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development of a novel dna extraction method for identification and quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from tissue samples by real-time pcr.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease in ruminants and possibly associated with human crohn's disease. one impediment in furthering our understanding of this potential association has been the lack of an accurate method for detection of map in affected tissues. real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) methods have been reported to have different sensitivities in detection of map. this is in part attributable to the difficulties of extract ...201424534783
reliability of environmental sampling culture results using the negative binomial intraclass correlation coefficient.the intraclass correlation coefficient (icc) is commonly used to estimate the similarity between quantitative measures obtained from different sources. overdispersed data is traditionally transformed so that linear mixed model (lmm) based icc can be estimated. a common transformation used is the natural logarithm. the reliability of environmental sampling of fecal slurry on freestall pens has been estimated for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using the natural logarithm transformed c ...201424516783
environmental survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in different climatic zones of eastern australia.the duration of survival of both the s and c strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in feces was quantified in contrasting climatic zones of new south wales, australia, and detailed environmental temperature data were collected. known concentrations of s and c strains in feces placed on soil in polystyrene boxes were exposed to the environment with or without the provision of shade (70%) at bathurst, armidale, condobolin, and broken hill, and subsamples taken every 2 weeks were c ...201424463974
occurrence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and neospora caninum in alberta cow-calf operations.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and neospora caninum (nc) are two pathogens causing important production limiting diseases in the cattle industry. significant impacts of map and nc have been reported on dairy cattle herds, but little is known about the importance, risk factors and transmission patterns in western canadian cow-calf herds. in this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of map and nc infection in southwest alberta cow-calf herds was estimated, risk factors for nc w ...201425277685
comparison of the antimicrobial activities of gallium nitrate and gallium maltolate against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in vitro.johne's disease (jd) is an enteric infection of cattle and other ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). this study compared the antimicrobial activities of gallium nitrate (gan) and gallium maltolate (gam) against two field map isolates by use of broth culture. the concentrations that resulted in 99% growth inhibition of isolates 1 and 2 were, respectively, 636 µm and 183 µm for gan, and 251 µm and 142 µm for gam. for both isolates, time to detection was significa ...201425155307
variable-number tandem repeats genotyping used to aid and inform management strategies for a bovine johne's disease incursion in tropical and subtropical australia.the application of variable-number tandem repeats (vntr) genotyping of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates to assist in investigating incidents of bovine johne's disease in a low-prevalence region of australia is described in the current study. isolates from a response to detection of bovine johne's disease in queensland were compared with strains from national and international sources. the tandem application of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (miru) and multilocus s ...201425139793
metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the sensitivity of current diagnostics for johne's disease, a slow, progressing enteritis in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is too low to reliably detect all infected animals in the subclinical stage. the objective was to identify individual metabolites or metabolite profiles that could be used as biomarkers of early map infection in ruminants. in a monthly follow-up for 17 months, calves infected at 2 weeks of age were compared with aged-matched controls. ...201425372282
generation and screening of a comprehensive mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transposon mutant bank.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiologic agent of johne's disease in ruminants. this enteritis has significant economic impact and worldwide distribution. vaccination is one of the most cost effective infectious disease control measures. unfortunately, current vaccines reduce clinical disease and shedding, but are of limited efficacy and do not provide long-term protective immunity. several strategies have been followed to mine the map genome for virulence determinants ...201425360421
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from sheep, cattle and deer on new zealand pastoral farms.the present study aimed to describe the molecular diversity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) isolates obtained from sheep, cattle (beef and dairy) and deer farms in new zealand. a total of 206 independent map isolates (15 beef cattle, 89 dairy cattle, 35 deer, 67 sheep) were sourced from 172 species-mobs (15 beef cattle, 66 dairy cattle, 31 deer, 60 sheep). seventeen subtypes were identified, using a combination of variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) and short sequence r ...201425315761
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the etiology of crohn's disease, cause or epiphenomenon?the origin of inflammatory bowel disease is unknown. attempts have been made to isolate a microorganism that could explain the onset of inflammation, but no pathological agent has ever been identified. johne's disease is a granulomatous chronic enteritis of cattle and sheep caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) and shows some analogies with crohn's disease (cd). several studies have tried to clarify if map has a role in the etiology of cd. the present article provides a ...201425278700
flock-level factors associated with the risk of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in greek dairy goat flocks.in this cross-sectional study we identified flock-level risk factors for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection, in greek dairy goat flocks. we collected 1599 milk samples from does that were at the last stage of lactation in 58 randomly selected dairy goat flocks, during may to september 2012. the collected samples were tested with a commercial milk elisa (idexxpourquier, montpellier, france) and the results were interpreted at a cut-off that optimized the accuracy of the d ...201425257350
non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of veterinary relevance.mycobacteria play an important role in human and animal health fields. we here examine the place of non tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) infections in the veterinary context. relevant aspects of a reference laboratory experience and a literature review are presented in this article. importance is given both to productivity and to economic losses due to misdiagnosis with bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. the impact ntm may have is relative to geographical location, ecology, husbandry, exten ...201425256964
