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removal of pollutants and pathogens by a simplified treatment scheme for municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture.the availability of high quality water has become a constraint in several countries. agriculture represents the main water user, therefore, wastewater reuse in this area could increase water availability for other needs. this research was aimed to provide a simplified scheme for treatment and reuse of municipal and domestic wastewater based on sequencing batch biofilter granular reactors (sbbgrs). the activity was conducted at pilot-scale and particular attention was dedicated to the microbiolog ...201727951439
remodeling of the gut microbiota and structural shifts in preeclampsia patients in south china.preeclampsia (pe) is one of the pregnancy metabolic diseases. since gut microbiota play important roles in the hosts' metabolism, it is necessary to investigate the gut microbiota in pe patients, so that some intestinal dysbiosis might be detected as a biomarker for pe early diagnosis or as a target for intervention. one hundred subjects were categorized into four groups: 26 pe patients in late pregnancy, healthy individuals in early, middle, and late pregnancy (26/24/24 women). gut microbiota w ...201727988814
a comparative study of the effects of escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens upon boar semen preserved in liquid storage.the present study compares the sperm quality of boar seminal doses artificially inoculated with escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens, and maintained in liquid storage at 15°c for a 9-day period. seminal doses from 10 sexually mature piétrain boars were diluted in a beltsville thawing solution (bts)-based extender and infected either with e. coli or c. perfringens, with bacterial loads ranging from 10(1) to 10(7)cfuml(-1). during storage, the changes in sperm quality were determined by as ...201727988080
effects of soybean oligosaccharides on intestinal microbial communities and immune modulation in mice.soybean oligosaccharides (sboss) are potential prebiotics that may be used to improve immune function. here, we investigated the effects of intragastric administration of sboss in mice to determine the effects on autochthonous intestinal microbial communities and immunological parameters. results e: after 22-day administration, 4.0 g kg body weight (bw)(-)(1) sboss significantly enhanced the proliferation of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria (lab) as compared to the control. this dose of s ...201728053580
cody promotes sporulation and enterotoxin production by clostridium perfringens type a strain sm101.clostridium perfringens type d strains cause enterotoxemia and enteritis in livestock via epsilon toxin production. in type d strain cn3718, cody was previously shown to increase the level of epsilon toxin production and repress sporulation. c. perfringens type a strains producing c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) cause human food poisoning and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. sporulation is critical for c. perfringens type a food poisoning since spores contribute to transmission and resistance in ...201728052992
computational design of experiment unveils the conformational reaction coordinate of gh125 α-mannosidases.conformational analysis of enzyme-catalyzed mannoside hydrolysis has revealed two predominant conformational itineraries through b2,5 or (3)h4 transition-state (ts) conformations. a prominent unassigned catalytic itinerary is that of exo-1,6-α-mannosidases belonging to cazy family 125. a published complex of clostridium perfringens gh125 enzyme with a nonhydrolyzable 1,6-α-thiomannoside substrate mimic bound across the active site revealed an undistorted (4)c1 conformation and provided no insigh ...201728026180
multiple-reaction monitoring for multiplex detection of three bacterial toxins using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin b and shiga toxin are implicated in a number of diseases and food-borne intoxications and are considered potential agents for bioterrorism and warfare. artificially generated aerosol is the likely mode of delivery of these for nefarious uses, potentially capable of causing mass destruction to human and animal health by inhalation of toxic bioaerosol. multiplex and unambiguous detection of these agents is of paramount importance fo ...201728024103
evaluation of clinical safety and beneficial effects of stachyose-enriched α-galacto-oligosaccharides on gut microbiota and bowel function in humans.deshipu stachyose granules (dsg) is a mixture of α-galacto-oligosaccharides derived from the dietary roots of lycopus lucidus turcz. our previous study showed that dsg could improve the faecal microbial composition, and facilitate intestinal peristalsis and fecal excretion in mice. this study was designed to investigate the effect of dsg on gut microbiota and bowel function in humans. two human intervention studies were conducted. in the first study, 100 healthy adults were treated without or wi ...201728001151
a case of fatal clostridium perfringens bacteremia and sepsis following ct-guided liver biopsy of a rare neuroendocrine hepatic tumor. 201728093692
structural pierce into molecular mechanism underlying clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin function.epsilon toxin of the clostridium perfringens garnered a lot of attention due to its potential for toxicity in humans, extreme potency for cytotoxicity in mice and lack of any approved therapeutics prescribed for human. however, the intricacies of the epsilon toxin action mechanism are yet to be understood. in this regard, various in silico tools have been exploited to model and refine the 3d structure of the toxin and its two receptors. the receptor proteins were embedded into designed lipid mem ...201728089770
pathogen characterization of fresh and stored mesophilic anaerobically digested biosolids.culturable bacterial pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella, listeria, yersinia) and indicators (e. coli, enterococci, clostridium perfringens) were quantified at six wastewater treatment plants that land apply anaerobically digested biosolids in ontario, canada. cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia were also quantified by pcr. salmonella and listeria were frequently detected in sludge and liquid biosolids (70-100% of samples) but less often in fresh dewatered cake biosolids (50-60%); with l ...201728087921
