chickens.natural cases of keratoconjunctivitis, apparently caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), in layer chickens are described. the disease occurred in a commercial flock consisting of 36,000 pullets (babcock), first appearing around 30 days of age. clinically, affected chickens showed unilateral or bilateral swelling of the facial skin and the eyelids, increased lacrimation, congestion of conjunctival vessels, and respiratory rales. some of the severely affected chickens closed their eyes. the morb ...19957725593
mycoplasma gallisepticum 16s rrna genes.the genome of mycoplasma gallisepticum a5969 contains a truncated pseudogene for 16s rrna in addition to a single unsplit rrna-operon and a second discontinuous set of rrna genes. other m. gallisepticum strains tested do not possess the truncated gene. this gene is almost identical to full-size isolated 16s rrna gene starting from at least 500 nucleotides upstream of the coding sequence and ending at the 977th nucleotide within the structural part of 16s rrna.19957781981
physical mapping of the mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 genome with localization of selected genes.we report the construction of a physical map of the mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 genome by field-inversion gel electrophoresis of dna fragments generated by digestion of genomic dna with rare-cutting restriction endonucleases. the size of the m. gallisepticum s6 genome was calculated to be approximately 1,054 kb. the loci of several genes have been assigned to the map by southern hybridization utilizing specific gene probes.19957798142
detection of specific antibodies directed against a consistently expressed surface antigen of mycoplasma gallisepticum using a monoclonal blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.sera from 14 groups of chickens inoculated with different laboratory and field strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) were used to compare the diagnostic potential of the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test and a recently developed monoclonal blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). hi was performed with strain a5969, commonly used as hemagglutinating antigen, and it could detect 62.7% of the inoculated chickens as positive. of all sera, 83% proved to be positive when examined wit ...19957794187
detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum antibodies in turkey blood samples by elisa and by the slide agglutination and haemagglutination inhibition tests.comparative examination of a total of 1,030 blood samples from six turkey flocks of three eastern hungarian turkey farms was performed by the conventional haemagglutination inhibition (hi) and slide agglutination (sa) tests and by a competitive elisa visualizing the inhibition by a positive test serum of the reaction between a monoclonal antibody and the specific epitope of mycoplasma gallisepticum recognized by it. all the three tests detected the flocks which were certainly infected. the highe ...19947810403
analysis of the variability in expression of mycoplasma gallisepticum surface antigens.the in vitro expression of surface epitopes for different strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) was studied with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) using indirect colony immunostaining and western blot (wb) analyses. immunostaining of colonies with mabs showed that five epitopes had different degrees of variable expression, while one epitope was permanently expressed in vitro. colonies that failed to express the studied epitopes had the potential of phenotypically switching the expressio ...19947533961
a surface epitope undergoing high-frequency phase variation is shared by mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma bovis.we have recently reported that three distinct size- and phase-variable surface lipoproteins (vsps) of the bovine pathogen mycoplasma bovis possess a common epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 1e5. in the present study, we show that this epitope is also present on a size-variant protein (pvpa) of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum. application of monoclonal antibody 1e5 in western immunoblot analysis of triton x-114 phase-fractionated proteins and in colony immunoblots, as well as ...19947523302
expression of mycoplasma gallisepticum f-strain surface epitope.the expression of a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) f-strain surface epitope was studied using monoclonal antibody 6f10. different f strain colonies were cloned based on positive or negative expression of the 6f10-recognized epitope. clones selected for the lack of expression of this epitope (negative clones) reverted rapidly to positive expression. on the other hand, negative clones derived from f-strain-vaccinated chickens expressed the 6f10-recognized epitope variably. after in vitro passages, ...19947530442
preparation and characterization of lectin-latex conjugates for specific bioadhesion.this paper reports on the preparation and characterization of certain bioadhesive model drug deliver systems formed by a carrier (e.g. modified nanoparticles of polystyrene) and a ligand (e.g. tomato lectin, asparagus pea lectin, mycoplasma gallisepticum lectin or albumin). three different manufacturing methods (carbodiimide and glutaraldehyde coupling and physical adsorption) were studied. the activity of the lectin-latex conjugates and albumin-latex conjugate (control) were tested with gastric ...19947833437
effect of bentonite incorporated in a feed ration with tilmicosin in the prevention of induced mycoplasma gallisepticum airsacculitis in broiler chickens.a factorial arrangement of tilmicosin and bentonite was evaluated for efficacy in broiler chickens infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum and correlated to tilmicosin recovery in a feed assay method. tilmicosin at 300-500 g/ton prevented development of airsacculitis. the addition of 2% bentonite to the ration caused tilmicosin at 300 g/ton to be ineffective in controlling air-sac lesions, whereas 400 and 500 g/ton were moderately effective. six percent bentonite rendered tilmicosin completely in ...19947832702
complicated infectious coryza outbreaks in argentina.seventeen complicated outbreaks of infectious coryza in layer, broiler-breeder, and broiler flocks were studied. in the layer flock outbreaks, drops in egg production of up to 35% were seen. in the broiler flocks and several of the layer flocks, losses due to persistent mortality and/or culling varied between 2 and 5%. signs of infectious coryza in both layers and broiler-breeders were typical; in broilers, however, swollen head-like syndrome was seen. except in one flock, no viral diseases were ...19947832727
[identification of a mycoplasma strain using fingerprinting of restriction enzyme hydrolysates of chromosomal dna].the heterogeneity among mycoplasma gallisepticum strains was characterized by comparing genomic dna from different strains. two criteria were used for the comparison. 1. analysis of smai and bgli restriction patterns. a method using a dialysis sack for preparation of mycoplasma dna suitable for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is described. 2. comparison of "fingerprinting" patterns obtained as a result of southern transfer of hindiii-digested dna followed by hybridization with cloned repetitive ...19947885330
