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gene expression profiling and putative biomarkers of calves 3 months after infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease (jd), a chronic granulomatous intestinal inflammation of ruminants. current diagnostic tools lack sensitivity to detect jd early in infection; therefore, alternatives are desired. the objective was to identify potential biomarkers in whole blood of high- and low-dose (ld) map-challenged holstein-friesian calves 3 months after inoculation. infected calves were designated map-positive using the ifn-γ release assay. differenti ...201424841487
deletion of rela abrogates the capacity of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis to establish an infection in calves.previous comparative studies in goats revealed deletion of rela but not pkng abrogates the capacity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) to establish a persistent infection. the immune response elicited by the mutant cleared infection. the objective of the present study was to extend the studies in calves and compare the proliferative response elicited by the rela deletion mutant (δrela) and map using flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcription real-time pcr (qrt-pcr). ...201424860792
evaluation of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk using peptide-mediated separation and propidium monoazide qpcr.the causative agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), although still a matter of debate, has been linked with crohn's and other human diseases. the availability of rapid methods for assessing the viability of map cells in food, in particular milk, could be of great use for risk management in food safety. map viability is generally assessed using culture techniques that require prolonged incubation periods for the growth of map. to differentiate ...201424860938
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is not discerned in diabetes mellitus patients in hyderabad, india.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is an obligate intracellular pathogen. it causes chronic intestinal inflammation in ruminants known as johne's disease and is associated with human crohn's disease. furthermore, association of map with other autoimmune diseases, such as type-1 diabetes, has been established in patients from sardinia (italy) which is a map endemic and genetically isolated region. due to largest livestock population and consequently high map prevalence amidst a very ...201424863528
sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting serum antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fallow deer.the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is the diagnostic test most commonly used in efforts to control paratuberculosis in domestic ruminants. however, commercial elisas have not been validated for detecting antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild animals. in this study, we compared the sensitivities and specificities of five elisas using individual serum samples collected from 41 fallow deer with or without histopathological lesions consistent with paratube ...201424872517
spread of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis through soil and grass on a mouflon (ovis aries) pasture.the aims of this study were to describe spatial contamination of the environment on a mouflon pasture, as well as to assess the contamination of grass and roots after surface contamination and in depth contamination with feces and buried tissues from animals infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. a. paratuberculosis). samples of soil, roots, and aerial parts of plants were collected from different locations inside the mouflon pasture, and one control sample site was chosen ...201424880776
from mouth to macrophage: mechanisms of innate immune subversion by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.johne's disease (jd) is a chronic enteric infection of cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). the high economic cost and potential zoonotic threat of jd have driven efforts to develop tools and approaches to effectively manage this disease within livestock herds. efforts to control jd through traditional animal management practices are complicated by map's ability to cause long-term environmental contamination as well as difficulties associated with diagnosis of jd i ...201424885748
disruption of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific genes impairs in vivo fitness.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects many ruminant species. the acquisition of foreign genes via horizontal gene transfer has been postulated to contribute to its pathogenesis, as these genetic elements are absent from its putative ancestor, m. avium subsp. hominissuis (mah), an environmental organism with lesser pathogenicity. in this study, high-throughput sequencing of map transposon libraries were analyzed to qualitatively and q ...201424885784
observed management practices in relation to the risk of infection with paratuberculosis and to the spread of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in swiss dairy and beef herds.many studies have been conducted to define risk factors for the transmission of bovine paratuberculosis, mostly in countries with large herds. little is known about the epidemiology in infected swiss herds and risk factors important for transmission in smaller herds. therefore, the presence of known factors which might favor the spread of paratuberculosis and could be related to the prevalence at animal level of fecal shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were assessed in 17 in ...201424930008
expression of genes associated with cholesterol and lipid metabolism identified as a novel pathway in the early pathogenesis of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-infection in cattle.johne's disease (jd) is a chronic disease affecting ruminants and other species caused by the pathogenic mycobacterium, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). map has developed a multitude of mechanisms to persist within the host, and these in turn are counteracted by the host through various immune pathways. identifying and characterising the different strategies employed by map to alter the host immune system in its favour, and thereby persist intracellularly, could hold the key to ...201424930699
lymphatic fluid for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cows by pcr, compared to fecal sampling and detection of antibodies in blood and milk.johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), can cause considerable economic losses in affected herds. early diagnosis of jd is hampered by the chronic nature of the disease with a slow subclincal progression. the aim of the present study was to challenge the hypothesis that lymphatic fluid is of diagnostic value in the early stages of the disease. lymphatic fluid from 122 animals was collected and tested for map by nested pcr for is900 and compared to the r ...201424930984
repeated cycles of chemical and physical disinfection and their influence on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis viability measured by propidium monoazide f57 quantitative real time pcr.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has a high degree of resistance to chemical and physical procedures frequently used for the elimination of other bacteria. recently, a method for the determination of viability by exposure of map to propidium monoazide (pma) and subsequent real time quantitative pcr (qpcr) was established and found to be comparable with culture. the aim of this study was to apply the pma qpcr method to determine the impact of increasing concentration or time and ...201424934261