isolation of clostridium perfringens type a from wild bharals (pseudois nayaur) following sudden death in tibet, china.dozens of wild bharals died suddenly in tibet. necropsy showed severe congestion and hemorrhage in multiple organs, with large numbers of gram-positive bacilli. strains of clostridium perfringens type a were isolated from the different organs and the intestinal contents. the other possible pathogens were ruled out by pcr.201728082244
netf-producing clostridium perfringens: clonality and plasmid pathogenicity loci analysis.clostridium perfringens is an important cause of foal necrotizing enteritis and canine acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. a major virulence determinant of the strains associated with these diseases appears to be a beta-sheet pore-forming toxin, netf, encoded within a pathogenicity locus (netf locus) on a large tcp-conjugative plasmid. strains producing netf also produce the putative toxin nete, encoded within the same pathogenicity locus, as well as cpe enterotoxin and cpb2 on a second plasmid, and som ...201728062388
rethinking the role of alpha toxin in clostridium perfringens-associated enteric diseases: a review on bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis is an economically important disease caused by clostridium perfringens type a strains. the disease mainly affects calves under intensive rearing conditions and is characterized by sudden death associated with small intestinal haemorrhage, necrosis and mucosal neutrophil infiltration. the common assumption that, when causing intestinal disease, c. perfringens relies upon specific, plasmid-encoded toxins, was recently challenged by the finding that alpha toxin, ...201728209206
crystal structure and structure-based mutagenesis of actin-specific adp-ribosylating toxin cpile-a as novel enterotoxin.unusual outbreaks of food poisoning in japan were reported in which clostridium perfringens was strongly suspected to be the cause based on epidemiological information and fingerprinting of isolates. the isolated strains lack the typical c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) but secrete a new enterotoxin consisting of two components: c. perfringens iota-like enterotoxin-a (cpile-a), which acts as an enzymatic adp-ribosyltransferase, and cpile-b, a membrane binding component. here we present the cryst ...201728199340
rapid eradication of colon carcinoma by clostridium perfringens enterotoxin suicidal gene therapy.bacterial toxins have evolved to an effective therapeutic option for cancer therapy. the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is a pore-forming toxin with selective cytotoxicity. the transmembrane tight junction proteins claudin-3 and -4 are known high affinity cpe receptors. their expression is highly upregulated in human cancers, including breast, ovarian and colon carcinoma. cpe binding to claudins triggers membrane pore complex formation, which leads to rapid cell death. previous studie ...201728193196
seeds of the wild progenitor of maize possess bacteria that antagonize foodborne pathogens.endophytes are microorganisms that inhabit plant tissues without causing disease. some endophytes help their hosts to combat pathogens. here we explored the hypothesis that the plant-derived foods consumed by humans and other animals host endophytes that also antagonize foodborne pathogens or food-rotting agents. our laboratory previously cultured a library of bacterial endophytes from different members of the maize/corn family (zea) including wild relatives. here, 190 of these endophytes were s ...201728186422
exposure to β-lactams results in the alteration of penicillin-binding proteins in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens causes a variety of mild to severe infections in humans and other animals. a decrease in the affinity of penicillin-binding protein (pbp) transpeptidases for β-lactams is considered one of the mechanisms of β-lactam resistance in bacteria. two strains of c. perfringens isolated from bovines and one isolated from a chicken, which had decreased susceptibility to β-lactams, had variations in the amino acid sequences of the central penicillin-binding regions of the pbps. β-la ...201728185856
controlling of growth performance, lipid deposits and fatty acid composition of chicken meat through a probiotic, lactobacillus johnsonii during subclinical clostridium perfringens infection.meat is considered as a major source of polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufa) which is essential for humans, therefore its lipid level and fatty acid composition have drawn great attention. as no clinical sign can be found in chicks subclinically infected by clostridium perfringens (cp), the meat may be purchased and eaten. the objective of the present study was to determine whether lactobacillus johnsonii (lj) can control the cp-caused impact on growth, lipid levels, fatty acid composition and othe ...201728183305
oral multiple sclerosis drugs inhibit the in vitro growth of epsilon toxin producing gut bacterium, clostridium perfringens.there are currently three oral medications approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (ms). two of these medications, fingolimod, and teriflunomide, are considered to be anti-inflammatory agents, while dimethyl fumarate (dmf) is thought to trigger a robust antioxidant response, protecting vulnerable cells during an ms attack. we previously proposed that epsilon toxin from the gut bacterium, clostridium perfringens, may initiate newly forming ms lesions due to its tropism for blood-brain ba ...201728180112
toxicoses of the ruminant nervous system.this article discusses the etiology, mechanism of action, clinical signs, and diagnostic tests used to identify toxic agents that affect the nervous system of ruminants. the article is not intended to be an exhaustive review of each agent, but a reference for establishing a differential diagnosis when toxic agents are suspected as the cause of central nervous system disease in ruminants. the initial focus of the article is on agents that cause brain lesions consistent with polioencephalomalacia. ...201728166935
regulatory/modulatory effect of prune essence concentrate on intestinal function and blood lipids.prunus domestica linn (rosaceae) has been considered a functional food, owing to its various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anticancer.201728164731
