Publications

corynebacterium defluvii sp. nov., isolated from sewage.	a gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shapeds, catalase-positive, and oxidase-negative strain, designated y49(t), was isolated from sewage collected from jilin agricultural university, china. it grew at 20-40°c (optimum at 30°c), at ph 6.0-8.0 (optimum at 7.0) and at 0-1.0% sodium chloride (optimum at 0%). the major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-8 (mk-8) and the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, four unidentified lipids, and ...	0	28429167
comprehensive assessment of the l-lysine production process from fermentation of sugarcane molasses.	l-lysine is an essential amino acid that can be produced by chemical processes from fossil raw materials, as well as by microbial fermentation, the latter being a more efficient and environmentally friendly procedure. in this work, the production process of l-lysine-hcl is studied using a systematic approach based on modeling and simulation, which supports decision making in the early stage of process design. the study considers two analysis stages: first, the dynamic analysis of the fermentatio ...	0	28409400
screening method for microorganisms accumulating metabolites and its use in the isolation of micrococcus glutamicus.		1960	13840150
thiamine-dependent accumulation of tetramethylpyrazine accompanying a mutation in the isoleucine-valine pathway.	a mutant of corynebacterium glutamicum was found to accumulate high concentrations of a material which crystallized upon cooling of the broth. the compound was identified as tetramethylpyrazine. the mutant was found to require isoleucine, valine, leucine, and pantothenate for growth. all four requirements probably result from the loss of a single enzyme of the isoleucine-valine pathway. since similar mutants of neurospora crassa accumulate acetoin, the present mutant probably forms tetramethylpy ...	1967	6039355
[on some peculiarities of metabolism of dwarf mutant of micrococcus glutamicus, producer of lysine].		1968	5732039
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its deficiency in mutants of corynebacterium glutamicum.	corynebacterium glutamicum is a member of a group of taxonomically related glutamate-excreting bacteria which utilize glucose both by the embden-meyerhof and the pentose phosphate pathways, the latter sequence accounting for 10 to 38% of the glucose metabolized. some of the properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in crude extracts of c. glutamicum were studied. the enzyme was rapidly inactivated by dilution in tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-hydrochloride buffer. this inactivation was p ...	1969	5788701
reversal by citrate of the iodoacetate and fluoride inhibition of glutamic acid production by corynebacterium glutamicum.	citrate reversal of iodoacetate inhibition of glutamate synthesis is nonmetabolic. reversal of fluoride inhibition is metabolic, occurring only at low mg concentrations.	1969	5807160
[effect of aeration and biotin concentration on the metabolism of micrococcus glutamicus mutant 1544].		1969	5345750
effect of citrate on use of glucose by resting cells of corynebacterium glutamicum.		1970	5437392
product inhibition of the fermentative formation of glutamic acid.	the addition of penicillin to cells of corynebacterium glutamicum growing in 5-liter fermentors initiated the excretion of glutamic acid. the rate of glutamate production in fermentors declined continuously with time and reached 75% of the initial rate in 24 hr after penicillin had been added. the addition of glutamate to resting cell suspensions had only a slight effect on sugar utilization but caused a marked decrease in glutamate excretion. it is suggested that the high level of glutamate acc ...	1970	5480097
quantitative assessment of the mutagenic effect of ethyl methanesulfonate in micrococcus glutamicus.		1972	4552837
[pigmented mutants of micrococcus glutamicus and their properties].		1972	5086809
glutamic acid production with gel-entrapped corynebacterium glutamicum.		1973	4748854
regulation of l-lysine production by aspartic acid family amino acids in homoserine auxotroph of micrococcus glutamicus.		1973	4783397
[physiological and cytological characteristics of 2 strains of micrococcus glutamicus in the process of lysine biosynthesis].		1973	4701627
isolation and study of the composition of a peptidoglycan complex excreted by the biotin-requiring mutant of brevibacterium divaricatum nrrl-2311 in the presence of penicillin.		1974	4829438
production of amino acids by fermentation. i. development of auxotrophs micrococcus glutamicus for the production of individual amino acid-particularly l-lysine.		1974	4466818
amino acid excretion by prototrophic colony and colour variants in micrococcus glutamicus.		1974	4480484
effects of minerals on the production of methionine by micrococcus glutamicus.		1975	1218918
effect of mineral elements on the production of threonine by micrococcus glutamicus.		1975	1121932
studies of the mode of action of amiclenomycin.	amiclenomycin (am) was found to be a strong inhibitor of kapa-dapa aminotransferase of brevibacterium divaricatum. this transamination was suggested to follow ping pong bi bi mechanism. inhibition of this transamination by am is of a noncompetitive type in a lineweaver-burk plot of initial velocity, but not in a dixon plot. the activity of kapa-dapa aminotransferase drops abruptly after preincubation with am, but its activity is restored by dialysis against 10 mm potassium phosphate buffer (ph 7 ...	1975	805119
[some properties of beta-aspartate kinase from micrococcus glutamicus-95 bacteria].	kinetic and allosteric properties of beta-asparatatekinase from micrococcus glutamicus-95 were studied. coarse protein fraction, sedimented at 0.8 from saturated (nh4)2so4, was used as an enzyme preparation. curves of the dependency of the enzymatic reaction rate on substrate (l-aspartic acid and atp) concentration were not found to be s-like. however, double reciprocal plotting of the data obtained revealed their deviation from the hyperbolic curve. the effect of amino acids (lysine, threonine, ...	1975	237584
