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analysis of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutant libraries reveals loci-dependent transposition biases and strategies to novel mutant discovery.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the etiologic agent of johne's disease, is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in ruminants. a thorough understanding of map pathogenesis is needed to develop new vaccines and diagnostic tests. the generation of comprehensive random transposon mutant libraries is a fundamental genetic technology to determine the role of genes in physiology and pathogenesis. in this study, whole map genome analysis compared the insertion sites for the m ...201626888023
marked differences in mucosal immune responses induced in ileal versus jejunal peyer's patches to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis secreted proteins following targeted enteric infection in young calves.in cattle, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection is primarily mediated through m cells overlying peyer's patches (pp) in the ileum. the capacity of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to invade ileal pp (ipp) versus discrete pp in the jejunum (jpp) and subsequent differences in mucosal immune responses were investigated. intestinal segments were surgically prepared in both mid-jejunum, containing two jpps, and in terminal small intestine containing continuous ipp. m. avium subsp. pa ...201627387969
a rapid method for quantifying viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cellular infection assays.determining the viability of bacteria is a key outcome of in vitro cellular infection assays. currently, this is done by culture, which is problematic for fastidious slow-growing bacteria such as mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, where it can take up to 4 months to confirm growth. this study aimed to identify an assay that can rapidly quantify the number of viable m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells in a cellular sample. three commercially available bacterial viability assays along ...201627371585
humoral response against host-mimetic homologous epitopes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in japanese multiple sclerosis patients.several works have demonstrated the existence of a link between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and ms in italy. in this study, we analyzed the serology of map in a japanese population while looking at several markers of map. fifty ms patients, 12 clinically isolated syndrome (cis) patients, 30 other neurological disorders (ond) patients, and 50 healthy controls (hcs) were tested using elisa for the presence of igg antibodies toward immunodominant epitopes map_0106c121-132, hom ...201627356622
seroreactivity against specific l5p antigen from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in children at risk for t1d.although numerous environmental agents have been investigated over the years as possible triggers of type 1 diabetes (t1d), its causes remain unclear. we have already demonstrated an increased prevalence of antibodies against peptides derived from mycobacterium avuim subsp. paratuberculosis (map) homologous to human zinc transporter 8 protein (znt8) and proinsulin in italian subjects at risk for or affected by t1d. in this study, we compared titers of the previously detected antibodies with sero ...201627336739
paratuberculosis in buffaloes in northeast brazil.several farms in the northeast of brazil were investigated for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in order to identify the occurrence of paratuberculosis in buffaloes. samples were obtained from 17 farms, two slaughter houses, and a quarantine area in the northeast. about 15,000 buffaloes of the murrah, mediterranean, and jafarabadi breed as well as their crossbreeds were evaluated for meat, dairy, and mixed farms with semi-intensive or extensive breeding practices. for diagno ...201627334632
solid sage sequencing shows differential gene expression in jejunal lymph node samples of resistant and susceptible red deer (cervus elaphus) challenged with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.this study compared in vivo lymph node gene expression levels between six young red deer that were either relatively resistant (r) or susceptible (s) to paratuberculosis following experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. intestinal lymph nodes were biopsied at 4, 12 and 50 weeks post challenge (pc) and parallel changes in histopathology, immunology and bacterial load monitored. solid sage (serial analysis of gene expression) next generation sequencing of biopsied ...201626620077
new polymorphisms within the variable number tandem repeat (vntr) 7 locus of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.variable number tandem repeat (vntr) is a frequently employed typing method of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) isolates. based on whole genome sequencing in a previous study, allelic diversity at some vntr loci seems to over- or under-estimate the actual phylogenetic variance among isolates. interestingly, two closely related isolates on one farm showed polymorphism at the vntr 7 locus, raising concerns about the misleading role that it might play in genotyping. we aimed to investigat ...201626872530
immunological findings associated with argentinean strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine models.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of ruminant paratuberculosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological behavior of different argentinean strains of map in two bovine infection models: macrophage (in vitro) and calf (in vivo) through the evaluation of early immune responses at the peripheral and local levels. two map strains (a and c) were selected taking into account the different patterns of tnf-α and il-10 secretion displayed by infected ...201627138443
faecal bacterial composition in dairy cows shedding mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in faeces in comparison with nonshedding cows.the aim of this study was to determine possible differences in the faecal microbiota of dairy cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in comparison with noninfected cows from the same herds. faecal samples from cows in 4 herds were tested for m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis by real-time pcr, and faecal bacterial populations were analysed by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16s rrna gene. the most notable differences between shedding and nonshedding cows were an ...201627127920
altered microrna expression and pre-mrna splicing events reveal new mechanisms associated with early stage mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.the molecular regulatory mechanisms of host responses to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection during the early subclinical stage are still not clear. in this study, surgically isolated ileal segments in newborn calves (n = 5) were used to establish in vivo map infection adjacent to an uninfected control intestinal compartment. rna-seq was used to profile the whole transcriptome (mrnas) and the micrornaome (mirnas) of ileal tissues collected at one-month post-infection. the ...201627102525