prevalence and molecular typing of clostridium perfringens in captive wildlife in india.the prevalence of clostridium perfringens in captive wildlife in india has not been reported. the objective of the study was to determine the fecal prevalence of c. perfringens in captive wildlife in india. the prevalence in captive wild ruminants, non-ruminants, birds and caretakers were 34.1%, 36%, 22.5% and 6.7%, respectively. toxinotyping of c. perfringens indicated that the predominant type was type a with a prevalence rate of 69.7%, followed by type a with cpb2 gene (28.3%) and type b (2.% ...201728159707
diverse modes of galacto-specific carbohydrate recognition by a family 31 glycoside hydrolase from clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a commensal member of the human gut microbiome and an opportunistic pathogen whose genome encodes a suite of putative large, multi-modular carbohydrate-active enzymes that appears to play a role in the interaction of the bacterium with mucin-based carbohydrates. among the most complex of these is an enzyme that contains a presumed catalytic module belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 31 (gh31). this large enzyme, which based on its possession of a gh31 module is a p ...201728158290
application of the maldi-tof for identification of clostridium perfringens strains.the anaerobic bacilli closfridium perfringens are commonly found in soil and sewage and are also part of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. food poisoning caused by c. perfringens are regarded the most common diseases transmitted by contaminated food in the world. bacteria of this species due to their pathogenic properties sustain the constant object of studies in order to elucidate mechanisms of toxinogenesis, to determine the roads of transmission and to develop better diagnosti ...201728146618
influence of pcp1netb ancillary genes on the virulence of clostridium perfringens poultry necrotic enteritis strain cp1.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an economically important disease of poultry caused by certain clostridium perfringens type a strains. the netb toxin plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ne. we previously demonstrated that netb is located within a 42 kb plasmid-encoded pathogenicity locus (neloc-1), which also encodes 36 additional genes. although netb clearly plays a role in pathogenesis, the involvement of the other neloc-1 genes has not yet been established. the current study was to provid ...201728127404
the safe enterocin dd14 is a leaderless two-peptide bacteriocin with anti-clostridium perfringens activity.enterococcus faecalis 14, a strain previously isolated from meconium, displayed activity against four clostridium perfringens isolates when co-cultured on agar plates. the anti-clostridium activity was ascribed to the production of enterocin dd14, which was subsequently purified. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of enterocin dd14 against one collection strain and one clinical c. perfringens strain was determined at 50 µg/ml. furthermore, using the intestinal epithelial cell line ipec-1 ...201728104423
lipidomic profile of gm95 cell death induced by clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin (atx) is considered as a prototype of cytotoxic bacterial phospholipases c, and is the major virulence factor in c. perfringens-induced gas gangrene. it is known that, depending on the dose, atx causes membrane disruption and cytolysis or only limited hydrolysis of its substrates. in the latter case, toxin activity leads to the unregulated generation of bioactive lipids that can ultimately induce cell death. we have characterized apoptosis and necrosis in high ...201728104376
preparation and characterization of a human scfv against the clostridium perfringens type a alpha-toxin.alpha-toxin produced by clostridium perfringens is an important virulence factor, causing food poisoning and gas gangrene in humans. as such, it is considered a potential bioterrorism threat. to date, there is still no human effective therapeutic drug against alpha-toxin. in this study, a human single chain antibody against alpha-toxin was produced from synthetic (tomlinson i + j) naive phage display libraries, and its preventive and therapeutic efficacy in mice was examined. to prove the neutra ...201728259756
cyclic-di-gmp binding by an assembly atpase (pilb2) and control of type iv pilin polymerization in the gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens possesses type iv pili (tfp), which are extracellular fibers that are polymerized from a pool of pilin monomers in the cytoplasmic membrane. two proteins that are essential for pilus functions are an assembly atpase (pilb) and an inner membrane core protein (pilc). two homologues each of pilb and pilc are present in c. perfringens, called pilb1/pilb2 and pilc1/pilc2, respectively, along with four pilin proteins, pila1-pila4. the gene encoding pi ...201728242722
multilocus sequence typing analyses of clostridium perfringens type a strains harboring tpel and netb genes.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium ubiquitous in various environments, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. in this study, multilocus sequence typing protocol was used to investigate genotypic relationships among 40 c. perfringens strains isolated from humans and broiler chicken with necrotic enteritis [ne]. the results indicated a few clonal populations, mainly observed in human strains, with 32.5% of all strains associated with one of ...201728238845
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin induces permanent neuronal degeneration and behavioral changes.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), the most potent toxin produced by this bacteria, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of enterotoxaemia in ruminants, causing brain edema and encephalomalacia. studies of animals suffering from etx intoxication describe severe neurological disorders that are thought to be the result of vasogenic brain edemas and indirect neuronal toxicity, killing oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes, microglia, or neurons in vitro. in this study, by means of intraveno ...201728237716