proteome-scale identification of outer membrane proteins in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis using a structure based combined hierarchical approach.outer membrane proteins (omps) in eubacteria have several important roles, which range from membrane transport to the host-pathogen interactions. these are directly involved in pathogen attachment, entry and activation of several pathogen-induced signaling cascades in the cell. the cardinal structural features of omps include the presence of a β-barrel, a signal peptide and the absence of the transmembrane helix. this is the first report on proteome-wide identification of omps of ruminant pathog ...201424950976
effectiveness of gudair™ vaccine for the control of ovine johne's disease in flocks vaccinating for at least 5 years.examine the prevalence of shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mptb) at least 5 years after starting vaccination with gudair™ in flocks of varying initial prevalence of ovine johne's disease (ojd) and identify risk factors for variation in vaccine efficacy.201424964836
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes crohn's disease in some inflammatory bowel disease patients.crohn's disease (cd) is a chronic inflammatory condition that plagues millions all over the world. this debilitating bowel disease can start in early childhood and continue into late adulthood. signs and symptoms are usually many and multiple tests are often required for the diagnosis and confirmation of this disease. however, little is still understood about the cause(s) of cd. as a result, several theories have been proposed over the years. one theory in particular is that mycobacterium avium ...201424966610
three-dimensional in vitro models of granuloma to study bacteria-host interactions, drug-susceptibility, and resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria.mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae, mycobacterium bovis, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis can survive within host macrophages in a dormant state, encased within an organized aggregate of immune host cells called granuloma. granulomas consist of uninfected macrophages, foamy macrophages, epithelioid cells, and t lymphocytes accumulated around infected macrophages. within granulomas, activated macrophages can fuse to form multinucleated giant cells, also called giant l ...201424967387
snp genotyping of animal and human derived isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the aetiological agent of johne's disease (jd), a chronic granulomatous enteritis that affects ruminants worldwide. while the ability of map to cause disease in animals is clear, the role of this bacterium in human inflammatory bowel diseases remains unresolved. previous whole genome sequencing of map isolates derived from human and three animal hosts showed that human isolates were genetically similar and showed a close phylogenetic relations ...201424970365
genetic association analysis of paratuberculosis forms in holstein-friesian cattle.a genetic susceptibility to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infections in ruminants has been longtime suspected to exist. recently, natural infections in cattle have been reclassified into latent and patent forms based on histopathological findings and their associations with immunological and microbiological variables. this study aims to explore whether these newly defined phenotypes are associated with twenty-four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in six bovine candidate ...201424971191
association between cattle herd mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection and infection of a hare population.paratuberculosis has long been considered a disease of domestic and wild ruminants only. the known host range of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) was recently extended to include non-ruminant wildlife species believed to be exposed to spillover of map from infected domestic cattle herds. the aim of the present study was to assess the association between cattle herd map infection pressure level and the infection level of a hare population in two dairy farms of southern chile. fif ...201425030465
preparation and biological properties of ring-substituted naphthalene-1-carboxanilides.in this study, a series of twenty-two ring-substituted naphthalene-1-carboxanilides were prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized carboxanilides was performed against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. n-(2-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(3-methoxy-phenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(3-methylphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(4-methylphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide and n-(3-fluorophenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide showed against m. avium s ...201425036151
infectious pathogens potentially transmitted by semen of the black variety of the manchega sheep breed: health constraints for conservation purposes.conservation of genetic resources from endangered breeds may be conducted through germinal banks. preservation of healthy samples is paramount to avoid preserving pathogens shed with germinal products. the black variety of manchega sheep (bms), and endangered breed endemic to south-central spain, is the subject of a conservation program; a germinal bank has been recently established. however, several pathogens circulating in bms flocks may be shed with semen and threaten bms preservation. theref ...201425066603
the immunodominant t-cell epitopes of the mycolyl-transferases of the antigen 85 complex of m. tuberculosis.the ag85 complex is a 30-32 kda family of three proteins (ag85a, ag85b, and ag85c), which all three possess enzymatic mycolyl-transferase activity involved in the coupling of mycolic acids to the arabinogalactan of the cell wall and in the biogenesis of cord factor. by virtue of their strong potential to induce th1-type immune responses, important for the control of intracellular infections, members of the ag85 family rank among the most promising tb vaccine candidate antigens. ag85a and ag85b, ...201425071781
screening of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutants for attenuation in a bovine monocyte-derived macrophage model.vaccination remains a major tool for prevention and progression of johne's disease, a chronic enteritis of ruminants worldwide. currently there is only one licensed vaccine within the united states and two vaccines licensed internationally against johne's disease. all licensed vaccines reduce fecal shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and delay disease progression. however, there are no available vaccines that prevent disease onset. a joint effort by the johne's disease ...201425072030
evaluation of eight live attenuated vaccine candidates for protection against challenge with virulent mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in mice.johne's disease is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), which results in serious economic losses worldwide in farmed livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats. to control this disease, an effective vaccine with minimal adverse effects is needed. in order to identify a live vaccine for johne's disease, we evaluated eight attenuated mutant strains of map using a c57bl/6 mouse model. the persistence of the vaccine candidates was measured at 6, 12, and 18 weeks post vaccinat ...201425072031
pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.autism spectrum disorders (asd) comprise a group of neurodevelopmental abnormalities that begin in early childhood and are characterized by impairment of social communication and behavioral problems including restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. several genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asd, most of them are involved in neuronal synaptogenesis. a number of environmental factors and associated conditions such as gastrointestinal (gi) abnormalities and immune imbalance ha ...201425110424
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates induce in vitro granuloma formation and show successful survival phenotype, common anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic responses within ovine macrophages regardless of genotype or host of origin.the analysis of the early macrophage responses, including bacterial growth within macrophages, represents a powerful tool to characterize the virulence of clinical isolates of mycobcaterium avium susbp. paratuberculosis (map). the present study represents the first assessment of the intracellular behaviour in ovine monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) of map isolates representing distinct genotypes (c, s and b), and isolated from cattle, sheep, goat, fallow deer, deer, and wild boar. intracellula ...201425111300
domino effect of hypomagnesemia on the innate immunity of crohn's disease patients.digestive diseases play major role in development and complications of other disorders including diabetes. for example, crohn's disease (cd) is an inflammatory bowel disease associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. the inflammation is a complex process that involves the activity of both innate and adaptive immune responses. cd lesions are primarily due to t cell response, however; innate immune response has a significant role in initiating its pathogenesis. toll-like rece ...201425126398
description of a novel adhesin of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the binding and ingestion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) by host cells are fibronectin (fn) dependent. in several species of mycobacteria, a specific family of proteins allows the attachment and internalization of these bacteria by epithelial cells through interaction with fn. thus, the identification of adhesion molecules is essential to understand the pathogenesis of map. the aim of this study was to identify and characterize fn binding cell wall proteins of map. we searc ...201425136616
variable-number tandem repeats genotyping used to aid and inform management strategies for a bovine johne's disease incursion in tropical and subtropical australia.the application of variable-number tandem repeats (vntr) genotyping of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates to assist in investigating incidents of bovine johne's disease in a low-prevalence region of australia is described in the current study. isolates from a response to detection of bovine johne's disease in queensland were compared with strains from national and international sources. the tandem application of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (miru) and multilocus s ...201425139793
comparison of the antimicrobial activities of gallium nitrate and gallium maltolate against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in vitro.johne's disease (jd) is an enteric infection of cattle and other ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). this study compared the antimicrobial activities of gallium nitrate (gan) and gallium maltolate (gam) against two field map isolates by use of broth culture. the concentrations that resulted in 99% growth inhibition of isolates 1 and 2 were, respectively, 636 µm and 183 µm for gan, and 251 µm and 142 µm for gam. for both isolates, time to detection was significa ...201425155307
'global warming' to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. 201425156371
role of host- and pathogen-associated lipids in directing the immune response in mycobacterial infections, with emphasis on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacteria have a complex cell wall with a high lipid content that confers unique advantages for bacterial survival in the hostile host environment, leading to long-term infection. there is a wealth of evidence suggesting the role cell wall-associated lipid antigens play at the host-pathogen interface by contributing to bacterial virulence. one pathway that pathogenic mycobacteria use to subvert host immune pathways to their advantage is host cholesterol/lipid homeostasis. this review focuses ...201625163812
systematic review of the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle, sheep, and goats in latin america and the caribbean.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis or johne's disease (jd) in domestic ruminants and wild species. the aim of the present study was to systematically review the prevalence of paratuberculosis among farmed animals (cattle, sheep, and goats) in latin america and the caribbean. the initial search for existing publications reporting systematic reviews and primary studies was carried out by searching the available databases. for the final selection of studies, an init ...201425169696
enhanced expression of codon optimized mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens in lactobacillus salivarius.it is well documented that open reading frames containing high gc content show poor expression in a+t rich hosts. specifically, g+c-rich codon usage is a limiting factor in heterologous expression of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) proteins using lactobacillus salivarius. however, re-engineering opening reading frames through synonymous substitutions can offset codon bias and greatly enhance map protein production in this host. in this report, we demonstrate that codon-usage ma ...201425237653
whole-blood gene-expression profiles of cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis reveal changes in immune response and lipid metabolism.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic debilitating disease affecting ruminants worldwide. in the present study, we aimed to determine the major gene networks and pathways underlying the immune response to map infection using whole-blood cells, as well as provide the potential transcriptional markers for identifying the status of map infection. we analyzed the transcriptional profiles of whole-blood cells of cattle identified and gr ...201525248984
non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of veterinary relevance.mycobacteria play an important role in human and animal health fields. we here examine the place of non tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) infections in the veterinary context. relevant aspects of a reference laboratory experience and a literature review are presented in this article. importance is given both to productivity and to economic losses due to misdiagnosis with bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. the impact ntm may have is relative to geographical location, ecology, husbandry, exten ...201425256964
flock-level factors associated with the risk of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in greek dairy goat flocks.in this cross-sectional study we identified flock-level risk factors for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection, in greek dairy goat flocks. we collected 1599 milk samples from does that were at the last stage of lactation in 58 randomly selected dairy goat flocks, during may to september 2012. the collected samples were tested with a commercial milk elisa (idexxpourquier, montpellier, france) and the results were interpreted at a cut-off that optimized the accuracy of the d ...201425257350
