Publications

high resolution melting pcr to differentiate mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis"cattle type" and "sheep type".	in this study, we describe a novel hrm-pcr assay that clearly differentiates the two main types of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (cattle and sheep) based on the polymorphic variation of a previously described tandem repeat. this modern genotyping technique has several advantages over alternative methods, including cost, ease of use and rapidity.	2012	22033498
culture and molecular method for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and dairy products.	a combined molecular and cultural method for the detection of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was developed and tested with artificially contaminated milk and dairy products. results indicate that the method can be used for a reliable detection as a basis for first risk assessments.	2012	22057864
Spatial differences in occurrence of paratuberculosis in Danish dairy herds and in control programme participation.	Paratuberculosis is a chronic infection of economic importance to the cattle industry and a voluntary control programme is offered to Danish dairy farmers. Our objective was to evaluate spatial differences in both control programme participation and paratuberculosis prevalence in Denmark. The study included 4414 dairy herds: 1249 were participating in the control programme, and 1503 were tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Spatial differences were evaluate ...	2012	21974816
crohn's disease and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: the need for a study is long overdue.	the initial suggestion that mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) might be involved in the pathogenesis of crohn's disease (cd) was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with cd with those present in cattle infected with map, the etiological agent of johne's disease (jd). recent investigations have now revealed the presence of map or map dna in blood or lesions from adults and children with cd. of special interest, map has also been found in patient ...	2011	22209202
bola-drb3 exon 2 mutations associated with paratuberculosis in cattle.	a single nucleotide polymorphism at the antigen recognition site of the bovine leucocyte antigen (bola) drb3 gene was assessed in healthy and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) - infected cattle, in order to determine if there was a correlation between mutations and altered susceptibility to infection. of a sample of 200 animals, 19.6% were found to be infected with map. pcr - single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of the bola drb3 gene found 19 genotypes (16 in the he ...	2011	21930402
evaluation of the in vitro activity of gallium nitrate against mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.	to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of various field isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) to gallium nitrate.	2011	21879983
immunogenicity of eight mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis specific antigens in dna vaccinated and map infected mice.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the etiological agent of chronic enteritis of the small intestine in domestic and wild ruminants, causes substantial losses to livestock industry. control of this disease is seriously hampered by the lack of adequate diagnostic tools and vaccines. here we report on the immunogenicity of eight map specific antigens, i.e. map1693c, ag3, map2677c (identified by post-genomic and immunoproteomic analysis of map secretome) and ag5, ag6, map1637c, map0 ...	2011	22088673
[possible association between mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection and crohn's disease].	paratuberculosis is a chronic intestinal disease of animals caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), which has some pathological features similar to crohn's disease (cd) in humans. the presence of map in food for human consumption and in affected tissues of patients with cd has been detected. therefore, a causal association between this microorganism and the disease in humans, has been postulated. however, several related studies have failed to confirm this hypothesis and the ...	2011	22051762
novel mycobacteria antigen 85 complex binding motif on fibronectin.	the members of the antigen 85 protein family (ag85), consisting of members ag85a, ag85b, and ag85c, are the predominantly secreted proteins of mycobacteria and possess the ability to specifically interact with fibronectin (fn). because fn-binding proteins are likely to be important virulence factors of mycobacterium spp., ag85 may contribute to the adherence, invasion, and dissemination of organisms in host tissue. in this study, we reported the fn binding affinity of ag85a, ag85b, and ag85c fro ...	2011	22128161
intestinal infection following aerosol challenge of calves with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.	abstract: a challenge experiment was performed to investigate whether administration of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) via the respiratory route leads to map infection in calves. eighteen calves from test negative dams were randomly allocated to four groups. six calves were challenged with map nasally and six calves were challenged by transtracheal injection; three orally challenged calves served as positive controls, and three non challenged calves as negative controls. the c ...	2011	22136728
antibodies recognizing mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis epitopes cross-react with the beta-cell antigen znt8 in sardinian type 1 diabetic patients.	the environmental factors at play in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (t1d) remain enigmatic. mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is transmitted from dairy herds to humans through food contamination. map causes an asymptomatic infection that is highly prevalent in sardinian t1d patients compared with type 2 diabetes (t2d) and healthy controls. moreover, map elicits humoral responses against several mycobacterial proteins. we asked whether antibodies (abs) against one of thes ...	2011	22046415
Treatment and chemoprophylaxis for paratuberculosis.	There is no definitive cure for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections, but several therapeutic agents may be used to alleviate clinical signs of Johne’s disease (JD) in ruminants of significant value. Treatment has to be maintained for the life of the animal and treated animals usually continue to shed MAP. No drugs are approved for treatment of JD in the United States; any drug use is “extra-label.” Isoniazid, rifampin, and clofazimine are most commonly used for treatment ...	2011	22023833
Evaluation of the risk of paratuberculosis in adult cows fed Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis DNA-positive or -negative colostrum as calves.	To estimate the risk of subclinical Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in cows that ingested MAP DNA-positive raw colostrum as calves, compared with risk in cows that ingested MAP DNA-negative raw colostrum as calves.	2011	22023123