an assessment of the microbiological quality of lightly cooked food (including sous-vide) at the point of consumption in england.this observational study aims to investigate the microbiological quality of commercially prepared lightly cooked foods with a major component of food of animal origin and collected as would be served to a consumer. a total of 356 samples were collected from catering (92%), retail (7%) or producers (1%) and all were independent of known incidents of foodborne illness. using standard methods, all samples were tested for: the presence of campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. and enumerated for lev ...201728236815
infrarenal infected aneurysm of abdominal aorta caused by clostridium perfringens. 201728228190
metataxonomics reveal vultures as a reservoir for clostridium perfringens.the old world vulture may carry and spread pathogens for emerging infections since they feed on the carcasses of dead animals and participate in the sky burials of humans, some of whom have died from communicable diseases. therefore, we studied the precise fecal microbiome of the old world vulture with metataxonomics, integrating the high-throughput sequencing of almost full-length small subunit ribosomal rna (16s rrna) gene amplicons in tandem with the operational phylogenetic unit (opu) analys ...201728223683
immunoactive clostridial membrane vesicle production is regulated by a sporulation factor.recently, many gram-positive bacteria as well as gram-negative bacteria have been reported to produce mvs, but little is known regarding the regulators involved in mv formation. we found that a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen, clostridium perfringens, produces mvs predominantly containing membrane proteins and cell wall components. these mvs stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mouse macrophage-like cells. we suggested that mvs induced il-6 production through the tlr2 signaling pa ...201728223348
mapping of the continuous epitopes displayed on the clostridium perfringens type d epsilon-toxin.the epsilon toxin, produced by clostridium perfringens, is responsible for enterotoxemia in ruminants and is a potential bioterrorism agent. in the present study, 15 regions of the toxin were recognized by antibodies present in the serum, with different immunodominance scales, and may be antigen determinants that can be used to formulate subunit vaccines.201728223027
detection of clostridium perfringens toxin genes in the gut microbiota of autistic children.we studied stool specimens from 33 autistic children aged 2-9 years with gastrointestinal (gi) abnormalities and 13 control children without autism and without gi symptoms. we performed quantitative comparison of all clostridium species and clostridium perfringens strains from the fecal microbiota by conventional, selective anaerobic culture methods. we isolated c. perfringens strains and performed pcr analysis for the main c. perfringens toxin genes, alpha, beta, beta2, epsilon, iota and c. per ...201728215985
effect of continuous sub-culturing on infectivity of clostridium perfringens atcc13124 in mouse gas gangrene model.clostridium perfringens is a validated biological agent and a pathogen of medical, veterinary, and military significance. gas gangrene is the most destructive of all the clostridial diseases and is caused by c. perfringens type a strains wherein the infection spreads quickly (several inches per hour) with production of gas. influence of repeated in vitro cultivation on the infectivity of c. perfringens was investigated by comparing the surface proteins of laboratory strain and repository strains ...201728213749
chitosan inhibits enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a in growth medium and chicken meat.clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming bacterium and a major cause of bacterial food-borne illness. in this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of chitosan against spore germination, spore outgrowth and vegetative growth of c. perfringens food poisoning (fp) isolates. chitosan of differing molecular weights inhibited germination of spores of all tested fp isolates in a kcl germinant solution containing 0.1 mg/ml chitosan at ph 4.5. however, higher level (0.25 mg/ml) of chitosan was re ...201728213020
clostridium innocuum is a significant vancomycin-resistant pathogen for extra-intestinal clostridial infection.extra-intestinal clostridial infection (eici) is rare but can be fatal. traditional phenotypic methods can only assign many of the clostridium species to the genus level.201728254687
evidence that compatibility of closely related replicons in clostridium perfringens depends on linkage to parmrc-like partitioning systems of different subfamilies.clostridium perfringens produces an extensive repertoire of toxins and extracellular enzymes, many of which are intimately involved in the progression of disease and are encoded by genes on conjugative plasmids. in addition, many c. perfringens strains can carry up to five of these conjugative toxin or antimicrobial resistance plasmids, each of which has a similar 35kb backbone. this conserved backbone includes the tcp conjugation locus and the central control region (ccr), which encodes genes i ...201728390955
detection of enzyme inhibitors in crude natural extracts using droplet-based microfluidics coupled to hplc.natural product screening for new bioactive compounds can greatly benefit from low reagents consumption and high throughput capacity of droplet-based microfluidic systems. however, the creation of large droplet libraries in which each droplet carries a different compound is a challenging task. a possible solution is to use an hplc coupled to a droplet generating microfluidic device to sequentially encapsulate the eluting compounds. in this work we demonstrate the feasibility of carrying out enzy ...201728374582
the agr-like quorum sensing system is required for necrotic enteritis pathogenesis in poultry caused by clostridium perfringens.recent studies have highlighted the importance of quorum sensing (qs) systems in the regulation of toxin production and virulence in clostridium perfringens, which encodes at least two different systems: the agr-like and luxs. the role of qs in the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry and the regulation of netb, the key toxin involved, has not yet been investigated. we have generated isogenic agrb-null and complemented strains from parent cp1, and demonstrated that the virulence of ...201728373356
