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effect of infection route and concurrent infectious bronchitis virus vaccination on mycoplasma gallisepticum disease pathology in an experimental model.the study of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection is needed, not only to understand the disease process but also to understand the mechanisms by which mg vaccines protect the host. many model systems have been used to study the mg disease process. this work compared two different routes of infection (intratracheal versus eye drop) in commercial pullets, looking for differences in the pathology (air sac and tracheal lesion scores, and tracheal mucosal thickness) and the humoral immune response ...201223025670
health assessment of captive tinamids (aves, tinamiformes) in brazil.ninety-five (95) captive tinamids (aves, tinamiformes) of species crypturellus obsoletus (brown tinamou), crypturellus parvirostris (small-billed tinamou), crypturellus tataupa (tataupa tinamou), crypturellus undulatus (undulated tinamou), rhynchotus rufescens (red-winged tinamou), and tinamus solitarius (solitary tinamou) were evaluated for diseases of mandatory control in the brazilian poultry health program (pnsa). antibodies were detected by serum agglutination test (sat) in 4 birds for myco ...201223082518
mycoplasma gallisepticum transmission: comparison of commercial f-strain vaccine versus layer complex-derived field strains in a tunnel ventilated house.two simultaneous trials were conducted using a commercially available, live, f strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (fmg) vaccine (trial 1) or 2 inocula of layer complex-derived mg strains (lcd-mg; trial 2). in each of the 2 trials, 4 commercial turkeys were housed in each of 2 adjoining pens immediately adjacent to air inlets. the turkeys (8/trial) were inoculated in the right eye with either a 1× dose of fmg (trial 1) or with 0.02 ml of 1 of 2 actively growing lcd-mg inocula (4 turkeys/inoculum; tr ...201223155015
can american goldfinches function as reservoirs for mycoplasma gallisepticum?we performed experiments to test if american goldfinches (spinus tristis) could be a competent reservoir for mycoplasma gallisepticum and play a role in the epidemic spread of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis among house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) in north america. we infected one of two individuals housed together in a cage and determined if transmission occurred to the second bird. probability of transmission between an american goldfinch and a house finch (in either direction) was similar to th ...201323307371
role of the gapa and crma cytadhesins of mycoplasma gallisepticum in promoting virulence and host colonization.mycoplasma gallisepticum is an important avian pathogen that commonly induces chronic respiratory disease in chicken. to better understand the mycoplasma factors involved in host colonization, chickens were infected via aerosol with two hemadsorption-negative (ha(-)) mutants, mhad3 and rcl2, that were derived from a low passage of the pathogenic strain r (rlow) and are both deficient in the two major cytadhesins gapa and crma. after 9 days of infection, chickens were monitored for air sac lesion ...201323460514
serologic, parasitic, and bacteriologic assessment of captive cracids (aves: galliformes: cracidae) in brazil.captive cracids (aves: galliformes: cracidae), including endangered species, were studied (n = 130) for the assessment of health status, including aburria jacutinga (black-fronted piping-guan, n = 42), crax blumenbachii (red-knobbed curassow, n = 54), craxfasciolata (bare-faced curassow, n = 28), and penelope obscura (dusky-legged guan, n = 6). the exposure to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), salmonella pullorum (sp), salmonella gallinarum (sg), avian paramyxovirus-1 (apm ...201323505700
cis-regulatory sequence variation and association with mycoplasma load in natural populations of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus).characterization of the genetic basis of fitness traits in natural populations is important for understanding how organisms adapt to the changing environment and to novel events, such as epizootics. however, candidate fitness-influencing loci, such as regulatory regions, are usually unavailable in nonmodel species. here, we analyze sequence data from targeted resequencing of the cis-regulatory regions of three candidate genes for disease resistance (cd74, hsp90α, and lcp1) in populations of the ...201323532859
experimental induction and oral transmission of avian aa amyloidosis in vaccinated white hens.avian aa amyloidosis is commonly observed in adult birds afflicted with bacterial infections or chronic inflammatory disorders. experimental aa amyloidosis in birds can be induced by repeated inflammatory stimulation, such as injection with casein or vaccination with oil-emulsified bacterins. however, the transmission of amyloidosis among avian species has not been studied well to date. in the present study, we confirm the potential induction of avian aa amyloidosis by inoculation of salmonella ...201323548152
plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in experimentally infected chickens with mycoplasma gallisepticum and escherichia coli.the plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in chickens experimentally infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum and escherichia coli were studied. marbofloxacin was given to 66 infected chickens by oral administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.w., once a day for three days. plasma, brain, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and trachea were collected and marbofloxacin concentrations were analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography method. in the infected chickens, maximal marbofloxacin ...201323550715
development and application of a multiplex pcr assay for rapid detection of 4 major bacterial pathogens in ducks.infections with pasteurella multocida, salmonella enterica, riemerella anatipestifer, and escherichia coli result in high morbidity and mortality, which cause significant economic loss in the poultry industry. it can be difficult to distinguish these pathogens based on clinical signs because these pathogens can cause similar clinical signs and coinfections can occur. thus, rapid and sensitive detection of these 4 major bacterial pathogens are important in ducks. the aim of this study was to deve ...201323571324
demonstration of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in pheasants (phasianus colchicus) with pneumonia and airsacculitis.outbreaks of respiratory disease were investigated in reared pheasants (phasianus colchicus) aged approximately 18 to 32 weeks, released into the semi-wild on four shooting estates in southern england. the clinical signs in the affected birds included swelling of the face and eyes, loss of condition, gasping respirations and coughing. the gross pathology findings included sinusitis, airsacculitis, pleural oedema and lung lesions. the histopathological findings in the affected lungs were characte ...201323581445
house finch populations differ in early inflammatory signaling and pathogen tolerance at the peak of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection.host individuals and populations often vary in their responses to infection, with direct consequences for pathogen spread and evolution. while considerable work has focused on the mechanisms underlying differences in resistance-the ability to kill pathogens-we know little about the mechanisms underlying tolerance-the ability to minimize fitness losses per unit pathogen. here, we examine patterns and mechanisms of tolerance between two populations of house finches (haemorhous [formerly carpodacus ...201323594550