serological studies to determine the occurrence of johne's disease and mycoplasma infection in the northern-east polish population of european bison (bison bonasus).a serological study of twenty three european bison (bison bonasus) derived from northern-east poland for the seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, mycoplasma bovis, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides sc, mycoplasma agalactiae and mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was conducted. only specific antibodies to m. bovis were detected in two animals (8.7%) which were connected with the clinical signs and macroscopic anatomopathological lesions.201425638988
systematic review of the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle, sheep, and goats in latin america and the caribbean.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis or johne's disease (jd) in domestic ruminants and wild species. the aim of the present study was to systematically review the prevalence of paratuberculosis among farmed animals (cattle, sheep, and goats) in latin america and the caribbean. the initial search for existing publications reporting systematic reviews and primary studies was carried out by searching the available databases. for the final selection of studies, an init ...201425169696
survey of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in road-killed wild carnivores in portugal.a survey to determine the occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in wild carnivores in portugal was conducted by testing samples from road-killed animals between 2009 and 2012. postmortem examinations were performed and tissues were collected from wild carnivores representing four families and six different species, with a total of 74 animals analyzed. cultures were performed by using löwenstein-jensen and middlebrook 7h11 solid media and acid-fast isolates were identifi ...201425632662
pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.autism spectrum disorders (asd) comprise a group of neurodevelopmental abnormalities that begin in early childhood and are characterized by impairment of social communication and behavioral problems including restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. several genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asd, most of them are involved in neuronal synaptogenesis. a number of environmental factors and associated conditions such as gastrointestinal (gi) abnormalities and immune imbalance ha ...201425110424
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in faeces using different procedures of pre-treatment for real-time pcr in comparison to culture.one of the most relevant aspects in the diagnosis of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in cattle is the availability of a method for the rapid and sensitive detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in order to facilitate the prompt removal of pathogen-shedding animals from a herd. to meet this requirement, methods for pre-treatment of bovine faecal samples and subsequent extraction of dna for detection of map by real-time pcr were compared with map culture results. a total ...201424280588
multiple strain infections and high genotypic diversity among mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis field isolates from diseased wild and domestic ruminant species in the eastern alpine region of austria.johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic fatal ruminant gastroenteritis caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) whose foodborne zoonotic potential and association with crohn's disease are still under debate. the disease is widespread but its epidemiology and epizootiology remains elusive. wildlife is suspected to play a major role. after a surge in map seroprevalence in austrian cattle, paratuberculosis was declared a notifiable disease in austria in 2006. at th ...201424270014
a novel low-cost method for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis dna extraction from an automated broth culture system for real-time pcr analysis.pcr is a highly accurate technique for confirming the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in broth culture. in this study, a simple, efficient, and low-cost method of harvesting dna from map cultured in liquid medium was developed. the proposed protocol (universidad austral de chile [uach]) was evaluated by comparing its performance to that of two traditional techniques (a qiaamp dna stool mini kit and cethyltrimethylammonium bromide [ctab] method). the results were sta ...201424136213
effect of inflammatory bowel disease therapies on immunogenicity of mycobacterium paratuberculosis proteins.the link between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and crohn's disease (cd) is supported by several studies that have reported the detection and isolation of map from human tissues, but causation has not yet been proven. preliminary studies have shown higher levels of antibodies in sera from cd patients against secreted protein from map within human macrophages when compared to healthy controls. the immunogenicity of this protein in cd patients under different treatment regimes w ...201424256081
improved short-sequence-repeat genotyping of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.accurate sequence analysis of mononucleotide repeat regions is difficult, complicating the use of short sequence repeats (ssrs) as a tool for bacterial strain discrimination. although multiple ssr loci in the genome of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis allow genotyping of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates with high discriminatory power, further characterization of the most discriminatory loci is limited due to inherent difficulties in sequencing mononucleotide repeats. here, a ...201424212568
detection and confirmation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in direct quantitative pcr positive fecal samples by the manual fluorescent mgit culture system.an efficient protocol for the manual fluorescent mgit culture system combined with rapid confirmation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) growth in the broth culture was established and evaluated for the detection of viable map in direct quantitative pcr (qpcr) positive bovine feces. manually detected fluorescence emissions from mgit tubes were analyzed objectively using an open source software, imagej. for molecular confirmation of map growth, dna samples harvested by simply bo ...201424065085
development and evaluation of a novel multicopy-element-targeting triplex pcr for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in feces.the enteropathy called paratuberculosis (ptb), which mainly affects ruminants and has a worldwide distribution, is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. this disease significantly reduces the cost-effectiveness of ruminant farms, and therefore, reliable and rapid detection methods are needed to control the spread of the bacterium in livestock and in the environment. the aim of this study was to identify a specific and sensitive combination of dna extraction and amplification to ...201424727272
description of a novel adhesin of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the binding and ingestion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) by host cells are fibronectin (fn) dependent. in several species of mycobacteria, a specific family of proteins allows the attachment and internalization of these bacteria by epithelial cells through interaction with fn. thus, the identification of adhesion molecules is essential to understand the pathogenesis of map. the aim of this study was to identify and characterize fn binding cell wall proteins of map. we searc ...201425136616
