Publications

[effects of mycobacterium phlei f.u.36 on regulatory t cells and tlr4 expression in asthmatic mice].	to study the effects of early intervention on cd4+cd25+ regulatory t cells and tlr4 expression with mycobacterium phlei f.u.36 in asthmatic mice.	2011	22099205
The ß-propeller gene Rv1057 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a complex promoter directly regulated by both the MprAB and TrcRS two-component systems.	The ß-propeller gene Rv1057 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is activated by envelope stress and was first characterized as a regulatory target of the TrcRS two-component system (TCS). Rv1057 expression is repressed by TrcRS, and the Rv1057 proximal promoter contains a TrcR binding site. In this study, we determined that Rv1057 is also directly regulated by MprAB, a TCS associated with envelope stress. Multiple potential MprA binding sites (MprA boxes) were identified in the 1 kb intergenic region ...	2011	22099420
activation of nk cell granulysin by mycobacteria and il-15 is differentially affected by hiv.	nk cells play an important role in innate immunity to mycobacteria and are a significant source of the bactericidal effector molecule granulysin. defects in nk cells have been described in hiv-infected patients, though mechanistic studies have focused on effector molecules relevant to anti-viral, and not anti-bacterial, function. here we used primary nk cells from healthy human donors and an in vitro system to identify the phenotype of granulysin expressing nk cells, characterize activation stim ...	2011	22099421
drug susceptibility testing and pharmacokinetics question current treatment regimens in mycobacterium simiae complex disease.	the mycobacterium simiae complex bacteria can cause opportunistic infections in humans. in the case of definite disease, there are no evidence-based treatment regimens and outcomes are very disappointing. to increase the evidence base underpinning treatment regimens for m. simiae complex disease, drug susceptibility patterns and rifampicin/ethambutol synergy were assessed retrospectively in 69 clinical m. simiae complex isolates from 60 patients (22 patients with m. simiae, 24 with mycobacterium ...	2011	22099521
Predictive models for anti-tubercular molecules using machine learning on high-throughput biological screening datasets.	ABSTRACT:	2011	22099929
imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases regulate mycobacterial pathogenesis and represent therapeutic targets against tuberculosis.	the lengthy course of treatment with currently used antimycobacterial drugs and the resulting emergence of drug-resistant strains have intensified the need for alternative therapies against mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis. we show that mtb and mycobacterium marinum use abl and related tyrosine kinases for entry and intracellular survival in macrophages. in mice, the abl family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib (gleevec), when administered prophylactically ...	2011	22100163
pharmacophore insights into rpob gene mutations in mycobacterium tuberculosis rifampicin resistant isolates.	this paper reports the susceptibility profile to rifabutin (rfb) 1 and six recently synthesized rfb analogs 3-8, of either rifampicin (rfp) susceptible mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistant clinical isolates from two sources: mexico and brazil. taking into account that about 95% of m. tuberculosis strains resistant to rfp present mutations in the rpob gene, with some of these mutations being determinant also to rfb resistance, the rfb analogs were screened for activity against a set of known ...	2011	22100303
risk factors for mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus pulmonary disease persistence and deterioration.		2011	22101165
non-chemotactic influence of cxcl7 on human phagocytes. modulation of antimicrobial activity against l. pneumophila.	we have investigated the role of cxcl7 in the immune response of human phagocytes against the intracellular bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis and legionella pneumophila. we have observed that polymorphonuclear neutrophil (pmn) chemotaxis induced by the supernatants of infected monocyte derived macrophages (mdm) may be attributed to cxcl8 rather than cxcl7, although both chemokines are present in large quantities. we have also found that cxcl7 is present not only in the supernatants of mdm, but ...	2011	22101183
rapid measurement of antituberculosis drug activity in vitro and in macrophages using bioluminescence.	tuberculosis drug development is hampered by the slow growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis. bioluminescence, light produced by an enzymatic reaction, constitutes a rapid and highly sensitive measurement of cell metabolic function that can be used as an indirect marker of cell viability in drug screening assays. the aim of this work was to validate and standardize the use of luminescent m. tuberculosis strains to test the activity of antibacterial drugs in vitro and inside macrophages in a 96-wel ...	2011	22101217
dynamics of mycobacterium leprae transmission in environmental context: deciphering the role of environment as a potential reservoir.	leprosy is a disease caused by mycobacterium leprae. various modes of transmission have been suggested for this disease. transmission and risk of the infection is perhaps related to presence of the infectious cases and is controlled by environmental factors. evidence suggests that humidity may favor survival of m. leprae in the environment. several reports show that non-human sources like 'naturally' infected armadillos or monkeys could act as reservoir for m. leprae. inanimate objects or fomite ...	2012	22101333
activation of the nlrp3 inflammasome by mycobacterium tuberculosis is uncoupled from susceptibility to active tuberculosis.	as a hallmark of tuberculosis (tb), mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) induces granulomatous lung lesions and systemic inflammatory responses during active disease. molecular regulation of inflammation is associated with inflammasome assembly. we determined the extent to which mtb triggers inflammasome activation and how this impacts on the severity of tb in a mouse model. mtb stimulated release of mature il-1β in macrophages while attenuated m. bovis bcg failed to do so. tubercle bacilli specific ...	2011	22101787
il-23-dependent il-17 drives th1-cell responses following mycobacterium bovis bcg vaccination.	the generation of effective type 1 t helper (th1)-cell responses is required for immunity against intracellular bacteria. however, some intracellular bacteria require interleukin (il)-17 to drive th1-cell immunity and subsequent protective host immunity. here, in a model of mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccination in mice, we demonstrate that the dependence on il-17 to drive th1-cell responses is a host mechanism to overcome bacteria-induced il-10 inhibitory effects. we show ...	2011	22101830