mycobacterium paratuberculosis and autism: is this a trigger?	autism is a heterogeneous group of life-long neurologic problems that begin in childhood. success in efforts to understand and treat autism has been mostly elusive. the role of autoimmunity in autism has gained recognition both for associated systemic autoimmune disease and the presence of brain autoantibodies in autistic children and their family members. there is an acknowledged genetic susceptibility to autism--most notably allotypes of complement c4. c4 defects are associated with several au ...	2011	21903338
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in naturally exposed dairy heifers and associated risk factors.	an observational prospective study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with fecal shedding of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) in naturally exposed dairy heifers. the study population consisted of heifers from 8 dairy herds in michigan participating in a map control demonstration project. ten heifers from 4 age groups (0 to 3, 4 to 6, 7 to 14, and 15 to 24 mo) were selected from each herd every 4 mo for 28 mo and tested for the presence of map by fecal culture (fc). ...	2011	21854939
evaluation of the immunogenicity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) stress-associated recombinant proteins.	the aim of this study was to assess the humoral immune responses in map-infected and uninfected sheep against 27 map stress-associated recombinant proteins that were regulated in in vitro models of physiological stress. these include evaluation of 5 proteins, which were previously reported by gumber et al. (2009b), using serum samples from sheep with a wide range of disease stages. for purification of recombinant his-tagged proteins expressed as an insoluble protein, on-column refolding purifica ...	2011	21920675
correlation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis counts in gastrointestinal tract, muscles of the diaphragm and the masseter of dairy cattle and potential risk for consumers.	tissues of cattle intended for human consumption can be contaminated by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). although different studies attribute varying roles of map in crohn's disease progression it is thought that the exposure of humans to this bacterium should in any case be minimised. in this study, we have collected samples of intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, muscles of diaphragm (musculus diaphragma) and masseter muscles (musculus masseter) from twenty-five cows in a slaug ...	2011	22015242
where are the weapons of mass destruction − the mycobacterium paratuberculosis in crohn's disease?		2011	22115388
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in skeletal muscle and blood of ewes from a sheep farm in new zealand.	to determine whether viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is present in skeletal muscle and blood in ewes with and without johne's disease confirmed histologically.	2011	21851301
predicting fadeout versus persistence of paratuberculosis in a dairy cattle herd for management and control purposes: a modelling study.	abstract: epidemiological models enable to better understand the dynamics of infectious diseases and to assess ex-ante control strategies. for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), possible transmission routes have been described, but map spread in a herd and the relative importance of the routes are currently insufficiently understood to prioritize control measures. we aim to predict early after map introduction in a dairy cattle herd whether infection is likely to fade out or pers ...	2011	21324117
food safety concerns regarding paratuberculosis.	both ante mortem and post mortem contamination of foods of animal origin commonly occurs. food manufacturing practices fail to reliably kill mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) due to its innate resistance to heat and other physical factors. while medical science does not agree on the human health consequences of map exposure, this potentially zoonotic pathogen is found in a significant proportion of people with a disease bearing marked similarity to johne’s disease (ie, crohn’s di ...	2011	22023841
characterization of the long-term immune response to vaccination against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in danish dairy cows.	vaccination of cattle against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) provides partial protection by delayed shedding of map and reduced numbers of clinically affected animals. the duration of vaccine induced immune response is not known. the primary objective of this study was therefore to characterize the long-term effect of whole-cell based vaccination against map on the immune response. a secondary objective was to evaluate whether immunodiagnosis of map and mycobacterium bovis inf ...	2011	22188784
high-resolution melting for analysis of short sequence repeats in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	analysis of micro- and minisatellite loci is widely used in sub-typing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. microsatellite (short sequence repeat, ssr) loci have shown highest discriminatory power, but direct sequencing of amplicons is required for correct assignment of the repeat number. we developed an alternative method to sequencing, focusing on the ssr8 locus (constituted by ggt triplets from three to six repeats). the approach is based on asymmetric quantitative pcr, followed by ...	2011	22092714
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis attenuated mutants against challenge in a mouse model.	johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), results in serious economic losses worldwide especially in cattle, sheep and goats. to control the impact of jd on the animal industry, an effective vaccine with minimal adverse effects is urgently required. in order to develop an effective vaccine, we used allelic exchange to construct three mutant map strains, leud, mpt64 and seca2. the mutants were attenuated in a murine model and induced cytokine responses in ...	2011	22107851
effect of vaccination and natural infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on specificity of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).	to assess the effect of vaccination against paratuberculosis (johne's disease) on reactivity to diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis (tb) in deer exposed to natural challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), and to investigate map infection as a factor in tb test cross-reactivity at the herd level.	2011	21851298
pathogenesis of paratuberculosis.	paratuberculosis in ruminants is characterized by oral ingestion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), followed by a long incubation period during which time map is able to survive within the host’s macrophages. initially the infection is held in check by the host’s cell-mediated immune response, but gradually the host loses control of the infection. the infection incites a granulomatous inflammatory response in intestinal tissue and mesenteric lymph nodes, resulting in protein-l ...	2011	22023832
control of paratuberculosis in dairy herds.	control of johne’s disease in dairy herds involves 3 basic steps: prevent exposure of calves to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), identify and eliminate map-infected cows from the herd, and prevent entry of map-infected animals into the herd. tailoring jd control programs to each specific dairy requires education of the producer and a full understanding of his/her goals, objectives, and resources.	2011	22023838