the organisation of the multigene family which encodes the major cell surface protein, pmga, of mycoplasma gallisepticum.the genome of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum contains a number of related genes for putative adhesion molecules (pmga). cloning and sequence analysis of several pmga genes suggested that all of them might be transcriptionally and translationally functional. analysis of the gene sequence encoding the sole pmga variant expressed in vitro in the s6 strain (pmga1.1) revealed no unambiguous feature that could account for its unique expression. it is estimated that the pmga gene family ma ...19947925999
mycoplasma gallisepticum strain differentiation by arbitrary primer pcr (rapd) fingerprinting.we demonstrate here that the arbitrary primer polymerase-chain-reaction-based dna fingerprinting method (also termed random amplified polymorphic dna or rapd) can be used to distinguish among strains of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum. ten base oligonucleotide primers were used individually to prime dna synthesis from genomic dnas. strain-specific arrays of dna fragments were generated, which allowed us to identify and group isolates. isolates of m. synoviae, m. gallinarum and m. ine ...19947870072
recombinant dna probes and polymerase chain reaction for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum strains.two recombinant dna clones, pmg286.2 and pmg301.1, were isolated from the partial genomic library of mycoplasma gallisepticum strain s6. recombinant m. gallisepticum specific fragments were used as probes in southern hybridisation with 10 m. gallisepticum strains whose dna was digested by ecori, hindiii, bglii, rsai and bamhi. the 1.5 kb fragment pmg301.1 did not show polymorphism in hybridisation patterns with m. gallisepticum strains, while the 3.5 kb fragment pmg286.2 enabled differentiation ...19947958781
effect of mixed live vaccine (newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis) and mycoplasma gallisepticum on the chicken respiratory tract and on escherichia coli infection.interaction between mixed live vaccine (newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis), mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and escherichia coli (ec) was studied in specific-pathogen-free chickens, aged 7 days, inoculated intranasally. in the tracheas of chickens inoculated with vaccine, mg and ec, profuse multiplication of ec occurred together with severe and persisent histological lesions, and some birds died from ec infection. similar though less dramatic effects occurred in birds that received vacci ...19947962725
transformation of mollicutes with single-stranded tn4001 dna.acholeplasma oculi ism1499 and mycoplasma gallisepticum were transformed with single-stranded and double-stranded plasmids containing tn4001. the transposon mobilized to the chromosome using both single-stranded and double-stranded dna at the same frequency. m. gallisepticum transformed at a 2 log lower frequency than did a. oculi ism1499. restriction enzyme digestion of single-stranded dna indicated homologous base pairing in the inverted repeat regions, which could account for the transpositio ...19947991677
tubular structures of mycoplasma gallisepticum and their possible participation in cell motility.in five strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum, a protein with a molecular mass of about 40 kda was detected by immunoblotting with anti-pig brain tubulin polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. in eight other mycoplasma species similarly tested no reaction was observed. thin serial sections of m. gallisepticum and acholeplasma laidlawii cells examined by transmission electron microscopy revealed a submembrane system of tubules in m. gallisepticum but not in a. laidlawii. the intracellular spatial di ...19948012588
physical map of mycoplasma gallisepticum.physical chromosomal maps of two mycoplasma gallisepticum strains, r and atcc 19610, were constructed by using field inversion gel electrophoresis. to assist in the ordering of chromosomal fragments and the construction of the chromosomal maps, the gram-positive transposon tn4001 was modified to serve as a mobile restriction site. the total sizes of the m. gallisepticum r and atcc 19610 genomes were estimated to be 1,037 and 998 kb, respectively. the restriction enzyme locations for eagi and sma ...19948021195
transformation of mycoplasma gallisepticum with tn916, tn4001, and integrative plasmid vectors.mycoplasma gallisepticum causes respiratory disease in avian species, but little is known about its mechanism(s) of pathogenesis. these studies were undertaken in order to develop genetic systems for analysis of potential virulence factors. m. gallisepticum was transformed with plasmids containing one of the gram-positive transposons tn916 or tn4001, which inserted randomly into the mycoplasmal chromosome. plasmids containing cloned chromosomal dna were also constructed and tested for integratio ...19948021232
analysis and characterization of mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from pennsylvania.because mycoplasma gallisepticum f strain vaccine can be pathogenic in chickens and is pathogenic in turkeys, we monitored the spread of mg f strain into unvaccinated flocks by screening field and experimental isolates. thirteen mg isolates obtained from various sources in pennsylvania were screened using several techniques capable of differentiating between mg strains. dna restriction enzyme analysis (rea), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) protein profiles, n ...19947832700
a serosurvey using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies against poultry pathogens in ostriches (struthio camelus) from zimbabwe.horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-ostrich igg was raised and used in commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to detect antibodies reactive with 11 poultry pathogens in sera from 149 ostriches from nine farms around zimbabwe. antibodies were detected to turkey rhinotracheitis virus (99%), newcastle disease virus (23%), avian reovirus (19%), infectious bursal disease virus (15%), avian encephalomyelitis virus (15%), mycoplasma gallisepticum and/or m. synoviae (11%), reticuloend ...19947832718
diseases and management of backyard chicken flocks in chitungwiza, zimbabwe.to gather information on backyard chicken flocks in chitungwiza, an urban center in zimbabwe, 85 flock owners were interviewed. the mean flock size was 53 birds (range 1-650), and most birds were kept for meat, for either domestic consumption or local sale. mean age at slaughter was 12.4 weeks (range 8-24). none of the owners vaccinated their birds, and reported mortality rates were high (mean 25%), most commonly being associated with diseases causing eye and respiratory problems. most owners co ...19947832719
mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in drug-treated chickens: comparison of diagnosis methods including polymerase chain reaction.ten chickens were inoculated with mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and treated with enrofloxacine. on eight different dates post-inoculation (pi), tracheal swab samples were collected for mycoplasma culture or detection by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and blood samples were analysed by slide-agglutination test (sa) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). results showed that culture and pcr detected mg from 14/80 or 20/80 samples, respectively. the last culture-positive sample was collect ...19947740859
differences in major histocompatibility complex frequencies after multitrait, divergent selection for immunocompetence.white leghorn chickens from lines selected for four immune-response traits (ir lines) were serotyped for b system alloantigens characterizing the haplotypes and genotypes to examine the effect of divergent selection for multitrait immunocompetence on mhc haplotype and genotype frequencies. the selected lines were derived from the ottawa strain 7. the selection index included four immunocompetence traits: antibody production against mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and pasteurella multocida, inflamm ...19948165171
mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chukar partridges, pheasants, and peafowl.mycoplasma gallisepticum infection was diagnosed in a group of chukar partridges, pheasants, and peafowl based on serology and isolation techniques. the farm also had quail, chickens, and ducks. clinical signs in growing birds consisted of foamy eyes, swollen infraorbital sinuses, respiratory distress, and death. breeding birds experienced a severe drop in egg production. histologically, the growing birds exhibited lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of the conjunctiva, sinus, and trachea. the most l ...19947702531
differentiation of two strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry.identification of infecting mycoplasma spp. is difficult and not routine for strain. this paper describes a procedure for the rapid identification of the strain of m. gallisepticum. monoclonal antibodies were prepared against m. gallisepticum f and m. gallisepticum s6. aliquots of 24-hour broth cultures of these organisms were incubated briefly with either of the monoclonal antibodies. a second incubation was made with anti-mouse immunoglobulin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. fluoresce ...19947832707
direct and correlated responses to multitrait, divergent selection for immunocompetence.leghorn lines had been selected for an immunocompetence index based on four traits: antibody production to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and pasteurella multocida (pm) vaccines, reticuloendothelial clearance of colloidal carbon (cca), and cell-mediated, wing web response to phytohemagglutinin (pha). the purpose of this study was to produce replicated lines of chickens with divergent levels of multitrait immunocompetence by index selection. the objectives of analyses of generations 5 to 7 of this ...19948165163
susceptibility of avian mycoplasmas isolated in taiwan to 21 antimicrobial agents.twenty-one antimicrobial agents were incorporated individually into frey's agar to evaluate their inhibitory activities against 86 isolates of avian mycoplasmas recently detected in taiwan. among them, 45 and 37 isolates were found positive with mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae fluorescent antibody conjugate, respectively. twenty-one other isolates were unable to be identified by the above 2 conjugates. all of the field isolates were highly sensitive (with mic50 < 1 microgram/ml) ...19949747335
variable expression of epitopes on the surface of mycoplasma gallisepticum demonstrated with monoclonal antibodies.twelve monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) strains f, r, s6(208) and pet2 were used for analysis of epitopes of 22 mg strains. six mabs recognized surface epitopes in the majority of strains, but did not react with variant strains like k 503 and k 703. two mabs reacted with epitopes on about 56 kilodalton (kda) proteins and showing consistent expression on mg colonies. three mabs recognized three different variable surface epitopes associated with about 67 kda prot ...199418671069
in vitro evaluation of various antimicrobials against mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae by the micro-broth method, and comparison with a commercially-prepared test system.the efficacy of danofloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial agent, was tested in vitro by the micro-broth method with nine field strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and eight of m. synoviae (ms) and comparison was made with oxytetracycline and tylosin tartrate. the virulent s6 strain of mg was also included for reference. all mycoplasma strains, including a strain of mg that was resistant to tylosin tartrate, were susceptible to danofloxacin with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging fr ...199418671075
investigations into the survival of mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae and mycoplasma iowae on materials found in the poultry house environment.following preliminary experiments to determine suitable methods for studying mycoplasma survival, suspensions of mycoplasma gallisepticum (four strains), mycoplasma synoviae (two strains) or mycoplasma iowae (two strains) were seeded onto replicate samples of cotton, rubber, straw, shavings, timber, food, feathers and human hair. the organisms were also seeded onto human skin, ear and nasal mucosa. all samples were cultured for viability after 4, 8, 12 and 24 h, and then daily up to 6 days. the ...199418671077
evaluation of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for the detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum antibodies.sensitivity and specificity of two commercial mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kits, rapid slide agglutination (sa) and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests were compared using sera from specific pathogen free chickens, turkeys or ducks which had been inoculated with various avian mycoplasmas, bacteria or with a reovirus. results show that sensitivity of sa was superior to elisa and hi tests in the ability to detect antibodies formed in early response to ...199418671097
effect of duration of incubation of mycoplasma gallisepticum cultures on the sensitivity and specificity of antigens for elisa and microimmunofluorescence tests.in the production of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) antigens for elisa and microimmunofluorescence (mif) tests, two strains of mg, s6 and pg31, were grown in broth culture and harvested at intervals from 18 to 138 h. the effect of duration of incubation of culture on antigen sensitivity and specificity was assessed using homologous sera (against mg s6), and sera prepared against mycoplasma synoviae (ms), and against mycoplasma media. it was found, in both mg s6 and pg31 elisas, that in the period ...199318671032
indirect elisa for the detection of a specific antibody response against mycoplasma gallisepticum.an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for determining mycoplasma gallisepticum antibodies in chicken sera. the m. gallisepticum antigen was detergent extracted and incorporated into iscoms. sediment of broth medium treated with sarcosyl was used as control antigen. sera were tested before and after absorption with broth medium components and elisa titres are expressed as optical density (od) at 492 nm. sera from experimentally or naturally infected chickens, those v ...199318671034