occurrence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and neospora caninum in alberta cow-calf operations.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and neospora caninum (nc) are two pathogens causing important production limiting diseases in the cattle industry. significant impacts of map and nc have been reported on dairy cattle herds, but little is known about the importance, risk factors and transmission patterns in western canadian cow-calf herds. in this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of map and nc infection in southwest alberta cow-calf herds was estimated, risk factors for nc w ...201425277685
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the etiology of crohn's disease, cause or epiphenomenon?the origin of inflammatory bowel disease is unknown. attempts have been made to isolate a microorganism that could explain the onset of inflammation, but no pathological agent has ever been identified. johne's disease is a granulomatous chronic enteritis of cattle and sheep caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) and shows some analogies with crohn's disease (cd). several studies have tried to clarify if map has a role in the etiology of cd. the present article provides a ...201425278700
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from sheep, cattle and deer on new zealand pastoral farms.the present study aimed to describe the molecular diversity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) isolates obtained from sheep, cattle (beef and dairy) and deer farms in new zealand. a total of 206 independent map isolates (15 beef cattle, 89 dairy cattle, 35 deer, 67 sheep) were sourced from 172 species-mobs (15 beef cattle, 66 dairy cattle, 31 deer, 60 sheep). seventeen subtypes were identified, using a combination of variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) and short sequence r ...201425315761
species-specific engagement of human nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (nod)2 and toll-like receptor (tlr) signalling upon intracellular bacterial infection: role of crohn's associated nod2 gene variants.recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan-derived muramyl-dipeptide (mdp) by nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (nod2) induces crucial innate immune responses. most bacteria carry the n-acetylated form of mdp (a-mdp) in their cell membranes, whereas n-glycolyl mdp (g-mdp) is typical for mycobacteria. experimental murine studies have reported g-mdp to have a greater nod2-stimulating capacity than a-mdp. as nod2 polymorphisms are associated with crohn's disease (cd), a link has been suggested betwee ...201525335775
generation and screening of a comprehensive mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transposon mutant bank.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiologic agent of johne's disease in ruminants. this enteritis has significant economic impact and worldwide distribution. vaccination is one of the most cost effective infectious disease control measures. unfortunately, current vaccines reduce clinical disease and shedding, but are of limited efficacy and do not provide long-term protective immunity. several strategies have been followed to mine the map genome for virulence determinants ...201425360421
metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the sensitivity of current diagnostics for johne's disease, a slow, progressing enteritis in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is too low to reliably detect all infected animals in the subclinical stage. the objective was to identify individual metabolites or metabolite profiles that could be used as biomarkers of early map infection in ruminants. in a monthly follow-up for 17 months, calves infected at 2 weeks of age were compared with aged-matched controls. ...201425372282
role of the intestinal microbiota and fecal transplantation in inflammatory bowel diseases.ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease are the two major types of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). despite intensive study, it is still challenging because the precise etiology and pathogenesis remains unclear. studies have shown that ibd is associated with changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota, as either a cause or a consequence of abnormal host immune response in genetic susceptible population. two specific microorganisms (mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and escheric ...201425389085
human interferon regulatory factor 5 homologous epitopes of epstein-barr virus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis induce a specific humoral and cellular immune response in multiple sclerosis patients.a large number of reports indicate the association of epstein-barr virus (ebv), and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) with multiple sclerosis (ms).201525392335
identification of immunoreactive proteins of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the cause of a chronic enteritis of ruminants (bovine paratuberculosis (ptb)--johne's disease) that is associated with enormous worldwide economic losses for the animal production. diagnosis is based on observation of clinical signs, the detection of antibodies in milk or serum, or evaluation of bacterial culture from feces. the limit of these methods is that they are not able to detect the disease in the subclinical stage and are applicable o ...201525404104
molecular analysis and miru-vntr typing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from various sources.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease. genotypic discrimination of map isolates is pivotal to epidemiological studies requisite for revealing infection sources and disease transmission. this study was undertaken to determine the genetic diversity of map strains from diverse sources.201525410632
application of cattle slurry containing mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) to grassland soil and its effect on the relationship between map and free-living amoeba.slurry from dairy farms is commonly used to fertilize crops and pastures. this mixture of manure, urine and water can harbor multiple microbial pathogens among which mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is a major concern. persistence of map in soil and infection of soil acanthamoeba was evaluated by culture, real-time is900 pcr, and by staining of amoeba with acid-fast and vital stains comparing soils irrigated with map-spiked or control dairy farm slurry. map dna was detected in s ...201525448447
estimation of flock/herd-level true mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis prevalence on sheep, beef cattle and deer farms in new zealand using a novel bayesian model.the study aimed to estimate the national- and island-level flock/herd true prevalence (htp) of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in pastoral farmed sheep, beef cattle and deer in new zealand. a random sample of 238 single- or multi-species farms was selected from a postal surveyed population of 1940 farms. the sample included 162 sheep flocks, 116 beef cattle and 99 deer herds from seven of 16 geographical regions. twenty animals from each species present on farm were r ...201425457132