the immunodominant t-cell epitopes of the mycolyl-transferases of the antigen 85 complex of m. tuberculosis.the ag85 complex is a 30-32 kda family of three proteins (ag85a, ag85b, and ag85c), which all three possess enzymatic mycolyl-transferase activity involved in the coupling of mycolic acids to the arabinogalactan of the cell wall and in the biogenesis of cord factor. by virtue of their strong potential to induce th1-type immune responses, important for the control of intracellular infections, members of the ag85 family rank among the most promising tb vaccine candidate antigens. ag85a and ag85b, ...201425071781
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates induce in vitro granuloma formation and show successful survival phenotype, common anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic responses within ovine macrophages regardless of genotype or host of origin.the analysis of the early macrophage responses, including bacterial growth within macrophages, represents a powerful tool to characterize the virulence of clinical isolates of mycobcaterium avium susbp. paratuberculosis (map). the present study represents the first assessment of the intracellular behaviour in ovine monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) of map isolates representing distinct genotypes (c, s and b), and isolated from cattle, sheep, goat, fallow deer, deer, and wild boar. intracellula ...201425111300
infectious pathogens potentially transmitted by semen of the black variety of the manchega sheep breed: health constraints for conservation purposes.conservation of genetic resources from endangered breeds may be conducted through germinal banks. preservation of healthy samples is paramount to avoid preserving pathogens shed with germinal products. the black variety of manchega sheep (bms), and endangered breed endemic to south-central spain, is the subject of a conservation program; a germinal bank has been recently established. however, several pathogens circulating in bms flocks may be shed with semen and threaten bms preservation. theref ...201425066603
pathogens of zoonotic and biological importance in roe deer (capreolus capreolus): seroprevalence in an agro-system population in france.antibody prevalence for several infectious and parasitic diseases in a population of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) inhabiting a mixed agricultural landscape (south of france) has been analyzed. serological analyses with elisa in 245 animals captured from 2008 to 2012 has been performed. we found a high prevalence of toxoplasma gondii (46.4%), chlamydophila abortus (17.27%) and coxiella burnetii (11.26%) compared to other studies in europe. seroprevalence varied strongly among years for t. gondi ...201424576494
pathogens at the livestock-wildlife interface in western alberta: does transmission route matter?in southwestern alberta, interactions between beef cattle and free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) may provide opportunities for pathogen transmission. to assess the importance of the transmission route on the potential for interspecies transmission, we conducted a cross-sectional study on four endemic livestock pathogens with three different transmission routes: bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 (predominantly direct transmission), mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (ma ...201424517283
role of the intestinal microbiota and fecal transplantation in inflammatory bowel diseases.ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease are the two major types of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). despite intensive study, it is still challenging because the precise etiology and pathogenesis remains unclear. studies have shown that ibd is associated with changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota, as either a cause or a consequence of abnormal host immune response in genetic susceptible population. two specific microorganisms (mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and escheric ...201425389085
evaluation of the microbial safety of child food of animal origin in greece.foodborne illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially for children, even in the developed world. the aim of this study was to assess the microbial safety of food of animal origin intended for consumption by children in greece. sampling involved 8 categories of retail products and was completed with a collection of 850 samples. these were tested by pcr and/or culture for listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter spp., escherichia coli o157, salmonella spp., cronobacter sakazakii, b ...201424506312
infliximab therapy increases the frequency of circulating cd16(+) monocytes and modifies macrophage cytokine response to bacterial infection.crohn's disease (cd) has been correlated with altered macrophage response to microorganisms. considering the efficacy of infliximab treatment on cd remission, we investigated infliximab effects on circulating monocyte subsets and on macrophage cytokine response to bacteria. human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages were obtained from cd patients, treated or not with infliximab. macrophages were infected with escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberc ...201424816497
disruption of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific genes impairs in vivo fitness.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects many ruminant species. the acquisition of foreign genes via horizontal gene transfer has been postulated to contribute to its pathogenesis, as these genetic elements are absent from its putative ancestor, m. avium subsp. hominissuis (mah), an environmental organism with lesser pathogenicity. in this study, high-throughput sequencing of map transposon libraries were analyzed to qualitatively and q ...201424885784
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes crohn's disease in some inflammatory bowel disease patients.crohn's disease (cd) is a chronic inflammatory condition that plagues millions all over the world. this debilitating bowel disease can start in early childhood and continue into late adulthood. signs and symptoms are usually many and multiple tests are often required for the diagnosis and confirmation of this disease. however, little is still understood about the cause(s) of cd. as a result, several theories have been proposed over the years. one theory in particular is that mycobacterium avium ...201424966610
short communication: effect of homogenization on heat inactivation of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in milk.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) can be present in cow milk and low numbers may survive high-temperature, short-time (htst) pasteurization. although htst treatment leads to inactivation of at least 5 log10 cycles, it might become necessary to enhance the efficacy of htst by additional treatments such as homogenization if the debate about the role of map in crohn's disease of humans concludes that map is a zoonotic agent. this study aimed to determine whether disrupting the clumps ...201424485679
'global warming' to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. 201425156371