immunoregulatory cytokines are associated with protection from immunopathology following mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in red deer.	although the causative agent of johne's disease, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is well known, the etiology of disease and the immune responses generated in response to infection are still poorly understood. knowledge of definitive markers of protective immunity, infection, and the establishment of chronic granulomatous johne's disease is necessary to advance vaccine and diagnostic development. we sought to profile the immune responses occurring within jejunal lymph nodes of experi ...	2011	21321071
Paratuberculosis in captive and free-ranging wildlife.	All ruminant species, exotic or domestic, captive or free-ranging, are susceptible to disease and death due to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Young ruminants are the most prone to infection through fecal-oral transmission. Fatal Johne’s disease cases have occurred in numerous zoologic hoofstock collections and thus MAP infection is of concern for an industry focused on conserving rare individual animals and their genetics. Diagnosis is best based on MAP detection by ...	2011	22023840
altered patterns of toll-like receptor gene expression in cull cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	johne's disease caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic enteric disease of cattle. the mechanism how map can co-exist in the gastro-intestinal tract despite a massive infiltration of immune cells is not known. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are known to play an important role in both innate and acquired immune responses but it is unclear what role different tlrs play in response to map. in this study, 38 cull cows from herds infected with map were classified into fo ...	2011	22078656
Paratuberculosis control: a review with a focus on vaccination.	ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection causes in ruminants a regional chronic enteritis that is increasingly being recognized as a significant problem affecting animal health, farming and the food industry due to the high prevalence of the disease and to recent research data strengthening the link between the pathogen and human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Control of the infection through hygiene-management measures and test and culling of positive animals has ...	2011	22035107
validation and standardization of is900 and f57 real-time quantitative pcr assays for the specific detection and quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease and may contribute to the onset and development of crohn's disease in humans. rapid detection of map is fundamental because of its reported isolation from pasteurized milk and its potential for transmission through environmental sources. in this study, we developed two independent real-time quantitative pcr assays targeting the is900 genetic insertion sequence and the f57 sequence, which proved capable of ...	2011	21510779
polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rpob gene for identification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and differentiation of mycobacterium avium subspecies.	mycobacterial speciation by polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (pra) of the rpob gene was evaluated for identification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and other mycobacterium avium complex (mac) members to the species or subspecies level by comparison with conventional methods including hsp65 sequencing, high-performance liquid chromatography, and pcr for accepted species- or subspecies-specific genomic targets. a total of 185 t ...	2011	21429694
Mediation of Host Immune Responses after Immunization of Neonatal Calves with a Heat-Killed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Vaccine.	A major drawback of current whole-cell vaccines for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the interference with diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis (TB) and paratuberculosis. The current study was designed to explore the effects of immunization with a heat-killed whole-cell vaccine (Mycopar) on diagnostic test performance and to characterize host immune responses to vaccination over a 12-month period. Neonatal dairy calves were assigned to treatment groups consisting of (i) control ...	2011	22030370
tuberculosis in goats: assessment of current in vivo cell-mediated and antibody-based diagnostic assays.	tuberculosis in goats, mainly caused by mycobacterium bovis and m. caprae, is a zoonotic disease with implications for public health, as well as having an economic impact due to decreased goat production, increased mortality rates and costs of diagnosis. there is an increasing need for surveillance of tuberculosis-infected goat herds, particularly in countries that are not officially free of bovine tuberculosis, and goats sharing farms with cattle should be subjected to the official tuberculin t ...	2011	21388843
Genetic susceptibility to paratuberculosis.	Multiple studies indicate that host animal genetics play a role in susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. However, due to differences in methods used to define MAP-infected animals and controls and differences in methods of genetic analysis, there is as yet no clear consensus on the genes or markers to reliably define the MAP infection susceptibility of any animal species. Meta-analysis of combined studies and larger studies will help resolve the situation ...	2011	22023834
Ovine paratuberculosis: a seroprevalence study in dairy flocks reared in the marche region, Italy.	In order to fulfil the seroprevalence gap on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in ovine dairy farms of Marche region (central Italy), a stratified study was carried out on 2086 adult female sheep randomly chosen from 38 herds selected in Ancona and Macerata provinces. 73.7% flocks resulted infected by a commercial ELISA test (Pourquier, France), with a mean seroprevalence of 6.29% of sampled sheep in both provinces. A higher number of MAP seropositive ewes was recorded in the ...	2011	21876850
control of paratuberculosis in beef cattle.	as with any susceptible livestock species, the key to control of paratuberculosis in beef cattle is to reduce exposure of the susceptible calves to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map)–contaminated feces. because beef calves remain with mature, potentially shedding cattle until weaning, control strategies are aimed at providing an environment with the least possible fecal burden and removing map shedders as soon as possible. testing and culling or separation may be more important in ...	2011	22023837
outcome of three commercial serum elisas and faecal detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in consecutive samples from a cattle herd with low prevalence of paratuberculosis (johne's disease).	paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in ruminants is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). owing to the lack of accurate laboratory tests, diagnosis is challenging in subclinically infected cattle. to evaluate the long-term performance of serum elisas for the detection of paratuberculosis in a dairy herd with low map-prevalence, three investigations of all the cows and the consecutive testing of 33 cows suspected to be infected with map and 30 cows classified as map free wer ...	2011	21884035