malf is essential for persistence of mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo.there is limited understanding of the molecular basis of virulence in the important avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum. to define genes that may be involved in colonization of chickens, a collection of mutants of the virulent ap3as strain of m. gallisepticum were generated by signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis. the collection included mutants with single insertions in the genes encoding the adhesin gapa and the cytadherence-related protein crma, and western blotting confirmed that thes ...201323657682
influences of f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine on productive and reproductive performance of commercial parent broiler chicken breeders on a multi-age farm.the influences of f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (fmg) vaccine inoculation during the pullet period on the subsequent productive and reproductive performance of parent broiler chicken breeders on a multi-age farm were evaluated. three thousand breeders were randomly divided into 2 treatment groups that were either vaccinated with fmg (fmg-vaccinated group) or not vaccinated with fmg (fmg-free group). body weight and egg production were determined through approximately 50 wk of age. egg weight ...201323687149
the effect of the air sampling method on the recovery of mycoplasma gallisepticum from experimentally produced aerosols.a reliable air sampling method is a prerequisite to calculate the inhaled aerosol dose by animals exposed to the aerosol as precise as possible.[comp]: set abstract according to the journal style.[/comp]201323705990
a soe-pcr method of introducing multiple mutations into mycoplasma gallisepticum neuraminidase.a modified splicing with overlap extension pcr (soe-pcr) was generated to introduce 21 tga to tgg at mycoplasma gallisepticum mga_0329 gene. the recombinant protein was successfully expressed and retained neuraminidase activities, indicating that soe-pcr is a rapid and highly efficient method of introducing multiple mutations into large m. gallisepticum genes.201323707236
parallel patterns of increased virulence in a recently emerged wildlife pathogen.the evolution of higher virulence during disease emergence has been predicted by theoretical models, but empirical studies of short-term virulence evolution following pathogen emergence remain rare. here we examine patterns of short-term virulence evolution using archived isolates of the bacterium mycoplasma gallisepticum collected during sequential emergence events in two geographically distinct populations of the host, the north american house finch (haemorhous [formerly carpodacus] mexicanus) ...201323723736
chronic mycoplasma conjunctivitis in house finches: host antibody response and m. gallisepticum vlha expression.previous studies have shown that house finch field isolates of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) vary in virulence and ability to induce an antibody response. after experimental inoculation, mg causes persistent, severe disease in a subset of individuals. in this study, we further characterized mg infection using five field isolates, with an emphasis on chronically diseased birds. after experimental inoculation of house finches, mg load was measured by quantitative pcr and anti-mg antibody responses ...201323764469
mycoplasma gallisepticum and escherichia coli mixed infection model in broiler chickens for studying valnemulin pharmacokinetics.a mycoplasma gallisepticum-escherichia coli mixed infection model was developed in broiler chickens, which was applied to pharmacokinetics of valnemulin in the present experiment. the velogenic m. gallisepticum standard strain s6 was rejuvenated to establish the animal model, and the wild e. coli strain o78 was injected as supplementary inoculum to induce chronic respiratory disease in chickens. the disease model was evaluated based on its clinical signs, histopathological examination, bacteriol ...201423782411
the mycoplasma gallisepticum virulence factor lipoprotein msla is a novel polynucleotide binding protein.although lipoproteins of mycoplasmas are thought to play a crucial role in interactions with their hosts, very few have had their biochemical function defined. the gene encoding the lipoprotein msla in mycoplasma gallisepticum has recently been shown to be required for virulence, but the biochemical function of this gene is not known. although this gene has no significant sequence similarity to any gene of known function, it is located within an operon in m. gallisepticum that contains a homolog ...201323798535
immunity, resistance and tolerance in bird-parasite interactions.interacting pathogens and hosts have evolved reciprocal adaptations whose function is to allow host exploitation (from the pathogen stand point) or minimize the cost of infection (from the host stand point). once infected, two strategies are offered to the host: parasite clearing (resistance) and withstanding the infection while paying a low fitness cost (tolerance). in both cases, the immune system plays a central role. interestingly, whatever the defence strategy adopted by the host, this is l ...201323800152
prevalence of blood parasites in eastern versus western house finches: are eastern birds resistant to infection?the rapid spread of the bacterial disease, mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), throughout the introduced range of house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) in eastern north america, compared to its slower spread through the native western range, has puzzled researchers and highlights the need to understand the relative differences in health state of finches from both populations. we conducted a light-microscope survey of hemoparasites in populations of finches from arizona (within the western range) and f ...201323807632
multiple host transfers, but only one successful lineage in a continent-spanning emergent pathogen.emergence of a new disease in a novel host is thought to be a rare outcome following frequent pathogen transfers between host species. however, few opportunities exist to examine whether disease emergence stems from a single successful pathogen transfer, and whether this successful lineage represents only one of several pathogen transfers between hosts. we examined the successful host transfer and subsequent evolution of the bacterial pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum, an emergent pathogen of ho ...201323843387
the development and application of a mycoplasma gallisepticum sequence database.molecular analysis was conducted on 36 mycoplasma gallisepticum dna extracts from tracheal swab samples of commercial poultry in seven south african provinces between 2009 and 2012. twelve unique m. gallisepticum genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer region (igsr), m. gallisepticum cytadhesin 2 (mgc2), mga_0319 and gapa genetic regions. the dna sequences of these genotypes were distinct from those of m. gallisepticum is ...201323889487
decay of maternal antibodies in broiler chickens.the objective of this study was to determine the decay rate of maternal antibodies against major broiler chicken pathogens. a total of 30 one-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and reared in isolation. these chicks were retrieved from a parent flock that received a routine vaccination program. chicks were bled at hatch and sequentially thereafter every 5 d through 30 d of age. maternal antibody titers were measured by elisa for avian encephalomyelitis (aev), avian in ...201323960115