cellular composition of granulomatous lesions in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of goats during the first year after experimental infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes lesions in naturally and experimentally infected ruminants which greatly differ in severity, cellular composition and number of mycobacteria. morphologically distinct lesions are already found during the clinically inapparent phase of infection. the complex local host response and number of map were characterized at the initial sites of lesions, organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue, in experimentally infected goats. tissues were collec ...201525466387
envelope protein complexes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and their antigenicity.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic enteric disease of ruminant animals. in the present study, blue native page electrophoresis and 2d sds-page were used to separate map envelope protein complexes, followed by mass spectrometry (ms) to identify individual proteins within the complexes. identity of individual proteins within complexes was further confirmed by ms upon excision of spots from 2d sds-page gels. among the seven putativ ...201525500374
sensitivity and specificity of repeated test results from a commercial milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of results of initial and repeated milk elisas (at 6- or 12-month intervals) to detect cows that were shedding mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (ie, were infectious) and to evaluate factors influencing the probability that the results of a repeated milk elisa would be positive for an infectious cow if the results of the initial milk elisa were negative.201525554941
crohn's disease-specific anti-cuzd1 pancreatic antibodies are absent in ruminants with paratuberculosis.pancreatic autoantibodies (pabs) specifically recognizing gp2 and/or cuzd1 are present in more than 35% of patients with crohn's disease (crd). we have recently provided evidence of the presence of gp2-specific pabs in ruminants with paratuberculosis (ptb), a mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map)-induced disease resembling crd.201525575461
efficient, validated method for detection of mycobacterial growth in liquid culture media by use of bead beating, magnetic-particle-based nucleic acid isolation, and quantitative pcr.pathogenic mycobacteria are difficult to culture, requiring specialized media and a long incubation time, and have complex and exceedingly robust cell walls. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic wasting disease of ruminants, is a typical example. culture of map from the feces and intestinal tissues is a commonly used test for confirmation of infection. liquid medium offers greater sensitivity than solid medium for detection of map; ...201525609725
survey of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in road-killed wild carnivores in portugal.a survey to determine the occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in wild carnivores in portugal was conducted by testing samples from road-killed animals between 2009 and 2012. postmortem examinations were performed and tissues were collected from wild carnivores representing four families and six different species, with a total of 74 animals analyzed. cultures were performed by using löwenstein-jensen and middlebrook 7h11 solid media and acid-fast isolates were identifi ...201425632662
serological studies to determine the occurrence of johne's disease and mycoplasma infection in the northern-east polish population of european bison (bison bonasus).a serological study of twenty three european bison (bison bonasus) derived from northern-east poland for the seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, mycoplasma bovis, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides sc, mycoplasma agalactiae and mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was conducted. only specific antibodies to m. bovis were detected in two animals (8.7%) which were connected with the clinical signs and macroscopic anatomopathological lesions.201425638988
the vesicle-associated function of nod2 as a link between crohn's disease and mycobacterial infection.although crohn's disease (cd) etiology remains unclear, a growing body of evidence suggests that cd may include an infectious component, with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) being the most likely candidate for this role. however, the molecular mechanism of the map involvement in cd pathogenesis remains unclear. the polymorphism of the nod2 gene, coding for an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, is a factor of predisposition to mycobacterial infections and cd. recent fin ...201525653718
pathogenesis of crohn's disease: bug or no bug.the possibility of an infectious origin in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has been postulated since the first description of crohn's disease (cd). many observations implicate bacteria as a trigger for the development of cd: lesions occur in regions with higher bacterial concentrations; aphthous ulcers occur in peyer's patches; inflammation resolves when the fecal stream is diverted and is reactivated following reinfusion of bowel contents; severity of the disease is correlated with bacterial d ...201525685606
crohn's disease therapy with dietzia: the end of anti-inflammatory drugs. 201525689526
analysis of the bovine monocyte-derived macrophage response to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection using rna-seq.johne's disease, caused by infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, (map), is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminants with serious economic consequences for cattle production in the united states and elsewhere. during infection, map bacilli are phagocytosed and subvert host macrophage processes, resulting in subclinical infections that can lead to immunopathology and dissemination of disease. analysis of the host macrophage transcriptome during infection can therefore shed l ...201525699042
blocking the mitogen activated protein kinase-p38 pathway is associated with increase expression of nitric oxide synthase and higher production of nitric oxide by bovine macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.this study evaluated the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)-p38 pathway in the nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression and nitric oxide (no) production by bovine monocyte-derived macrophages ingesting mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) organisms in vitro. bovine monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with map organisms with or without a specific inhibitor of the mapkp38 pathway and activation of the mapkp38, interleukin - (il) il-10, il-12, inos mrna expressi ...201525700780
increased viability but decreased culturability of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in macrophages from inflammatory bowel disease patients under infliximab treatment.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has long been implicated as a triggering agent in crohn's disease (cd). in this study, we investigated the growth/persistence of both m. avium subsp. hominissuis (mah) and map, in macrophages from healthy controls (hc), cd and ulcerative colitis patients. for viability assessment, both cfu counts and a pre16srrna rna/dna ratio assay (for map) were used. phagolysosome fusion was evaluated by immunofluorescence, through analysis of lamp-1 colocaliz ...201525702170
improvement of sensitivity for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) detection in bovine fecal samples by specific duplex f57/ic real-time and conventional is900 pcrs after solid culture enrichment.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of johne's disease in ruminants and a probable pathogen of crohn's disease in humans. accurate, cost-effective, and time-relevant diagnostics are the basis for efficient control programs. this study was conducted as an attempt to re-evaluate map detection improvement by coupling solid media enrichment to a more specific is900 conventional pcr and a very specific f57/ic real-time pcr. in a spiking experiment, we investigat ...201525716216