clostridium perfringens bacteraemia, an analysis of 28 cases over 10 years in a university hospital of madrid.bacteraemia caused by anaerobic bacteria is rare in the hospital setting. the clostridium genus is the second most common cause of these infections, particularly clostridium perfringens, which has a high mortality rate. however, reviews in the literature of these infections are scarce. the aim of this study was to retrospectively document the incidence, clinical characteristics and risk factors involved in the acquisition of bacteraemia caused by c. perfringens among patients treated at our hosp ...201728372873
short-term impact of a classical ketogenic diet on gut microbiota in glut1 deficiency syndrome: a 3-month prospective observational study.the classical ketogenic diet (kd) is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate normocaloric diet used for drug-resistant epilepsy and glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome (glut1 ds). in animal models, high fat diet induces large alterations in microbiota producing deleterious effects on gut health. we carried out a pilot study on patients treated with kd comparing their microbiota composition before and after three months on the diet.201728361745
clostridium perfringens type a isolates of animal origin with decreased susceptibility to metronidazole show extensive genetic diversity.metronidazole is a first-line drug for the treatment of human infections caused by anaerobic bacteria. although most clostridium perfringens isolates are susceptible to metronidazole, a number of strains with decreased susceptibility have been obtained in clinical and environmental surveys. however, little is known yet about the toxinotype and genetic diversity of metronidazole-resistant c. perfringens strains. we tested for susceptibility to metronidazole and assessed the toxigenic status and a ...201728346849
genetic appraisal of serological response post vaccination against enterotoxaemia (et) in malpura and avikalin sheep.enterotoxaemia (et) is a fatal enteric disease of small ruminants attributable to a toxigenic type of clostridium perfringens. the key strategy for prevention of et is the management and vaccination. present study aimed at identifying the sources of variation for et vaccine response especially against epsilon toxin in 173 sheep that included 83 avikalin and 90 malpura lambs raised at the institute flock in the semi-arid region of india. the mean age at vaccination was 90 days. sera were tested b ...201728337572
in ovo vaccination using eimeria profilin and clostridium perfringens netb proteins in montanide ims adjuvant increases protective immunity against experimentally-induced necrotic enteritis.the effects of vaccinating 18-day-old chicken embryos with the combination of recombinant eimeria profilin plus clostridium perfringens netb proteins mixed in the montanide ims adjuvant on the chicken immune response to necrotic enteritis (ne) were investigated using an e. maxima/c. perfringens co-infection ne disease model that we previously developed.201728335090
identification, isolation, and phylogenetic analysis of clostridium perfringens type a and type c from wild boar ( sus scrofa ) in the people's republic of china.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that can induces gas gangrene or enteritis in poultry and humans and many other mammalian species. here, we report an outbreak of c. perfringens type a and type c coinfection in wild boars ( sus scrofa ). in february 2016, 10 dead wild boars, including two fresh carcasses, were found in zhaosu county, xinjiang province, people's republic of china. the two fresh carcasses were included in this study. two strains of c. ...201728328352
a fatal clostridium perfringens infection with hemolysis after chemotherapy in an adolescent.gas gangrene, clostridial myonecrosis, is one of the most serious infectious diseases, characterized by rapidly progressive destruction of deep soft tissues and production of gas within the tissues. we presented a case of fatal spontaneous gas gangrene due to clostridium perfringens in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during remission induction chemotherapy phase.201728318191
1,3-propanediol production by a newly isolated strain, clostridium perfringens gyl.1,3-propanediol (1,3-pd), a valuable bulk industrial material, has attracted increasing interest in recent years. a novel strain gyl isolated from soil samples could efficiently convert glycerol to 1,3-pd anaerobically. the physiological and biochemical characteristics of strain gyl were determined, indicating that strain gyl is a member of clostridium perfringens with the neighbor-joining method of 16s rrna gene sequences. the fermentation properties of strain gyl were also investigated systema ...201728315821
crystal structure of the catalytic domain of clostridium perfringens neuraminidase in complex with a non-carbohydrate-based inhibitor, 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid.anti-bacterial and anti-viral neuraminidase agents inhibit neuraminidase activity catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) from glycoconjugates and help to prevent the host pathogenesis that lead to fatal infectious diseases including influenza, bacteremia, sepsis, and cholera. emerging antibiotic and drug resistances to commonly used anti-neuraminidase agents such as oseltamivir (tamiflu) and zanamivir (relenza) have highlighted the need to develop new anti-neurami ...201728315686
f199e substitution reduced toxicity of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin by depriving the receptor binding capability.epsilon toxin (etx), a potent toxin, is produced by types b and d strains of clostridium perfringens, which could cause severe diseases in humans and domestic animals. mutant retx(f199e) was previously demonstrated to be a good vaccine candidate. however, the mechanism concerned remains unknown. to clarify how f199e substitution reduced etx toxicity, we performed a series of experiments. the results showed that the cell-binding and pore-forming ability of retx(f199e) was almost abolished. we spe ...201728304231
multiple lines of evidence to identify sewage as the cause of water quality impairment in an urbanized tropical watershed.indicator bacteria, which are conventionally used to evaluate recreational water quality, can originate from various non-human enteric and extra-enteric sources, hence they may not be indicative of human health risk nor do they provide information on the sources of contamination. in this study we utilized traditional (enterococci and escherichia coli) and alternative (clostridium perfringens) indicator bacteria, f(+)-specific coliphage, molecular markers for microorganisms associated with human ...201728292677