soil and plant contamination with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis after exposure to naturally contaminated mouflon feces.	the aim of this study was to demonstrate the persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in soil and colonization of different plant parts after deliberate exposure to mouflon feces naturally contaminated with different amounts of map. samples of aerial parts of plants, their roots, and the soil below the roots were collected after 15 weeks and examined using is900 real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) and cultivation. although the presence of viable map cells was not demonstrat ...	2011	21279514
how accurately can we detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection?	mycobacteria have thwarted detection by scientists for centuries. mycobacterium paratuberculosis is one of the most fastidious of the mycobacteriaceae, and has been implicated in both animal and human diseases. in domestic livestock, m. paratuberculosis has been associated with johne's disease, which given its increasing incidence, is currently a cause for concern, due to the potential for m. paratuberculosis to enter our food chain. in addition, a tenuous link has been reported between m. parat ...	2011	21281678
amplified fragment length polymorphism reveals specific epigenetic distinctions between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates of various isolation types.	amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) was employed as a genetic analysis tool for the study of the genetic relatedness of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates harvested from bovine fecal samples and from bovine or human tissues. this analysis revealed genetic differences between these two isolate types that were confirmed through cluster analysis. dendrogram analysis separated these two isolate types based on the isolation scheme (tissue-associated versus fecal m. avium s ...	2011	21471350
crohn's disease: evidence for involvement of unregulated transcytosis in disease etio-pathogenesis.	crohn's disease (cd) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. research has identified genetic predisposition and environmental factors as key elements in the development of the disease. however, the precise mechanism that initiates immune activation remains undefined. one pathway for luminal antigenic molecules to enter the sterile lamina propria and activate an immune response is via transcytosis. transcytosis, although tightly regulated by the cell, has the potential for transepithelial transp ...	2011	21472099
presence of intestinal mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) dna is not associated with altered mmp expression in ulcerative colitis.	mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is suspected to be a causative agent in human crohn's disease (cd). recent evidence suggests that pathogenic mycobacteria and map can induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (mmp), which are the main proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal ulcerations in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). within this study we assessed the prevalence of intestinal map specific dna in patients with crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (uc), and health ...	2011	21477272
experimental infection of a bovine model with human isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the etiologic agent of johne's disease (jd) in ruminants, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of crohn's disease (cd) in humans. we developed a bovine ileal cannulation model to facilitate comparison of the immune response to map and the mechanisms of pathogenesis in cattle and humans. initial studies showed a t cannula could be maintained for up to a year in calves without inducing inflammation or adversely affecting intestinal function. ma ...	2011	21477870
biomarker discovery for ovine paratuberculosis (johne's disease) by proteomic serum profiling.	paratuberculosis (johne's disease) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting ruminants and other species. it is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). in this study, surface enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (seldi tof-ms) was used as a platform to identify candidate biomarkers from sheep serum. multivariate biomarker models which aimed to differentiate sheep with paratuberculosis and vaccinated-exposed sheep from unexposed animals w ...	2011	21481470
review of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigen candidates with diagnostic potential.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is a slow growing bacterium that can infect ruminants and remain latent for years without development of any clinical signs or disease. diagnosis is often based on detection of map antibodies in milk or serum samples or culture of bacteria from faeces; however, these diagnostic tools are often not applicable until years after infection. detection of map specific cell-mediated immune (cmi) responses can serve as an alternative and be implemented i ...	2011	21481549
fecal detection of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis using the is900 dna sequence in crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients and healthy subjects.	background and aim: despite the increasing evidence of map/dna isolation in crohn's disease (cd), its potential pathogenetic role remains unclear. to further clarify the possible relationship between map and cd, we investigated the presence of is900 dna fragment in feces from crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (uc) patients and from healthy controls (hc). methods: stool samples were collected from 31 cd, 20 uc, and 23 hc and stored at -20°c in 200-mg aliquots. dna was extracted. map presence ...	2011	21484317
decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and increased expression of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in paratuberculosis-infected cattle in the elisa-negative subclinical stage.	we investigated the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (mmp-9) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (timp-1) in peripheral blood cells from infected cattle with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in the elisa-negative subclinical stage compared with uninfected control cattle. significant decreased mmp-9 expression and increased timp-1 expression were found in peripheral blood cells from map-infected cattle after stimulation with map lysate and map purif ...	2011	21328105
survival of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in yoghurt and in commercial fermented milk products containing probiotic cultures.	to assess the survival of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) in yoghurt and commercial fermented milk products containing probiotic strains.	2011	21332899