johne's disease: reliability of environmental sampling to characterize mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection in beef cow-calf herds.environmental samples are considered to be a cost-effective method of identifying mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map)-positive dairy herds, but evidence for beef cow-calf herds is weak. this study aims at evaluating this approach in a total of 20 german herds that were characterized by individual faecal samples (n = 2545) of all cows. for 14 map-positive herds having at least one map-positive animal, the within-herd prevalence was calculated from concurrent individual faecal cultur ...201627094619
development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infections in ruminants is crucial to control spread among animals and to humans. cultivation of map is seen as the gold standard for detection, although it is very time consuming and labour intensive. in addition, several pcr assays have been developed to detect map in around 90 minutes, but these assays required highly sophisticated equipment as well as lengthy and complicated procedure.201627992571
an intra-laboratory cultural and real-time pcr method comparison and evaluation for the detection of subclinical paratuberculosis in dairy herds.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is a vigorous microorganism which causes incurable chronic enteritis, johne's disease (jd) in cattle. a target of control programmes for jd is to accurately detect map-infected cattle early to reduce disease transmission. the present study evaluated the efficacy of two different cultural procedures and a taqman real-time pcr assay for detection of subclinical paratuberculosis in dairy herds. therefore, sixty-one faecal samples were collected from ...201627988836
trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock.paratuberculosis (ptb) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. control of ptb is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. microscopy, culture, and pcr have been used for the screening of map infection in animals for quite a long time. besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal ...201627356470
evaluation of the limitations and methods to improve rapid phage-based detection of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the blood of experimentally infected cattle.disseminated infection and bacteraemia is an underreported and under-researched aspect of johne's disease. this is mainly due to the time it takes for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) to grow and lack of sensitivity of culture. viable map cells can be detected in the blood of cattle suffering from johne's disease within 48 h using peptide-mediated magnetic separation (pmms) followed by bacteriophage amplification. the aim of this study was to demonstrate the first detection of m ...201627305900
pcr-based detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle in south korea using fecal samples.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of bovine paratuberculosis (ptb). the first step in the control of ptb is the identification and isolation of sub-clinical fecal shedders from the herd. in the current study, real-time and nested pcr targeting map-specific genetic elements (is900 and ismap02) dna isolated from fecal samples were used to detect map infection in cattle. of the 1,562 fecal samples obtained from 37 herds, regardless of diarrhea, 35 samples test ...201627301582
paratuberculosis in sheep: histochemical, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization evidence of in utero and milk transmission.to investigate in utero and milk transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), tissues from thirteen pregnant sheep, naturally infected and serologically positive to map, were examined by means of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. soon after parturition, ewes were euthanized and tissues samples were collected and prepared. the offspring (18 lambs) were divided into three groups to investigate different routes of map transmission. lambs were sacr ...201627234557
simulating the epidemiological and economic impact of paratuberculosis control actions in dairy cattle.we describe a new mechanistic bioeconomic model for simulating the spread of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) within a dairy cattle herd. the model includes age-dependent susceptibility for infection; age-dependent sensitivity for detection; environmental map build up in five separate areas of the farm; in utero infection; infection via colostrum and waste milk, and it allows for realistic culling (i.e., due to other diseases) by including a ranking system. we calibrated the mod ...201627777933
evaluation of a pcr assay on overgrown environmental samples cultured for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.culture of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the definitive antemortem test method for paratuberculosis. microbial overgrowth is a challenge for map culture, as it complicates, delays, and increases the cost of the process. additionally, herd status determination is impeded when noninterpretable (ni) results are obtained. the performance of pcr is comparable to fecal culture, thus it may be a complementary detection tool to classify ni samples. our study aimed to determine if ...201627698169
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in iranian patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus by pcr and elisa.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis or johne's disease in ruminants. its role in triggering autoimmunity, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm), has been reported in recent years. due to the high contamination rate of map in iran's livestock and the increasing outbreak of t1dm, we investigated this association in a small group of patients with t1dm in iran.201627580332
potential role of real-time pcr for detecting mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in chronically diseased milking cows: a case control study.paratuberculosis caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is economically important to dairy operations. in the present study, a real-time pcr kit (certified for use in germany) was used to detect map in bovine fecal and milk samples within a case control study examining different factors for their association with chronic disease in northern germany.the aim of this study was to describe the suitability of the map real-time pcr kit to detect map in feces and milk of chronicall ...201627529992
studies on pathology, cytokine gene expression and molecular typing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis of naturally occurring johne's disease in bullocks.pathology of johne's disease (jd) in bullocks (castrated, adult male cattle) is rarely studied. here, we report the pathology and cytokine gene expression of naturally occurring jd in bullocks. the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes collected from 404 bullocks, aged between 5 and 10years, were examined for jd lesions and detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). a total of 8.7% bullocks exhibited jd lesions, which were classified into multibacillary-diffuse granulom ...201627234539
pathological, bacteriological, and molecular characteristics of natural outbreaks of johne's disease in goats of fars province, iran.johne's disease, also called paratuberculosis, is a very important chronic infectious disease of ruminants worldwide. the causative agent is an acid-fast bacterium, mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map). finding a precise method for detecting map is essential for the control and eradication of this disease in small ruminant herds.201628043554