the tcp conjugation system of clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens possesses a family of large conjugative plasmids that is typified by the tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3. since these plasmids may carry antibiotic resistance genes or genes encoding extracellular or sporulation-associated toxins, the conjugative transfer of these plasmids appears to be important for the epidemiology of c. perfringens-mediated diseases. sequence analysis of members of this plasmid family identified a highly conserved 35kb r ...201728286218
infrarenal infected aneurysm of abdominal aorta caused by clostridium perfringens. 201728281993
enteric pathogens and their toxin-induced disruption of the intestinal barrier through alteration of tight junctions in chickens.maintaining a healthy gut environment is a prerequisite for sustainable animal production. the gut plays a key role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and constitutes an initial organ exposed to external factors influencing bird's health. the intestinal epithelial barrier serves as the first line of defense between the host and the luminal environment. it consists of a continuous monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells connected by intercellular junctional complexes which shrink the s ...201728208612
a proteomics assay to detect eight cbrn-relevant toxins in food.a proteomics assay was set up to analyze food substrates for eight toxins of the cbrn (chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear) threat, namely ricin, clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (sea, seb and sed), shigatoxins from shigella dysenteriae and entero-hemorragic escherichia coli strains (stx1 and stx2) and campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin (cdt). the assay developed was based on an antibody-free sample preparation followed by b ...201728008711
evaluation of two raw diets vs a commercial cooked diet on feline growth.objectives the objective of this study was to determine if two raw feline diets were nutritionally adequate for kittens. methods twenty-four 9-week-old kittens underwent an association of american feed control officials' (aafco) 10 week growth feeding trial with two raw diet groups and one cooked diet group (eight kittens in each). morphometric measurements (weight, height and length), complete blood counts, serum chemistry, whole blood taurine and fecal cultures were evaluated. results overall, ...201726927818
a clostridioides difficile bacteriophage genome encodes functional binary toxin-associated genes.pathogenic clostridia typically produce toxins as virulence factors which cause severe diseases in both humans and animals. whereas many clostridia like e.g., clostridium perfringens, clostridium botulinum or clostridium tetani were shown to contain toxin-encoding plasmids, only toxin genes located on the chromosome were detected in clostridioides difficile so far. in this study, we determined, annotated, and analyzed the complete genome of the bacteriophage phisemix9p1 using single-molecule rea ...201728216103
dissemination of clostridium difficile in food and the environment: significant sources of c. difficile community-acquired infection?clostridium difficile is a significant pathogen with over 300 000 cases reported in north america annually. previously, it was thought that c. difficile was primarily a clinically associated infection. however, through the use of whole genome sequencing it has been revealed that the majority of cases are community acquired. the source of community-acquired c. difficile infections (cdi) is open to debate with foodborne being one route considered. clostridium difficile fits the criteria of a foodb ...201727813268
effect of a probiotic on prevention of diarrhea and clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens shedding in foals.up to 60% of foals develop diarrhea within 6 months after birth. preventive measures are limited but potentially probiotics could be used.201725903509
in vitro antimicrobial activities of metabolites from vaginal lactobacillus strains against clostridium perfringens isolated from a woman's vagina.more than 50 different species of bacteria may live in a woman's vagina, with lactobacilli being the predominant microorganism found in healthy adult females. lactobacilli are relevant as a barrier to infection and are important in the impairment of colonization by pathogens, owing to competitive adherence to adhesion sites in the vaginal epithelium and their capacity to produce antimicrobial compounds.201727751758
bacteriological and molecular studies of clostridium perfringens infections in newly born calves.clostridium perfringens is considered one of the important causes of calf diarrhea. two hundred and twenty-seven clinical samples from newly born and dead diarrheic calves were examined bacteriologically and by pcr. bacterial culture identified c. perfringens in 168 of 227 samples. a total of 144 of these isolates were lecithinase positive, indicating c. perfringens type a. in addition, 154 isolates were positive by alpha toxin encoding gene-pcr assay. this study showed high agreement between th ...201727785764
poultry: the most common food in outbreaks with known pathogens, united states, 1998-2012.as poultry consumption continues to increase worldwide, and as the united states accounts for about one-third of all poultry exports globally, understanding factors leading to poultry-associated foodborne outbreaks in the united states has important implications for food safety. we analysed outbreaks reported to the united states' foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system from 1998 to 2012 in which the implicated food or ingredient could be assigned to one food category. of 1114 outbreaks, ...201727780481
synthesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory properties of silver nanoparticle suspensions in experimental colitis in mice.the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of newly developed silver nanoparticle aqueous suspensions nanoag1 and nanoag2 in the mouse models mimicking ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease. nanoag1 and nanoag2 were synthesized in aqueous medium with the involvement of tannic acid. to elucidate their anti-inflammatory activity, semi-chronic mouse models of inflammation induced by dextrane sulfate sodium addition to drinking water and intracolonic (i.c.) administration of 2,4,6-trinitrob ...201727696734