induction of nutritional mutants of micrococcus glutamicus and their amino acid accumulation.	micrococcus glutamicus atcc 13032, a glutamic acid-producing organism, was treated with 0.2m ethylmethane sulfonate, the auxotrophs isolated showing varied patterns of extracellular amino acids. eighty auxotrophic strains were obtained, out of which 31 excreted 1.0-4.0 mg threonine per ml and all the auxotrophs required biotin for growth and production of the amino acid. eleven auxotrophs produced 1.5 to 3.0 mg alanine per ml and these auxotrophs required amino acids for their growth. other auxo ...	1975	163783
[regulation of lysine biosynthesis in the leucine-dependent mutant of micrococcus glutamicus].	the role of leucine in metabolism of micrococcus glutamicus was examined in relation to the lysis synthesis by the homoserine- and leucine-dependent strains of m. glutamicus 106 and the homoserine-dependent strain of m. glutamicus 95. in addition to the growth function, leucine produced a controlling effect on the yield of the end product. in the presence of leucine the inhibitory effect of isoleucine on the lysine yield was reduced or reversed. the end effect depended on the leucine: isoleucine ...	1975	1208391
[effect of oleic acid and tween-80 on lysine synthesis by the culture corynebacterium glutamicum].	the effect of oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid and tween-80 on the growth and lysine synthesis by the producers c. glutamicum strains 95, 8, 28 was investigated. surface active substances like oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid and tween-80 during cultivation of the lysine producers on the glucose medium (the synthetic medium) and the medium with molasses and corn extract either inhibited the culture growth, thus reducing lysine yield, or accelerated the culture growth, thus increasing lysine ...	1975	1208392
observations on lysogeny in glutamic acid bacteria.	induced lysis occurred in a number of different strains of glutamic acid bacteria. mixed culture experiments indicated that induced cultures produce phages or bacteriocins. temperate phages were isolated from two related strains of brevibacterium divaricatum.	1976	823863
distribution of menaquinones in actinomycetes and corynebacteria.	menaquinones were the only isoprenoid quinones found in 48 corynebacteria and actinomycete strains examined. dihydromenaquinones having nine isoprene units were the main components isolated from gordona, mycobacterium, corynebacterium bovis, corynebacterium glutamicum and a strain labelled nocardia farcinica, but dihydromenaquinones having eight isoprene units were characteristic of other corynebacterium species and representatives of the 'rhodochrous' complex. tetrahydromenaquinones having six ...	1977	894261
a high efficiency flow cytometer.	a flow chamber has been developed which collects about 60% of the total cell fluorescence for analysis compared to about 2.5% for conventional flow systems. the chamber, an ellipsoid of revolution, is gold-plated for increased reflectivity. fluorochrome-stained cells enter the flow cell directly above the primary focus of the ellipsoid at the rate of 1000 cell/sec. a focused argon-ion laser beam enters the flow cell parallel to the semiminor axis and intersects the cell stream at the primary foc ...	1977	330729
microbial production of essential amino acid with corynebacterium glutamicum mutants.	amino acids produced by microbial process are generally l-forms. the stereospecificity of the amino acids produced by fermentation makes the process advantageous compared with synthetic process. microorganisms employed in microbial process for amino acid production are divided into 4 classes; wild-type strain, auxotrophic mutant, regulatory mutant and auxotrophic regulatory mutant. using such mutants of corynebacterium glutamicum, all the essential amino acids but l-methionine are now being prod ...	1978	727028
[formation of b12 auxotrophs among spontaneous streptomycin-resistant mutants of corynebacterium glutamicum].	the spontaneous mutation to streptomycin-resistance (strr) was selective for isolating the definite type of auxotrophs (b12) of grampositive bacteria, corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13032. a correlation between the resistance to the antibiotic and the requirement of vitamin b12 of this culture is suggested.	1978	744479
[characteristics of nucleoside and pyrimidine base metabolism in corynebacterium glutamicum].	corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13032 can utilize uridine as a sole source of carbon for its growth. uridine degradation seems to be catalysed by hydrolase since it does not depend on the presence of phosphorus when the enzyme activity is assayed in vitro. other nucleosides (adenosine, inosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine, deoxyuridine, deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine) cannot serve as a source of carbon for the growth of the bacterium. the label of thymidine-3h (methyl) is not incorporated int ...	1978	151772
[effect of amino acids on the beta-aspartokinase activity from corynebacterium glutamicum of wild and mutant strains].	the effect of amino acids, their structural analogs and ammonium sulphate on the enzyme activity of beta-aspartokinase isolated from corynebacterium glutamicum was studied. two strains were used: one of the wild type and the other--a mutant strain whose growth remains uninhibited by a simultaneous addition of threonine and s-2-aminoethylcysteine, a lysine analog. significant differences in the effect of amino acids and their analogs on the beta-aspartokinase activity of the parental and mutant s ...	1978	209438