deposition of pathogenic mycoplasma gallisepticum onto bird feeders: host pathology is more important than temperature-driven increases in food intake.although ambient temperature has diverse effects on disease dynamics, few studies have examined how temperature alters pathogen transmission by changing host physiology or behaviour. here, we test whether reducing ambient temperature alters host foraging, pathology and the potential for fomite transmission of the bacterial pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), which causes seasonal outbreaks of severe conjunctivitis in house finches (haemorhous mexicanus). we housed finches at temperatures wit ...201323966599
factors influencing the cell adhesion and invasion capacity of mycoplasma gallisepticum.the cell invasiveness of mycoplasma gallisepticum, the causative agent of respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys, may be a substantial factor in the well-known chronicity of these diseases and in the systemic spread of infection. to date, not much is known about the host factors and mechanisms involved in promotion or obstruction of m. gallisepticum adherence and/or cell invasion.in the current study, the influence of extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins such as fibro ...201324011130
semi-automated curation of metabolic models via flux balance analysis: a case study with mycoplasma gallisepticum.primarily used for metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, genome-scale metabolic modeling shows tremendous potential as a tool for fundamental research and curation of metabolism. through a novel integration of flux balance analysis and genetic algorithms, a strategy to curate metabolic networks and facilitate identification of metabolic pathways that may not be directly inferable solely from genome annotation was developed. specifically, metabolites involved in unknown reactions can be de ...201324039564
ketocarotenoid circulation, but not retinal carotenoid accumulation, is linked to eye disease status in a wild songbird.pathogenic or parasitic infections pose numerous physiological challenges to organisms. carotenoid pigments have often been used as biomarkers of disease state and impact because they integrate multiple aspects of an individual's condition and nutritional and health state. some diseases are known to influence carotenoid uptake from food (e.g. coccidiosis) and carotenoid use (e.g. as antioxidants/immunostimulants in the body, or for sexually attractive coloration), but there is relatively little ...201324080319
preparation of reference stocks suitable for evaluation of alternative nat-based mycoplasma detection methods.the aim of this study was to optimize conditions for preparation and cryopreservation of mycoplasma reference materials suitable to evaluate alternative nucleic acid testing (nat)-based assays and to compare their limits of detection (lods) with those of conventional culture-based methods.201424112653
dna repair in mycoplasma gallisepticum.dna repair is essential for the maintenance of genome stability in all living beings. genome size as well as the repertoire and abundance of dna repair components may vary among prokaryotic species. the bacteria of the mollicutes class feature a small genome size, absence of a cell wall, and a parasitic lifestyle. a small number of genes make mollicutes a good model for a "minimal cell" concept.201324148612
modelling of control options for an outbreak of mycoplasma gallisepticum in egg production: a decision support tool.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a bacterium that causes respiratory disease in chickens, leading to reduced egg production. a dynamic simulation model was developed that can be used to assess the costs and benefits of control using antimicrobials or vaccination in caged or free range systems. the intended users are veterinarians and egg producers. a user interface is provided for input of flock specific parameters. the economic consequence of an mg outbreak is expressed as a reduction in expect ...201324206630
impact of fowlpox-vectored mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine vectormune fp mg on layer hen egg production and egg quality parameters.this study was conducted to determine the impact of vaccination with vectormune fp mg on egg production and egg quality characteristics of single comb white leghorn hens. due to questions of the efficacy of this vaccine in preventing mycoplasma gallisepticum-mediated pathology, the ability of this vaccine to protect against postproduction-peak egg losses associated with f-strain m. gallisepticum (fmg) vaccination was also investigated. vaccination with vectormune fp mg did not result in any sign ...201324235227
comparison of multiple genes and 16s-23s rrna intergenic space region for their capacity in high resolution melt curve analysis to differentiate mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain ts-11 from field strains.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is an important avian pathogen causing significant economic losses in the global poultry industry. in an attempt to compare and evaluate existing genotyping methods for differentiation of mg strains/isolates, high resolution melt (hrm) curve analysis was applied to 5 different pcr methods targeting vlha, pvpa, gapa, mgc2 genes and 16s-23s rrna intergenic space region (igsr). to assess the discriminatory power of pcr-hrm of examined genes and igsr, mg strains ts-11, ...201324238667
development of a site-directed integration plasmid for heterologous gene expression in mycoplasma gallisepticum.deciphering the molecular basis of the interactions between the parasite mycoplasma gallisepticum and its avian hosts suffers from the lack of genetic tools available for the pathogen. in the absence of well established methods for targeted disruption of relevant m. gallisepticum genes, we started to develop suicide vectors and equipped them with a short fragment of m. gallisepticum origin or replication (oric mg). we failed to create a disruption vector, although by adding a further short fragm ...201324278444
prevalence and differentiation of diseases in maryland backyard flocks.several epidemiologic surveillance studies have implicated backyard flocks as a reservoir for poultry diseases; however, much debate still exists over the risk these small flocks pose. to evaluate this concern, the prevalence of newcastle disease (nd), infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt), mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), and salmonella was determined in 39 maryland backyard flocks. serum, tracheal, and cloacal swabs were randomly collected from 262 birds throughout nine counties in maryland. throug ...201324283123
a multiplex real-time pcr for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from brazilian commercial poultry flocks.mycoplasma gallisepticum (ms) and mycoplasma synoviae (ms) are important avian pathogens and cause economic losses to the poultry industry. molecular biology techniques are currently used for a rapid detection of these pathogens and the adoption of control measures of the diseases. the aim of this study was to develop and validate a technique for simultaneous detection of mg and ms by multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the complete assay (multiplex mgms) was designed with prime ...201324294247
is mycoplasma synoviae outrunning mycoplasma gallisepticum? a viewpoint from the netherlands.mycoplasma gallisepticum and m. synoviae are the most relevant mycoplasma species for commercial poultry from the clinical and economic point of view. although the importance of m. gallisepticum was recognized many decades ago, the relevance of m. synoviae has been a matter of debate. until the turn of the century, only the respiratory and synovitis forms of the disease were reported, while the majority of infections were subclinical. since the year 2000 m. synoviae strains with oviduct tropism, ...201424397240