structured approach to design of diagnostic test evaluation studies for chronic progressive infections in animals.	diagnostic test evaluations (dtes) for chronic infections are challenging because a protracted incubation period has to be considered in the design of the dte, and the adverse effects of infection may be widespread and progressive over an animal's entire life. frequently, the specific purpose of the test is not formally considered when a test is evaluated. therefore, the result is often a dte where test sensitivity and specificity estimates are biased, either because of problems with establishin ...	2011	21333467
characterization of the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis laminin-binding/histone-like protein (lbp/hlp) which reacts with sera from patients with crohn's disease.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes a chronic enteric disease in ruminants, called paratuberculosis or johne's disease. the current model proposes that after ingestion by the host, map crosses the intestinal barrier via internalization by the m cells. experimental observations suggest, however, that map may also transcytose the intestinal wall via the enterocytes, but the mechanisms involved in this process remain poorly understood. cytoadherence assays performed on epitheli ...	2011	21334452
what is mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis?		2011	21350052
paratuberculosis in european wild rabbits from the iberian peninsula.	of the non-ruminant wildlife species known to harbor mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map), the rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) is thought to pose the greatest risk of transmission to cattle. we analyzed 80 hunter-harvested wild rabbits from a core study area in southern spain, and sera from 157 wild rabbits sampled opportunistically on seven additional sites. gross lesions compatible with paratuberculosis were observed in two of 80 necropsied rabbits. histopathology revealed focal to diffus ...	2011	21367439
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy products, meat, and drinking water.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the cause of johne's disease, a chronic infection of the gut, in ruminant animals that provide milk and/or meat for human consumption. map also may be involved in crohn's disease and type 1 diabetes in humans. although the role of map in human diseases has not been established, minimizing the exposure of humans to the organism is considered desirable as a precautionary measure. infected animals can shed map in feces and milk, and the organism ...	2011	21375889
persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at a farm-scale biogas plant supplied with manure from paratuberculosis-affected dairy cattle.	in this study, products from all steps of anaerobic digestion at a farm-scale biogas plant supplied with manure from paratuberculosis-affected dairy cattle were examined and quantified for the presence of the causal agent of paratuberculosis, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, using culture and quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr). viable m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells were detected using culture in fermentors for up to 2 months; the presence of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis dn ...	2011	21398476
application of a peptide-mediated magnetic separation-phage assay for detection of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to bovine bulk tank milk and feces samples.	naturally contaminated bovine bulk tank milk (n = 44) and feces (n = 39) were tested for the presence of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a novel peptide-mediated magnetic separation-phage (pms-phage) assay. counts of viable m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells ranging from 1 to 110 pfu/50 ml of milk and 6 to 41,111 pfu/g of feces were indicated by the pms-phage assay.	2011	21411581
clarification on usda-animal and plant health inspection service estimates: a comment on.		2011	21426951
effect of management practices on paratuberculosis prevalence in danish dairy herds.	a voluntary risk-based control program on paratuberculosis in dairy cattle was initiated in denmark in 2006. cows were categorized as high-risk (antibody-positive at least once within the last 3 tests) or low-risk animals based on the results of 3 to 4 annual milk elisa detecting mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map)-specific antibodies. high-risk animals require management practices aimed at decreasing calf exposure to map-contaminated colostrum and milk, and feces originating from th ...	2011	21426974
highly specific and quick detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in feces and gut tissue of cattle and humans by multiple real-time pcr assays.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of johne's disease (jd) in cattle and may be associated with crohn's disease (cd) in humans. it is the slowest growing of the cultivable mycobacteria, and culture from clinical, veterinary, food, or environmental specimens can take 4 months or even longer. currently, the insertion element is900 is used to detect m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis dna. however, closely related is900 elements are also present in other mycobacteria, t ...	2011	21430100
culture phenotypes of genomically and geographically diverse mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from different hosts.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in ruminants in most countries. historical data suggest substantial differences in culturability of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from small ruminants and cattle; however, a systematic comparison of culture media and isolates from different countries and hosts has not been undertaken. here, 35 field isolates from the united states, spain, northern ireland, and australia were propagated in bactec 12b ...	2011	21430104
comparative immunological and microbiological aspects of paratuberculosis as a model mycobacterial infection.	paratuberculosis or johne's disease of livestock, which is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), has increased in prevalence and expanded in geographic and host ranges over about 100 years. the slow and progressive spread of map reflects its substantial adaptation to its hosts, the technical limitations of diagnosis, the lack of practical therapeutic approaches, the lack of a vaccine that prevents transmission and the complexity and difficulty of the on-farm control strate ...	2011	21450348
culture of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) from blood and extra-intestinal tissues in experimentally infected sheep.	mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease or paratuberculosis, a chronic enteritis of ruminants, and has been suggested to play a role in crohn's disease in humans. while johne's disease is primarily expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, isolation of map from extra-intestinal tissues indicates that microbial dissemination via the haematogenous route may occur during the infection. consequently, the occurrence of mycobacteraemia and dissemi ...	2011	20609533