iron storage proteins are essential for the survival and pathogenesis of mycobacterium tuberculosis in thp-1 macrophages and the guinea pig model of infection.	iron is one of the crucial elements required for the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis. however, excess free iron becomes toxic for the cells because it catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen radicals, leading to oxidative damage. hence, it is essential for the pathogen to have the ability to store intracellular iron in an iron-rich environment and utilize it under iron depletion. m. tuberculosis has two iron storage proteins, namely bfra (rv1876; a bacterioferritin) and bfrb (rv3841; a ...	2011	22101841
Unveiling unusual features of formation of septal partition and constriction in mycobacteria - an ultrastructural study.	The ultrastructural functions of the electron-dense glycopeptidolipids containing outermost layer (OL), arabinogalactan-mycolic acid containing electron-transparent layer (ETL), and electron-dense peptidoglycan layer (PGL) of mycobacterial cell wall in septal growth and constriction are not clear. Therefore, using transmission electron microscopy, we studied participation of the three layers in septal growth and constriction in the fast-growing saprophytic Mycobacterium smegmatis (Ms) and the sl ...	2011	22101845
Cloning, overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of 3-ketosteroid ?(4)-(5a)-dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus jostii RHA1.	3-Ketosteroid dehydrogenases are flavoproteins which play key roles in steroid ring degradation. The enzymes are abundantly present in actinobacteria, including the catabolic powerhouse Rhodococcus jostii and the pathogenic species R. equi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The gene for 3-ketosteroid ?(4)-(5a)-dehydrogenase [?(4)-(5a)-KSTD] from R. jostii RHA1 was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. His-tagged ?(4)-(5a)-KSTD enzyme was purified by Ni(2+)-NTA affinity chromatography, anion ...	2011	22102045
cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray studies of the c-terminal domain of rv3262 (fbib) from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	during cofactor f(420) biosynthesis, the enzyme f(420)-γ-glutamyl ligase (fbib) catalyzes the addition of γ-linked l-glutamate residues to form polyglutamylated f(420) derivatives. in mycobacterium tuberculosis, rv3262 (fbib) consists of two domains: an n-terminal domain from the f(420) ligase superfamily and a c-terminal domain with sequence similarity to nitro-fmn reductase superfamily proteins. to characterize the role of the c-terminal domain of fbib in polyglutamyl ligation, it has been pur ...	2011	22102046
Homology modeling and docking analyses of M. leprae Mur ligases reveals the common binding residues for structure based drug designing to eradicate leprosy.	Multi drug resistance capacity for Mycobacterium leprae (MDR-Mle) demands the profound need for developing new anti-leprosy drugs. Since most of the drugs target a single enzyme, mutation in the active site renders the antibiotic ineffective. However, structural and mechanistic information on essential bacterial enzymes in a pathway could lead to the development of antibiotics that targets multiple enzymes. Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell wall of M. leprae. The biosynthesis o ...	2011	22102165
hisb from mycobacterium tuberculosis: cloning, overexpression in mycobacterium smegmatis, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis.	hisb, encoded by open reading frame rv1601, possesses enzymatic activity as an imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase in the histidine-biosynthetic pathway of mycobacterium tuberculosis. a recombinant form of hisb was crystallized in three crystal forms: crystals grown using 20% peg 1500 as a precipitant belonged to either the cubic space group p432 or the tetragonal space group p4, while an orthorhombic crystal form belonging to space group p2(1)2(1)2 was obtained using 15% peg 5000 and 10 mm ...	2011	22102255
Absence of Mycobacterium bovis in feral swine (Sus scrofa) from the southern Texas border region.	Free-ranging wildlife, such as feral swine (Sus scrofa), harbor a variety of diseases that are transmissible to livestock and could negatively impact agricultural production. Information is needed regarding the exposure and infection rates of Mycobacterium bovis and many other diseases and parasites in feral swine occurring in the Texas border region. Our main objective was to determine exposure rates and possible infection rates of M. bovis in feral swine by opportunistically sampling animals f ...	2011	22102669
mycobacterial infections in free-living cervids in germany (2002-2006).	we examined 1,022 free-living roe deer, red deer, and fallow deer for mycobacteria in germany, 2002-2006. retropharyngeal lymph nodes and other tissues were processed for culture and isolates were identified with the use of polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing. mycobacteria were found in 18.3% of deer, with mycobacterium avium in 14.8%. other atypical mycobacteria were detected in 5.3%. members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were not detected.	2011	22102674
early secreted antigen esat-6 of mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes protective t helper 17 cell responses in a toll-like receptor-2-dependent manner.	despite its relatively poor efficacy, bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) has been used as a tuberculosis (tb) vaccine since its development in 1921. bcg induces robust t helper 1 (th1) immune responses but, for many individuals, this is not sufficient for host resistance against mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tb) infection. here we provide evidence that early secreted antigenic target protein 6 (esat-6), expressed by the virulent m. tb strain h37rv but not by bcg, promotes vaccine-enhancing th17 cel ...	2011	22102818
higher frequency of t-cell response to m. tuberculosis latency antigen rv2628 at the site of active tuberculosis disease than in peripheral blood.	due to the invasive nature of the procedures involved, most studies of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb)-specific immunity in humans have focused on the periphery rather than the site of active infection, the lung. recently, antigens associated with mtb-latency and -dormancy have been described using peripheral blood (pb) cells; however their response in the lung is unknown. the objective of this report was to evaluate, in patients prospectively enrolled with suspected active tuberculosis (tb), w ...	2011	22102905
interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 as a biomarker for active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in children: a case-control study.	background: interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) release assays (igras) are suboptimally sensitive to diagnose tuberculosis (tb) and latent tb infection (ltbi) in young children. in this study we compared mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-stimulated ifn-γ inducible protein 10 (ip-10) responses in children with active tb and ltbi to responses from children with non-tuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) lymphadenopathy and respiratory tract infection (rti). we also assessed test agreement between ip-10 and the qua ...	2011	22103555