sequencing analysis of mycoplasma gallisepticum wild strains in vaccinated chicken breeder flocks.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection is still of continuing economic concern in commercial broiler breeder chicken flocks in egypt. mg infection continues to emerge despite the application of vaccination programs in breeder flocks. this prompted flock surveillance including mg isolation and molecular characterization of the circulating mg strains. the present study was concerned with 15 broiler breeder flocks of different ages (5-51 weeks). three flocks were apparently healthy and 12 flocks w ...201424525899
extended survival times of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae on kanekalon synthetic hair fibres.the survival times of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and mycoplasma synoviae (ms) on washed and unwashed natural and synthetic kanekalon hair samples over a 5-d period were evaluated using the color changing unit method for comparison with results of previous studies conducted on natural hair. regardless of whether synthetic or natural hair samples prewashed with a disinfectant shampoo were spiked with mg or ms, all viable organisms rapidly dropped below a count of 1 × 10(1)/ml of culture. unwash ...201424570416
metabolomic analysis of three mollicute species.we present a systematic study of three bacterial species that belong to the class mollicutes, the smallest and simplest bacteria, spiroplasma melliferum, mycoplasma gallisepticum, and acholeplasma laidlawii. to understand the difference in the basic principles of metabolism regulation and adaptation to environmental conditions in the three species, we analyzed the metabolome of these bacteria. metabolic pathways were reconstructed using the proteogenomic annotation data provided by our lab. the ...201424595068
cardiolipin synthetase is involved in antagonistic interaction (reverse camp phenomenon) of mycoplasma species with staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysis.mycoplasma hyorhinis has been implicated in a variety of swine diseases. however, little is known about the hemolytic capabilities of mycoplasma species in general or m. hyorhinis in particular. in this study, we show that m. hyorhinis possesses beta-hemolytic activity which may be involved in the invasion process. m. hyorhinis also possesses antagonistic cooperativity (reverse camp phenomenon) with staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysis, resulting in the protection of erythrocytes from the beta-h ...201424599982
infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum buffers the effects of acute stress on innate immunity in house finches.when wild animals become infected, they still must cope with the rigors of daily life, and, thus, they still can be exposed to acute stressors. the suite of physiological responses to acute stress includes modifying the innate immune system, but infections can also cause similar changes. we examined the effects of an acute stressor (capture stress) on leukocyte abundance and bacteria-killing ability (bka) in wild birds (house finches haemorhous mexicanus) with and without a naturally occurring i ...201424642543
evidence of trade-offs shaping virulence evolution in an emerging wildlife pathogen.in the mid-1990s, the common poultry pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) made a successful species jump to the eastern north american house finch haemorhous mexicanus (hm). subsequent strain diversification allows us to directly quantify, in an experimental setting, the transmission dynamics of three sequentially emergent geographic isolates of mg, which differ in the levels of pathogen load they induce. we find significant among-strain variation in rates of transmission as well as recovery. ...201424750277
a house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) spleen transcriptome reveals intra- and interspecific patterns of gene expression, alternative splicing and genetic diversity in passerines.with its plumage color dimorphism and unique history in north america, including a recent population expansion and an epizootic of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), the house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) is a model species for studying sexual selection, plumage coloration and host-parasite interactions. as part of our ongoing efforts to make available genomic resources for this species, here we report a transcriptome assembly derived from genes expressed in spleen.201424758272
effects of mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination on serum α1-acid glycoprotein concentrations in commercial layer chickens.increases in circulating acute phase protein (app) levels occur in reaction to systemic infections in animals. however, no previous research has been conducted to monitor possible changes in app levels of birds in response to prelay vaccinations of various live attenuated mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines in conjunction with their subsequent use as an overlay vaccine during the production period. serum concentrations of the app, α1-acid glycoprotein (agp), were determined on d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, an ...201424879689
effects of live and killed vaccines against mycoplasma gallisepticum on the performance characteristics of commercial layer chickens.different vaccine strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum have been used on multiple-age commercial layer farms in an effort to protect birds against virulent field-strain infections. use of the f-strain of m. gallisepticum (fmg), as an overlay vaccine during lay, may be necessary because of the lower level of protection afforded by m. gallisepticum vaccines of low virulence given before lay. two replicate trials were conducted to investigate effects of live and killed m. gallisepticum vaccines admi ...201424879690
[amyloidosis in turkeys (meleagris gallopavo f. domestica)--a case report].high prevalence of leg disorders in fattening meat turkey farm was observed. four birds as well as tracheal and joint swabs were submitted to the bavarian health and food safety authority in oberschleissheim and to the institute of poultry diseases, faculty of veterinary medicine, free university of berlin. at the post-mortem, all birds showed an inflammation of the hock joints (intertarsal joint). the histopatholical investigations revealed a chronic inflammation of the joint and amyloid deposi ...201424881274
simultaneous typing of nine avian respiratory pathogens using a novel gexp analyzer-based multiplex pcr assay.a new, rapid, and high-throughput genomelab gene expression profiler (gexp) analyzer-based multiplex pcr method was developed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of nine avian respiratory pathogens. the respiratory pathogens included in this study were avian influenza subtypes h5, h7, and h9, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms) and haemophilus paragallinarum ...201425025815
diverse wild bird host range of mycoplasma gallisepticum in eastern north america.emerging infectious diseases often result from pathogens jumping to novel hosts. identifying possibilities and constraints on host transfer is therefore an important facet of research in disease ecology. host transfers can be studied for the bacterium mycoplasma gallisepticum, predominantly a pathogen of poultry until its 1994 appearance and subsequent epidemic spread in a wild songbird, the house finch haemorhous mexicanus and some other wild birds. we screened a broad range of potential host s ...201425061684