a longitudinal study to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a direct faecal quantitative pcr test for johne's disease in sheep.	a longitudinal study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic potential of the previously developed direct faecal real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay (kawaji et al., 2007) for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infected sheep. of the 58 sheep, 38 were orally inoculated with map, while 20 controls were maintained separately from the infected group throughout the trial. all animals were tested by qpcr, faecal culture and serum elisa pre-inoculation and at 4, 8 ...	2011	20729013
immunogenicity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins in crohn's disease patients.	the association between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and crohn's disease (cd) is supported by several studies reporting the detection or isolation of map from human tissues, but a direct association is still debatable.	2011	20735153
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map)-specific is900 dna and antibodies against map peptides and lysate in the blood of crohn's disease patients.		2011	20815038
the interleukin 10 response in ovine johne's disease.	johne's disease is an enteric mycobacterial infection of ruminants that has significant global economic impact. the classic host reaction is one of an early t-cell mediate immune response, with predominant interferon gamma (ifnγ) activity; there is subsequent lowering of this response as animals reach the terminal stages of disease. interleukin (il)-10, which can suppress th1-type and enhance th2-type cytokine production, is considered to play a role in the later stages of johne's disease. to de ...	2011	20817276
evaluation of the association between fecal excretion of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis and detection in colostrum and on teat skin surfaces of dairy cows.	to evaluate the association between fecal excretion of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) by dairy cows in the periparturient period and detection of map dna in colostrum specimens and on teat skin surfaces.	2011	21194328
hsp70 vaccination-induced antibodies recognize b cell epitopes in the cell wall of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.	mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) causes a chronic intestinal infection of ruminants and has been associated with the etiology of human crohn's disease. a map hsp70/dda subunit vaccine previously showed a significant reduction in fecal shedding of map in cattle, concomitant with pronounced antibody production against map hsp70, rather than t cell reactivity. our hypothesis is that if hsp70-specific antibodies are able to confer protection, the first requisite would be that th ...	2011	21199702
association of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis with crohn disease in pediatric patients.	the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) dna in intestinal biopsies from pediatric patients with granulomatous crohn disease (cd) or ulcerative colitis (uc), and matched control subjects without inflammatory bowel disease (ibd).	2011	21206379
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a longitudinal study of three dairy herds.	the objective of this study was to evaluate whether cows that were low shedders of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were passively shedding or truly infected with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. we also investigated whether it is possible that these m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected animals could have been infected as adults by contemporary high-shedding animals (supershedders). the m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates were obtained from a longitudinal study of three da ...	2011	21209171
control of paratuberculosis in sheep and goats.	control of paratuberculosis in small ruminants can be easily achieved by vaccination. vaccination prevents clinical cases and thus may lead to increased production at a highly profitable benefit-to-cost ratio. because bacterial shedding is greatly reduced, vaccination can help control the general contamination risks. there are no restrictions to vaccination in sheep, but potential interference with diagnosis of tuberculosis must be taken into account in goats. other control strategies have faile ...	2011	21215897
candidate gene and genome-wide association studies of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle and sheep: a review.	paratuberculosis (johne's disease), caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, is responsible for significant economic losses in livestock industries worldwide. this organism is also of public health concern due to an unconfirmed link to crohn's disease. susceptibility to paratuberculosis has been suggested to have a genetic component. in livestock, a number of candidate genes have been studied, selected on their association to susceptibility in other mycobacterial diseases, thei ...	2011	21216466
an efficient dna extraction method for polymerase chain reaction-based detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovine fecal samples.	due to the lipid rich cell wall of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), the complex nature of bovine feces, and intermittent organism shedding by infected cattle, it is difficult to recover a sufficient amount of high-quality map dna from fecal samples, directly affecting the sensitivity of downstream polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests. in the current study, a dna extraction method, designated the mississippi veterinary research and diagnostic laboratory (mvrdl) method, was ...	2011	21217026
serologic tests for detecting antibodies against mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa scrofa).	new tools to detect exposure of free-range eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa scrofa) to pathogenic mycobacteria would be valuable for improved disease surveillance and wildlife management. two hundred sera from wild boar of known mycobacterium bovis infection status were used to evaluate test suitability for the detection of antibodies against m. bovis and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (or cross-reacting members of the m. avium complex). two traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent ass ...	2011	21217031
serum antibodies to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis combined with anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in crohn's disease patients: prevalence and diagnostic role.	because mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), the etiologic agent of johne's disease in ruminant, has been identified in the mucosal layer and deeper bowel wall in cd patients, the seroactivity against map may define a distinct subset of patients requiring individual treatment. the aim of this study was to assess the performance of anti-map antibodies in the diagnostic strategy for cd.	2011	21221802
early immune markers associated with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in a neonatal calf model.	the objective of this study was to observe early markers of cell-mediated immunity in naïve calves infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and how expression of these markers evolved over the 12-month period of infection. groups for experimental infection included control (noninfected), oral (infected orally with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strain k-10), oral/dxm (pretreatment with dexamethasone before oral inoculation), intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation, and oral/m (oral ...	2011	21228140