mycobacterial antibody levels and immune restoration disease in hiv patients treated in south east asia.	immune restoration disease (ird) associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis parallels the reconstitution of a pathogen-specific th1 response. however, it is not clear whether humoral responses to m. tuberculosis antigens also rise, or whether antibody levels predict ird. here, humoral immunity to m. tuberculosis antigens was investigated in four asian cohorts.	2011	22103621
localised mycobacterium ulcerans infection in four dogs.	localised infection caused by mycobacterium ulcerans is described in two kelpies, a whippet and a koolie domiciled on the bellarine peninsula, victoria, australia. the diagnosis was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the m. ulcerans-specific insertion sequence (is2404) in dna extracted from swabs of ulcerated lesions in all cases. where available, molecular typing confirmed that three of the dogs were infected with a strain of m. ulcerans that was indistinguishab ...	2011	22103951
synthesis, antitubercular evaluation and 3d-qsar study of n-phenyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-substituted pyrazole derivatives.	as a part of our ongoing research to develop novel antitubercular agents, a series of n-phenyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-substituted pyrazoles have been synthesized and tested for antimycobacterial activity in vitro against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv strain using the bactec 460 radiometric system. a 3d-qsar study based on comfa and comsia was performed on these pyrazole derivatives to correlate their chemical structures with the observed activity against m. tuberculosis. the comfa model provide ...	2012	22104148
coordination modes of tyrosinate-ligated catalase-type heme enzymes: magnetic circular dichroism studies of plexaura homomalla allene oxide synthase, mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis protein-2744c, and bovine liver catalase in their ferric and ferrous states.	bovine liver catalase (blc), catalase-related allene oxide synthase (caos) from plexaura homomalla, and a recently isolated protein from the cattle pathogen mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map-2744c (map)) are all tyrosinate-ligated heme enzymes whose crystal structures have been reported. caos and map have low (<20%) sequence similarity to, and significantly different catalytic functions from, blc. caos transforms 8r-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid to an allene epoxide, whereas the ...	2011	22104301
Protective immunity afforded by attenuated, PhoP-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with sustained generation of CD4(+) T-cell memory.	Definition of protective immunity induced by effective vaccines is important for the design of new pathogen control strategies. Inactivation of the PhoP response-regulator in Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in a highly attenuated strain that demonstrates impressive protective efficacy in pre-clinical models of tuberculosis. In this report we demonstrate that the protection afforded by the M. tuberculosis phoP mutant strain is associated with the long-term maintenance of CD4(+) T-cell memory. ...	2011	22105536
Phenylethyl-butyrate enhances the potency of second-line drugs against clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis.	Ethionamide (ETH) is a second line drug for the treatment of tuberculosis. As a pro-drug, ETH has to be activated by EthA. ethA is controlled by its repressor EthR. 2-phenylethyl-butyrate (2-PEB) inhibits EthR-binding, enhances expression of EthA and thereby enhances the growth inhibitory effects of ethionamide, isoxyl and thiacetazone in M. tuberculosis strains with resistance to ETH due to inhA-promoter mutations but not ethA-mutations.	2011	22106218
amino acid substitutions at position 95 in gyra can add fluoroquinolone resistance to mycobacterium leprae.	amino acid substitutions at position 89 or 91 in gyra of fluoroquinolone-resistant mycobacterium leprae clinical isolates have been reported. in contrast, those at position 94 in m. tuberculosis, equivalent to position 95 in m. leprae, have been identified most frequently. to verify the possible contribution of amino acid substitutions at position 95 in m. leprae to fluoroquinolone resistance, we conducted an in vitro assay using wild-type and mutant recombinant dna gyrases. fluoroquinolone-medi ...	2011	22106221
nontuberculous mycobacterial cutaneous infections: an updated review.	nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) cause cutaneous infections more commonly than mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the incidence of infection with these organisms is increasing with the use of immunosuppressive agents. diagnosis of ntm cutaneous infections is not always straightforward. therefore, a high index of clinical suspicion is needed to make a diagnosis of ntm cutaneous infection.	2011	22106729
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis attenuated mutants against challenge in a mouse model.	johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), results in serious economic losses worldwide especially in cattle, sheep and goats. to control the impact of jd on the animal industry, an effective vaccine with minimal adverse effects is urgently required. in order to develop an effective vaccine, we used allelic exchange to construct three mutant map strains, leud, mpt64 and seca2. the mutants were attenuated in a murine model and induced cytokine responses in ...	2011	22107851
a bioanalytical method to determine the cell wall composition of mycobacterium tuberculosis grown in vivo.	mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli exhibit cell wall alterations during in vivo growth. development of ultrasensitive analytical techniques with high specificities is required to analyze the cell wall of m. tuberculosis isolated from experimental animals because of the low amounts of bacteria available and contamination by host tissue. here we present a novel methodology to analyze all three major components (mycolic acids, arabinogalactan, and peptidoglycan) of the mycobacterial cell wall from ...	2011	22107887
structural studies of mycobacterium tuberculosis rv0899 reveal a monomeric membrane-anchoring protein with two separate domains.	rv0899 from mycobacterium tuberculosis belongs to the ompa (outer membrane protein a) family of outer membrane proteins. it functions as a pore-forming protein; the deletion of this gene impairs the uptake of some water-soluble substances, such as serine, glucose, and glycerol. rv0899 has also been shown to play a part in low-ph environment adaption, which may play a part in pathogenic mycobacteria overcoming the host's defense mechanisms. based on many bacterial physiological data and recent st ...	2011	22108166