the genomics of mycobacteria.the species mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis are the causal agents, respectively, of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in animals. both mycobacteria, especially m. bovis, are also important to public health because they can infect humans. in recent years, this and the impact of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis on animal production have led to significant advances in knowledge about both pathogens and their host interactions. this article describes the cont ...201627217180
milk yield and lactation stage are associated with positive results to elisa for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cows from northern antioquia, colombia: a preliminary study.paratuberculosis is a slow-developing infectious disease characterized by chronic granulomatous enterocolitis. this disease has a variable incubation period from 6 months to over 15 years and is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). some studies have been conducted in cattle during the last decades in colombia. however, those studies were designed using relatively small populations and were not aimed to establish prevalence. this study aimed to determine the map seropreval ...201627165342
corrigendum to "a new compartmental model of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection dynamics in cattle" [prev. vet. med. 122 (3) (2015) 298-305]. 201627143493
modeling of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis dynamics in a dairy herd: an individual based approach.in the dairy industry, johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is one of the major investigated diseases. to date, researchers have suggested some control strategies for jd, such as test-and-cull based herd management, isolated calf rearing management, and vaccinations. due to the slow progressing nature of map, tests with low diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity, and economic limitations, implementing these strategies has not resulted in eliminat ...201627521525
development of an indirect elisa system to diagnosis paratuberculosis using surface antigens of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (ptb), also called as johne's disease, and is considered as the cause of irreparable economic losses in livestock industry. this bacterium is excreted in large amounts through the milk and feces of infected animal. for the detection of the ptb, indirect elisa has been highly considered as a simple method with high sensitivity and specificity. accordingly, this study aims at designing a system of indirect ...201628043544
concurrent resolution of chronic diarrhea likely due to crohn's disease and infection with mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis.examination of samples of stool from a 61-year-old male patient, presenting with the clinical symptoms of crohn's disease (cd), revealed massive shedding of acid fast bacilli with the morphology of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease in cattle. map was cultured from the stool. biotyping of the bacterium isolated from cultures of stool demonstrated, it was the indian bison biotype of map, the dominant biotype infecting livestock and humans in india. ...201627833911
first report of miru-vntr genotyping of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from egypt.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, an economically important disease in ruminants worldwide. it was first isolated in egypt in 2005. since then, the pathogen has been detected in different egyptian provinces. in order to trace the source of infection, genotyping using simple methods of high discriminatory power such as mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeats (miru-vntr) were carried out in different count ...201627822239
assessing the impact of tailored biosecurity advice on farmer behaviour and pathogen presence in beef herds in england and wales.the term 'biosecurity' encompasses many measures farmers can take to reduce the risk of pathogen incursion or spread. as the best strategy will vary between settings, veterinarians play an important role in assessing risk and providing advice, but effectiveness requires farmer acceptance and implementation. the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of specifically-tailored biosecurity advice packages in reducing endemic pathogen presence on uk beef suckler farms. one hundred and sixt ...201627931934
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle by using indirect absorbed elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) system and culture in alborz province, iran.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a slow growing, gram-positive, and acid-fast bacillus. it is the causative agent of the chronic enteritis disease of ruminants called johne's disease. most of the infected animals are young. however, most clinical cases belong to adult cattle aged 3-5years. due to a prolonged incubation period, identification of subclinically infected animals is one of the most crucial problems in johne's disease. the aim of this study was to detect m. avium subsp. ...201628043567
rhb-104 triple antibiotics combination in culture is bactericidal and should be effective for treatment of crohn's disease associated with mycobacterium paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) has been implicated as an etiological agent of crohn's disease (cd), a debilitating chronic inflammatory bowel disease. clarithromycin (cla), clofazimine (clo), rifabutin (rif) and other antibiotics have been used individually or in combinations with other drugs to treat mycobacterial diseases including cd. the treatment has varied by regimen, dosage, and duration, resulting in conflicting outcomes and additional suffering to the patients. rh ...201627307791
oxidative stress due to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection upregulates selenium-dependent gpx activity.this study was designed to determine the relationship between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (gpx) activity, in the blood of humans and cattle infected with map.201626997979
comparative evaluation of diagnostic tests for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the tissues of sheep affected with distinct pathology of paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis or johne's disease is a chronic infectious granulomatous enteritis, mainly of cattle, sheep, goats, and other domestic and wild animals caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). currently, map has been recognized as an important animal pathogen with significant zoonotic and public health concerns. the early detection of infected animals using suitable diagnostic methods helps in developing control and preventive strategies for the herd. therefore, the present ...201628043635
mycobacterial coinfection and persisting bovine tuberculosis-has the time arrived for a policy review?bovine tuberculosis (btb) is mainly a disease of cattle, although it continues to infect human populations across the world. operation of a test and slaughter plan in iran since 1981 has lowered the frequency of btb from >5% to <0.14% at the national scale. in 2015, unusual uncontrollable epidemics of btb were detected in two cattle farms in municipal suburbs of qazvin and isfahan. these farms had a tuberculin-test-certified record of btb-free status for the past 5 consecutive years, with no new ...201628043632