dairy farmers' reasons for participation in the danish control programme on bovine paratuberculosis.	the danish dairy industry initiated a voluntary, producer-paid control programme on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in 2006. approximately 28% of the dairy herds, including 40% of the cows, are part of the programme. farmers' reasons for participation are of great importance for the success of voluntary disease control programmes. this study was carried out to determine these reasons. questionnaires with seven close-ended questions were mailed to the 1177 voluntary participants ...	2011	21232808
fate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis after application of contaminated dairy cattle manure to agricultural soils.	details regarding the fate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (basonym, mycobacterium paratuberculosis) after manure application on grassland are unknown. to evaluate this, intact soil columns were collected in plastic pipes (lysimeters) and placed under controlled conditions to test the effect of a loamy or sandy soil composition and the amount of rainfall on the fate of m. paratuberculosis applied to the soil surface with manure slurry. the experiment was organized as a randomized ...	2011	21239557
persistent enteric mycobacterial infection enhances sensitivity to acute mucosal injury.	antigen presenting cells such as intestinal macrophages are dynamic effector cells that play a critical role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. however, it is not known how occult intestinal infections alter the response of the intestinal mucosa to subsequent intestinal injury. the aim of this study was to evaluate how persistent subclinical intestinal infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) would influence acute dextran sulfate sodium (dss)-mediated intestinal inflamma ...	2011	21239734
effect of unvaccinated merino wether lambs on shedding of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in flocks vaccinating for ovine johne's disease.	to determine the prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (mptb) shedding by unvaccinated wethers compared with vaccinated ewes.	2011	21250954
current perspectives on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, johne's disease, and crohn's disease: a review.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes the disease of cattle, johne's. the economic impact of this disease includes early culling of infected cattle, reduced milk yield, and weight loss of cattle sold for slaughter. there is a possible link between map and crohn's disease, a human inflammatory bowel disease. map is also a potential human food borne pathogen because it survives current pasteurization treatments. we review the current knowledge of map, johne's disease and crohn's ...	2011	21254832
molecular identification and characterization of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in free living non-human primate (rhesus macaques) from north india.	in recent years, mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) has emerged as major animal pathogen with significant zoonotic concerns, worldwide. map infection is endemic in domestic and wild ruminant population in india. however, information on map infection in free ranging animal species and non human primates is limited. present study aimed to estimate the status of map infection in free living rhesus macaques suffering with multiple clinical conditions (coughing and loose stool). a ...	2011	21255839
evaluation of a rapid and inexpensive liquid culture system for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine faeces.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis, a chronic granulomatous enteric disease of ruminants. map detection by faecal culture provides the definitive diagnosis of the infection. automated liquid systems for map culture are more sensitive and rapid than culture on solid media, but they are expensive and require specialised equipment. in this study, a non-automated culture method using a modified middlebrook 7h9 liquid medium (7h9+) was compare ...	2011	21256880
effect of herd prevalence on heritability estimates of antibody response to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.	worldwide, classical control strategies based on hygiene and culling of infected animals have been implemented to eradicate johne's disease. breeding for disease resistance may be a useful additional tool to control the disease. the aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the presence of a mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis specific antibody response in milk of dutch holstein-friesian cows using subsets of data based on within-herd test prevalence. the analyzed data set c ...	2011	21257067
macrophages from ibd patients exhibit defective tumour necrosis factor-a secretion but otherwise normal or augmented pro-inflammatory responses to infection.	defects in macrophage function have been implicated in the establishment of crohn's disease (cd). however, the response of macrophages from cd patients to live bacteria, particularly mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), has not been addressed. considering map has long been associated to cd, our objective was to assess whether macrophages from cd patients showed impaired inflammatory response to infection by map comparing to m. avium subsp. avium (ma) and other live intestinal comme ...	2011	21269730
a meta-analysis of the effect of dose and age at exposure on shedding of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in experimentally infected calves and cows.	summarya meta-analysis was performed using all published and one unpublished long-term infection-challenge experiments to quantify the age- and dose-dependence of early and late shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in cattle. there were 194 animals from 17 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of which 173 received a known dose of map and 21 were exposed naturally. results from parametric time-to-event models indicated that challenging older calves or using mult ...	2011	21524342
bayesian analysis of longitudinal johne's disease diagnostic data without a gold standard test.	a bayesian methodology was developed based on a latent change-point model to evaluate the performance of milk elisa and fecal culture tests for longitudinal johne's disease diagnostic data. the situation of no perfect reference test was considered; that is, no "gold standard." a change-point process with a weibull survival hazard function was used to model the progression of the hidden disease status. the model adjusted for the fixed effects of covariate variables and random effects of subject o ...	2011	21524521
occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw water and water treatment operations for the production of potable water.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease of cattle and is implicated as a cause of crohn's disease in humans. the organism is excreted in animal faeces and can contaminate water catchment areas. this coupled with map's survival in the environment means that water destined for domestic use may be a source of exposure. this work was designed to determine the occurrence of map in lough neagh (the largest freshwater lake in the british isles), used as a reservoir, and ...	2011	21529886