reduction of hydrogen peroxide accumulation and toxicity by a catalase from mycoplasma iowae.mycoplasma iowae is a well-established avian pathogen that can infect and damage many sites throughout the body. one potential mediator of cellular damage by mycoplasmas is the production of h2o2 via a glycerol catabolic pathway whose genes are widespread amongst many mycoplasma species. previous sequencing of m. iowae serovar i strain 695 revealed the presence of not only genes for h2o2 production through glycerol catabolism but also the first documented mycoplasma gene for catalase, which degr ...201425127127
hydrogen peroxide production from glycerol metabolism is dispensable for virulence of mycoplasma gallisepticum in the tracheas of chickens.hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) is a by-product of glycerol metabolism in mycoplasmas and has been shown to cause cytotoxicity for cocultured eukaryotic cells. there appears to be selective pressure for mycoplasmas to retain the genes needed for glycerol metabolism. this has generated interest and speculation as to their function during infection. however, the actual effects of glycerol metabolism and h2o2 production on virulence in vivo have never been assessed in any mycoplasma species. to this end, ...201425156740
characterization of the chaperonin groel in mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a common and widespread cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. in this study, antigenic proteins were identified from mg membrane using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) analysis followed by western blot and matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms), including translation elongation factor tu, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (e2) component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, trigger factor, chaperon ...201525304689
pathomorphological studies of polyserositis in commercial caged layer chicken.to detect etiological agents and pathological changes associated with polyserositis in commercial layer chicken.201425312143
first identification of proteins involved in motility of mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum, the most pathogenic mycoplasma in poultry, is able to glide over solid surfaces. although this gliding motility was first observed in 1968, no specific protein has yet been shown to be involved in gliding. we examined m. gallisepticum strains and clonal variants for motility and found that the cytadherence proteins gapa and crma were required for gliding. loss of gapa or crma resulted in the loss of motility and hemadsorption and led to drastic changes in the characteri ...201425323771
transcriptome analysis reveals novel regulatory mechanisms in a genome-reduced bacterium.the avian bacterial pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum is a good model for systems studies due to small genome and simplicity of regulatory pathways. in this study, we used rna-seq and ms-based proteomics to accurately map coding sequences, transcription start sites (tsss) and transcript 3'-ends (t3es). we used obtained data to investigate roles of tsss and t3es in stress-induced transcriptional responses. we identified 1061 tsss at a false discovery rate of 10% and showed that almost all transcr ...201425361977
mycoplasma gallisepticum mga_0676 is a membrane-associated cytotoxic nuclease with a staphylococcal nuclease region essential for nuclear translocation and apoptosis induction in chicken cells.mycoplasma gallisepticum can infect a wide variety of birds including the commercial poultry. m. gallisepticum mga_0676 is a putative lipoprotein, which is similar to bacterial thermostable nucleases. but the possible pathogenic effect of m. gallisepticum mga_0676 has not been investigated so far. in the present study, we cloned the mga_0676 gene after deletion of the amino-terminal signal sequence and mutagenesis of the mycoplasma tga tryptophan codons to tgg and expressed recombinant mga_0676 ...201525363559
house finch responses to mycoplasma gallisepticum infection do not vary with experimentally increased aggression.aggression can alter infectious disease dynamics through two, non-exclusive mechanisms: 1) increasing direct contact among hosts and 2) altering hosts' physiological response to pathogens. here we examined the latter mechanism in a social songbird by manipulating intraspecific aggression in the absence of direct physical contact. we asked whether the extent of aggression an individual experiences alters glucocorticoid levels, androgen levels, and individual responses to infection in an ecologica ...201525387693
mycoplasma gallisepticum lipid associated membrane proteins up-regulate inflammatory genes in chicken tracheal epithelial cells via tlr-2 ligation through an nf-κb dependent pathway.mycoplasma gallisepticum-mediated respiratory inflammation in chickens is associated with accumulation of leukocytes in the tracheal submucosa. however the molecular mechanisms underpinning these changes have not been well described. we hypothesized that the initial inflammatory events are initiated upon ligation of mycoplasma lipid associated membrane proteins (lamp) to tlrs expressed on chicken tracheal epithelial cells (tec). to test this hypothesis, live bacteria or lamps isolated from a vir ...201425401327
development of a mycoplasma gallisepticum infection model in turkeys.mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in chickens and is also highly pathogenic in turkeys. several live attenuated m. gallisepticum vaccines are available for prevention of disease in chickens but they are considered to be either not safe or not efficacious in turkeys. the studies presented here aimed to develop a suitable infection model in turkeys, a prerequisite for development of a vaccine against m. gallisepticum for turkeys. two wild-type australian m. gallisepticum ...201525431001
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of the hybrid molecules between sulfonamides and active antimicrobial pleuromutilin derivative.a series of novel hybrid molecules between sulfonamides and active antimicrobial 14-o-(3-carboxy-phenylsulfide)-mutilin were synthesized, and their in vitro antibacterial activities were evaluated by the broth microdilution. results indicated that these compounds displayed potent antimicrobial activities in vitro against various drug-susceptible and drug-resistant gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and mycoplasma. ...201525431015
the efficacy of mycoplasma gallisepticum k-strain live vaccine in broiler and layer chickens.the efficacy of a live mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) vaccine candidate (k-strain) was compared to commercially available vaccines in broiler-type chickens (trial 1) and layer-type chickens (trial 2). in trial 1, three-week-old broiler-type chickens were vaccinated via aerosol with k-strain or an f-strain vaccine. the vaccinated chickens and 10 non-vaccinated controls were subsequently challenged with virulent r-strain via aerosol at six weeks post vaccination; both k-strain and f-strain vaccinat ...201525571953
mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo induced antigens expressed during infection in chickens.until now only a few genes encoding virulence factors have been characterized in the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum. in order to identify candidate targets associated with infection we applied an immunoscreening technique-in vivo induced antigen technology (iviat)-to detect immunogens of m. gallisepticum strain rlow expressed preferentially during in vivo infection. we identified 13 in vivo-induced (ivi) proteins that correspond to different functional categories including: previously r ...201525575879