evaluation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays targeting mycobacterium avium, m. intracellulare, and m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis in drinking water biofilms.mycobacterium avium (ma), mycobacterium intracellulare (mi), and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) are difficult to culture due to their slow growing nature. a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) method for the rapid detection of ma, mi, and map can be used to provide data supporting drinking water biofilms as potential sources of human exposure. the aim of this study was to characterize two qpcr assays targeting partial 16s rrna gene sequences of ma and mi and use thes ...201525719473
proteome-wide b and t cell epitope repertoires in outer membrane proteins of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis have vaccine and diagnostic relevance: a holistic approach.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an etiological agent of chronic inflammation of the intestine among ruminants and humans. currently, there are no effective vaccines and sensitive diagnostic tests available for its control and detection. for this, it is of paramount importance to identify the map antigens, which may be immunologically recognized by the host immune system. to address this challenge, we performed identification of the immunogenic epitopes in the map outer membr ...201525727233
virulence attenuation of a mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis s-type strain prepared from intestinal mucosa after bacterial culture. evaluation in an experimental ovine model.the differences in pathogenicity between an inoculum derived directly from an intestinal tissue homogenate from a paratuberculosis affected sheep and the s-type mycobacterium avium subsp. partuberculosis (map) strain isolated in laboratory media from the mentioned homogenate were assessed in two experiments in lambs. specific peripheral immune responses were significantly lower in animals inoculated with the cultured organisms that showed only granulomatous lesions in the intestinal lymphoid tis ...201525744432
what role does mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis play in crohn's disease?crohn's disease (cd) is a chronic, debilitating inflammatory bowel disease with no etiological agent yet identified. studies have demonstrated that the bacterium mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is present in a high percentage of cd patients. although map has been isolated from human specimens, current techniques fail to show the presence of map in 100 % of tissues or biopsies obtained from cd patient lesions, and thus map cannot meet koch's postulate as the etiological agent of ...201525754452
limitations of variable number of tandem repeat typing identified through whole genome sequencing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a national and herd level.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative bacterium of johne's disease in dairy cattle, is widespread in the canadian dairy industry and has significant economic and animal welfare implications. an understanding of the population dynamics of map can be used to identify introduction events, improve control efforts and target transmission pathways, although this requires an adequate understanding of map diversity and distribution between herds and across the country. whole g ...201525765045
crohn's disease, the mycobacterium paratuberculosis and the genetic bond: an unexpected trio. 201525771330
optimisation of dna extraction and validation of pcr assays to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the aim of this study was to investigate dna extraction methods and pcr assays suitable for the detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine tissue. the majority of methods currently used to detect m. paratuberculosis have been developed using bovine samples, such as faeces, blood or tissue and, in many cases, have been based on detection from pooled samples from a herd. however most studies have not compared pcr results to culture results. in order to address this problem, four dna ext ...201525797305
survey on the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ground beef from an industrial meat plant.paratuberculosis of ruminants is characterised by chronic enteritis but, at advanced stages of the disease, a systemic dissemination of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in tissues and organs can occur. map has been recovered from lymph nodes and muscles of clinical and sub-clinical cows. in most countries, dairy and beef cattle infected with paratuberculosis are routinely sent to slaughter and the consumption of their meat could be a possible route of human exposure to map. howe ...201525824129
resolution of crohn's disease and complex regional pain syndrome following treatment of paratuberculosis.a cohort of family members with various chronic diseases including crohn's disease, asthma, complex regional pain syndrome, hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and lymphangiomatosis and/or evidence of infection by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) are described in this series of case reports. map was cultured from the blood of three members affected by the first five diseases and there was accompanying elevated anti-map igg in two members. the patient affected by the sixth ...201525852293
host gene expression for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in human thp-1 macrophages.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, which causes considerable economic loss in the dairy industry and has a possible relationship to crohn's disease (cd) in humans. as map has been detected in retail pasteurized milk samples, its transmission via milk is of concern. despite its possible role in the etiology of cd, there have been few studies examining the interactions between map and human cells. in the current study, we applied ingenuity ...201525877879
characterization of a caprine model for the subclinical initial phase of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.paratuberculosis caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is difficult to control due to a long phase of clinically non-apparent (latent) infection for which sensitive diagnostics are lacking. a defined animal model for this phase of the infection can help to investigate host-map interactions in apparently healthy animals and identify surrogate markers for disease progress and might also serve as challenge model for vaccines. to establish such a model in goats, different age a ...201525889716
in vivo volatile organic compound signatures of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of a chronic enteric disease of ruminants. available diagnostic tests are complex and slow. in vitro, volatile organic compound (voc) patterns emitted from map cultures mirrored bacterial growth and enabled distinction of different strains. this study was intended to determine vocs in vivo in the controlled setting of an animal model. vocs were pre-concentrated from breath and feces of 42 goats (16 controls and 26 map-inocula ...201525915653
granuloma coinfection with mycobacterium bovis, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in five hunted red deer (cervus elaphus) in portugal.we report granulomatous lymphadenitis in red deer (cervus elaphus) in portugal caused by coinfection with corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, as demonstrated by molecular methods.201525932668
prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and escherichia coli in blood samples from patients with inflammatory bowel disease.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and adherent-invasive escherichia coli (aiec) have been implicated as primary triggers in crohn's disease (cd). in this study, we evaluated the prevalence of map and e. coli (ec) dna in peripheral blood from 202 inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) patients at various disease periods and compared against 24 cirrhotic patients with ascites (cir) (non-ibd controls) and 29 healthy controls (hc). map dna was detected by is900-specific nested pcr, ec dna ...201525994082
proteome-scale identification and characterization of mitochondria targeting proteins of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: potential virulence factors modulating host mitochondrial function.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of johne's disease among ruminants. during the course of infection, it expresses a number of proteins for its successful persistence inside the host that cause variety of physiological abnormalities in the host. mitochondrion is one of the attractive targets for pathogenic bacteria. employing a proteome-wide sequence and structural signature based approach we have identified 46 m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins as poten ...201526048556
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies in the gut associated lymphoid tissue of slaughtered rabbits.rabbits are susceptible to infection by different species of the genus mycobacterium. particularly, development of specific lesions and isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, both subspecies of the m. avium complex, has been reported in wildlife conditions. although, rabbit meat production worldwide is 200 million tons per year, microbiological data on this source of meat is lacking and more specifically reports of mycobacterial presence in ...201526063469
dam mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection status does not predetermine calves for future shedding when raised in a contaminated environment: a cohort study.uptake of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) by calves in the first days of life from colostrum, milk and faeces is regarded an important moment of transmission. the objective of this study was to quantify the association between the map status of dams as determined by the presence of map dna and antibody in colostrum and that of dna in faeces and the environment with subsequent map shedding of their daughters. a cohort of 117 dam-daughter pairs giving birth/being born on eight co ...201526091807
agent-based model for johne's disease dynamics in a dairy herd.johne's disease is an infectious gastrointestinal disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that causes diarrhea, emaciation, decreased milk production and eventually death. the disease is transmitted in utero and via milk and colostrums to calves, and fecal-orally to all age classes. financial losses due to the disease are estimated to be over $200 million in the us dairy industry. the goal of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of control measures ...201526091904
the treatment of infectious disease with a medical device: results of a clinical trial of ultraviolet blood irradiation (uvbi) in patients with hepatitis c infection.prior to the advent of therapies with sustained virological response rates of 94%, this study was conducted for the us food and drug administration (fda) to assess the safety and efficacy of ultraviolet blood irradiation (uvbi) for the treatment of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection.201526092299
the within host dynamics of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle: where time and place matter.johne's disease or paratuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), occurs in domestic and wild animals worldwide, causing a significant economic loss to livestock industries. after a prolonged incubation time, infected cattle shed map bacilli into feces and spread the disease to an uninfected animal population. it is largely unknown how (or whether) the interplay between the pathogen and the host immunity determines timing of shedding after the long incubation time ...201526092382
differences in intermittent and continuous fecal shedding patterns between natural and experimental mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in cattle.the objective of this paper is to study shedding patterns of cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). while multiple single farm studies of map dynamics were reported, there is not large scale meta-analysis of both natural and experimental infections. large difference in shedding patterns between experimentally and naturally infected cows were observed. experimental infections are thus probably driven by different pathological mechanisms. for further evaluations of s ...201526092571
two state model for a constant disease hazard in paratuberculosis (and other bovine diseases).many diseases are characterized by a long and varying sub-clinical period. two main mechanisms can explain such periods: a slow progress toward disease or a sudden transition from a healthy state to a disease state induced by internal or external events. we here survey epidemiological features of the amount of bacteria shed during mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) infection to test which of these two models, slow progression or sudden transition (or a combination of the two), better exp ...201526092587
herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle in the state of paraíba, northeastern brazil.a cross-sectional study based on a planned sampling was carried out to determine herd-level and animal-level prevalences, and to identify risk factors associated with herd-level prevalence for bovine paratuberculosis in the state of paraíba, northeastern brazil. the state was divided into three sampling groups: sampling stratum 1 (mesoregion of sertão), sampling stratum 2 (mesoregion of borborema), and sampling stratum 3 (mesoregions of zona da mata and agreste). for each sampling stratum, herd- ...201526092721
within-herd prevalence thresholds for the detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-positive dairy herds using boot swabs and liquid manure samples.the control of johne's disease requires the identification of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map)-positive herds. boot swabs and liquid manure samples have been suggested as an easy-to-use alternative to sampling individual animals in order to diagnose subclinical johne's disease at the herd level, but there is a need to evaluate performance of this approach in the field. using a logistic regression model, this study aimed to calculate the threshold level of the apparent within-herd ...201626112878
functional analysis of 3'utr polymorphisms in the caprine slc11a1 gene and its association with the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.the study aimed to investigate whether the genetic polymorphisms in the 3'utr of the caprine slc11a1 gene are functional, and to assess the role of map as a regulatory parameter in gene expression. to this goal we constructed plasmids expressing the luciferase reporter gene in transient transfections of a mouse (balb/c) macrophage cell line (raw264.7), incorporating those polymorphisms that our previous work indicated as more prominent in terms of slc11a1 expression and responsiveness to map inf ...201526117376