isolation and molecular identification of mycobacterium from commercially available pasteurized milk and raw milk samples collected from two infected cattle farms in alborz province, iran.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an etiological agent of johne's disease in ruminant including cattle, sheep and goats. this disease is considered an economically important disease in cattle. animals with paratuberculosis shed viable map, particularly in their milk and feces. map may be involved in the development of crohn's disease in humans through the consumption of contaminated milk and dairy products. common methods of pasteurization are not enough to kill all map presen ...201628043568
a single capsule formulation of rhb-104 demonstrates higher anti-microbial growth potency for effective treatment of crohn's disease associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.most recently we reported that rhb‑104 triple antibiotics combination in culture is bactericidal and should be effective for treatment of crohn's disease (cd)-associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) (alcedo et al. in gut pathog 14:32, 2016). the combination exhibited unique synergistic antimicrobial growth activity. the proprietary rhb-104 capsule formulation contains active ingredients (63.3 % clarithromycin (cla), 6.7 % clofazimine (clo) and 30 % rifabutin (rif)). ...201627708718
seroprevalence of infectious diseases in saiga antelope (saiga tatarica tatarica) in kazakhstan 2012-2014.286 serum samples were collected from three sub-populations of saiga in kazakhstan (betpakdala, ustyurt and volga-ural) between 2012 and 2014, and were tested for the presence of antibodies to brucella spp., bluetongue virus, peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus, akabane virus, schmallenberg virus, chlamydophila, toxoplasma, mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and coxiella burnetii (q fever). seropositives to coxiella burnetii of saiga were detected and the adjusted seroprevalence ...201627094147
expression and purification of a gene encoding a 9.7 kda pe protein of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) contains pe family antigens which are proline and glutamic acid rich and may play important role as t-cell antigens. in the present study, the map 1507 orf encoding 9.7 kda pe protein was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and cloned into e. coli vector pqe30 ua. the recombinant plasmid designated as pq pe was transformed into e. coli m15 cells and induced with iptg revealed the high level expression of 11.9 kda his-fusion protein as estimate ...201628330270
composition and potency characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis purified protein derivatives.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) purified protein derivatives (ppds) are immunologic reagents prepared from cultured filtrates of the type strain. traditional production consists of floating culture incubation at 37°c, organism inactivation by autoclaving, coarse filtration, and protein precipitation. three traditional production ppds were used in this study including lot 9801, which served as a reference and has been used in the field for decades. alternative production ppds (0 ...201627136199
the structure-antimicrobial activity relationships of a promising class of the compounds containing the n-arylpiperazine scaffold.this research was focused on in silico characterization and in vitro biological testing of the series of the compounds carrying a n-arylpiperazine moiety. the in silico investigation was based on the prediction of electronic, steric and lipohydrophilic features. the molecules were screened against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cit03, m. smegmatis atcc 700084, m. kansasii dsm 44162, m. marinum camp 5644, staphylococcus aureus atcc 29213, methicillin-resistant s. aureus 63718, escher ...201627681720
serum baff levels, methypredsinolone therapy, epstein-barr virus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in multiple sclerosis patients.elevated b lymphocyte activating factor baff levels have been reported in multiple sclerosis (ms) patients; moreover, disease-modifying treatments (dmt) have shown to influence blood baff levels in ms patients, although the significance of these changes is still controversial. in addition, baff levels were reported increased during infectious diseases. in our study, we wanted to investigate on the serum baff concentrations correlated to the antibody response against mycobacterium avium subspecie ...201627383531
epstein barr virus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptides are recognized in sera and cerebrospinal fluid of ms patients.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) epitopes elicit a consistent humoral response in serum of multiple sclerosis patients, but the cross reactivity against the homologous myelin basic protein (mbp) and human interferon regulatory factor 5 (irf5) has not been searched within the cerebral spinal fluid (csf). we evaluated in sera and csf of patients with ms and with other neurological diseases (ond) the humoral response against ebv/map peptides and the irf ...201626956729
immune response induced by epstein-barr virus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptides in current and past infectious mononucleosis: a risk for multiple sclerosis?infectious mononucleosis (im) caused by epstein-barr virus (ebv) has been associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (ms). however, the mechanism linking these pathologies is unclear. different reports indicate the association of ebv, and recently mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), with ms. for a better understanding of the role of these pathogens, the host response induced by selected antigenic peptides in subjects with a history of im that significantly increases the ...201626453465
the role of il-10 in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an intracellular pathogen and is the causative agent of johne's disease of domestic and wild ruminants. johne's disease is characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis leading to substantial economic losses to the livestock sector across the world. map persistently survives in phagocytic cells, most commonly in macrophages by disrupting its early antibacterial activity. map triggers several signaling pathways after attachment to pathogen r ...201627905994
a mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis predicted serine protease is associated with acid stress and intraphagosomal survival.the ability to maintain intra-cellular ph is crucial for bacteria and other microbes to survive in diverse environments, particularly those that undergo fluctuations in ph. mechanisms of acid resistance remain poorly understood in mycobacteria. although, studies investigating acid stress in m. tuberculosis are gaining traction, few center on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the etiological agent of chronic enteritis in ruminants. we identified a map acid stress response network ...201627597934
exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens among soay sheep (ovis aries) of the st kilda archipelago.we assessed evidence of exposure to viruses and bacteria in an unmanaged and long-isolated population of soay sheep (ovis aries) inhabiting hirta, in the st kilda archipelago, 65 km west of benbecula in the outer hebrides of scotland. the sheep harbour many metazoan and protozoan parasites but their exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens is unknown. we tested for herpes viral dna in leucocytes and found that 21 of 42 tested sheep were infected with ovine herpesvirus 2 (ohv-2). we also tested ...201626829883
persistence of bacterial indicators and zoonotic pathogens in contaminated cattle wastes.manure can provide a favourable environment for pathogens' survival. de-contamination may be conducted by extended storage, until field conditions are suitable for application to land as source of agricultural nutrients.201627206734
responses of bovine innate immunity to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection revealed by changes in gene expression and levels of microrna.paratuberculosis in cattle is a chronic granulomatous gastroenteritis caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratubercolosis (map) which is endemic worldwide. in dairy herds, it is responsible for huge economic losses. however, current diagnostic methods do not detect subclinical infection making control of the disease difficult. the identification of map infected animals during the sub-clinical phase of infection would play a key role in preventing the dissemination of the pathogen and in reduci ...201627760169
paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in cattle and other susceptible species.paratuberculosis (johne's disease) is a widespread and costly disease. this consensus statement will summarize recommendations regarding diagnosis, control, and treatment of johne's disease in cattle and other species. each section of recommendations is followed by a statement that subjectively characterizes the strength of the supporting evidence. the role played by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in the pathogenesis has been a matter of controversy for many years. this statem ...201623106497
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cheeses from small ruminants in tuscany.paratuberculosis is an infectious disease which affects mainly domestic and wild ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). map has been associated with human diseases like crohn disease, type-1 diabetes, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis and hashimoto's thyroiditis. the aim of this study was to determine the level of map positivity of cheeses produced in tuscany (italy) as an indication of human exposure to the specific pathogen. sampling was focused on artisanal chees ...201626555160
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on dairy farms.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of severe chronic intestinal inflammatory disease in ruminants, termed johne's disease, and can infect many other animal species, including humans. map has a long incubation period prior to manifestation of clinical signs including diarrhea, weight loss, and loss of production. map has a high prevalence in dairy herds and results in considerable adverse impacts on animal health and productivity throughout the world. r ...201626526547
presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in brazilian patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and in controls.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has attracted the interest of researchers because of similarities between paratuberculosis and crohn's disease (cd). the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of map through cultures, histology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on intestinal biopsies from brazilian cd patients. quantitative real time pcr (qrt-pcr) was performed on positive samples.201626176833
within-herd prevalence thresholds for the detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-positive dairy herds using boot swabs and liquid manure samples.the control of johne's disease requires the identification of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map)-positive herds. boot swabs and liquid manure samples have been suggested as an easy-to-use alternative to sampling individual animals in order to diagnose subclinical johne's disease at the herd level, but there is a need to evaluate performance of this approach in the field. using a logistic regression model, this study aimed to calculate the threshold level of the apparent within-herd ...201626112878
role of host- and pathogen-associated lipids in directing the immune response in mycobacterial infections, with emphasis on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacteria have a complex cell wall with a high lipid content that confers unique advantages for bacterial survival in the hostile host environment, leading to long-term infection. there is a wealth of evidence suggesting the role cell wall-associated lipid antigens play at the host-pathogen interface by contributing to bacterial virulence. one pathway that pathogenic mycobacteria use to subvert host immune pathways to their advantage is host cholesterol/lipid homeostasis. this review focuses ...201625163812
prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fecal shedding in alpacas presented to veterinary hospitals in the united states.the prevalence of johne's disease in alpacas in the united states is unknown. the limits of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in alpaca feces have not been determined.201623782278
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis sheep strains isolated from cyprus sheep and goats.paratuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic incurable infection of intestinal tract of animals. molecular characterization of map isolates classifies them into two major groups, 'cattle' or type ii and 'sheep' or type i/iii with a different phenotype, epidemiology, virulence and pathogenesis. the aim of this study was to examine 192 map elisa-positive sheep and goats from cyprus using faecal culture and genotype map isolates using is1311 pcr and re ...201523683358
sequential development of lesions 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after experimental infection of goat kids with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.the development of lesions after infection with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) was examined in an experimental infection model. goat kids were orally inoculated 10 times with 10 mg bacterial wet mass of map (total dose 2.6 × 10(8) colony-forming units). six to 7 inoculated goats and 3 controls were autopsied 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postinoculation (mpi), lesions were documented, and samples were collected for histology, immunohistochemistry (ihc), and bacterial culture. twenty-f ...201524829286
crohn's disease-specific anti-cuzd1 pancreatic antibodies are absent in ruminants with paratuberculosis.pancreatic autoantibodies (pabs) specifically recognizing gp2 and/or cuzd1 are present in more than 35% of patients with crohn's disease (crd). we have recently provided evidence of the presence of gp2-specific pabs in ruminants with paratuberculosis (ptb), a mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map)-induced disease resembling crd.201525575461
sensitivity and specificity of repeated test results from a commercial milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of results of initial and repeated milk elisas (at 6- or 12-month intervals) to detect cows that were shedding mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (ie, were infectious) and to evaluate factors influencing the probability that the results of a repeated milk elisa would be positive for an infectious cow if the results of the initial milk elisa were negative.201525554941