effect of antibiotics, non-ionic detergents, and vitamins on the osmotic barriers of micrococcus glutamicus.	the production of amino acids by the mutant strain, homoserine methionine deficient, of micrococcus glutamicus, was studied through the elucidation of the role of chemical agent affecting the osmotic barriers. penicillin was found to affect the cell wall integrity and to increase greatly the total amino acid content, especially in presence of high biotin content. non-ionic detergents were found to affect the integrity of cytoplasmic membrane. the effect was not similar with the different types o ...	1978	735506
determination of redox potential levels critical for cell respiration and suitable for l-leucine production.	the effect of oxygen supply on l-leucine fermentation was investigated employing a leucine-producing mutant of brevibacterium lactofermentum. since it was not possible to measure oxygen tension below 0.01 atm by a teflon-coated oxygen electrode, the degree of satisfaction of the cells' oxygen demand (cells' respiration rate/maximum oxygen demand of cells, rab/krm) and the redox potential of the culture medium (e, mv) were used as indices to oxygen supply in cultures under low oxygen tension. whe ...	1978	623903
stimulation of humoral immunity by peptidoglycan monomer from brevibacterium divaricatum.	peptidoglycan monomer (pgm), a water soluble and nontoxic disaccharide pentapeptide unit obtained from brevibacterium divaricatum, was administered intravenously into mice, and the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes was assayed by means of jerne's technique for plaque-forming cells (pfc) in the spleen. the pfc response was evidently stimulated. the counts were increased to practically the same extent over a great range of doses of pgm (from 25 to 1600 microgram per animal), and the ef ...	1979	380198
isolation procedure and properties of monomer unit from lysozyme digest of peptidoglycan complex excreted into the medium by penicillin-treated brevibacterium divaricatum mutant.	1. the peptidoglycan complex excreted in large amounts into the medium by the biotin-requiring mutant brevibacterium divaricatum nrrl-2311 incubated in the presence of penicillin for 1 h has been investigated. a convenient isolation procedure with high yield for the pure monomeric unit from lysozyme digest of the accumulated polymer is described. 2. it is shown that the released peptidoglycan possesses the linear uncross-linked structure made of repeating disaccharide-pentapeptide unit [glcnac-m ...	1979	256515
free (s,s)-diaminopimelate is not an obligatory intermediate in lysine biosynthesis in corynebacterium glutamicum.		1979	421912
obligatory biosynthesis of l-tyrosine via the pretyrosine branchlet in coryneform bacteria.	species of coryneform bacteria (corynebacterium glutamicum, brevibacterium flavum, and b. ammoniagenes) utilize pretyrosine [beta-(1-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl) alanine] as an intermediate in l-tyrosine biosynthesis. pretyrosine is formed from prephenate via the activity of at least one species of aromatic aminotransferase which is significantly greater with prephenate as substrate than with either phenylpyruvate or 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. pretyrosine dehydrogenase, capable of con ...	1979	457594
aromatic aminotransferases in coryneform bacteria.	species of coryneform bacteria (corynebacterium glutamicum, brevibacterium flavum, and b. ammoniagenes) are capable of transaminating all three of the aromatic pathway intermediates; prephenate, phenylpyruvate, and 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate. two molecular species of aromatic aminotransferase (denoted aminotransferase i and aminotransferase ii) were partially purified from c. glutamicum and b. flavum, whereas a single aromatic aminotransferase was isolated from b. ammoniagenes. in both c. glutamic ...	1979	500563
[a trial on nutritionally forced mating of conventional glutamate-producing bacteria].	by nutritionally forced mating, we tried to find the sex factor in glutamate producing bacteria with some auxtrophic mutants of corynebacterium glutamicum, micrococcus glutamicus and brevibacterium divaricatum. we failed to find true mates in this trial, even when the cells cured by acridine orange were used to mate with non-cured ones. there were some positive growth when two densed cell suspensions were dropped on the minimum medium, but after subcultured on the minimum medium no growth was fo ...	1979	583276
meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelate d-dehydrogenase: distribution and the reaction product.	a high activity of meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase was found in extracts of bacillus sphaericus, brevibacterium sp., corynebacterium glutamicum, and proteus vulgaris among bacteria tested. b. sphaericus ifo 3525, in which the enzyme is most abundant, was chosen to study the enzyme reaction. the enzyme was not induced by the addition of meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate to the growth medium. the reaction product was isolated and identified as alpha-amino-epsilon-ketopimelate by ...	1979	762012
biosynthesis of l-lysine in corynebacterium glutamicum on sucrose, ethanol and acetic acid.	production of l-lysine was followed in two lysine-accumulating mutants of corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13287 in media containing sucrose, ethanol, acetic acid or a mixture of acetic acid and ammonium or sodium acetate. it was found that acetate is the best substitution for sucrose.	1980	6774937
[intracellular pool of free amino acids in a wild strain of corynebacterium glutamicum and its lysine-producing mutants].	the intracellular content of free amino acids was measured in the wild-type strain of corynebacterium glutamicum 13032 and its lysine producing mutants 410 and 133, resistant to the combined effect of threonine and s-2-aminoethyl cysteine, a lysine analog. after 18- and 48-hour cultivation of all strains the major components of the amino acid pool were glutamic acid, alanine and lysine, and those of the cell-free supernatant were alanine and lysine. after 18-hour cultivation the lysine content i ...	1981	6798561
[nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide synthesis by microorganisms].	the ability of five bacterial strains, i.e., brevibacterium ammoniagenes atcc 6872, brevibacterium flavum atcc 14067, brevibacterium 22, corynebacterium atcc 21084, micrococcus glutamicus atcc 13032, to utilize exogenous precursors (nicotinamide and adenine or atp) was investigated during nad synthesis under fermentation conditions and during incubation of acetone-dried cells. it was found that dry cells of brevibacterium three strains were most active. however, under fermentation conditions br. ...	1981	6459575
[production of genetic recombinants in brevibacterium ammoniagenes and brevibacterium divaricatum by protoplast fusion].		1982	6757055
[carbon isotope fractionation by aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms].	the isotope effects of carbon were studied in auxotrophic mutants of the following aerobic microorganisms: escherichia coli, corynebacterium, bacillus subtilis, brevibacterium and micrococcus glutamicus. intramolecular isotope heterogeneity was found in position of the total carbon differed from that of the carbon of the carboxyl in the amino acid. in the lysine released by corynebacterium grown on acetate, the carboxyl carbon is enriched with 13c by 8%o comparing with the total carbon of the am ...	1982	6806574
[phage mc-2: structure and the mechanism of corynebacterium glutamicum infection].		1982	7151675
[effect of glutamic acid oversynthesis on the development of cyanide-resistant respiration in the bacterium corynebacterium glutamicum].	the composition of the respiratory chains of the wild stain corynebacterium glutamicum and of its mutant differing in their ability for the glutamic acid oversynthesis in a medium with melassa was studied. under excess of biotine and the parent strain is incapable of acid oversynthesis, while the mutant forms and excretes the acid. both bacterial strains contain menaquinone and equal sets of cytochromes c550, b556, b563, and a600. the membrane-bound dehydrogenases of the parent strain are repres ...	1982	6129002
continuous glutamate production using an immobilized whole-cell system.	for the purpose of saving the energy and raw materials required in glutamate fermentation, an immobilized whole-cell system was prepared and its performance in a continuous reactor system was evaluated. corynebacterium glutamicum (a mutant strain of atcc 13058) whole cell was immobilized in k-carrageenan matrix and the gel structure was strengthened by treatment with a hardening agent. the effective diffusivities of carrageenan gel for glucose and oxygen were found to decrease significantly with ...	1982	18546125
microbial production of lysine and threonine from whey permeate.	extracellular accumulation of lysine and threonine was investigated in modified whey permeate by using brevibacterium lactofermentum atcc 21086 and escherichia coli atcc 21151. whey permeate was prepared from whey by membrane ultrafiltration, and lactose was hydrolyzed by treating permeate with hcl or beta-galactosidase. the highest amount of lysine (3.3 g/liter) was produced from a mixture of acid-hydrolyzed whey permeate and yeast extract (0.2%). the highest amount of threonine (3.6 g/liter) w ...	1983	16346209
[microbiological production of l-lysine. i. the substrate specificity for the growth and lysine productivity of corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13286].		1983	6417982
[microbiological production of l-lysine. ii. the inhibitory action of l-threonine and l-lysine on the lysine productivity of corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13286].		1983	6417983
microbial production of l-[15n]glutamic acid and its gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.	l-[15n]glutamic acid was prepared in high yields via a fermentative process. brevibacterium lactofermentum, growing on a medium containing 97% enriched 15nh4cl as a sole isotopic precursor, excreted mostly l-[15n]glutamic acid. the l-[15n]glutamic acid was purified and identified. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to demonstrate its usefulness in clinical studies.	1983	6137971
in vivo 15n nmr studies of regulation of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production by brevibacterium lactofermentum.	glutamic acid producer brevibacterium lactofermentum intact cells were used to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo 15n nmr to follow nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production throughout the growth cycle. the induction of glutamic acid production by different growth conditions was studied. intracellular and extracellular levels of free metabolites were estimated as function of oxygen supply and biotin concentration. 15n nmr enabled us to distinguish two phases during the fermentation. at ...	1983	6630214
immunotherapy of b-16 melanoma with peptidoglycan monomer.	b-16 melanoma-bearing mice received intravenously or intratumorally one or multiple injections of peptidoglycan monomer (pgm) derived from brevibacterium divaricatum cell wall. multiple injections of this non-toxic, water-soluble, low-molecular-weight peptidoglycan reduced the growth rate of tumor nodule on the leg, but did not significantly prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice. one milligram of pgm administered 3 or 7 days after tumor inoculation inhibited formation of pulmonary metastase ...	1983	6683639
immunotherapy of lewis lung carcinoma with hydrosoluble peptidoglycan monomer (pgm).	the water-soluble peptidoglycan monomer (pgm) isolated from the culture fluid of brevibacterium divaricatum, which has immunostimulating activity, has been examined for its antitumor effects in c57bl mice bearing lewis lung carcinoma. the formation of spontaneous lung metastases from sc tumor implants is significantly inhibited. the growth of sc primary tumors, including advanced ones, is also significantly inhibited, though to a less pronounced extent than the growth of metastases. the effects ...	1983	6553516