hypercalcemia in human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoma and valacyclovir toxicity.		2011	22108173
stable analogues of osb-amp: potent inhibitors of mene, the o-succinylbenzoate-coa synthetase from bacterial menaquinone biosynthesis.	mene, the o-succinylbenzoate (osb)-coa synthetase from bacterial menaquinone biosynthesis, is a promising new antibacterial target. sulfonyladenosine analogues of the cognate reaction intermediate, osb-amp, have been developed as inhibitors of the mene enzymes from mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtmene), staphylococcus aureus (samene) and escherichia coli (ecmene). both a free carboxylate and a ketone moiety on the osb side chain are required for potent inhibitory activity. osb-ams (4) is a competi ...	2012	22109989
successful handling of disseminated bcg disease in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency.	in high-burden countries, mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccine is administered in newborn to prevent severe mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. because life-threatening disseminated bcg disease may occur in children with primary immunodeficiency, vaccination strategy against tuberculosis should be redefined in non-high-burden countries. we report the case of a patient with x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) who developed disseminated bcg disease, highlightin ...	2011	22110512
meningoencephalitis associated with non-tuberculous mycobacteria.	non-tuberculous mycobacteria are fastidious, difficult organisms to identify, but are increasingly associated with human disease. we report a case of meningoencephalitis associated with mycobacterium malmoense and mycobacterium interjectum co-isolation from cerebrospinal fluid. recognition of these slow growing mycobacteria is important due to differences from standard mycobacterial treatments. we illustrate the rare occurrence of m malmoense as a central nervous system isolate, appearing almost ...	2009	22110557
an inter-laboratory validation of a real time pcr assay to measure host excretion of bacterial pathogens, particularly of mycobacterium bovis.	advances in the diagnosis of mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife hosts may benefit the development of sustainable approaches to the management of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. in the present study, three laboratories from two different countries participated in a validation trial to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of a real time pcr assay in the detection and quantification of m. bovis from environmental samples. the sample panels consisted of negative badger faeces spiked wi ...	2011	22110634
amino acids involved in polyphosphate synthesis and its mobilization are distinct in polyphosphate kinase-1 from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	in bacteria polyphosphates (poly-p) are involved in cellular metabolism and development especially during stress. the enzyme, principally involved in polyphosphate biosynthesis and its mobilization leading to generation of ntps, is known as polyphosphate kinase (ppk).	2011	22110640
simultaneous immunization against tuberculosis.	bcg, the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis, provides some protection against disseminated disease in infants but has little effect on prevention of adult pulmonary disease. newer parenteral immunization prime boost regimes may provide improved protection in experimental animal models but are unproven in man so that there remains a need for new and improved immunization strategies.	2011	22110657
Thermostable Hexameric Form of Eis (Rv2416c) Protein of M. tuberculosis Plays an Important Role for Enhanced Intracellular Survival within Macrophages.	Eis protein is reported to enhance the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages. Eis protein is not only known to skew away the immunity by disturbing the protective T(H)1 response, but aminoglycoside acetyltransferase activity of Eis is reported to regulate autophagy, inflammation and cell death. Here we have gained insight into the structure-function properties of Eis. Eis protein is a hexameric aß protein. Although urea and guanidinium hydrochloride (GdmCl) wa ...	2011	22110681
rv2607 from mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase with unusual substrate specificity.	despite intensive effort, the majority of the annotated mycobacterium tuberculosis genome consists of genes encoding proteins of unknown or poorly understood function. for example, there are seven conserved hypothetical proteins annotated as homologs of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase (pnpox), an enzyme that oxidizes pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (pnp) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (pmp) to form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp). we have characterized the function of rv2607 from mycobacterium tuberculosis h ...	2011	22110704
functional dissection of the pe domain responsible for translocation of pe_pgrs33 across the mycobacterial cell wall.	pe are peculiar exported mycobacterial proteins over-represented in pathogenic mycobacterial species. they are characterized by an n-terminal domain of about 110 amino acids (pe domain) which has been demonstrated to be responsible for their export and localization. in this paper, we characterize the pe domain of pe_pgrs33 (pe(rv1818c)), one of the best characterized pe proteins. we constructed several mutated proteins in which portions of the pe domain were deleted or subjected to defined mutat ...	2011	22110736
In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycobacterium massiliense Recovered from Wound Samples of Patients Submitted to Arthroscopic and Laparoscopic Surgeries.	Testing of rapidly growing species of mycobacteria (RGM) against antibacterial agents has been shown to have some clinical utility. This work establishes the MICs of seven antimicrobial agents following the guidelines set forth by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) against eighteen isolates of Mycobacterium massiliense recovered from wound samples of patients submitted to minimally invasive surgery such as arthroscopy and laparoscopy. The isolates showed susceptibility to ami ...	2011	22110914
expression of a gene encoding 34.9?kda ppe antigen of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in e. coli.	mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) contains ppe family antigens which are proline and glutamic acid rich and may play important role as t cell antigens. hence the identification and generation of antigens are necessary for immunological characterization. in the present study, the epitopic region of a unique ppe gene encoding 34.9?kda protein from map was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. the gene was cloned into escherichia coli vector pqe30 ua. the recombinant plasmid desig ...	2010	22110958