envelope protein complexes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and their antigenicity.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic enteric disease of ruminant animals. in the present study, blue native page electrophoresis and 2d sds-page were used to separate map envelope protein complexes, followed by mass spectrometry (ms) to identify individual proteins within the complexes. identity of individual proteins within complexes was further confirmed by ms upon excision of spots from 2d sds-page gels. among the seven putativ ...201525500374
improvement of sensitivity for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) detection in bovine fecal samples by specific duplex f57/ic real-time and conventional is900 pcrs after solid culture enrichment.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of johne's disease in ruminants and a probable pathogen of crohn's disease in humans. accurate, cost-effective, and time-relevant diagnostics are the basis for efficient control programs. this study was conducted as an attempt to re-evaluate map detection improvement by coupling solid media enrichment to a more specific is900 conventional pcr and a very specific f57/ic real-time pcr. in a spiking experiment, we investigat ...201525716216
host gene expression for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in human thp-1 macrophages.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, which causes considerable economic loss in the dairy industry and has a possible relationship to crohn's disease (cd) in humans. as map has been detected in retail pasteurized milk samples, its transmission via milk is of concern. despite its possible role in the etiology of cd, there have been few studies examining the interactions between map and human cells. in the current study, we applied ingenuity ...201525877879
resolution of crohn's disease and complex regional pain syndrome following treatment of paratuberculosis.a cohort of family members with various chronic diseases including crohn's disease, asthma, complex regional pain syndrome, hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and lymphangiomatosis and/or evidence of infection by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) are described in this series of case reports. map was cultured from the blood of three members affected by the first five diseases and there was accompanying elevated anti-map igg in two members. the patient affected by the sixth ...201525852293
survey on the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ground beef from an industrial meat plant.paratuberculosis of ruminants is characterised by chronic enteritis but, at advanced stages of the disease, a systemic dissemination of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in tissues and organs can occur. map has been recovered from lymph nodes and muscles of clinical and sub-clinical cows. in most countries, dairy and beef cattle infected with paratuberculosis are routinely sent to slaughter and the consumption of their meat could be a possible route of human exposure to map. howe ...201525824129
optimisation of dna extraction and validation of pcr assays to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the aim of this study was to investigate dna extraction methods and pcr assays suitable for the detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine tissue. the majority of methods currently used to detect m. paratuberculosis have been developed using bovine samples, such as faeces, blood or tissue and, in many cases, have been based on detection from pooled samples from a herd. however most studies have not compared pcr results to culture results. in order to address this problem, four dna ext ...201525797305
proteome-wide b and t cell epitope repertoires in outer membrane proteins of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis have vaccine and diagnostic relevance: a holistic approach.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an etiological agent of chronic inflammation of the intestine among ruminants and humans. currently, there are no effective vaccines and sensitive diagnostic tests available for its control and detection. for this, it is of paramount importance to identify the map antigens, which may be immunologically recognized by the host immune system. to address this challenge, we performed identification of the immunogenic epitopes in the map outer membr ...201525727233
herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle in the state of paraíba, northeastern brazil.a cross-sectional study based on a planned sampling was carried out to determine herd-level and animal-level prevalences, and to identify risk factors associated with herd-level prevalence for bovine paratuberculosis in the state of paraíba, northeastern brazil. the state was divided into three sampling groups: sampling stratum 1 (mesoregion of sertão), sampling stratum 2 (mesoregion of borborema), and sampling stratum 3 (mesoregions of zona da mata and agreste). for each sampling stratum, herd- ...201526092721
two state model for a constant disease hazard in paratuberculosis (and other bovine diseases).many diseases are characterized by a long and varying sub-clinical period. two main mechanisms can explain such periods: a slow progress toward disease or a sudden transition from a healthy state to a disease state induced by internal or external events. we here survey epidemiological features of the amount of bacteria shed during mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) infection to test which of these two models, slow progression or sudden transition (or a combination of the two), better exp ...201526092587
differences in intermittent and continuous fecal shedding patterns between natural and experimental mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in cattle.the objective of this paper is to study shedding patterns of cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). while multiple single farm studies of map dynamics were reported, there is not large scale meta-analysis of both natural and experimental infections. large difference in shedding patterns between experimentally and naturally infected cows were observed. experimental infections are thus probably driven by different pathological mechanisms. for further evaluations of s ...201526092571
the within host dynamics of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle: where time and place matter.johne's disease or paratuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), occurs in domestic and wild animals worldwide, causing a significant economic loss to livestock industries. after a prolonged incubation time, infected cattle shed map bacilli into feces and spread the disease to an uninfected animal population. it is largely unknown how (or whether) the interplay between the pathogen and the host immunity determines timing of shedding after the long incubation time ...201526092382
agent-based model for johne's disease dynamics in a dairy herd.johne's disease is an infectious gastrointestinal disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that causes diarrhea, emaciation, decreased milk production and eventually death. the disease is transmitted in utero and via milk and colostrums to calves, and fecal-orally to all age classes. financial losses due to the disease are estimated to be over $200 million in the us dairy industry. the goal of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of control measures ...201526091904