the polymerase chain reaction for mycoplasma gallisepticum detection.on the basis of the aligned 16s rrna sequences of mollicutes, a pair of primers was chosen for the detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum. when used in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), the primers detected a specific amplification of all mg strains tested, yielding an expected 330 bp product. amplification was not detected when other mollicutes or e. coli were used as pcr templates. spf chickens were experimentally inoculated with two strains of m. gallisepticum or mycoplasma iowae. tracheal ...199318671058
protective immune response to mycoplasma gallisepticum demonstrated in respiratory-tract washings from m. gallisepticum-infected chickens.chickens inoculated with mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) produced iga, igm, and igg detectable in washings from the upper respiratory tract (urtw; nasal sinuses and turbinates) and lower respiratory tract (lrtw; trachea, lungs, and air sacs). urtw and lrtw from infected chickens had significant protective effects in a mg-inoculated tracheal-ring-organ-culture system. protective effects in vitro correlated positively with total mg-specific immunoglobulin titer, but not iga titer, as determined by e ...19938257359
[serologic monitoring of pullet and laying hen flocks in switzerland: results from the years 1990 and 1991].in 1990 and 1991 4522 blood samples from 398 pullet flocks and 1338 blood samples from 128 laying flocks were monitored for antibody against infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, adenovirus, reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, newcastle disease virus, mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae. the results are discussed for pullets and laying hens.19938211056
mycoplasma gallisepticum f-vaccine strain-specific polymerase chain reaction.a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) f-vaccine strain polymerase chain reaction (pcr) (mgf-pcr) was developed and standardized. the origin of the primers was a clone (p08-m6#17) that contained an mg f-strain-specific dna fragment of 6.0 kilobase pairs designated fmgf-1. both ends of fmgf-1 (bamhi and ecori) were sequenced, and regions adequate for the primers were chosen. seven 25-base primers were synthesized, and two near the ecori end (mgf-p1 left [l] and right [r]) were selected for mgf-pcr, mgf- ...19938452497
cloning and dna sequence of a 29 kilodalton polypeptide gene of mycoplasma gallisepticum as a possible protective antigen.a lambda gt11 clone, designated m1 and having a 0.8 kilobase (kb) insert, was selected by screening a mycoplasma gallisepticum (m.g.) genomic dna library with antisera against m.g. cells and their membrane proteins. the sequence of a 1.7 kb ecori fragment of genomic dna covering the entire m1 insert revealed a long open reading frame, tm-1, that encoded a polypeptide with a deduced molecular weight of 29 kda. an antiserum raised in chicken against the tm-1 polypeptide, which was produced by reco ...19938212828
construction of tn4001lac derivatives to be used as promoter probe vectors in mycoplasmas.studies of gene expression in mycoplasmas has been difficult, because the elements involved in gene expression remain relatively undefined. in order to be able to examine these regulatory elements in vivo, derivatives of tn4001 containing the promoterless escherichia coli lacz reporter gene have been constructed. a tn4001lac derivative, tn4001.2062.2lac, transforms mycoplasma gallisepticum and acholeplasma strain ism1499. approximately 3% of the m. gallisepticum and 8% of the acholeplasma ism149 ...19938299950
phylogenetic diversity of phytopathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms.by using specific primers, the 16s rrna genes of japanese mycoplasmalike organisms (mlos) were amplified by polymerase chain reactions from mlo-enriched fractions of plants infected with each of six different mlos. each of the polymerase chain reaction fragments (length, 1,370 nucleotides) was directly sequenced in both strands by using 17 oligonucleotide primers. a phylogenetic tree constructed by using the sequence data showed that these japanese mlos are phylogenetically diverse microorganism ...19938347505
identification of the putative cytadhesin gene of mycoplasma gallisepticum and its use as a dna probe.a portion of the putative mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) cytadhesin gene was identified and used as a diagnostic dna probe. degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to conserved regions of the cytadhesin proteins from two human mycoplasmas, m. pneumoniae and m. genitalium, were synthesized for use in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on genomic mg dna. a 583-base-pair mg dna fragment was amplified and subsequently cloned and sequenced. the mg dna fragment is predicted to encode a 193-am ...19938363503
species-specific oligonucleotide probes complementary to 16s rrna of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae.mycoplasma gallisepticum and m synoviae are important avian pathogens causing respiratory diseases which result in great economic losses in poultry farming. two oligonucleotide probes, complementary to the variable region v8 of 16s rrna from the avian mycoplasmas m gallisepticum and m synoviae have, therefore, been designed and used in direct filter hybridisation experiments. both probes gave strong hybridisation signals with their homologous targets, whereas no cross-hybridisations were obtaine ...19938378607
monoclonal antibodies species-specific to mycoplasma gallisepticum and m. synoviae.two species-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against mycoplasma gallisepticum and m. synoviae. the mab against m. synoviae recognizes an antigen of 90,000 molecular weight present in strain wvu 1853 and in two brazilian field isolates. the mab produced against m. gallisepticum recognizes a surface antigen in strains s6 and r and in three brazilian field isolates of different molecular weights. the mabs do not recognize antigens in m. gallinarum and m. iowae.19938257387
local reaction and serological response in commercial layer chickens injected intramuscularly in the leg with oil-adjuvanted mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin.the incidence of local vaccine reaction was investigated in three flocks of commercial layer chickens after they were vaccinated intramuscularly in the leg with oil-adjuvanted mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) bacterin by commercial crews. local vaccine reaction typically involved swelling due to a granulomatous cellulitis in the connective tissue above the tibiotarsal joint of the vaccinated leg. histopathology revealed that the inflammatory reaction was confined primarily to subcutis and muscle fa ...19938141726