domino effect of hypomagnesemia on the innate immunity of crohn's disease patients.digestive diseases play major role in development and complications of other disorders including diabetes. for example, crohn's disease (cd) is an inflammatory bowel disease associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. the inflammation is a complex process that involves the activity of both innate and adaptive immune responses. cd lesions are primarily due to t cell response, however; innate immune response has a significant role in initiating its pathogenesis. toll-like rece ...201425126398
presence of mycobacterium avium subspecies and hepatitis e virus in raw meat products.meat and meat products may be the source of various pathogenic and potentially pathogenic agents for humans. we ascertained the occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, subsp. avium, and subsp. hominissuis, and hepatitis e virus in retail raw meat products. the dna of at least one of the target m. avium subspecies was detected in 26 (29.2%) of 89 analyzed samples of meat products. fourteen (15.7%), 1 (1.1%), and 17 (19.1%) samples contained the dna of mycobacterium avium subsp. ...201424490931
a murine oral model for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection and immunomodulation with lactobacillus casei atcc 334.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) the causative agent of johne's disease, is one of the most serious infectious diseases in dairy cattle worldwide. due to the chronic nature of this disease and no feasible control strategy, it is essential to have an efficient animal model which is representative of the natural route of infection as well as a viable treatment option. in this report, we evaluated the effect of different doses of m. paratuberculosis in their ability ...201424551602
epstein-barr virus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptides are cross recognized by anti-myelin basic protein antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients.epstein-barr virus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) have been associated to multiple sclerosis (ms). we searched for antibodies against the homologous peptides epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (ebna1)400-413, map_0106c protein (map)121-132, and myelin basic protein (mbp)85-98 on a ms sardinian cohort, showing that these antibodies are highly prevalent among ms patients compared to healthy controls. competitive assay demonstrated that antibodies recognizing ebna1400-413 a ...201424642384
enhanced expression of codon optimized mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens in lactobacillus salivarius.it is well documented that open reading frames containing high gc content show poor expression in a+t rich hosts. specifically, g+c-rich codon usage is a limiting factor in heterologous expression of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) proteins using lactobacillus salivarius. however, re-engineering opening reading frames through synonymous substitutions can offset codon bias and greatly enhance map protein production in this host. in this report, we demonstrate that codon-usage ma ...201425237653
lcd array and is900 efficiency in relation to traditional diagnostic techniques for diagnosis of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in cattle in egypt.this study aimed to compare traditional tests (johnin test, fecal staining and fecal culture) with advanced laboratory tests (elisa, lcd array and is900 pcr) for detection of johne's disease. a total of 365 holstein-friesian dairy cattle (40 express profuse diarrhea unresponsive to treatment and 325 contacting them) tested with johnin test, blood collected for elisa and fecal samples for fecal staining as well as fecal culture, application of lcd array and pcr using is900 on dna extracted from m ...201426786331
species-specific engagement of human nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (nod)2 and toll-like receptor (tlr) signalling upon intracellular bacterial infection: role of crohn's associated nod2 gene variants.recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan-derived muramyl-dipeptide (mdp) by nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (nod2) induces crucial innate immune responses. most bacteria carry the n-acetylated form of mdp (a-mdp) in their cell membranes, whereas n-glycolyl mdp (g-mdp) is typical for mycobacteria. experimental murine studies have reported g-mdp to have a greater nod2-stimulating capacity than a-mdp. as nod2 polymorphisms are associated with crohn's disease (cd), a link has been suggested betwee ...201525335775
the treatment of infectious disease with a medical device: results of a clinical trial of ultraviolet blood irradiation (uvbi) in patients with hepatitis c infection.prior to the advent of therapies with sustained virological response rates of 94%, this study was conducted for the us food and drug administration (fda) to assess the safety and efficacy of ultraviolet blood irradiation (uvbi) for the treatment of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection.201526092299
granuloma coinfection with mycobacterium bovis, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in five hunted red deer (cervus elaphus) in portugal.we report granulomatous lymphadenitis in red deer (cervus elaphus) in portugal caused by coinfection with corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, as demonstrated by molecular methods.201525932668
mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis in crohn's disease: a case report.we have cultured mycobacteria avium subspecies hominissuis (mah) from the blood of a patient with crohn's disease. the patient is a 21 year-old-female with a diagnosis of crohn's disease for two years. she had been treated with corticosteroids and humira for six months. a blood specimen was cultured in a specialized medium, and there was visible bacterial growth present in the liquid culture medium after eight weeks. pcr analysis of the bacterial growth and subsequent direct sequencing of the pc ...201526510454
efficient, validated method for detection of mycobacterial growth in liquid culture media by use of bead beating, magnetic-particle-based nucleic acid isolation, and quantitative pcr.pathogenic mycobacteria are difficult to culture, requiring specialized media and a long incubation time, and have complex and exceedingly robust cell walls. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic wasting disease of ruminants, is a typical example. culture of map from the feces and intestinal tissues is a commonly used test for confirmation of infection. liquid medium offers greater sensitivity than solid medium for detection of map; ...201525609725
mycobacterium paratuberculosis as a cause of crohn's disease.crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause, affecting approximately 1.4 million north american people. due to the similarities between crohn's disease and johne's disease, a chronic enteritis in ruminant animals caused by mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) infection, map has long been considered to be a potential cause of crohn's disease. map is an obligate intracellular pathogen that cannot replicate outside of animal hosts. map is widespread in dairy cattl ...201526474349
lack of humoral response against helicobacter pylori peptides homologous to human znt8 in hashimoto's thyroiditis patients.the helicobacter pylori (hp) reinfection rate seems to be higher in developing countries than in developed ones. an increased seroprevalence of hp has also been reported in patients with type 1 diabetes (t1d) and hashimoto's thyroiditis (ht). mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has been linked to both t1d and ht. quite a few lines of evidence indicate that autoantibodies against several epitopes belonging to human zinc transporter 8 (znt8) cross-recognize the homologous map3865c ep ...201526142673