Detection of Mycobacterium abscessus from blood cultures during treatment of interstitial pneumonia: a case study.	A 76-year-old male diagnosed with interstitial pneumonia in December 2002 was treated with a steroid in a nearby hospital. Exacerbation of infectious pneumonitis and interstitial pneumonia required complementary inpatient treatment in August 2007. Although polymerase chain reaction examination of expectorated sputa revealed the absence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium, and M. intracellulare on admission, nontuberculous M. abscessus was detected in the routine blood cultures. Taken togethe ...	2011	22111302
[clinical analysis of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis cases complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis].	to clarify the clinical features of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (ntm) complicated with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (cpa), we analyzed 257 cases diagnosed with newly developed ntm during the last 12 years in our hospital.	2011	22111386
multi-drug resistant tuberculosis: experiences of two tertiary referral centres.	multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (mdr-tb) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality compared to drug-sensitive disease. although mdr-tb is infrequent in ireland, cases continue to be diagnosed in both irish and foreign-born people. we conducted a clinical audit of 13 mdr-tb patients treated in two tertiary referral centers, the mercy hospital, cork and st james's hospital, dublin between 2004 and 2009. the median age was 37 years. eight patients (61.5%) were foreign-born, five (38.5% ...	2011	22111396
[new vaccine for paratuberculosis reduces fecal shedding].		2011	22111420
anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract in an antigen-induced arthritis rat model.	the red raspberry ( rubus idaeus ) fruit contains bioactive polyphenols including anthocyanins and ellagitannins with reported anti-inflammatory properties. this study sought to investigate the cartilage-protecting and anti-inflammatory effects of a polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract (rre; standardized to total polyphenol, anthocyanin, and ellagitannin contents) using (1) an in vitro bovine nasal explant cell culture model and (2) an in vivo adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model. rre con ...	2011	22111586
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease in adult patients with hematological malignancies.	ABSTRACT:	2011	22111760
lymphocyte apoptosis in children with central nervous system tuberculosis: a case control study.	abstract: background: studies of the apoptosis mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis have suggested that mycobacterium tuberculosis can actively interfere with the apoptosis of infected cells. in vivo studies have been performed in adult populations but have not focused on this process in children. in the present study, we analyzed spontaneous t lymphocyte (pbt) apoptosis in the peripheral blood of children with central nervous system tuberculosis (cns tb), before and after ch ...	2011	22111973
treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: current status and future prospects.	drug resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis arises from the man-made selection of mutants that result from spontaneous chromosomal alterations. preventing the development of drug-resistant tb through a good control program based on directly observed treatment, short-course, is of paramount importance. established multidrug-resistant (mdr)-tb requires alternative specific chemotherapy, comprising drugs with higher cost and greater toxicity delivered on a programmatic basis. the development of n ...	2009	22112184
replacement of mycobacterium smegmatis dnaa gene by mycobacterium tuberculosis homolog results in temperature sensitivity.	the genetic aspects of dnaa mediated initiation of oric replication in mycobacteria are largely unknown. to get insights into the replication initiation process in mycobacteria, we characterized mycobacterium tuberculosis dnaa and its interactions with oric. we show that the replacement of mycobacterium smegmatis dnaa with the m. tuberculosis counterpart expressed from its native promoter resulted in temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype. however, the ts phenotype was abolished when the m. tuberc ...	2011	22112933
mycobacterium phlei, a previously unreported cause of pacemaker infection: thinking outside the box in cardiac device infections.	the increased use of cardiac rhythm management devices has led to an increase in cardiac device-related infections (cdi). staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis account for the vast majority of cdi. cdi due to rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria is very rare, with only about ten cases having been reported. we report a case of pacemaker pocket infection with mycobacterium phlei. there are only three published reports of human infection involving this typically non-pathogenic organism. to ...	2011	22113758
design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel fluorinated ethanolamines.	the preparation of novel fluorinated allylamines and their use as key fragments for the stereoselective synthesis of hydroxyethyl secondary amine (hea)-type peptidomimetics is described. our strategy employs chiral sulfinyl imines as synthesis intermediates, by treatment of hemiaminal precursors with two equivalents of vinylmagnesium bromide. the subsequent oxidation of the allylic amines to the corresponding epoxides was achieved by treatment with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane. finally, epox ...	2011	22113787
Characterization of NrnA homologs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.	Processive RNases are unable to degrade efficiently very short oligonucleotides, and they are complemented by specific enzymes, nanoRNases, that assist in this process. We previously identified NrnA (YtqI) from Bacillus subtilis as a bifunctional protein with the ability to degrade nanoRNA (RNA oligos =5 nucleotides) and to dephosphorylate 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (pAp) to AMP. While the former activity is analogous to that of oligoribonuclease (Orn) from Escherichia coli, the latter cor ...	2012	22114320
Primary gingival tuberculosis: A rare clinical entity.	Tuberculosis is a specific granulomatous infectious disease and a major cause of death in developing countries. Primary gingival tuberculosis is extremely rare and forgotten entity. Oral lesions usually appear as secondary to primary tuberculosis infection elsewhere. The lesion may take the form of nodules, ulcers, or elevated fissures. We report a case of primary tuberculosis of gingiva, manifesting as gingival enlargement with ulceration and discharge. Diagnosis was based on histopathologic ex ...	2011	22114451
Validity of bioconjugated silica nanoparticles in comparison with direct smear, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens.	Tuberculosis is a public health problem worldwide, and new easy to perform diagnostic methods with high accuracy are necessary for optimal control of the disease. Recently, fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNP) has attracted immense interest for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples using bioconjugated FSNP compared with microscopic examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, and culture as t ...	2011	22114503