the commensal microbiota and enteropathogens in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases.	intestinal inflammation arises from abnormal host-microbe interactions. the perturbations of homeostatic coexistence involve host genetic factors, barrier function, innate and adaptive immunity, as well as qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of the microbiota. dysbiosis toward selected micro-organisms and decreased complexity of commensal bacteria have been observed in patients with crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, but it is not clear whether the dysbiosis contributes ...	2011	21530738
association of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with multiple sclerosis in sardinian patients.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection is highly spread in the ruminant herds of sardinia, in the western mediterranean. the objective of this study was to investigate prevalence of map infection in association with multiple sclerosis (ms) using clinical specimen from patients and controls. we analyzed samples for the presence of map specific dna and to demonstrate humoral response to a map protein (map2694), a predicted homologue of the t-cell receptor gamma-chain/complemen ...	2011	21533236
induction of b cell responses upon experimental infection of neonatal calves with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	the objective of this study was to determine if experimental infection of neonatal calves with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) would invoke changes in the percentages of total b cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population and in subpopulations of b cells as determined by cd5, cd25, and cd45ro markers during a 12-month period. methods of experimental infection included: control (noninfected); oral (map strain k-10); oral/dxm (pretreatment with dexamethasone before ...	2011	21543587
apparent prevalence of beef carcasses contaminated with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis sampled from danish slaughter cattle.	presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in beef has been reported as a public health concern because asymptomatically infected cattle may contain map in tissues that are used for human consumption. associations between map carcasses contamination and animal characteristics such as age, breed, production type, and carcass classification were assessed. cheek muscles from 501 carcasses were sampled cross-sectionally at a danish abattoir and tested for presence of viable map an ...	2011	21547261
within-herd contact structure and transmission of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a persistently infected dairy cattle herd.	within-herd transmission of pathogens occurs either by direct or by indirect contact between susceptible and infected animals. in dairy herds that are structured into groups, the way in which animals encounter each other and share an environment can affect pathogen transmission. dairy cattle are heterogeneous in terms of susceptibility and infectivity with respect to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) transmission. it is mainly young animals that are susceptible and adults tha ...	2011	21549436
divergent cytokine responses of macrophages to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains of types ii and iii in a standardized in vitro model.	based on epidemiological and clinical observations, different strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) are suspected to significantly differ in their virulence for ruminants. in the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis, macrophages represent the principal target cell for map. in order to judge the ability of different map-genotypes to modulate macrophage responses, the cytokine responses of the monocyte cell line thp-1 were studied after challenge with three different map strains ...	2011	21555192
evaluation of two mutants of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as candidates for a live attenuated vaccine for johne's disease.	control of johne's disease, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, has been difficult because of a lack of an effective vaccine. to address this problem we used targeted gene disruption to develop candidate mutants with impaired capacity to survive ex vivo and in vivo to test as a vaccine. we selected rela and pkng, genes known to be important virulence factors in mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis, for initial studies. deletion mutants were made in a wild type ma ...	2011	21565243
bovine ifngr2, il12rb1, il12rb2, and il23r polymorphisms and map infection status.	mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) infection causes a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition of the bovine gut that is characterized by diarrhea, progressive weight loss, and emaciation, and ultimately leads to loss in productivity and profitability of dairy operations. the host cytokine machinery is known to play an important role in protecting against map infection. therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess whether polymorphisms in candidate genes encoding impor ...	2011	21597988
case-control study: productivity and longevity of dairy cows that tested positive for infection with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis as heifers compared to age-matched controls.	a case-control study was performed to determine if dairy heifers testing positive for mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) before 2 yr of age by either fecal culture or serum elisa had decreased productivity and longevity as cows compared with age-matched herdmates. cases were individually matched with 4 controls. survival analysis was conducted to determine differences in longevity between cases and controls. conditional logistic regression was used to assess differences in mean 3.5% ...	2011	21605752
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bioaerosols after depopulation and cleaning of two cattle barns.	settled dust samples were collected on a commercial dairy farm in the netherlands with a high prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) (barn a) and on a dutch experimental cattle farm (barn b) stocked with cattle confirmed to be map shedders. barns were sampled while animals were present, after both barns were destocked and cleaned by cold high-pressure cleaning, and after being kept empty for two weeks (barn a) or after additional disinfection (barn b). map dna was de ...	2011	21610001
mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis-incidences in milk and milk products, their isolation, enumeration, characterization, and role in human health.	mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map), excreted in the feces and milk, is reported to be not easily inactivated by pasteurization and thermal treatments as other bacteria infecting humans and animals do. the d values of all map strains tested were considerably higher than those published for other pathogens. culturing techniques for this organism are labor intensive. although an increasing amount of scientific evidence suggests that this organism can be responsible for at least some c ...	2011	21620785