dam mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection status does not predetermine calves for future shedding when raised in a contaminated environment: a cohort study.uptake of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) by calves in the first days of life from colostrum, milk and faeces is regarded an important moment of transmission. the objective of this study was to quantify the association between the map status of dams as determined by the presence of map dna and antibody in colostrum and that of dna in faeces and the environment with subsequent map shedding of their daughters. a cohort of 117 dam-daughter pairs giving birth/being born on eight co ...201526091807
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies in the gut associated lymphoid tissue of slaughtered rabbits.rabbits are susceptible to infection by different species of the genus mycobacterium. particularly, development of specific lesions and isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, both subspecies of the m. avium complex, has been reported in wildlife conditions. although, rabbit meat production worldwide is 200 million tons per year, microbiological data on this source of meat is lacking and more specifically reports of mycobacterial presence in ...201526063469
proteome-scale identification and characterization of mitochondria targeting proteins of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: potential virulence factors modulating host mitochondrial function.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of johne's disease among ruminants. during the course of infection, it expresses a number of proteins for its successful persistence inside the host that cause variety of physiological abnormalities in the host. mitochondrion is one of the attractive targets for pathogenic bacteria. employing a proteome-wide sequence and structural signature based approach we have identified 46 m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins as poten ...201526048556
zap-70, ctla-4 and proximal t cell receptor signaling in cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminant animals caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). a hallmark of paratuberculosis is a transition from a cell-mediated th1 type response to a humoral th2 response with the progression of disease from a subclinical to clinical state. the objective of this study was to investigate the expression of two crucial molecules in t cell function, zap-70 (zeta-chain-associated protein of 70 kda) and ctla-4 (cytotoxic t-lymphocy ...201526163934
application of multiple laboratory tests for mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis detection in crohn's disease patient specimens.the difficulties involved in detecting and enumerating mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) as a pathogen potentially involved in crohn's disease (cd) are well known. this study aimed to improve this situation through the application of multiple laboratory diagnostic tests to detect and isolate this bacterium from different specimens collected from cd-patients and non-cd subjects as controls. a total of 120 samples (terminal ileum and colon biopsies, blood and stool) were obtained f ...201526147146
functional analysis of 3'utr polymorphisms in the caprine slc11a1 gene and its association with the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.the study aimed to investigate whether the genetic polymorphisms in the 3'utr of the caprine slc11a1 gene are functional, and to assess the role of map as a regulatory parameter in gene expression. to this goal we constructed plasmids expressing the luciferase reporter gene in transient transfections of a mouse (balb/c) macrophage cell line (raw264.7), incorporating those polymorphisms that our previous work indicated as more prominent in terms of slc11a1 expression and responsiveness to map inf ...201526117376
a new compartmental model of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection dynamics in cattle.models of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), a chronic infectious agent of cattle, are used to identify effective control programs. however, new biological findings show that adult infections occur and that infected animals can be separated into 2 paths: animals that will become high-shedding and, eventually, experience clinical disease (high-path); and animals that will shed only small quantities of map and will remain subclinical (low-path). longitudinal data analysis found tha ...201526520176
superior protection elicited by live-attenuated vaccines in the murine model of paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) causes johne's disease, a chronic enteric infection in ruminants with severe economic impact on the dairy industry in the usa and worldwide. currently, available vaccines have limited protective efficacy against disease progression and does not prevent spread of the infection among animals. because of their ability to elicit wide-spectrum immune responses, we adopted a live-attenuated vaccine approach based on a sigh knock-out ...201526546738
increased viability but decreased culturability of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in macrophages from inflammatory bowel disease patients under infliximab treatment.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has long been implicated as a triggering agent in crohn's disease (cd). in this study, we investigated the growth/persistence of both m. avium subsp. hominissuis (mah) and map, in macrophages from healthy controls (hc), cd and ulcerative colitis patients. for viability assessment, both cfu counts and a pre16srrna rna/dna ratio assay (for map) were used. phagolysosome fusion was evaluated by immunofluorescence, through analysis of lamp-1 colocaliz ...201525702170
blocking the mitogen activated protein kinase-p38 pathway is associated with increase expression of nitric oxide synthase and higher production of nitric oxide by bovine macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.this study evaluated the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)-p38 pathway in the nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression and nitric oxide (no) production by bovine monocyte-derived macrophages ingesting mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) organisms in vitro. bovine monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with map organisms with or without a specific inhibitor of the mapkp38 pathway and activation of the mapkp38, interleukin - (il) il-10, il-12, inos mrna expressi ...201525700780
the vesicle-associated function of nod2 as a link between crohn's disease and mycobacterial infection.although crohn's disease (cd) etiology remains unclear, a growing body of evidence suggests that cd may include an infectious component, with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) being the most likely candidate for this role. however, the molecular mechanism of the map involvement in cd pathogenesis remains unclear. the polymorphism of the nod2 gene, coding for an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, is a factor of predisposition to mycobacterial infections and cd. recent fin ...201525653718