peptidoglycans as promoters of slow-wave sleep. ii. somnogenic and pyrogenic activities of some naturally occurring muramyl peptides; correlations with mass spectrometric structure determination.	the structures of components of the sleep-promoting material purified from human urine were established by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, as reported in the accompanying paper (martin, s. a., karnovsky, m. l., krueger, j. m., pappenheimer, j. r., and biemann, k. (1984) j. biol. chem. 259, 12652-12658). we report here that two substances isolated from that preparation, viz. n-acetylglucosaminyl-1,6 -anhydro-n-acetylmuramyl-ala-gamma-glu-diaminopimelyl-ala) and that compound lacking the ...	1984	6490637
role of biotin in the production of lysine by brevibacterium lactofermentum.	to investigate the role of biotin in lysine production, brevibacterium lactofermentum atcc 21086 was grown in an acid-hydrolysed whey permeate medium with and without added biotin. added biotin stimulated lysine production and growth of b. lactofermentum. five micrograms of biotin/100 ml was the optimum level of addition. biotin increased the uptake of 14c-glucose and affected fatty acid composition of cell wall lipids. cell walls of test organisms contained less 16:0 and more 18:2 fatty acids t ...	1984	6434904
[taxonomic position of the lysine producer brevibacterium flavum].	brevibacterium flavum 22 and 22l producing lysine and glutamic acid should be reclassified as corynebacterium glutamicum on the basis of their chemotaxonomic characteristics: the iv type of the cell wall, corynomycolic acids c32--c34, 57.8% of gc in dna.	1984	6423939
protoplast transformation of glutamate-producing bacteria with plasmid dna.	a method for polyethylene glycol-induced protoplast transformation of glutamate-producing bacteria with plasmid dna was established. protoplasts were prepared from cells grown in the presence of penicillin by treatment with lysozyme in a hypertonic medium. the concentration of penicillin during growth affected the efficiency of formation, regeneration, and polyethylene glycol-induced dna uptake of protoplasts. regeneration of protoplasts was accomplished on a hypertonic agar medium containing so ...	1984	6145700
glutamate excretion triggering mechanism: a reinvestigation of the surfactant-induced modification of cell lipids.	lipid alterations induced by surfactants to trigger glutamate excretion were investigated with an industrial strain of corynebacterium glutamicum. the lipid composition of this strain was determined for cultures in a synthetic medium and in a complex medium. a distribution of complex lipids between the cell wall and the cell membrane is proposed. depending on growth conditions, 70-85% of the cell fatty acids had saturated chains in cells grown with surfactants. in the synthetic medium up to 80% ...	1984	6150674
functional expression of the genes of escherichia coli in gram-positive corynebacterium glutamicum.	hybrid plasmids were constructed by combining in vitro the escherichia coli plasmid pga22, which carries the genes determining resistance to kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin, with the cryptic plasmids, pcg1 and pcg2, of corynebacterium glutamicum. the hybrid plasmids were introduced into c. glutamicum and e. coli and replicated in both hosts. they expressed all the e. coli resistance phenotypes except ampicillin resistance in c. glutamicum. the levels of antibiotic inactiv ...	1984	6384727
cloning vector system for corynebacterium glutamicum.	a protoplast transformation system has been developed for corynebacterium glutamicum by using a c. glutamicum-bacillus subtilis chimeric vector. the chimera was constructed by joining a 3.0-kilobase cryptic c. glutamicum plasmid and the b. subtilis plasmid pbd10. the neomycin resistance gene on the chimera, phy416, was expressed in c. glutamicum, although the chloramphenicol resistance gene was not. the various parameters in the transformation protocol were analyzed separately and optimized. the ...	1985	3921526
freeze-fracture observations of corynebacterium glutamicum: the occurrence of an outer membrane-like structure and the influence of temperature on the cytoplasmic membrane.	in order to elucidate temperature-dependent morphological changes in the cell envelope of the gram-positive l-lysine-overproducing corynebacterium glutamicum 9366 we carried out freeze-fracture investigations of native cells and studied their fatty acid composition. in addition to the cytoplasmic membrane c. glutamicum possesses at the periphery of the cell an additional fracture plane which is unusual in gram-positive bacteria and is designated here as outer membrane-like structure. the fractur ...	1985	4087157
construction of novel shuttle vectors and a cosmid vector for the glutamic acid-producing bacteria brevibacterium lactofermentum and corynebacterium glutamicum.	novel cloning vectors for glutamic acid-producing bacteria have been constructed. two cryptic plasmids, pam330 from brevibacterium lactofermentum and phm1519 from corynebacterium glutamicum, were used as precursors, and recombined with pbr325 or pub110. resultant composite plasmids were able to propagate and to express the cmr or kmr phenotype in b. lactofermentum and c. glutamicum. a smaller, high-copy-number plasmid, paj43, was also isolated following deletion of a part of the pam330-pbr325 co ...	1985	4092934
utilization of glutamate accumulating bacterial cells for production of ribonucleotides.	corynebacterium glutamicum cells are industrially used for glutamate production. however, the waste that contains microbial cells, cellular debris, residual sugars, ammonia and metabolites seriously pollutes the environment. the cells are recovered and utilized for ribonucleotide production so that the pollution caused by the cells is eliminated. nucleic acid is extracted from the cells and is hydrolyzed with nuclease p1 from penicillium citrinum. the hydrolysate is fractionated with dowex-50 an ...	1985	3033725