mycoplasma imitans sp. nov. is related to mycoplasma gallisepticum and found in birds.a mycoplasma designated strain 4229t (t = type strain) was isolated in 1984 from the turbinate of a duck in france, and similar strains were isolated from geese in france and from a partridge in england. all of these strains were originally identified as mycoplasma gallisepticum by immunofluorescence and growth inhibition tests, but subsequent serological and molecular studies indicated only a partial relationship to this species and dna-dna hybridization studies revealed only approximately 40 t ...19938240954
monoclonal antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were prepared to study the immunogenesis of mycoplasma gallisepticum. balb/c mice were immunized with m. gallisepticum immunostimulating complexes and the supernatant of heterokaryotes screened with m. gallisepticum and closely related m. synoviae as antigens in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. all selected mabs proved to be m. gallisepticum species-specific when they were tested against 10 different avian mycoplasma species. after immunoblotting analysis, ...19938257358
detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in field samples using a species-specific dna probe.species-specific dna probes for mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) were compared with serologic and isolation procedures as a routine diagnostic tool on field specimens acquired from chicken flocks experiencing egg-production losses and suspected of mg infection. the mg dna probe clearly identified mg directly from tracheal specimens within 2 days, unlike the 7 to 10 days required for culture procedures. cross-reaction of mg with m. synoviae continues to be a stumbling block in the serum plate agglut ...19938257385
immunoglobulin receptors used in avian mycoplasma identification.among 77 isolates of avian mycoplasma examined, igg receptors were demonstrated on six of the nine species represented. species identified with receptors were: mycoplasma gallisepticum (two receptors of approximately 84,000 and 75,000 molecular weight [mw]), m. gallinarum (one receptor of approximately 135,000 mw), m. pullorum (one receptor of approximately 130,000 mw), m. gallinaceum (one receptor of approximately 125,000 mw), m. iowae (two receptors of approximately 50,000 and 38,000 mw), and ...19938141737
a comparative study of mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines in young chickens.ten-day-old leghorn chickens were vaccinated with the f, ts-11, or 6/85 strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) via the intraocular route or subcutaneously with mg bacterin and challenged by aerosol with the r strain of mg at 30, 60, or 90 days post-vaccination. respiratory reaction post-vaccination, serological response, persistence of the vaccine strain, and protection against aerosol challenge were compared. in general, the ts-11 and 6/85 strains induced a milder post-vaccination reaction tha ...19938141758
inhibition of mycoplasma gallisepticum growth and attachment to chick tracheal rings by antibodies to a 64-kilodalton membrane protein of m. gallisepticum.a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) strain r protein of 64 kilodaltons (p64) was partially digested from the surface of the bacterium by trypsin. monospecific polyclonal anti-p64 igg inhibited attachment of mg to chick tracheal rings by as much as 69%. however, trypsin treatment of viable mg cells did not reduce attachment to tracheal rings or hemagglutination titer. anti-p64 igg inhibited growth of mg strain r in broth and on solid media, inhibited the uptake of radiolabeled thymidine, but did not ...19938257360
clinical mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in multiplier breeder and meat turkeys caused by f strain: identification by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease analysis, and the polymerase chain reaction.in february 1991, a flock of north carolina multiplier breeder turkeys experienced respiratory signs, sinusitis, airsacculitis, and increased mortality. mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) was isolated, and appropriate control measures were initiated. ultimately, this outbreak involved several breeder flocks of an integrated turkey production company before the last infected flock was identified in may 1991. during this time, mg was also isolated from a flock of commercial layer-type chickens raised a ...19938257382
a comparison of the efficacy of danofloxacin and tylosin in the control of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broiler chicks.groups of chicks were infected with a virulent strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and treated with either danofloxacin or tylosin while one infected group was left untreated and a further group was uninfected and untreated. control of clinical signs and mortality was better with danofloxacin than tylosin and there was significantly (p < 0.05) greater weight gain with danofloxacin at 21 days after infection. however at necropsy the prevalence of lesions of the airsac walls was similar in bot ...19938386777
efficacy of danofloxacin and tylosin in the control of mycoplasmosis in chicks infected with tylosin-susceptible or tylosin-resistant field isolates of mycoplasma gallisepticum.the efficacy of danofloxacin was compared with that of tylosin in the control of induced mycoplasmosis. in three experiments, disease was induced in broiler chicks by intrapulmonary injection of field isolates of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) originating from brazil, a different isolate being used for each experiment. starting the day after inoculation, groups of chicks were medicated for 3 days via the drinking water with danofloxacin (50 ppm) or tylosin (500 ppm) or were left as unmedicated co ...19938395803
a comparison of danofloxacin and tylosin in the control of induced mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broiler chicks.experimental mycoplasmosis was induced in 1-day-old chicks by intrapulmonary inoculation of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). this method of infection proved to be useful for evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial medication, by measuring mortality, weight gain, pathological responses, frequency of reisolation of mg, and seroconversion. using this model, the efficacies of danofloxacin (a novel fluoroquinolone) and tylosin were compared for two mg isolates, a reference isolate (the r-strain) and a ...19938395804
molecular cloning of a member of the gene family that encodes pmga, a hemagglutinin of mycoplasma gallisepticum.a hemagglutinin with an m(r) of 67,000 (pmga) from mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 was purified by using monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography. purified pmga was treated with a number of enzymes, the resultant peptides were purified, and their amino acid sequence was determined by using an applied biosystems (model 471a) protein sequencer. the dna sequence encoding two peptides was used to dictate the sequences of synthetic oligonucleotides which were used to screen a library of ecori-cut m. g ...19938432610
protection against airsacculitis with sequential systemic and local immunization of chickens using killed mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin with iota carrageenan adjuvant.the induction of protective immunity to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) by bacterins containing 0.2% iota carrageenan (icgn) as an adjuvant has been studied. various combinations of intracoelomic (i.c.), intratracheal (i.t.), intranasal (i.n.), intravenous (i.v.), subcutaneous (s.c.) and oral immunization routes were evaluated. vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were compared with a group vaccinated s.c. with a commercial bacterin. primary i.c. immunization with the bacterin was as effective as ...19938447159