high seroprevalence of respiratory pathogens in hobby poultry.seroprevalence studies on respiratory pathogens have been done extensively in commercial laying hens, broilers, and, to a lesser extent, backyard poultry. in europe, seroprevalence studies in backyard and fancy breed poultry flocks are scarce and limited to a few pathogens, such as mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg); others, such as ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort), are missing. a commercial elisa for detection of antibodies against six selected pathogens was performed on 460 serum samples from ...201425619008
molecular detection of avian pathogens in poultry red mite (dermanyssus gallinae) collected in chicken farms.poultry red mite (prm, dermanyssus gallinae) is a blood-sucking ectoparasite as well as a possible vector of several avian pathogens. in this study, to define the role of prm in the prevalence of avian infectious agents, we used polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to check for the presence of seven pathogens: avipox virus (apv), fowl adenovirus (fadv), marek's disease virus (mdv), erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (er), salmonella enterica (se), mycoplasma synoviae (ms) and mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). ...201425649939
cloning, expression, and antigenic characterization of recombinant protein of mycoplasma gallisepticum expressed in escherichia coli.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a member of the most important avian mycoplasmas, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and leading to important economic losses in the poultry industry. recombinant technology represents a strategic approach used to achieve highly reliable and specific diagnostic tests in veterinary diseases control: in particular this aspect is crucial for confirming mycoplasma infection and for maintaining mycoplasma-free breeder flocks. in this study, we identified ...201525667423
evolution of pathogen virulence across space during an epidemic.we explore pathogen virulence evolution during the spatial expansion of an infectious disease epidemic in the presence of a novel host movement trade-off, using a simple, spatially explicit mathematical model. this work is motivated by empirical observations of the mycoplasma gallisepticum invasion into north american house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) populations; however, our results likely have important applications to other emerging infectious diseases in mobile hosts. we assume that infect ...201525674688
polymerase chain reaction-based discrimination of viable from non-viable mycoplasma gallisepticum.the present study was based on the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) of the 16s ribosomal nucleic acid (rrna) of mycoplasma for detection of viable mycoplasma gallisepticum. to determine the stability of m. gallisepticum 16s rrna in vitro, three inactivation methods were used and the suspensions were stored at different temperatures. the 16s rrna of m. gallisepticum was detected up to approximately 20-25 h at 37 °c, 22-25 h at 16 °c, and 23-27 h at 4 °c. the test, therefor ...201425686255
effects of different vaccine combinations against mycoplasma gallisepticum on the internal egg and eggshell characteristics of commercial layer chickens 1,2,3.live f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (fmg) vaccines are presently being used to help control field-strain mg outbreaks. however, they may exert some adverse effects on egg production. live strains of mg of lesser virulence as well as killed vaccines have little or no effect on egg production, but afford lower levels of protection. this has led to research investigating their use in combination with a subsequent overlay vaccination of fmg given later in the production cycle. in the present stud ...201525701207
longitudinal monitoring for respiratory pathogens in broiler chickens reveals co-infection of chlamydia psittaci and ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.chlamydia psittaci is prevalent in broiler chicken production. however, the role of c. psittaci in the respiratory disease complex needs to be clarified. our aim was to identify the time point when a c. psittaci infection appeared on a broiler farm and to examine the presence of other respiratory pathogens at that time. we focused on the 'major' respiratory pathogens occurring in belgian broilers, namely infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian metapneumovirus (ampv), ornithobacterium rhinotrach ...201525724936
effect of lonicera japonica extract on mycoplasma gallisepticum in naturally infected broiler flocks.1. in this study, the effect of chlorogenic acid extract from lonicera japonica thunb. on mycoplasma gallisepticum infections and the performance of broiler flocks was investigated. 2. a total of 360 ross-308 broiler chicks taken from m. gallisepticum seropositive flocks were divided equally into three groups designated as control (nothing administered), antibiotic (tylosin tartrate given for the first 3 d and d 20-22) and test group (chlorogenic acid extract given twice a day on d 16 and 22). 3 ...201525731588
ex vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of valnemulin against mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 in mycoplasma gallisepticum and escherichia coli co-infected chickens.pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) indices against mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) s6 were investigated in an ex vivo pk/pd model following oral administration of valnemulin to chickens co-infected with m. gallisepticum and escherichia coli. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) for valnemulin against mg s6 in artificial medium and chicken serum were determined. in vitro time-killing curves were established according to a series of multiples of the mic value in an artificial medium ...201525744809
mycoplasma gallisepticum inactivated by targeting the hydrophobic domain of the membrane preserves surface lipoproteins and induces a strong immune response.an innovative approach for inactivation of mycoplasma gallisepticum using the hydrophobic photoinduced alkylating probe 1, 5-iodonaphthylazide (ina) is described. treatment of washed m. gallisepticum mid-exponential culture (0.2 mg cell protein /ml) with ina followed by irradiation with far-ultraviolet light (310-380 nm) completely abolished viability. transmission electron microscopy showed that the majority of the inactivated m. gallisepticum were comparable in size to intact cells, but that p ...201525781939
in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of valnemulin in an experimental intratracheal mycoplasma gallisepticum infection model.valnemulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic derivative, is greatly active against mycoplasma. the objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of valnemulin against mycoplasma gallisepticum in a neutropenic intratracheal model in chickens using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk-pd) method. the pk of valnemulin after intramuscular (i.m.) administration at doses of 1, 10, and 20 mg/kg of body weight in m. gallisepticum-infected neutropenic chickens was evaluated by liquid ...201525845865
immune responses of wild birds to emerging infectious diseases.over the past several decades, outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (eids) in wild birds have attracted worldwide media attention, either because of their extreme virulence or because of alarming spillovers into agricultural animals or humans. the pathogens involved have been found to infect a variety of bird hosts ranging from relatively few species (e.g. trichomonas gallinae) to hundreds of species (e.g. west nile virus). here we review and contrast the immune responses that wild birds ar ...201525847450