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of genes involved in the lysine pathway of brevibacterium lactofermentum.	the brevibacterium lactofermentum genes which complement escherichia coli lysa and asd-1 mutants were identified, respectively, as a 1.9-kilobase psti-clai fragment and a 2.5-kilobase psti fragment by cloning into pbr325. southern blot transfers show hybridization to chromosomal fragments of identical size. the putative b. lactofermentum asd and lysa products are 44 and 48 kilodaltons, respectively.	1985	2864331
transfection of corynebacterium lilium protoplasts.	a protoplast transfection system has been developed for a lysine-producing bacterium, corynebacterium lilium, using the dna of phage cl31. phage cl31 is lytic and specific to c. lilium and has a genome of approximately 48 kb. the transfection procedure involves a polyethylene-glycol-mediated introduction of the dna into lysozyme-treated cells and has a maximum efficiency of 3 x 10(4) transfectants per microgram dna.	1985	3007654
new bacteriophage-like particles in corynebacterium glutamicum.	three new phage-like particles (cg1, cg2, and cgk1) were isolated from corynebacterium glutamicum cbii. particles cg1 and cg2 are dna phages with long, noncontractile tails, cgk1 is a killer particle according to electron microscopy. a heat-stable low-molecular-weight bacteriocidal substance affecting various coryneform bacteria was observed to be joined to the killer particle cgk1.	1985	2982237
cloning and expression of tryptophan genes from brevibacterium lactofermentum in escherichia coli.	a gene bank from the amino acid producer brevibacterium lactofermentum has been prepared in escherichia coli using pbr322 as vector. four clones containing genetic information needed to complement mutations in a,b,c and d genes from e. coli have been isolated. the cloned fragments range between 4.3 kb (pult61) and 7.9 kb (pult62). all the four clones contain genetic information that complements trpb gene from e. coli. the cloned trpb gene is very stable and is maintained extrachromosomally in e. ...	1985	3910042
high-frequency transformation of brevibacterium lactofermentum protoplasts by plasmid dna.	an efficient polyethylene glycol-assisted method for transformation of brevibacterium lactofermentum protoplasts that uses plasmid vectors has been developed. two small plasmids, pul330 (5.2 kilobases) and pul340 (5.8 kilobases), both containing the kanamycin resistance gene from transposon tn5 and the replication origin of the natural plasmid pbl1 of b. lactofermentum, were selected as vectors. supercoiled forms of the plasmids yielded a 100-fold higher transformation frequency than did linear ...	1985	3980445
determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the brevibacterium lactofermentum plasmid pam330 and the analysis of its genetic information.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the plasmid pam330 derived from brevibacterium lactofermentum atcc 13869 was determined using the dideoxy chain termination method. analysis of the sequence allowed us to observe seven open reading frames, one of which showed the presence of the promoter and the shine-dalgarno (sd) sequences upstream from the initiation codon.	1985	3003705
an efficient method for the introduction of viral dna into brevibacterium lactofermentum protoplasts.	a method for the introduction of a bacteriophage dna into brevibacterium lactofermentum protoplasts is described. frequencies of 10(5) infective centres per micrograms dna were easily achieved, the relationship between the number of infective centres and the amount of dna being linear up to 5 micrograms dna per assay. this method can be used to introduce foreign dna into these bacteria.	1986	3806056
complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the brevibacterium lactofermentum tryptophan operon.		1986	3808947
complete nucleotide sequence of a native plasmid of brevibacterium lactofermentum.		1986	3453107
protoplast transformation in coryneform bacteria and introduction of an alpha-amylase gene from bacillus amyloliquefaciens into brevibacterium lactofermentum.	the goal of this study was to investigate the likelihood of developing useful transformation systems for coryneform bacteria. two species of coryneform bacteria, brevibacterium lactofermentum and corynebacterium lilium, were transformed with chimeras constructed from pub110 and a cryptic coryneform plasmid (pgx1901). c. lilium protoplasts were also efficiently transfected with phage cs1 dna. high transformation and transfection frequencies were obtained after only 2 min of lysozyme treatment of ...	1986	3008649
[characteristics of lysine transport in a wild type strain and lysine-producing mutant of corynebacterium glutamicum].	an active transport system high specific for 1-lysine was found in the cells of the wild strain of corynebacterium glutamicum, km being about 10 microm. accumulation of lysine was higher, if the cells were cultivated on a medium containing glucose. the cells of the homoserine-deficient lysine producer have no alterations in the lysine transport. the lysine transport was also studied in three lysine producing analog resistant mutants (two mutants are resistant to aminoethylcysteine and one to lys ...	1986	3081884
molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the corynebacterium glutamicum phea gene.	the phea gene of corynebacterium glutamicum encoding prephenate dehydratase was isolated from a gene bank constructed in c. glutamicum. the specific activity of prephenate dehydratase was increased six-fold in strains harboring the cloned gene. genetic and structural evidence is presented which indicates that prephenate dehydratase and chorismate mutase were catalyzed by separate enzymes in this species. the c. glutamicum phea gene, subcloned in both orientations with respect to the escherichia ...	1986	3525519