evaluation of a monoclonal blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum-specific antibodies.a monoclonal blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (blocking-elisa) was developed to detect antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in poultry sera with the help of a peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibody (mab) recognizing an epitope of a 56-kilodalton polypeptide (p56) of mg. immunoglobulins from undiluted mg-positive sera prevent the mab conjugate from attaching to its specific binding site on p56, which results in no color development. the opposite result--a strong color reaction--w ...19937504918
evidence for a common epitope on the surface of mycoplasma gallisepticum defined by monoclonal antibody.an antigen containing a common epitope in most strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum was purified by isoelectric focusing and used in the production of monoclonal antibodies (mab). of several mab produced, only one mab reacted with focused component and with all six strains of m. gallisepticum except strain 6/85. this mab was designated mg3d6.a5, and it was subsequently purified with immobilized rprotein atm. the mg3d6.a5 mab recognized a common epitope on a molecule with relative molecular weight ...19937689775
development and evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction method for diagnosis of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method specific for mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) was evaluated. the pcr method was found to detect as few as two colour changing units (ccu) of mg and did not give false positive reactions with other avian mycoplasmas. in chickens inoculated with either mg or mycoplasma synoviae (ms), the pcr method was found to closely correlate with mg culture reisolation methods in chicken intranasally inoculated with mg. all chickens inoculated with ms tested negative using ...19937511790
effects of ascorbic acid on stress and disease in chickens.white leghorn chickens were given feed containing 100 mg of ascorbic acid (aa)/kg. one day later, treated chickens and a similar group of unmedicated control chickens were chilled for 1 hour at 6 c, exposed to an unusual sound, fasted, or subjected to rough handling. heterophil:lymphocyte (h:l) ratios were determined one day later. the aa-treated birds had significantly lower h:l ratios than untreated controls. chickens that received a diet containing aa had lower h:l ratios than controls (0.86 ...19921417599
adaptation of the sensititre broth microdilution technique to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mycoplasma gallisepticum.a technique is described for determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of mycoplasma gallisepticum, using the sensititre broth microdilution system. fourteen m. gallisepticum field isolates and one reference isolate (r-strain) were tested in duplicate against seven antimicrobials. isolates were susceptible to oxytetracycline, furaltadone, and lincomycin/spectinomycin, but not to amoxycillin and apramycin. susceptibility to erythromycin and tylosin varied. these data are in agreement with thos ...19921417601
breeder turkey hens seropositive and culture-negative for mycoplasma synoviae.four flocks of clinically normal turkey breeder hens were shown to have suspect and positive mycoplasma synoviae (ms) hemagglutination-inhibition (hi), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and, in some cases, serum plate agglutination serology in the absence of ms isolation. in all cases, hi serology for mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and m. meleagridis was negative. acholeplasma laidlawii was isolated from some hens in each of these ms-seropositive culture-negative flocks. immunoblotting was used ...19921417615
[tubular structures in mycoplasma gallisepticum and the localization of a tubulin-like protein].in all the strains of m. gallisepticum investigated, a protein with apparent molecular weight 40 kda was revealed by immunoblotting with polyclonal anti-calf brain tubulin antibodies and monoclonal anti-chicken alpha-tubulin antibodies. in other 8 investigated mycoplasma species no positive reactions with the same antibodies were found. the m. gallisepticum cells were examined under electron microscope on fine serial sections and on some sections going at different angles to the long cell axis. ...19921440927
[molecular biological differences between strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum].differences in virulence of two mycoplasma gallisepticum strains, s6 and a5969, are confirmed in experiments with chickens. macromolecular discrepancies detected between these two strains are concerning the genomic size, electrophoretic spectra of dna and proteins. cross immunoblotting data with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies reveal major immunogens of protein nature in both the strains. homologous proteins with different electrophoretic mobility are detected in other four m. gallisepticum ...19921455557
mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination-challenge: an egg-production model.specific-pathogen-free layer hens in maximum lay were exposed by aerosol to a broth culture of mycoplasma gallisepticum r' strain. egg-production loss of greater than 50% was evident 7-14 days following challenge of unvaccinated chickens, with a gradual recovery during the next several days. various vaccine preparations were tested to determine the effect in the model. all vaccinated chickens exhibited significantly (p < or = 0.05) lower egg-production loss than the unvaccinated controls. the mo ...19921485879
demonstration of the genetic stability of a mycoplasma gallisepticum strain following in vivo passage.a mycoplasma gallisepticum strain designated 6/85 (mgi) exhibiting reduced virulence for both chickens and turkeys was sequentially passaged 10 times in each species. dna extracted from organisms before passage and those isolated after the third, sixth, and 10th passages was studied by restriction endonuclease dna analysis using bamhi, bglii, ecori, hindiii, and psti endonucleases. the virulent-type strain designated s6 was used as a comparison. comparison of dna fragment patterns of mgi and s6 ...19921329707
efficacy of danofloxacin in the therapy of experimental mycoplasmosis in chicks.specific pathogen free day-old chicks were inoculated with a virulent strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum. birds received either danofloxacin (50 ppm), tylosin (500 ppm) or no medication in the drinking water from 24 hours after infection for three days. the effects of medication on mortality, weight gain, serology, lesions and reisolation of m gallisepticum 21 days following infection were studied. treatment with danofloxacin and tylosin significantly decreased mortality and increased weight gai ...19921332154