impact of t300a variant of atg16l1 on antibacterial response, risk of culture positive infections, and clinical course of crohn's disease.autophagy-related 16-like 1 (atg16l1) deficiency leads to impaired cellular autophagy and bacterial degradation as well as an altered cytokine production. the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2241880 (t300a) is associated with an increased risk for crohn's disease (cd). atg16l1 polymorphisms could therefore have an impact on the risk of infectious complications and disease course in cd. we examined the impact of the t300a genotype on the antibacterial response toward a panel of pathogenic bacter ...201526673830
prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and escherichia coli in blood samples from patients with inflammatory bowel disease.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and adherent-invasive escherichia coli (aiec) have been implicated as primary triggers in crohn's disease (cd). in this study, we evaluated the prevalence of map and e. coli (ec) dna in peripheral blood from 202 inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) patients at various disease periods and compared against 24 cirrhotic patients with ascites (cir) (non-ibd controls) and 29 healthy controls (hc). map dna was detected by is900-specific nested pcr, ec dna ...201525994082
pathogenesis of crohn's disease: bug or no bug.the possibility of an infectious origin in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has been postulated since the first description of crohn's disease (cd). many observations implicate bacteria as a trigger for the development of cd: lesions occur in regions with higher bacterial concentrations; aphthous ulcers occur in peyer's patches; inflammation resolves when the fecal stream is diverted and is reactivated following reinfusion of bowel contents; severity of the disease is correlated with bacterial d ...201525685606
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in two different camel species by conventional and molecular techniques.paratuberculosis (john's disease) is infectious and chronically progressive granulomatous disease which affects domestic and wild ruminants. the causative agent is mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map), a slow growing mycobactin dependent acid-fast bacillus. we investigated the detection and frequency of map in apparently healthy dromedary and bactrian camels by insertion sequence 900 (is900) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and acid fast staining of fecal samples in iran. acid fast staining ...201526973771
macrophage polarization in cattle experimentally exposed to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease (jd) in cattle, has significant impacts on the livestock industry and has been implicated in the etiology of crohn's disease. macrophages play a key role in jd pathogenesis, which is driven by the manipulation of host immune mechanisms by map. a change in the macrophage microenvironment due to pathogenic or host-derived stimuli can lead to classical (m1) or alternative (m2) polarization of macrophages. ...201526454271
bovine immunoinhibitory receptors contribute to suppression of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific t-cell responses.johne's disease (paratuberculosis) is a chronic enteritis in cattle that is caused by intracellular infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. this infection is characterized by the functional exhaustion of t-cell responses to m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens during late subclinical and clinical stages, presumably facilitating the persistence of this bacterium and the formation of clinical lesions. however, the mechanisms underlying t-cell exhaustion in johne's disease ...201526483406
within- and between-herd prevalence variation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among control programme herds in denmark (2011-2013).this study aimed to estimate the between- (htp) and within- (tp) herd true prevalence distribution of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in dairy cattle herds participating in the danish map control programme. all herds enrolled in the programme between 2011 and 2013 were included in the analysis, and one annual milk-elisa test of all lactating cows present in such herds was considered. a bayesian latent class model was used to obtain htp and tp posterior distributions f ...201526272435
seroprevalence of igg1 and igg4 class antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in japanese population.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the established causative agent of johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants, and it has also been speculated to be a putative etiological agent of several human autoimmune diseases. it is acknowledged that dairy products deriving from infected animals play a role (could be vehicles) in exposing humans to map. map could stimulate the human immune system by means of their complex antigen (in the case of lipids, multivalent antigens) and may ...201526267654
on deaf ears, mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in pathogenesis crohn's and other diseases.the historic suggestion that mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) might be a zoonotic pathogen was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with crohn's disease (cd) with those present in cattle infected with map, the etiological agent of johne's disease. reluctance to fully explore this possibility has been attributed to the difficulty in demonstrating the presence of map in tissues from patients with cd. advances in technology have resolved this pro ...201526730151
iron acquisition in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a host-adapted pathogen that evolved from the environmental bacterium m. avium subsp. hominissuis through gene loss and gene acquisition. growth of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the laboratory is enhanced by supplementation of the media with the iron-binding siderophore mycobactin j. here we examined the production of mycobactins by related organisms and searched for an alternative iron uptake system in m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. throug ...201526712939
human interferon regulatory factor 5 homologous epitopes of epstein-barr virus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis induce a specific humoral and cellular immune response in multiple sclerosis patients.a large number of reports indicate the association of epstein-barr virus (ebv), and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) with multiple sclerosis (ms).201525392335
distribution of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a subclinical naturally infected german fleckvieh bull.although it has been known for years that mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is detectable in the reproductive organs and semen of infected bulls, only few studies have been conducted on this topic worldwide. this study surveyed the map status of a bull, naturally infected due to close contact with its subclinically infected parents over a period of 4 years. from the age of 7 weeks to necropsy, faecal, blood and, after sexual maturity, semen samples were drawn repeatedly. already ...201526671341