modern and ancestral genotypes of mycobacterium tuberculosis from andhra pradesh, india.	traditionally, the distribution of the mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes in india has been characterized by widespread prevalence of ancestral lineages (tbd1+ strains and variants) in the south and the modern forms (tbd1(-) cas and variants) predominating in the north of india. the pattern was, however, not clearly known in the south-central region such as hyderabad and the rest of the state of andhra pradesh where the prevalence of both tuberculosis (tb) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv ...	2011	22114678
synthesis enables a structural revision of the mycobacterium tuberculosis-produced diterpene, edaxadiene.	a stereodivergent synthesis of the [3.3.1] bicyclic core of edaxadiene was completed utilizing a key intramolecular oxidative ketone allylation. significant discrepancies between the spectroscopic data obtained for the synthetic construct and the natural isolate raised questions about the structural assignment of edaxadiene. a subsequent structural reassignment was validated by completion of a total synthesis of the correct structure of the natural product.	2010	22114734
large aortic necrotizing granuloma: a rare manifestation of mycobacterial infection.		2011	22115271
where are the weapons of mass destruction − the mycobacterium paratuberculosis in crohn's disease?		2011	22115388
characterization of clioquinol and analogues as novel inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidases from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis claims about five thousand lives daily world-wide, while one-third of the world is infected with dormant tuberculosis. the increased emergence of multi- and extensively drug-resistant strains of m. tuberculosis (mtb) has heightened the need for novel antimycobacterial agents. here, we report the discovery of 7-bromo-5-chloroquinolin-8-ol (clbq14)-a congener of clioquinol (cq) as a potent and selective inhibitor of two methionine ami ...	2011	22115541
Multiplex allele-specific PCR combined with PCR-RFLP analysis for rapid detection of gyrA gene fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.	A combined use of MAS-PCR (multiplex allele-specific PCR) and PCR-RFLP (PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism), was established to detect mutations in codons 90, 91 and 94 of the gyrA gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). With conventional phenotypic drug susceptibility testing as a reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the modified method for gyrA gene mutation detection were 70.8%, 100% and 84.8% respectively.	2012	22115861
the sensor region of the ubiquitous cytosolic sensor kinase, pdtas, contains pas and gaf domain sensing modules.	two-component systems, a sensor histidine kinase (hk) and a response regulator (rr), are ubiquitous signaling systems that allow prokaryotes to respond to external challenges. hks normally have sensing modules and highly conserved cytosolic histidine kinase and atpase domains. the interaction between the activated phosphohistidine and the cognate rr allows an external signal to be passed from the exterior of gram-positive bacteria (gpb) to the cytoplasm. orthologs of the pdtas/pdtar regulatory s ...	2011	22115998
Rapid Test for Identification of a Highly Transmissible Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Strain of sub-Saharan Origin.	The development of a rapid test to identify Beijing isolates and specifically the strain GC1237, coming from a sub-Saharan country, is needed due to its alarming widespread in Gran Canaria Island (Spain). A rapid test which detects IS6110 present between dnaA-dnaN in the Beijing strains and a second one specific of GC1237 (Rv2180c) has been developed. This test would be a useful tool in the surveillance of subsequent cases.	2011	22116140
chest wall abscess due to mycobacterium bovis bcg after intravesical bcg therapy.	we report a case of chest wall abscess caused by mycobacterium bovis bcg that arose as a complication 1 year after intravesical bcg instillation. we identified m. bovis bcg tokyo 172 in the abscess by pcr-based typing of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and analysis of variable number of tandem repeats data.	2011	22116141
pretreatment time to detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in liquid culture is associated with relapse after therapy.		2011	22116143
Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in a low-incidence country: Role of immigration and HIV infection.	Immigrants from high-burden countries and HIV-coinfected individuals are risk groups for tuberculosis (TB) in low-incidence countries. Therefore, we studied their role in transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Switzerland. We included all TB patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort and a sample of patients from the national TB registry. We identified molecular clusters by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR and used weighted logistic regression adjusted for age and sex to identify risk factors for clus ...	2011	22116153
efficacy and safety of linezolid in the treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.	linezolid is a new antibiotic with activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and in vivo. this study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of linezolid in the treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (xdr-tb). we used a linezolid-containing regimen in the treatment of 14 xdr-tb patients. two years of individualized chemotherapy regimens were adopted on the basis of the patients'medication history and the results of drug susceptibility testing. the patients received ...	2011	22116331
[a case of pulmonary tuberculous initially diagnosed as sarcoidosis because of necrotizing granuloma].	a 75-year-old man with diabetes mellitus visited our hospital because of a chest radiograph abnormality. he was asymptomatic, and no abnormality was detected by blood tests including quantiferon-tb gold (qft-2 g); hence we conducted a follow-up examination. in 8 months, his chest radiography and ct findings worsened despite remaining asymptomatic. he was admitted for further tests. analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) showed normal results for total cell counts and lymphocytes, but th ...	2011	22117317
[a case of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteriosis induced by tocilizumab treatment for rheumatoid arthritis].	a 65-year-old woman whose rheumatoid arthritis was treated with tocilizumab (tcz) was found in chest radiography to have a new consolidation in the right lower lung field. positive mycobacterium intracellulare and mycobacterium avium cultures in sputum and bronchial secretions yielded a diagnosis of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteriosis. the most common adverse tcz effect is infection. this case highlights the fact that those treated with tcz should be considered at elevated risk for developi ...	2011	22117383