successful treatment of mycoplasmosis in layer chickens with single dose therapy.the efficacy of treatment with single dose administration of 5 drugs at different dosages to layer hens naturally infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum was studied. the drugs were tiamulin, which was administered orally, tylosin (parenterally and orally), spiramycin (orally), long-acting oxytetracycline (parenterally) and tylosindihydrostreptomycin (parenterally). cure was assessed by the absence of nasal discharge. the cure rate was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in treated hens than ...19921379426
characterization of a major hemagglutinin protein from mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum cell membranes were used to immunize mice to produce monoclonal antibodies to cell surface proteins. three monoclonal antibodies were chosen for further characterization. all three reacted in immunoblots with an m. gallisepticum protein band of m(r) approximately 67,000 (designated pmga). by using immunoelectron microscopy, pmga was shown to be located on the cell surface. when m. gallisepticum whole cells were treated with up to 250 micrograms of trypsin per ml for 30 m ...19921379991
evaluation of a mycoplasma gallisepticum strain exhibiting reduced virulence for prevention and control of poultry mycoplasmosis.two experiments were conducted to evaluate the virulence and vaccination efficacy of a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) isolate designated mg intervet 6/85. virulence of the strain was determined by evaluation of airsacculitis scores following aerosol exposure to the isolate before and after 10 sequential passes in either commercial broiler chickens or commercial turkeys. two-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated by aerosol exposure. the birds were challenged with the r' strain o ...19921385698
nucleotide sequence, organization and characterization of the atp genes and the encoded subunits of mycoplasma gallisepticum atpase.the nucleotide sequence of a 7.8 kbp dna fragment from the genome of mycoplasma gallisepticum has been determined. the fragment contains a cluster of nine tightly linked genes coding for the subunits of the m. gallisepticum atpase. the gene order is i (i-subunit), b (a-subunit), e (c-subunit), f (b-subunit), h (delta-subunit), a (alpha-subunit), g (gamma-subunit), d (beta-subunit) and c (epsilon-subunit). two open reading frames were identified in the flanking regions; one (orfu), preceding the ...19921386735
localization of an immunodominant 64 kda lipoprotein (lp 64) in the membrane of mycoplasma gallisepticum and its role in cytadherence.a 64 kda lipoprotein (lp 64) haemagglutinin (pi 4.9-5.0) was isolated from the membrane of mycoplasma gallisepticum. triton x-114 phase partitioning has demonstrated that the hydrophobic nature of this haemagglutinin is due to a lipid portion of the molecule. autoradiography of [3h]-palmitate-labelled m. gallisepticum revealed the presence of several additional lipoproteins. immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated the localization of lp 64 to the base of the terminal structure. densitometric scan ...19921406251
the effect of including anti-ig sera in the haemagglutination inhibition test for mycoplasma gallisepticum.addition of anti-immunoglobulin m (anti-igm), g (anti-igg) and a (anti-iga) sera to the haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test (anti-ig hi test) for mycoplasma gallisepticum resulted in 2- to 8-fold increases in the hi titres. on investigating the anti-ig hi reaction using igm and igg antibodies separated by affinity chromatography, it was confirmed that, in the enhanced hi titres, specificity existed between the chicken ig classes having antibody activity and the antisera used in the test. four ...19921413478
antigenic variation of mycoplasma gallisepticum, as detected by use of monoclonal antibodies.a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mab) developed against mycoplasma gallisepticum strain pg31 was used to probe the antigenic profiles of 5 recognized strains (pg31, r, s6, f, a5969) and 6 field isolates of m gallisepticum. monoclonal antibody g9 predominantly recognized antigens at apparent molecular mass positions of 90 to 98 kda. the mab reacted with all strains and isolates, but the molecular mass position of the antigens varied among some mycoplasmas. monoclonal antibody g12 reacted with al ...19921497181
sequential intracoelomic and intrabursal immunization of chickens with inactivated mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin and iota carrageenan adjuvant.chickens immunized by sequential intracoelomic (analogous to intraperitoneal route in mammals) and intrabursal (i.c./i.b.) routes with inactivated mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) bacterin mixed with 0.2% iota carrageenan (icgn) as an adjuvant were resistant to airsacculitis induced by a subsequent aerosol challenge with virulent r strain mg. in contrast, immunization by the i.c./i.b. routes with inactivated bacterin without the adjuvant or with 0.2% icgn did not confer significant protection. chic ...19921523875
combination of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques for serotyping mixtures of mycoplasma species.we describe a method for the simultaneous identification of up to three mycoplasma species by the use of contrast-labeled fluorescent antibodies against two species and peroxidase-labeled antibody against a third species. the procedure enabled the rapid identification of colonies of three artificially mixed avian mycoplasma species on agar blocks and also mixtures of species in cultures from naturally infected chickens. furthermore, it was possible to quantitate the components of a mixture of my ...19921537910
serological and microbial survey of mycoplasma gallisepticum in wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) from six western states.from 1986 to 1989, sera from wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo), including three subspecies (m. gallopavo intermedia, m. gallopavo merriami and m. gallopavo mexicana) trapped in six western states were tested for antibody to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) (n = 724), m. synoviae (ms) (n = 461) and m. meleagridis (mm) (n = 354) using the rapid plate agglutination (rpa) assay. subsamples of these sera were also evaluated using the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay for antibody to mg (n = 664) a ...19921548787
comparison of immunity induced with a mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin between high- and low-responder lines of chickens.chickens of the high-responder line gsp and low-responder line bm-c, which had been known to have different antibody responses to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) antigen, were immunized by intramuscular injection and by subsequent intratracheal instillation of mg bacterin. they were then challenged with the pathogenic strain sas of mg. the preventive effects of local antibodies detectable in the trachea, saliva, and lacrima were compared between the two lines of chickens. the local antibody respon ...19921567299