predicting the role of il-10 in the regulation of the adaptive immune responses in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections using mathematical models.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes johne's disease (jd) in cattle and other animals. the hallmark of map infection in the early stages is a strong protective cell-mediated immune response (th1-type), characterized by antigen-specific γ-interferon (ifn-γ). the th1 response wanes with disease progression and is supplanted by a non-protective humoral immune response (th2-type). interleukin-10 (il-10) is believed to play a critical ro ...201526619346
host transcriptional profiles and immunopathologic response following mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in mice.paratuberculosis or johne's disease is a chronic granulomatous enteropathy in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection. in the present study, we examined the host response to map infection in spleens of mice in order to investigate the host immunopathology accompanying host-pathogen interaction. transcriptional profiles of the map-infected mice at 3 and 6 weeks p.i. showed severe histopathological changes, whereas those at 12 weeks p.i. displayed reduced le ...201526439498
superior protection elicited by live-attenuated vaccines in the murine model of paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) causes johne's disease, a chronic enteric infection in ruminants with severe economic impact on the dairy industry in the usa and worldwide. currently, available vaccines have limited protective efficacy against disease progression and does not prevent spread of the infection among animals. because of their ability to elicit wide-spectrum immune responses, we adopted a live-attenuated vaccine approach based on a sigh knock-out ...201526546738
modelling of paratuberculosis spread between dairy cattle farms at a regional scale.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease, with large economic consequences for dairy cattle producers worldwide. map spread between farms is mainly due to animal movements. locally, herd size and management are expected to influence infection dynamics. to provide a better understanding of map spread between dairy cattle farms at a regional scale, we describe the first spatio-temporal model accounting simultaneously for population and infection dynamics and indirec ...201526407894
characterization and expression of monoclonal antibody-defined molecules on resting and activated bovine αβ, γδ t and nk cells.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for leukocyte differentiation molecules (ldms) were developed during the past few decades to expand reagents for research in ruminants, pigs, and horses. the specificity of some of the mab-defined molecules was determined through participation in international workshops. other molecules identified with mabs during this time, and more recently with mabs developed after the workshops, have remained partially characterized. efforts are now underway to character ...201526384699
comprehensive insights in the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genome using new wgs data of sheep strain jiii-386 from germany.mycobacterium avium (m. a.) subsp. paratuberculosis (map) - the etiologic agent of johne's disease - affects cattle, sheep and other ruminants worldwide. to decipher phenotypic differences among sheep and cattle strains (belonging to map-s [type-i/iii] respectively map-c [type-ii]) comparative genome analysis needs data from diverse isolates originating from different geographic regions of the world. the current study presents the so far best assembled genome of a map-s-strain: sheep isolate jii ...201526384038
comparative genomics between human and animal associated subspecies of the mycobacterium avium complex: a basis for pathogenicity.a human isolate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis 43525) was sequenced and compared genomically to other mycobacterial pathogens. m. paratuberculosis 43525 was recently isolated from a patient with ulcerative colitis and belongs to the m. avium complex, a group known to infect both humans and animals. while m. paratuberculosis is a known pathogen of livestock, there are only 20 human isolates from the last 20 years, therefore we took the opportunity to perform a ...201526370227
in silico epitope analysis of unique and membrane associated proteins from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for immunogenicity and vaccine evaluation.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis disease affecting ruminants worldwide. the aim of this study was to identify potential candidate antigens and epitopes by bio and immuno-informatic tools which could be later evaluated as vaccines and/or diagnosis. 110 protein sequences were selected from map k-10 genome database: 48 classified as putative enzymes involved in surface polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide synthesis, as membrane associated ...201526279134
molecular typing of argentinian mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates by multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis.multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis (mlva) of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) isolates may contribute to the knowledge of strain diversity in argentina. although the diversity of map has been previously investigated in argentina using is900-rflp, a small number of isolates were employed, and a low discriminative power was reached. the aim of the present study was to test the genetic diversity among map isolates using an mlva approach based on 8 repetitive ...201526273274
effect of various dietary regimens on oral challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a rabbit model.rabbits are susceptible to infection by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in both wildlife and experimental conditions. under the hypotheses that nutrient balance might influence the establishment of infection, we designed an experiment where map intestinal colonization was assessed under three dietary regimens: high fiber, high protein, and regular diet in new zealand white rabbits submitted to oral challenge with map. lowest weight gain (f=5.17, p=0.024), higher tissue cult ...201526267094
mean effective sensitivity for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle herds.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infections in cattle are generally challenging to detect and cost-effective test strategies are consequently difficult to identify. map-specific antibody elisas for milk and serum are relatively inexpensive, but their utility is influenced by a number of factors such as herd size, herd composition and diagnostic sensitivity. the sensitivity of the test increases with the age of the tested animal, and therefore the general, or "mean effective sens ...201526253222
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a sheep flock in tuscany.paratuberculosis is an infectious disease which affects ruminants. in this work, a sheep flock in garfagnana district (tuscany, italy) was examined by agar gel immune-diffusion (agid) tests, culture, and pcr from feces, milk, tissue samples, and cheeses. at the first agid test, 7/280 (2.5 %) animals were positive. from these animals, feces and milk samples were collected: 4/7 feces (57.14 %) and 2/7 milk samples (28.57 %) were positive to culture and 7/7 (100 %) feces samples and 1/7 milk sample ...201526245917
risk factors for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and mycobacterium bovis coinfection at individual animal level in southern chile cattle populations.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes a chronic intestinal infection mainly in domestic and wild ruminants and is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route. mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) produces a chronic infection principally of the respiratory system. it affects most domestic mammals, wild species, and humans and is spread via the respiratory or oral route. it is important to note that m. bovis is considered a major zoonotic agent. the term coinfection refers to the co ...201526193778