construction of a cell-surface display system based on the n-terminal domain of ice nucleation protein and its application in identification of mycoplasma adhesion proteins.to construct and demonstrate a surface display system that could be used to identify mycoplasma adhesion proteins.201525857598
mycoplasma iowae: relationships among oxygen, virulence, and protection from oxidative stress.the poultry-associated bacterium mycoplasma iowae colonizes multiple sites in embryos, with disease or death resulting. although m. iowae accumulates in the intestinal tract, it does not cause disease at that site, but rather only in tissues that are exposed to atmospheric o2. the activity of m. iowae catalase, encoded by kate, is capable of rapid removal of damaging h2o2 from solution, and kate confers a substantial reduction in the amount of h2o2 produced by mycoplasma gallisepticum kate trans ...201525880161
response of black-capped chickadees to house finch mycoplasma gallisepticum.tests for the presence of pathogen dna or antibodies are routinely used to survey for current or past infections. in diseases that emerge following a host jump estimates of infection rate might be under- or overestimated. we here examine whether observed rates of infection are biased for a non-focal host species in a model system. the bacterium mycoplasma gallisepticum is a widespread pathogen in house finches (haemorhous mexicanus), a fringillid finch, but an unknown proportion of individuals o ...201525880849
experimental pathology of t-2 toxicosis and mycoplasma infection on performance and hepatic functions of broiler chickens.this experiment was conducted using 192 day-old ross 308 chicks, divided into 4 groups of 4 replicate consisting 48 birds. group i was fed a control diet, group ii was fed control diet supplemented with 0.5 ppm t-2 toxin for 5 weeks, group iii was fed control diet supplemented with 8 × 10(8) cfu/ml of mycoplasma gallisepticum, and group iv was fed control diet supplemented by t-2 toxin and mycoplasma gallisepticum. body weight and feed conversation ratio (fcr), relative organ weights, clinical s ...201525910901
evaluation of the egg transmission and pathogenicity of mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates genotyped as ts-11.live mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines are used for the control of respiratory disease, egg production losses and egg transmission associated with m. gallisepticum infection in long-lived poultry. the first field case of apparent increased virulence and vertical transmission of ts-11, a live m. gallisepticum vaccine, has been reported. in that study a m. gallisepticum isolate from the broiler progeny of ts-11-vaccinated breeders was genotyped as ts-11 by sequence analysis of four different genet ...201525925422
identification and functional characterization of toll-like receptor 2-1 in geese.toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2), an important pattern recognition receptor, activates proinflammatory pathways in response to various pathogens. it has been reported in humans and chicken, but not in geese, an important waterfowl species in china. since some vaccines stimulate robust immune responsesl in chicken but not in geeeses we speculated that their immune systems are different.201525967535
evaluation of the capacity of pcr and high-resolution melt curve analysis for identification of mixed infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum strains.pathogenicity and presentation of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection may differ from one strain to another and this may have implications on control measures. infection of individual birds with more than one mg strain has been reported. a pcr followed by high resolution melt (hrm) curve analysis has been developed in our laboratory and routinely used for detection and differentiation of mg strains. however the potential of this test for identification of mg strains in a mixed specimen has n ...201525970590
a survey of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synovaie with avian influenza h9 subtype in meat-type chicken in jordan between 2011-2015.commercial chickens in jordan suffer from respiratory disease of undetermined etiology. this study was designed to document the involvement of avian influenza virus (aiv) h9 subtype, mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), and mycoplasma synoviae (ms) in this respiratory disease. in this study, trachea swabs from 350 commercial broiler chicken flocks that suffered from respiratory disease were tested for aiv h9 subtype by using reverse transcription (rt)-pcr and for mg and ms by using pcr. pcr and rt-pcr ...201525971950
the effect of an alternate start codon on heterologous expression of a phoa fusion protein in mycoplasma gallisepticum.while the genomes of many mycoplasma species have been sequenced, there are no collated data on translational start codon usage, and the effects of alternate start codons on gene expression have not been studied. analysis of the annotated genomes found that atg was the most prevalent translational start codon among mycoplasma spp. however in mycoplasma gallisepticum a gtg start codon is commonly used in the vlha multigene family, which encodes a highly abundant, phase variable lipoprotein adhesi ...201526010086
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting a gene within the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the pdha gene, for rapid detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum infections impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry. in the current study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed and optimized to detect m. gallisepticum based on a gene within the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the pdha gene, which codes for the major subunit (e1α) in the complex. the reaction conditions were optimized, and the specificity was confirmed by successful amplification of several m. gallisepticum strains, wh ...201526038479
the impact of deposition site on vaccination efficiency of a live bacterial poultry vaccine.vaccines are utilized within the poultry industry to minimize disease-associated losses and spray vaccination is a commonly utilized means for the mass application of poultry vaccines. during this process, vaccine-laden particles are deposited upon target areas (e.g., eyes, nares, and oral cavity) resulting in the direct internalization of the vaccine. however, particles are also deposited on nontarget areas such as the exterior of the subject and its surrounding environment. to better determine ...201526049801
effects of different vaccine combinations against mycoplasma gallisepticum on blood characteristics in commercial layer chickens.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a major and economically significant pathogen of avian species. when administered before lay, f-strain mg (fmg) can reduce egg production during lay, but the ts-11 strain of mg (ts11mg) does not exert this effect. two trials were conducted to determine the effects of pre-lay vaccinations of ts11mg, mg-bacterin (mgbac), or their combination, in conjunction with an fmg challenge overlay after peak production on the blood characteristics of commercial layers. in eac ...201526217033
characterization of triosephosphate isomerase from mycoplasma gallisepticum.triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) is a glycolytic enzyme that is essential for efficient energy production in many pathogens. however, its function in mycoplasma gallisepticum has not been fully elucidated. in this study, the mga0357 gene of m. gallisepticum, which encodes tpia (mgtpia), was amplified and expressed in escherichia coli by iptg induction. the purified recombinant mgtpia protein exhibited catalytic activity that was similar to tpi from rabbit muscle, reducing nad(+) to nadh. the mgtp ...201526319024