evaluation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays targeting mycobacterium avium, m. intracellulare, and m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis in drinking water biofilms.mycobacterium avium (ma), mycobacterium intracellulare (mi), and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) are difficult to culture due to their slow growing nature. a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) method for the rapid detection of ma, mi, and map can be used to provide data supporting drinking water biofilms as potential sources of human exposure. the aim of this study was to characterize two qpcr assays targeting partial 16s rrna gene sequences of ma and mi and use thes ...201525719473
cellular composition of granulomatous lesions in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of goats during the first year after experimental infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes lesions in naturally and experimentally infected ruminants which greatly differ in severity, cellular composition and number of mycobacteria. morphologically distinct lesions are already found during the clinically inapparent phase of infection. the complex local host response and number of map were characterized at the initial sites of lesions, organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue, in experimentally infected goats. tissues were collec ...201525466387
application of cattle slurry containing mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) to grassland soil and its effect on the relationship between map and free-living amoeba.slurry from dairy farms is commonly used to fertilize crops and pastures. this mixture of manure, urine and water can harbor multiple microbial pathogens among which mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is a major concern. persistence of map in soil and infection of soil acanthamoeba was evaluated by culture, real-time is900 pcr, and by staining of amoeba with acid-fast and vital stains comparing soils irrigated with map-spiked or control dairy farm slurry. map dna was detected in s ...201525448447
molecular analysis and miru-vntr typing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from various sources.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease. genotypic discrimination of map isolates is pivotal to epidemiological studies requisite for revealing infection sources and disease transmission. this study was undertaken to determine the genetic diversity of map strains from diverse sources.201525410632
identification of immunoreactive proteins of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the cause of a chronic enteritis of ruminants (bovine paratuberculosis (ptb)--johne's disease) that is associated with enormous worldwide economic losses for the animal production. diagnosis is based on observation of clinical signs, the detection of antibodies in milk or serum, or evaluation of bacterial culture from feces. the limit of these methods is that they are not able to detect the disease in the subclinical stage and are applicable o ...201525404104
whole-blood gene-expression profiles of cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis reveal changes in immune response and lipid metabolism.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic debilitating disease affecting ruminants worldwide. in the present study, we aimed to determine the major gene networks and pathways underlying the immune response to map infection using whole-blood cells, as well as provide the potential transcriptional markers for identifying the status of map infection. we analyzed the transcriptional profiles of whole-blood cells of cattle identified and gr ...201525248984
environmental risk factors in the incidence of johne's disease.this review addresses the survival and persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative pathogen of johne's disease (jd), once it has left its ruminant host. jd has significant economic impact on dairy, beef and sheep industries and is difficult to control due to the long-term sub-clinical nature of the infection, intermittent or persistent map shedding during and after this period, inadequate test effectiveness, and the potential for map to exist for extended peri ...201524670062
[production and evaluation of a purified protein derivative from an argentine strain of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis].purified protein derivatives (ppds) are non-defined antigens prepared from mycobacteria cultures. they are usually employed to evaluate the specific cellular immune response both in animals and humans. bovine and avian ppds are usually employed as antigens in mycobacterial infections such as tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. nevertheless, ppd from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, (ppdj) is neither commonly used nor frequently available. however, ppd from mycobacterium avium subsp. a ...201523102462
crohn's disease, the mycobacterium paratuberculosis and the genetic bond: an unexpected trio. 201525771330
crohn's disease therapy with dietzia: the end of anti-inflammatory drugs. 201525689526
associations between mycobacterium paratuberculosis sero-status, milk quality parameters, and reproduction in dairy cows.the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of mycobocterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) sero-status of dairy cows on different milk production variables and reproductive traits. the study was carried out on 40 herds from the region of galicia (north-west spain). these herds were randomly selected from a larger group that had taken part in a voluntary paratuberculosis control program since 2005, which involves regular serum sampling of every adult animal to run antibody- ...201526591382
granuloma coinfection with mycobacterium bovis, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in five hunted red deer (cervus elaphus) in portugal.we report granulomatous lymphadenitis in red deer (cervus elaphus) in portugal caused by coinfection with corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, as demonstrated by molecular methods.201525932668
serologic screening for 13 infectious agents in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in flanders.in order to investigate the role of roe deer in the maintenance and transmission of infectious animal and human diseases in flanders, we conducted a serologic screening in 12 hunting areas.201526609692
lamp technology: rapid identification of brucella and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.in this study, we developed new sets of primers to detect brucella spp. and m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) through isothermal amplification. we selected a previously well-characterized target gene, bscp31, specific for brucella spp. and is900 for map. the limits of detection using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) protocols described herein were similar to those of conventional pcr targeting the same sequences. hydroxynaphtol blue and sybr green(tm) allowed direct naked-e ...201526273282
human interferon regulatory factor 5 homologous epitopes of epstein-barr virus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis induce a specific humoral and cellular immune response in multiple sclerosis patients.a large number of reports indicate the association of epstein-barr virus (ebv), and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) with multiple sclerosis (ms).201525392335
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