[a case of mycobacterium intracellulare pulmonary infection with vertebral osteomyelitis].	a 78-year-old woman seen in june 2005 for chest abnormal shadows after 3 months of steroid therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies was found in chest computed tomography (ct) revealed bronchiectasis and small nodules in the right middle lobe and left lingula. sputum cultures were positive for mycobacterium intracellulare. based on a diagnosis of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteriosis, the woman underwent antimycobacterial therapy with clarithromycin, ri ...	2011	22117384
igras for tuberculosis in sarcoidosis patients: is the immune response to mycobacteria helpful in the differential diagnosis or still a confounding factor?		2011	22117498
interferon gamma release assay (quantiferon-tb gold in tube) in patients of sarcoidosis from a population with high prevalence of tuberculosis infection.	detecting latent tubercular infection (ltbi) in sarcoidosis has important treatment implications. traditionally tuberculin skin test (tst) is relied upon for this purpose. however, sarcoidosis is known to produce tuberculin anergy, which is not affected by high prevalence of tuberculosis (tb) infection. interferon gamma release assays (igras) have a higher sensitivity and specificity for detecting mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infection than the conventional tst as they utilize antigens speci ...	2011	22117500
[Establishment of RAW264.7 cell line stably expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein ESAT-6].	For studying the effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretory protein ESAT-6 on the related functions of macrophages, RAW264.7 cells were transfected with pEGFP-C1-ESAT-6 and pEGFP-C1 by liposome respectively. After screening with a high level of G418, the macrophage cell lines that stably expressed EGFP-ESAT-6 fusion protein or EGFP were established. The gene and protein expression levels were further analyzed by RT-PCR, fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. The results indicated tha ...	2011	22117523
Subunit Vaccine Candidate AMM Down-regulated the Regulatory T Cells and Enhanced the Protective Immunity of BCG on a Suitable Schedule.	Mycobacterium bovis BCG priming and subunit vaccine boosting strategies are urgently needed to improve the protective efficacy of BCG in adult population. However, the schedule of subunit vaccine boosting is not well investigated, especially the optimal immune responses and vaccine immunization schedules are still not clear. We have constructed a novel subunit vaccine candidate consisting of fusion protein Ag85B-Mpt64 (190-198)-Mtb8.4 (AMM) in a complex adjuvant composed of dimo-thylidioctyl amm ...	2011	22117839
coverage and yield of tuberculosis contact investigations in the netherlands.	an increasing proportion of tuberculosis (tb) patients in low-incidence countries are immigrants. it is unclear whether contact investigations among immigrant patients are adequate.	2011	22118170
mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolates from hiv-infected patients in guangxi, china.	tuberculosis (tb) remains the leading cause of death among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected persons. the prevalence of infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) in hiv-infected patients in china is unknown.	2011	22118176
neuromyelitis optica and pulmonary tuberculosis: a case-control study.	neuromyelitis optica (nmo), or devic's disease, is a rare acute inflammatory disease characterised by demyelination affecting the spinal cord and optic nerves. although nmo usually occurs in isolation, the association between nmo and active pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) has been suggested by a number of case reports and series.	2011	22118177
rapid molecular identification of mycobacterial species in positive culture isolates using the biochip test.	patients infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria usually fail treatment due to erroneous diagnoses. early detection of mycobacterial species is essential for adequate case management.	2011	22118178
molecular characterisation of isoniazid- and rifampicin-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis in central tunisia.	the aim of our study was to genotypically characterise isoniazid (inh) and rifampicin (rmp) resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in sousse, central tunisia, using dna sequencing and multispacer sequence typing (mst). the results show that 27/28 (96.4%) and 1/28 (3.6%) inh-resistant isolates yielded respectively the kat g s315t and the inh a - 15c → t mutations. two-thirds of rmp-resistant isolates yielded the rpo b d516v mutation and one sixth yielded either h526d or s531l mutations. g ...	2011	22118179
identification of mycobacterium spp. of veterinary importance using rpob gene sequencing.	abstract:	2011	22118247
Aerobic biotransformation of alkyl branched aromatic alkanoic naphthenic acids via two different pathways by a new isolate of Mycobacterium.	Naphthenic acids (NAs) are complex mixtures of carboxylic acids found in weathered crude oils and oil sands, and are toxic, corrosive and persistent. However, little is known about the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in NA degradation. We isolated a sediment bacterium (designated strain IS2.3), with 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to Mycobacterium aurum, which degraded synthetic NAs (4'-n-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (n-BPBA) and (4'-t-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (t-BPBA). n-BPBA wa ...	2011	22118473
Guanine nucleotides differentially modulate backbone dynamics of the STAS domain of the SulP/SLC26 transport protein Rv1739c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.	Enzymatic catalysis and protein signaling are dynamic processes that involve local and/or global conformational changes occurring across a broad range of time scales. (1) H-(15) N relaxation NMR provides a comprehensive understanding of protein backbone dynamics both in the apo (unliganded) and ligand-bound conformations, enabling both fast and slow internal motions of individual amino acid residues to be observed. We recently reported the structure and nucleotide binding properties of the sulfa ...	2011	22118659
bisubstrate adenylation inhibitors of biotin protein ligase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	the mycobacterial biotin protein ligase (mtbpl) globally regulates lipid metabolism in mtb through the posttranslational biotinylation of acyl coenzyme a carboxylases involved in lipid biosynthesis that catalyze the first step in fatty acid biosynthesis and pyruvate coenzyme a carboxylase, a gluconeogenic enzyme vital for lipid catabolism. here we describe the design, development, and evaluation of a rationally designed bisubstrate inhibitor of mtbpl. this inhibitor displays potent subnanomolar ...	2011	22118677