a shuttle vector system for brevibacterium lactofermentum.	we have constructed a shuttle vector that replicates in escherichia coli, corynebacterium glutamicum and brevibacterium lactofermentum, by fusion of a 4.4-kb cryptic plasmid isolated from b. lactofermentum and a derivative of pbr322. resistance to erythromycin which is expressed in all three bacteria has been a useful selective marker. the frequency of homospecific transformation was 1.5 x 10(5) transformants/micrograms of hybrid plasmid dna.	1986	3549456
glutamicin cbii, a bacteriocin-like substance produced by corynebacterium glutamicum.	corynebacterium glutamicum cbii, in the stationary phase of growth, was found to produce spontaneously a substance resembling bacteriocins by its bactericidal properties. this substance designated glutamicin cbii was observed to exhibit bactericidal activity against coryneform bacteria (12 species tested) but not against unrelated gram-positive (3) and gram-negative (3) bacteria, while its action on bacteria with no quite known relatedness to the coryneform group (14) was found to be variable. g ...	1986	3729373
improvement of an l-leucine-producing mutant of brevibacterium lactofermentum 2256 by genetically desensitizing it to alpha-acetohydroxy acid synthetase.	genetic improvement of l-leucine productivity in strain 218, an ile 2-thiazolealanine-resistant mutant of brevibacterium lactofermentum 2256, was attempted. in strain 218, which produced 28 mg of l-leucine per ml from 13% glucose, alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase was genetically desensitized and derepressed to the effect of l-leucine, whereas alpha-acetohydroxy acid synthetase remained unaltered, although it could be derepressed phenotypically by limiting the isoleucine concentration in the cult ...	1986	16347048
protoplast transformation in coryneform bacteria and introduction of an alpha-amylase gene from bacillus amyloliquefaciens into brevibacterium lactofermentum.	[this corrects the article on p. 638 in vol. 51.].	1986	16347093
control of nitrate concentration in fermentations of corynebacterium glutamicum.	a nitrate control system has been devised for the maintenance of stable nitrate concentrations throughout fed-batch fermentations of corynebacterium glutamicum. the feedback control system was based on the use of a nitrate-ion-selective electrode to directly monitor the nitrate levels in the fermentor and an automatic controller to activate a nitrate feed pump. the electrode which was used for controlling the nitrate level was stable through-out the fermentation period. the apparent maximum spec ...	1986	18555376
microbiological degradation of malodorous substances of swine waste under aerobic conditions.	phenol, p-cresol, and volatile fatty acids (vfa; acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids) were used as odor indicators of swine waste. aeration of the waste allowed the indigenous microorganisms to grow and degrade these malodorous substances. the time required for degradation of these substances varied according to the waste used, and it was not necessarily related to their concentrations. using a minimal medium which contained one of the malodorous compounds as so ...	1987	16347254
nucleotide sequence of the meso-diaminopimelate d-dehydrogenase gene from corynebacterium glutamicum.		1987	3588313
sequence analysis of the brevibacterium lactofermentum trp operon.	brevibacterium lactofermentum, a gram-positive bacterium, is a commercially important amino acid producer. in this organism, the tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes are encoded within a 7725 bp hapii-bamhi fragment. seven open reading frames were identified as trp genes by complementation tests with various b. lactofermentum and escherichia coli tryptophan auxotrophs. following the nomenclature established for e. coli and serratia marcescens, the b. lactofermentum trp genes were designated trpl, trp ...	1987	2823076
characterization of the corynebacteriophage cg33.	bacteriophage cg33 was isolated from a strain of corynebacterium glutamicum that had become contaminated during an industrial fermentation. cg33 was assigned to bradley's group b since it had a polyhedral head 40 nm wide and a short non-contractile and striated tail 78 nm long. adsorption to its host, c. glutamicum atcc 13287, was enhanced in the presence of ca2+. the latent period was 18 min at 34 degrees c; the burst size was 16 p.f.u. ml-1. cg33 also formed plaques on c. lilium atcc 15990 but ...	1987	3449603
identification of a promoter sequence in the plasmid pul340 of brevibacterium lactofermentum and construction of new cloning vectors for corynebacteria containing two selectable markers.	a strong promoter p1 has been found in plasmid pul340, a cloning vector used to transform corynebacteria. this promoter is also expressed efficiently in escherichia coli. a gene (cat) for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from streptomyces acrimycini and a gene (hyg) for hygromycin phosphotransferase from streptomyces hygroscopicus were subcloned in different positions of the brevibacterium lactofermentum plasmid pul340. both resistance genes are expressed in b. lactofermentum from their own pro ...	1987	3479377
phylogenetic analysis of the coryneform bacteria by 5s rrna sequences.	nucleotide sequences of 5s rrnas from 11 coryneform bacteria were determined. these were the type strains of corynebacterium glutamicum, corynebacterium xerosis, brevibacterium linens, arthrobacter globiformis, cellulomonas biazotea, aureobacterium testaceum, curtobacterium citreum, pimelobacter simplex, and caseobacter polymorphus and representative strains of "corynebacterium aquaticum" and corynebacterium xerosis. a phylogenetic tree constructed from the sequences of these bacteria and publis ...	1987	3106318