inactivation strategies for clostridium perfringens spores and vegetative cells.clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen to human and animals and causes a wide array of diseases, including histotoxic and gastrointestinal illnesses. c. perfringens spores are crucial in terms of the pathogenicity of this bacterium because they can survive in a dormant state in the environment and return to being live bacteria when they come in contact with nutrients in food or the human body. although the strategies to inactivate c. perfringens vegetative cells are effective, the inac ...201727795314
role of rnase y in clostridium perfringens mrna decay and processing.rnase y is a major endoribonuclease that plays a crucial role in mrna degradation and processing. we study the role of rnase y in the gram-positive anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens, which until now has not been well understood. our study implies an important role for rnase y-mediated rna degradation and processing in virulence gene expression and the physiological development of the organism. we began by constructing an rnase y conditional knockdown strain in order to observe the impor ...201727821608
enterocin b3a-b3b produced by lab collected from infant faeces: potential utilization in the food industry for listeria monocytogenes biofilm management.enterococcus faecalis b3a-b3b produces the bacteriocin b3a-b3b with activity against listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and clostridium perfringens, but apparently not against fungi or gram-negative bacteria, except for salmonella newport. b3a-b3b enterocin has two different nucleotides but similar amino acid composition to the class iib mr10a-mr10b enterocin. b3a-b3b consists of two peptides of predicted molecular mass of 5176.31 da ...201727878401
spatial and temporal microbial pollution patterns in a tropical estuary during high and low river flow conditions.spatial and temporal patterns of coastal microbial pollution are not well documented. our study examined these patterns through measurements of fecal indicator bacteria (fib), nutrients, and physiochemical parameters in hilo bay, hawai'i, during high and low river flow. >40% of samples tested positive for the human-associated bacteroides marker, with highest percentages near rivers. other fib were also higher near rivers, but only clostridium perfringens concentrations were related to discharge. ...201727866724
targeting and alteration of tight junctions by bacteria and their virulence factors such as clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.the integrity of tight junctions, which regulate paracellular permeability, is challenged by many bacterial pathogens. this is caused by inflammatory responses triggered by pathogens and direct interaction of bacteria or their toxins with host epithelial cells. in some cases, tight junction proteins represent receptors for cell surface proteins or toxins of the pathogen, such as clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). cpe causes diarrhea and cramps-the symptoms of a common foodborne illness, ...201727864644
isolation and molecular characterization of clostridium perfringens from healthy merino lambs in patagonia region, argentina.the presence and molecular characterization of clostridium perfringens in healthy merino lambs over a six-month period was investigated in this study. overall, a high prevalence of c. perfringens was detected, even in day-old lambs. even though the majority of the isolates were characterized as being of type a, types c and d were also isolated. furthermore, a high genetic diversity was observed by pfge among the type a isolates.201727847333
design and expression of a chimeric vaccine candidate for avian necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is an economically important disease of poultry mainly caused by clostridium perfringens the bacteria release multiple toxins of which netb, alpha toxin and tpel have been reported to play important roles in pathogenicity and/or severity of the disease. in this study, the sequence of clostridial toxins netb, alpha toxin and tpel were analyzed using bioinformatics tools to determine protein domains with high immunogenicity factor. several chimeric trivalent proteins consisting ...201727887025
experimental induction of necrotic enteritis in chickens by a netb-positive japanese isolate of clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis (ne) is one of the most important bacterial diseases in terms of economic losses. clostridium perfringens necrotic enteritis toxin b, netb, was recently proposed as a new key virulent factor for the development of ne. the goal of this work was to develop a necrotic enteritis model in chickens by using a japanese isolate of c. perfringens. the japanese isolate has been found to contain netb gene, which had the same nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences as those of prototy ...201727980252
structural and biochemical characterization of the clostridium perfringens autolysin catalytic domain.bacterial autolysins can partially hydrolyze cell wall peptidoglycans into small sections to regulate cell separation/division and the growth phase. clostridium perfringens autolysin (acp) has an n-terminal cell wall-binding domain and a c-terminal catalytic domain with glucosaminidase activity that belongs to the glycoside hydrolase 73 family. here, we determined the x-ray structure of the acp catalytic domain (acpcd) at 1.76 å resolution. acpcd has a unique crescent-shaped structure, forming a ...201727926788
a chicken intestinal ligated loop model to study the virulence of clostridium perfringens isolates recovered from antibiotic-free chicken flocks.necrotic enteritis (ne) is a major problem in antibiotic-free (abf) chicken flocks and specific strains of clostridium perfringens are known to induce ne. the objective of this study was to develop a chicken intestinal ligated loop model in order to compare the virulence of various c. perfringens strains recovered from consecutive abf flocks with and without ne. intestinal loops were surgically prepared in 10 anaesthetized specific-pathogen-free chickens and alternately inoculated with c. perfri ...201727917645