interferon gamma response to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis specific lipopentapeptide antigen l5p in cattle.after mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection the cell-mediated immune (cmi) response indicative of early th1 activation may be detected using interferon-gamma release assay (igra). currently, the purified protein derivatives (ppds), i.e., the total extract of mycobacteria antigens are used to recall cmi responses against map. this study aimed to assess the ability of the chemically synthesized map specific cell wall lipopentapeptide l5p to induce cmi response in cows infecte ...201526412530
a new compartmental model of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection dynamics in cattle.models of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), a chronic infectious agent of cattle, are used to identify effective control programs. however, new biological findings show that adult infections occur and that infected animals can be separated into 2 paths: animals that will become high-shedding and, eventually, experience clinical disease (high-path); and animals that will shed only small quantities of map and will remain subclinical (low-path). longitudinal data analysis found tha ...201526520176
zap-70, ctla-4 and proximal t cell receptor signaling in cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminant animals caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). a hallmark of paratuberculosis is a transition from a cell-mediated th1 type response to a humoral th2 response with the progression of disease from a subclinical to clinical state. the objective of this study was to investigate the expression of two crucial molecules in t cell function, zap-70 (zeta-chain-associated protein of 70 kda) and ctla-4 (cytotoxic t-lymphocy ...201526163934
application of multiple laboratory tests for mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis detection in crohn's disease patient specimens.the difficulties involved in detecting and enumerating mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) as a pathogen potentially involved in crohn's disease (cd) are well known. this study aimed to improve this situation through the application of multiple laboratory diagnostic tests to detect and isolate this bacterium from different specimens collected from cd-patients and non-cd subjects as controls. a total of 120 samples (terminal ileum and colon biopsies, blood and stool) were obtained f ...201526147146
functional analysis of 3'utr polymorphisms in the caprine slc11a1 gene and its association with the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.the study aimed to investigate whether the genetic polymorphisms in the 3'utr of the caprine slc11a1 gene are functional, and to assess the role of map as a regulatory parameter in gene expression. to this goal we constructed plasmids expressing the luciferase reporter gene in transient transfections of a mouse (balb/c) macrophage cell line (raw264.7), incorporating those polymorphisms that our previous work indicated as more prominent in terms of slc11a1 expression and responsiveness to map inf ...201526117376
serologic screening for 13 infectious agents in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in flanders.in order to investigate the role of roe deer in the maintenance and transmission of infectious animal and human diseases in flanders, we conducted a serologic screening in 12 hunting areas.201526609692
characterization of a caprine model for the subclinical initial phase of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.paratuberculosis caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is difficult to control due to a long phase of clinically non-apparent (latent) infection for which sensitive diagnostics are lacking. a defined animal model for this phase of the infection can help to investigate host-map interactions in apparently healthy animals and identify surrogate markers for disease progress and might also serve as challenge model for vaccines. to establish such a model in goats, different age a ...201525889716
lamp technology: rapid identification of brucella and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.in this study, we developed new sets of primers to detect brucella spp. and m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) through isothermal amplification. we selected a previously well-characterized target gene, bscp31, specific for brucella spp. and is900 for map. the limits of detection using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) protocols described herein were similar to those of conventional pcr targeting the same sequences. hydroxynaphtol blue and sybr green(tm) allowed direct naked-e ...201526273282
analysis of the bovine monocyte-derived macrophage response to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection using rna-seq.johne's disease, caused by infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, (map), is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminants with serious economic consequences for cattle production in the united states and elsewhere. during infection, map bacilli are phagocytosed and subvert host macrophage processes, resulting in subclinical infections that can lead to immunopathology and dissemination of disease. analysis of the host macrophage transcriptome during infection can therefore shed l ...201525699042
the identification of circulating mirna in bovine serum and their potential as novel biomarkers of early mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the aetiological agent of johne's disease (jd), a chronic enteritis in ruminants that causes substantial economic loses to agriculture worldwide. current diagnostic assays are hampered by low sensitivity and specificity that seriously complicate disease control; a new generation of diagnostic and prognostic assays are therefore urgently needed. circulating micrornas (mirnas) have been shown to have significant potential as novel biomarkers ...201526218736
analysis of biobanked serum from a mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis bovine infection model confirms the remarkable stability of circulating mirna profiles and defines a bovine serum mirna repertoire.johne's disease (jd) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map). current disease control strategies are hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic modalities. therefore, novel diagnostic and prognostic tools are needed, and circulating micrornas (mirnas) may hold potential in this area. the aims of this study were twofold: (i) to address the stability of mirna in bovine sera from biobanked samples, and (ii) to assess the pot ...201526675426
in vivo volatile organic compound signatures of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of a chronic enteric disease of ruminants. available diagnostic tests are complex and slow. in vitro, volatile organic compound (voc) patterns emitted from map cultures mirrored bacterial growth and enabled distinction of different strains. this study was intended to determine vocs in vivo in the controlled setting of an animal model. vocs were pre-concentrated from breath and feces of 42 goats (16 controls and 26 map-inocula ...201525915653