transformation of corynebacterium diphtheriae, corynebacterium ulcerans, corynebacterium glutamicum, and escherichia coli with the c. diphtheriae plasmid png2.	the transfection and transformation of members of two species of pathogenic corynebacteria, corynebacterium diphtheriae and corynebacterium ulcerans, is described. protoplasts were produced by treatment with lysozyme following growth in glycine, and a medium was defined on which a significant fraction of the osmotically sensitive cells were regenerated. transfections were carried out with dna from corynephage 782, a member of the beta family of converting phages, and transformations were perform ...	1987	3110777
structural characteristics of the corynebacterium lilium bacteriophage cl31.	bacteriophage cl31 was isolated on a corynebacterium lilium strain. out of 30 strains tested, only cl31 was able to form plaques on corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13287, brevibacterium lactofermentum atcc 21086, and arthrobacter sp. strain si55, but at a very low frequency. this phage belongs to group b of bradley's classification (d. e. bradley, bacteriol. rev. 31:230-314; 1967). its head is 53 nm in diameter, and its tail is 396 nm in length. the phage capsid contains three major proteins, of ...	1987	3033280
keratinolytic activity of cutaneous and oral bacteria.	a test was developed to measure the keratinolytic activity of cutaneous and oral bacteria. keratin, labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, was used in a phosphate buffer (ph 7.2) with 1 mm dithiothreitol. the degradation of keratin was estimated by measuring the fluorescence of the degradation products in the supernatant of the reaction mixtures in a luminescence spectrometer. several oral and cutaneous bacteria were investigated: bacteroides gingivalis, bacteroides intermedius, treponema dent ...	1987	2434427
the expression of cellulomonas fimi cellulase genes in brevibacterium lactofermentum.	the exoglucanase gene (cex) and the endoglucanase a gene (cena) from cellulomonas fimi were subcloned into the escherichia coli/brevibacterium lactofermentum shuttle vector pbk10. both genes were expressed to five to ten times higher levels in b. lactofermentum than in e. coli, probably because these genes were expressed from c. fimi promoters. in b. lactofermentum virtually all of the enzyme activities were in the culture supernatant. this system will facilitate analysis of the expression of th ...	1987	3443308
structure and function of the trp operon control regions of brevibacterium lactofermentum, a glutamic-acid-producing bacterium.	the trp genes of brevibacterium lactofermentum lie within a 7.72-kb hapii-bamhi fragment whose sequence has been determined (matsui et al., 1986). the 5'- and the 3'-flanking regions of this gene cluster were subcloned as a 1.8-kb psti-psti and a 0.6-kb xhoi-bamhi fragment, respectively. the 5'-flanking region encodes two open reading frames (orfs); one corresponds to trpl, while the other corresponds to the n-terminal half of the trpe gene. within the 17 amino acid residues of the predicted lea ...	1987	3609747
two single-base-pair substitutions causing desensitization to tryptophan feedback inhibition of anthranilate synthase and enhanced expression of tryptophan genes of brevibacterium lactofermentum.	a 5-fluorotryptophan-resistant mutant, termed 1041, was isolated from brevibacterium lactofermentum aj12036. the anthranilate synthase of 1041 was insensitive to feedback inhibition by tryptophan, and the specific activities of the anthranilate synthase and anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase of 1041 were 29- and 23-fold higher than those in parental strain aj12036, respectively. a single-base change (adenine to cytosine) that resulted in a ser-to-arg substitution was found in the trpe struct ...	1987	3667535
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of the homoserine kinase (thrb) gene from brevibacterium lactofermentum.	five dna fragments carrying the thrb gene (homoserine kinase e.c. 2.7.1.39) of brevibacterium lactofermentum were cloned by complementation of escherichia coli thrb mutants using pbr322 as vector. all the cloned fragments contained a common 3.1 kb dna sequence. the cloned fragments hybridized among themselves and with a 9 kb bamhi fragment of the chromosomal dna of b. lactofermentum but not with the dna of e. coli. none of the cloned fragments were able to complement thra and thrc mutations of e ...	1987	3035340
nucleotide sequence of the homoserine dehydrogenase (thr a) gene of brevibacterium lactofermentum.		1987	3320973
nucleotide sequence of the homoserine kinase (thr b) gene of brevibacterium lactofermentum.		1987	3035505
cloning of the trp genes from the archaebacterium methanococcus voltae: nucleotide sequence of the trpba genes.	a cosmid bank of methanococcus voltae dna was obtained in escherichia coli after ligation of partially hindiii-digested m. voltae dna in the hindiii site of the transferable cosmid pvk100. the bank was used to perform complementation experiments with e. coli auxotrophic mutants. five cosmids complementing trpa shared three adjacent hindiii fragments of 2.1, 2.3 and 14 kb. two of these cosmids also complemented trpd and carried an additional 4.2 kb hindiii fragment. the trpa- and trpd- complement ...	1988	3146017
a peptidoglycan monomer as an antitumor agent in mice: stimulation of phagocytosis by resident peritoneal macrophages with peptidoglycan monomer.	peptidoglycan monomer (dissacharide-pentapeptide, pgm) from brevibacterium divaricatum is an immunomodulator and an antitumor agent. as part of our investigation of the antitumor properties of pgm in mice, its potential to stimulate phagocytosis by resident peritoneal macrophages was assessed. inbred cba/h/zg tau mice (kept under conventional conditions) were used, and a simple and brief method was developed to evaluate phagocytosis. it consisted of a short (10 min) coincubation of yeast cells ( ...	1988	3373235