comparison of decontamination methods for primary isolation of mycobacterium bovis in paucibacillary bovine tissues.	aims: to compare three decontamination methods applied to paucibacillary samples for primary isolation of mycobacterium bovis from suspect lesions. tuberculosis caused by myco. bovis is an important infectious disease of cattle in brazil and also has zoonotic potential. although a national campaign based on testing and slaughtering cattle has achieved good results, there is a strong need to develop better diagnostic methods to identify cattle with recent infections harbouring few bacilli. metho ...	2011	22118726
structural analysis of inhibition of mycobacterium tuberculosis methionine aminopeptidase by bengamide derivatives.	natural product-derived bengamides possess potent antiproliferative activity and target human methionine aminopeptidases for their cellular effects. using bengamides as a template, several derivatives were designed and synthesized as inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidases of mycobacterium tuberculosis, and initial antitubercular activity were observed. here, we present three new x-ray structures of the tubercular enzyme mtmetap1c in complex with the inhibitors in the mn(ii) form and in the ni( ...	2011	22118830
Autophagy as an innate immunity paradigm: expanding the scope and repertoire of pattern recognition receptors.	Autophagy is rapidly developing into a new immunological paradigm. The latest links now include overlaps between autophagy and innate immune signaling via TBK-1 and IKKa/ß, and the role of autophagy in inflammation directed by the inflammasome. Autophagy's innate immunity connections include responses to pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns including alarmins such as HMGB1 and IL-1ß, Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors including NLRC4, NLRP3 and NLRP4, and RIG-I-like receptors. ...	2011	22118953
Biochemical characterization of recombinant guaA-encoded guanosine monophosphate synthetase (EC 6.3.5.2) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain.	Administration of the current tuberculosis (TB) vaccine to newborns is not a reliable route for preventing TB in adults. The conversion of XMP to GMP is catalyzed by guaA-encoded GMP synthetase (GMPS), and deletions in the Shiguella flexneri guaBA operon led to an attenuated auxotrophic strain. Here we present the cloning, expression, and purification of recombinant guaA-encoded GMPS from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtGMPS). Mass spectrometry data, oligomeric state determination, steady-state ki ...	2012	22119138
Synthesis, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial and structure-activity relationship of substituted pyrazolo-, isoxazolo-, pyrimido- and mercaptopyrimidocyclohepta[b]indoles.	A new class of heterocycles, specifically substituted pyrazolo-, isoxazolo- and pyrimidocyclohepta[b]indoles, has been prepared by condensation of substituted 7-(hydroxymethylene)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrocyclohepta[b]indol-6(5H)-ones with hydrazine hydrate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, phenylhydrazine, urea and thiourea, respectively. The structures of the compounds were established by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, mass spectral analysis, X-ray diffraction, and the compounds have been screened for in vitr ...	2011	22119150
isoxyl assays in plasma.	isoxyl is an effective drug to treat multi-drug resistant (mdr) tuberculosis but was abandoned due to failure in some clinical outcomes. the aim of this study was to develop and validate a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (hplc) method for determination of isoxyl concentrations in plasma, a prerequisite for understanding poor in vivo behavior of the drug. in the method, isoxyl was extracted from guinea pig plasma with acetonitrile and quantified by a hewlett packard 1100 ser ...	2012	22119164
[Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasias.]	AIMS: To know the characteristics and prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection infection in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study of NCFB adult patients whose disease had been followed-up for at least two years was performed. RESULTS: A total of 68 subjects were included, 50 females (73.5%), with mean age of 63.31± 16.2 years. The most frequent etiology of the non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis was COPD in 28 cases ...	2011	22119262
Purification and Characterization of an Endo-D: -arabinase Produced by Cellulomonas.	An extracellular endo-D: -arabinase enzyme produced by the bacterial strain of Cellulomonas was purified 77.1-fold with 0.20% recovery for protein by DEAE Sepharose anion exchange, Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration and blue Sepharose affinity chromatography, and designated as CEDAase. The apparent molecular mass of CEDAase was 45 kDa determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. CEDAase is an endoenzyme for arabinogalactan with the main and specific product of hexa-arabin ...	2012	22120088
[genitourinary tuberculosis in germany : diagnosis and treatment].	genitourinary tuberculosis (gutb) usually results from the reactivation of old, dormant tuberculous diseases by pathogens of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. the diagnosis of tuberculosis of the urinary tract is based on the case history, the finding of pyuria in the absence of infection as judged by culture on routine media and by radiological imaging. a positive yellow egg culture and/or histological analysis of biopsy specimens possibly combined with the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ...	2011	22120191
phosphatidylinositol di-mannoside and derivates modulate the immune response to and efficacy of a tuberculosis protein vaccine against mycobacterium bovis infection.	mycobacterium bovis infects a wide range of hosts, including domestic livestock, wildlife, and humans. development of an effective vaccine protecting against bovine tuberculosis would provide a cost-effective tuberculosis control strategy. the objective of this study was to investigate the ability of phosphatidylinositol di-mannoside (pim(2)) and its derivatives to modulate cell-mediated immunity in vivo in a bovine tuberculosis mouse model in response to a relevant antigen, namely a fusion prot ...	2012	22120192
tuberculous lymphadenitis: skin delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and cellular immune responses.	background: tuberculous lymphadenitis (tl) is the commonest form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in tropical countries. objective: this study aimed to characterize in vivo and in vitro cellular immune responses to mycobacterium ppd in tl patients as markers of disease and healing. methods: following informed consent, 36 tl patients, 40 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) and 20 apparently healthy individuals were enrolled when they met specific selection criteria. the tuberculin skin tes ...	2011	22120485