[production and evaluation of a purified protein derivative from an argentine strain of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis].purified protein derivatives (ppds) are non-defined antigens prepared from mycobacteria cultures. they are usually employed to evaluate the specific cellular immune response both in animals and humans. bovine and avian ppds are usually employed as antigens in mycobacterial infections such as tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. nevertheless, ppd from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, (ppdj) is neither commonly used nor frequently available. however, ppd from mycobacterium avium subsp. a ...201523102462
crohn's disease, the mycobacterium paratuberculosis and the genetic bond: an unexpected trio. 201525771330
crohn's disease therapy with dietzia: the end of anti-inflammatory drugs. 201525689526
associations between mycobacterium paratuberculosis sero-status, milk quality parameters, and reproduction in dairy cows.the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of mycobocterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) sero-status of dairy cows on different milk production variables and reproductive traits. the study was carried out on 40 herds from the region of galicia (north-west spain). these herds were randomly selected from a larger group that had taken part in a voluntary paratuberculosis control program since 2005, which involves regular serum sampling of every adult animal to run antibody- ...201526591382
crohn's disease-specific anti-cuzd1 pancreatic antibodies are absent in ruminants with paratuberculosis.pancreatic autoantibodies (pabs) specifically recognizing gp2 and/or cuzd1 are present in more than 35% of patients with crohn's disease (crd). we have recently provided evidence of the presence of gp2-specific pabs in ruminants with paratuberculosis (ptb), a mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map)-induced disease resembling crd.201525575461
sensitivity and specificity of repeated test results from a commercial milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of results of initial and repeated milk elisas (at 6- or 12-month intervals) to detect cows that were shedding mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (ie, were infectious) and to evaluate factors influencing the probability that the results of a repeated milk elisa would be positive for an infectious cow if the results of the initial milk elisa were negative.201525554941
envelope protein complexes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and their antigenicity.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic enteric disease of ruminant animals. in the present study, blue native page electrophoresis and 2d sds-page were used to separate map envelope protein complexes, followed by mass spectrometry (ms) to identify individual proteins within the complexes. identity of individual proteins within complexes was further confirmed by ms upon excision of spots from 2d sds-page gels. among the seven putativ ...201525500374
cellular composition of granulomatous lesions in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of goats during the first year after experimental infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes lesions in naturally and experimentally infected ruminants which greatly differ in severity, cellular composition and number of mycobacteria. morphologically distinct lesions are already found during the clinically inapparent phase of infection. the complex local host response and number of map were characterized at the initial sites of lesions, organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue, in experimentally infected goats. tissues were collec ...201525466387
application of cattle slurry containing mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) to grassland soil and its effect on the relationship between map and free-living amoeba.slurry from dairy farms is commonly used to fertilize crops and pastures. this mixture of manure, urine and water can harbor multiple microbial pathogens among which mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is a major concern. persistence of map in soil and infection of soil acanthamoeba was evaluated by culture, real-time is900 pcr, and by staining of amoeba with acid-fast and vital stains comparing soils irrigated with map-spiked or control dairy farm slurry. map dna was detected in s ...201525448447
whole-blood gene-expression profiles of cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis reveal changes in immune response and lipid metabolism.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic debilitating disease affecting ruminants worldwide. in the present study, we aimed to determine the major gene networks and pathways underlying the immune response to map infection using whole-blood cells, as well as provide the potential transcriptional markers for identifying the status of map infection. we analyzed the transcriptional profiles of whole-blood cells of cattle identified and gr ...201525248984
survey on the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ground beef from an industrial meat plant.paratuberculosis of ruminants is characterised by chronic enteritis but, at advanced stages of the disease, a systemic dissemination of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in tissues and organs can occur. map has been recovered from lymph nodes and muscles of clinical and sub-clinical cows. in most countries, dairy and beef cattle infected with paratuberculosis are routinely sent to slaughter and the consumption of their meat could be a possible route of human exposure to map. howe ...201525824129
optimisation of dna extraction and validation of pcr assays to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the aim of this study was to investigate dna extraction methods and pcr assays suitable for the detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine tissue. the majority of methods currently used to detect m. paratuberculosis have been developed using bovine samples, such as faeces, blood or tissue and, in many cases, have been based on detection from pooled samples from a herd. however most studies have not compared pcr results to culture results. in order to address this problem, four dna ext ...201525797305
limitations of variable number of tandem repeat typing identified through whole genome sequencing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a national and herd level.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative bacterium of johne's disease in dairy cattle, is widespread in the canadian dairy industry and has significant economic and animal welfare implications. an understanding of the population dynamics of map can be used to identify introduction events, improve control efforts and target transmission pathways, although this requires an adequate understanding of map diversity and distribution between herds and across the country. whole g ...201525765045
what role does mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis play in crohn's disease?crohn's disease (cd) is a chronic, debilitating inflammatory bowel disease with no etiological agent yet identified. studies have demonstrated that the bacterium mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is present in a high percentage of cd patients. although map has been isolated from human specimens, current techniques fail to show the presence of map in 100 % of tissues or biopsies obtained from cd patient lesions, and thus map cannot meet koch's postulate as the etiological agent of ...201525754452
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