mycoplasma gallopavonis in eastern wild turkeys.serum samples and tracheal cultures were collected from eastern wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo sylvestris) trapped for relocation in south carolina (usa) during 1985 to 1990. sera were tested for mycoplasma gallisepticum and m. synoviae by the rapid plate agglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests and were found to be negative. tracheal cultures were negative for all pathogenic mycoplasma spp., including m. gallisepticum, m. synoviae, m. meleagridis, and m. iowae. however, m. gallopa ...19921602583
an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of specific igg antibody to mycoplasma gallisepticum in sera and tracheobronchial washes.a sensitive indirect elisa is reported for the detection and quantitation of specific igg to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in sera and tracheobronchial washes (tbw) of mg-infected chickens. the sensitivity of the assay was ensured by the use of mouse monoclonal antibody to chicken igg bound to a prospective anti-mg containing sample that was complexed with mg antigen immobilized on a solid phase. the level of specific igg antibody in a test sample was detected by using peroxidase-conjugated goat ...19921569215
simultaneous treatment of chickens with salinomycin and tiamulin in feed.laboratory and field experiments involving more than 100,000 birds were performed to assess the effect of simultaneous in-feed medication of chickens with salinomycin and tiamulin at various concentrations. in an artificial infection study with mycoplasma gallisepticum, low levels of tiamulin (10-40 ppm) did not induce signs of ionophore intoxication with salinomycin at 60 ppm in the feed, whereas levels of 50 ppm caused early signs with a mild growth depression. a level of 20 ppm gave a maximum ...19921533113
isolation of mycoplasma gallopavonis from free-ranging wild turkeys in coastal north carolina seropositive and culture-negative for mycoplasma gallisepticum.serum samples and choanal cleft swabs were collected from livetrapped and hunter killed wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) from martin and bertie counties, north carolina (usa). sera were tested for antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae and mycoplasma meleagridis by hemagglutination inhibition (hi). sera from 33% (five of 15) of livetrapped turkeys were positive for antibodies to m. gallisepticum by hi, and all were negative for antibodies to m. synoviae and m. meleagridis. ...19921548788
humoral immune response of turkeys to strain s6 and a variant mycoplasma gallisepticum studied by immunoblotting.two putative variant mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) strains (m876 and m35), originally isolated from commercial turkeys, were compared with eight well-characterized mg strains by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). sds-page protein profiles indicated that the variant strains were correctly classified as mg based on homologous patterns in species-specific regions of the electrophoretic profiles. however, differences in protein profiles also indicated that variant ...19921567313
exacerbation of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in turkeys by rhinotracheitis virus.groups of 1-day-old turkey poults from a parent flock free of antibodies to turkey rhinotracheitis virus (trtv) and the pathogenic mycoplasmas, were infected by eyedrop with virulent trtv, with mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) or with both agents together. dual infection resulted in increased morbidity compared with those groups given single infections. the presence of the mg in the dual infection had no apparent effect on the pathogenesis of the virus, but the virus caused the mycoplasma to be mor ...199218670941
the genome size of a plant-pathogenic mycoplasmalike organism resembles those of animal mycoplasmas.the genome size of a mycoplasmalike organism was determined by comparing fluorescence intensities of restriction fragments. its genome size was similar to that of mycoplasma gallisepticum and much smaller than that of acholeplasma laidlawii. although the genome size is "mycoplasmalike," other molecular data indicate a closer evolutionary relationship to a. laidlawii.19912002012
research note: mycoplasma gallisepticum isolations resulting from dry versus wet swabs.commercial leghorns vaccinated with f strain mycoplasma gallisepticum were used to determine the effect of hydration of swab material with frey's broth media on m. gallisepticum isolation. twenty-four hens from each of four 10,000 bird houses were randomly selected and swabbed from the choanal cleft region. twelve birds from each house were swabbed with ethylene-oxide-sterilized, 2.4-mm diameter rayon-tipped swabs, and 12 hens were swabbed with the same type swabs wetted with sterile frey's brot ...19912017415
polymerase chain reaction for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum.a species-specific 760-base pair (bp) bamhi to ecori dna fragment (fmg-2) was isolated from a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) genomic library constructed in plasmid puc8. based on the dna sequence data of fmg-2, a pair of 25 base primers, designated amplification (amp) left (l) and right (r) primers, was synthesized. when used in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), the amp l and r primers directed amplification of dna of 16 mg strains yielding an expected 732-bp product, but did not amplify dna o ...19912029263
mycoplasma gallisepticum as a model to assess efficacy of inhalant therapy in budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus).one hundred budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus) were infected in the nares (0.02 ml/naris), eye (0.02 ml/eye), and throat (0.2 ml) with mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) r strain (3.175 x 10(7) colony-forming units/ml). fifty birds were treated with sterile broth and served as the controls; 25 of those were exposed to an inhalant, and the others were not treated. infected birds were divided into four groups; 1) no treatment, 2) penicillin in drinking water, 3) inhalant, 4) both penicillin and inha ...19911786013
identification of mycoplasma gallisepticum by use of monoclonal antibody in a rapid slide agglutination test.monoclonal antibody (mab) against mycoplasma gallisepticum strain pg31 was produced in balb/c mice. the mab (designated m9) was of igg3 isotype and reacted with an epitope in m gallisepticum antigens with molecular weights of 35, 90, 95, and 98 kilodaltons (kda). the m9 reacted with m gallisepticum antigens in the dot-blot elisa and in western blot assays. it agglutinated m gallisepticum strains pg31, f, r, s6, a5969, and 9 field isolates from various sources. a coagglutination assay, using stap ...19911722654
detection of antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum in egg yolk versus serum samples.serum (n = 1,636) and egg yolk (n = 802) samples collected from hens on four commercial egg farms in florida were tested for the presence of specific antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum in a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. no significant differences were noted between serum and egg yolk samples with respect to distribution of positive, suspect, and negative test results or for the mean sample/positive control ratio values of positive, suspect, and negative test resul ...19911757571
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