application of molecular and serological methods for rapid detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection (avian mycoplasmosis).mycoplasma infection is a major problem in veterinary medicine and in poultry production. the pathogen has many strains, so that diagnosis of the disease using culture method is not effective. the objective of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in kuwait poultry farms using serology and molecular methods in comparison to the culture under specific conditions. a total of 50 swab samples from choanal cleft and tracheal samples and blood samples were obtained ...201526364358
feeder use predicts both acquisition and transmission of a contagious pathogen in a north american songbird.individual heterogeneity can influence the dynamics of infectious diseases in wildlife and humans alike. thus, recent work has sought to identify behavioural characteristics that contribute disproportionately to individual variation in pathogen acquisition (super-receiving) or transmission (super-spreading). however, it remains unknown whether the same behaviours enhance both acquisition and transmission, a scenario likely to result in explosive epidemics. here, we examined this possibility in a ...201526378215
expression and immunological characteristics of the surface-localized pyruvate kinase in mycoplasma gallisepticum.the widespread avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum is a causative agent of respiratory disease. the wall-less prokaryotes lack some tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, therefore, the glycolysis metabolic pathway is of great importance to these organisms. pyruvate kinase (pk) is one of the key enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and its immunological characteristics in mycoplasma are not well known. in this study, the m. gallisepticum pyruvate kinase fusion protein (pykf) was expressed in a pet ...201526456557
isolation and molecular characterization of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in chickens in sudan.the current study described the isolation and molecular detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and mycoplasma synoviae from tracheal swabs of diseased birds showing signs of respiratory distress in selected commercial (layer and broiler) farms and from yolk and an open air of pens of vaccinated breeder flocks in sudan. a number of 45 mycoplasma isolates were recovered from chickens in khartoum, gezira, and equatoria states in sudan. of these, eight mg and three ms isolates were identified us ...201326464902
effects of different vaccine combinations against mycoplasma gallisepticum on the digestive and reproductive organ characteristics of commercial egg-laying hens.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a major and economically significant pathogen of avian species. when administered before lay, f-strain mg (fmg) can reduce egg production during lay, but the ts-11 strain of mg (ts11mg) does not exert this effect. two trials were conducted to determine the effects of pre-lay vaccinations of ts11mg, mg-bacterin (mgbac), or their combination, in conjunction with an fmg vaccination overlay after peak production on the digestive and reproductive organ characteristics ...201526467015
co-infection with multiple respiratory pathogens contributes to increased mortality rates in algerian poultry flocks.respiratory infections are a common cause for increased mortality rates in poultry worldwide. to improve intervention strategies, circulating pathogens have to be identified and further characterized. because of the lack of diagnostic tools, it was not known what pathogens contribute to the high mortality rates in association with respiratory disease in algeria. our objective was to determine if primary pathogens including mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), avian influenza ...201526478165
gexp analyzer-based multiplex reverse-transcription pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eleven duck viruses.duck viral pathogens primarily include the avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5, h7, and h9; duck hepatitis virus (dhv); duck tembusu virus (dtmuv); egg drop syndrome virus (edsv); duck enteritis virus (dev); newcastle disease virus (ndv); duck circovirus (ducv); muscovy duck reovirus (mdrv); and muscovy duck parvovirus (mdpv). these pathogens cause great economic losses to china's duck breeding industry.201526518004
interaction of mycoplasma gallisepticum with chicken tracheal epithelial cells contributes to macrophage chemotaxis and activation.mycoplasma gallisepticum colonizes the chicken respiratory mucosa and mediates a severe inflammatory response hallmarked by subepithelial leukocyte infiltration. we recently reported that the interaction of m. gallisepticum with chicken tracheal epithelial cells (tecs) mediated the upregulation of chemokine and inflammatory cytokine genes in these cells (s. majumder, f. zappulla, and l. k. silbart, plos one 9:e112796, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112796). the current study extends the ...201526527215
mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain) surface lipoprotein pmga interacts with host apolipoprotein a-i during infection in chicken.the adhesin protein from mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain), namely pmga1.2, is required for m. gallisepticum (mg) infection in chicken. however, the host factor(s) that interact with pmga1.2 is not known. in this study, we prepared the membrane fraction of trachea epithelial cells from chicken embryos. using an improved virus overlay protein blot assay (vopba) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) pull-down assay, we found that pmga1.2 specifically bound to a ∼30 kda host protein. this host pro ...201626549235
global changes in mycoplasma gallisepticum phase-variable lipoprotein gene vlha expression during in vivo infection of the natural chicken host.mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary etiologic agent of chronic respiratory disease in poultry, a disease largely affecting the respiratory tract and causing significant economic losses worldwide. immunodominant proteins encoded by members of the variable lipoprotein and hemagglutinin (vlha) gene family are thought to be important for mechanisms of m. gallisepticum-host interaction, pathogenesis, and immune evasion, but their exact role and the overall nature of their phase variation are unkn ...201526553465
proteomic analysis of tylosin-resistant mycoplasma gallisepticum reveals enzymatic activities associated with resistance.mycoplasma gallisepticum is a significant pathogenic bacterium that infects poultry, causing chronic respiratory disease and sinusitis in chickens and turkeys, respectively. m. gallisepticum infection poses a substantial economic threat to the poultry industry, and this threat is made worse by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. the mechanisms of resistance are often difficult to determine; for example, little is known about antibiotic resistance of m. gallisepticum at the proteome le ...201526584633
seroepidemiologic survey of potential pathogens in obligate and facultative scavenging avian species in california.throughout the world, populations of scavenger birds are declining rapidly with some populations already on the brink of extinction. much of the current research into the factors contributing to these declines has focused on exposure to drug residues, lead, and other toxins. despite increased monitoring of these declining populations, little is known about infectious diseases affecting scavenger bird species. to assess potential infectious disease risks to both obligate and facultative scavenger ...201526606755
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