lack of humoral response against helicobacter pylori peptides homologous to human znt8 in hashimoto's thyroiditis patients.the helicobacter pylori (hp) reinfection rate seems to be higher in developing countries than in developed ones. an increased seroprevalence of hp has also been reported in patients with type 1 diabetes (t1d) and hashimoto's thyroiditis (ht). mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has been linked to both t1d and ht. quite a few lines of evidence indicate that autoantibodies against several epitopes belonging to human zinc transporter 8 (znt8) cross-recognize the homologous map3865c ep ...201526142673
application of multiple laboratory tests for mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis detection in crohn's disease patient specimens.the difficulties involved in detecting and enumerating mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) as a pathogen potentially involved in crohn's disease (cd) are well known. this study aimed to improve this situation through the application of multiple laboratory diagnostic tests to detect and isolate this bacterium from different specimens collected from cd-patients and non-cd subjects as controls. a total of 120 samples (terminal ileum and colon biopsies, blood and stool) were obtained f ...201526147146
zap-70, ctla-4 and proximal t cell receptor signaling in cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminant animals caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). a hallmark of paratuberculosis is a transition from a cell-mediated th1 type response to a humoral th2 response with the progression of disease from a subclinical to clinical state. the objective of this study was to investigate the expression of two crucial molecules in t cell function, zap-70 (zeta-chain-associated protein of 70 kda) and ctla-4 (cytotoxic t-lymphocy ...201526163934
presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in brazilian patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and in controls.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has attracted the interest of researchers because of similarities between paratuberculosis and crohn's disease (cd). the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of map through cultures, histology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on intestinal biopsies from brazilian cd patients. quantitative real time pcr (qrt-pcr) was performed on positive samples.201626176833
risk factors for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and mycobacterium bovis coinfection at individual animal level in southern chile cattle populations.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes a chronic intestinal infection mainly in domestic and wild ruminants and is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route. mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) produces a chronic infection principally of the respiratory system. it affects most domestic mammals, wild species, and humans and is spread via the respiratory or oral route. it is important to note that m. bovis is considered a major zoonotic agent. the term coinfection refers to the co ...201526193778
the identification of circulating mirna in bovine serum and their potential as novel biomarkers of early mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the aetiological agent of johne's disease (jd), a chronic enteritis in ruminants that causes substantial economic loses to agriculture worldwide. current diagnostic assays are hampered by low sensitivity and specificity that seriously complicate disease control; a new generation of diagnostic and prognostic assays are therefore urgently needed. circulating micrornas (mirnas) have been shown to have significant potential as novel biomarkers ...201526218736
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a sheep flock in tuscany.paratuberculosis is an infectious disease which affects ruminants. in this work, a sheep flock in garfagnana district (tuscany, italy) was examined by agar gel immune-diffusion (agid) tests, culture, and pcr from feces, milk, tissue samples, and cheeses. at the first agid test, 7/280 (2.5 %) animals were positive. from these animals, feces and milk samples were collected: 4/7 feces (57.14 %) and 2/7 milk samples (28.57 %) were positive to culture and 7/7 (100 %) feces samples and 1/7 milk sample ...201526245917
mean effective sensitivity for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle herds.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infections in cattle are generally challenging to detect and cost-effective test strategies are consequently difficult to identify. map-specific antibody elisas for milk and serum are relatively inexpensive, but their utility is influenced by a number of factors such as herd size, herd composition and diagnostic sensitivity. the sensitivity of the test increases with the age of the tested animal, and therefore the general, or "mean effective sens ...201526253222
effect of various dietary regimens on oral challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a rabbit model.rabbits are susceptible to infection by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in both wildlife and experimental conditions. under the hypotheses that nutrient balance might influence the establishment of infection, we designed an experiment where map intestinal colonization was assessed under three dietary regimens: high fiber, high protein, and regular diet in new zealand white rabbits submitted to oral challenge with map. lowest weight gain (f=5.17, p=0.024), higher tissue cult ...201526267094
seroprevalence of igg1 and igg4 class antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in japanese population.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the established causative agent of johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants, and it has also been speculated to be a putative etiological agent of several human autoimmune diseases. it is acknowledged that dairy products deriving from infected animals play a role (could be vehicles) in exposing humans to map. map could stimulate the human immune system by means of their complex antigen (in the case of lipids, multivalent antigens) and may ...201526267654
within- and between-herd prevalence variation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among control programme herds in denmark (2011-2013).this study aimed to estimate the between- (htp) and within- (tp) herd true prevalence distribution of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in dairy cattle herds participating in the danish map control programme. all herds enrolled in the programme between 2011 and 2013 were included in the analysis, and one annual milk-elisa test of all lactating cows present in such herds was considered. a bayesian latent class model was used to obtain htp and tp posterior distributions f ...201526272435
molecular typing of argentinian mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates by multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis.multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis (mlva) of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) isolates may contribute to the knowledge of strain diversity in argentina. although the diversity of map has been previously investigated in argentina using is900-rflp, a small number of isolates were employed, and a low discriminative power was reached. the aim of the present study was to test the genetic diversity among map isolates using an mlva approach based on 8 repetitive ...201526273274
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