tolerance of clostridium perfringens biofilms to disinfectants commonly used in the food industry.clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans and various enterotoxemia in animal species. recently, it was shown to form mono-species biofilms, a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix. biofilms have been associated with tolerance to antibiotics, disinfectants, and physical and environmental stresses. very little is known about the tolerance of c. perfringens biofilm toward disinfectants. in the pre ...201727889162
the microbiota of marketed processed edible insects as revealed by high-throughput sequencing.entomophagy has been linked to nutritional, economic, social and ecological benefits. however, scientific studies on the potential safety risks in eating edible insects need to be carried out for legislators, markets and consumers. in this context, the microbiota of edible insects deserves to be deeply investigated. the aim of this study was to elucidate the microbial species occurring in some processed marketed edible insects, namely powdered small crickets, whole dried small crickets (acheta d ...201727889142
microscale measurements of michaelis-menten constants of neuraminidase with nanogel capillary electrophoresis for the determination of the sialic acid linkage.phospholipid nanogels enhance the stability and performance of the exoglycosidase enzyme neuraminidase and are used to create a fixed zone of enzyme within a capillary. with nanogels, there is no need to covalently immobilize the enzyme, as it is physically constrained. this enables rapid quantification of michaelis-menten constants (km) for different substrates and ultimately provides a means to quantify the linkage (i.e., 2-3 versus 2-6) of sialic acids. the fixed zone of enzyme is inexpensive ...201727936604
alterations of intestinal microbiome by antibiotic therapy in hospitalized children.the administration of antimicrobial agents leads to an ecological imbalance of the host-microorganisms relationship, and it causes a rapid and significant reduction in the microbial diversity. the aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of antibiotic therapy on intestinal microbiota of children between 3 and 12 years of age. the fecal samples were collected from hospitalized children (n = 31) and from healthy untreated children (n = 30). the presence of bacteria and their quantities ...201727328205
roles of the first-generation claudin binder, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, in the diagnosis and claudin-targeted treatment of epithelium-derived cancers.given that most malignant tumors are derived from epithelium, developing a strategy for treatment of epithelium-derived cancers (i.e., carcinomas) is a pivotal issue in cancer therapy. carcinomas, including ovarian, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, are known to overexpress various claudins (cldns); in particular, cldn-3 and -4 are frequently overexpressed in malignant case. the generation of cldn binders is a key for expanding cldn-targeted cancer therapy but has been delayed due to the ...201727629072
the generation and characterization of recombinant protein and antibodies of clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin.introduction. clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) beta2 toxin (cpb2) is an important virulent factor of necrotic enteritis in both animals and humans. however, studies of its pathogenic roles and functional mechanisms have been hampered due to the difficulty of purification and lack of specific antibodies against this toxin. methods. a recombinant his-tagged c. perfringens beta2 (rcpb2) toxin and monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) against cpb2 were generated and characterized by assays of cytoto ...201727672668
synchronous dynamic research on respiratory and intestinal microflora of chronic bronchitis rat model.to investigate the mechanism of the chinese medicine theory that fei (lung) and dachang (large intestine) are exteriorly and interiorly related via synchronous observation on the dynamic changes of the respiratory and intestinal microflora.201727778265
antimicrobial activities of six essential oils commonly used as condiments in brazil against clostridium perfringens.despite recent advances in food production technology, food-borne diseases (fbd) remain a challenging public health concern. in several countries, including brazil, clostridium perfringens is among the five main causative agents of food-borne diseases. the present study determines antimicrobial activities of essential oils of six condiments commonly used in brazil, viz., ocimum basilicum l. (basil), rosmarinus officinalis l. (rosemary), origanum majorana l. (marjoram), mentha × piperita l. var. ...201726991289
clostridium perfringens bacteremia in an 85-year-old diabetic man.emphysematous cholecystitis is an uncommon and dangerous complication of acute cholecystitis. common risk factors for this disease include male gender, old age, presence of diabetes mellitus and cholelithiasis. the disease is best treated with emergent surgery and parenteral antibiotics. we present the case of an 85-year-old nursing home resident who presented to our institution with a 3-day history of gradually worsening abdominal discomfort.201725685130
administration of non-pathogenic isolates of escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens type a to piglets in a herd affected with a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea.a bacterial cocktail of living strains of clostridium perfringens type a (cpa) without β2-toxin gene and non-pathogenic escherichia coli was administered orally to newborn piglets before first colostrum intake and on 2 consecutive days on a farm with a high incidence of diarrhoea and antibiotic treatment in suckling piglets associated with e. coli and cpa. this clinical field study was driven by the hypothetic principle of competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria due to prior colonization of ...201727574018
endoscopically visualized lesions, histologic findings, and bacterial invasion in the gastrointestinal mucosa of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome.etiology of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (hge) syndrome in dogs is unknown and histopathologic and microbial investigations have only been performed post mortem.201724205886
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