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microbiological analysis of rice cake processing in korea.this study was conducted to evaluate the microbial contamination in rice cake materials and products during processing and in the operation environment in nonhazard analysis [and] critical control point factories. furthermore, the environmental health of the processing facilities and the bacterial and fungal contamination on the workers' hands were investigated. pour plate methods were used for enumeration of aerobic plate count (apc), yeast and molds (ym), bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus ...201626735044
vegetative bacillus amyloliquefaciens cells do not confer protection against necrotic enteritis in broilers despite high antibacterial activity of its supernatant against clostridium perfringens in vitro.in this study, the effect of bacillus amyloliquefaciens on clostridium perfringens was tested in vitro and in vivo. using an agar well diffusion assay, the inhibitory activity of b. amyloliquefaciens supernatant was analysed against a large collection of netb-positive and netb-negative c. perfringens strains. although strong growth inhibiting activity was detected against all c. perfringens isolates, it was significantly higher against virulent netb-positive c. perfringens strains compared with ...201627122203
pore-forming activity of clostridial binary toxins.clostridial binary toxins (clostridium perfringens iota toxin, clostridium difficile transferase, clostridium spiroforme toxin, clostridium botulinum c2 toxin) as bacillus binary toxins, including bacillus anthracis toxins consist of two independent proteins, one being the binding component which mediates the internalization into cell of the intracellularly active component. clostridial binary toxins induce actin cytoskeleton disorganization through mono-adp-ribosylation of globular actin and ar ...201626278641
use of plant extracts as an effective manner to control clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis in poultry.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. for decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (agps) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens including clostridium perfringens (cp), the causative agent of ne. however, the use of agps in animal diet has been linked to the emergence and transmission of a ...201627747227
the probiotic butyricicoccus pullicaecorum reduces feed conversion and protects from potentially harmful intestinal microorganisms and necrotic enteritis in broilers.probiotics which do not result in the development and spread of microbial resistance are among the candidate replacements for antibiotics previously used as growth promotors. in this study the effect of in-feed supplementation of the butyrate producing butyricicoccus pullicaecorum strain 25-3(t) on performance, intestinal microbiota and prevention of necrotic enteritis (ne), a disease caused by clostridium perfringens was evaluated in broilers. for the performance study, day old ross 308 chicks ...201627708624
comparative transcriptome analysis by rnaseq of necrotic enteritis clostridium perfringens during in vivo colonization and in vitro conditions.necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by netb-positive type a clostridium perfringens is an important bacterial disease of poultry. through its complex regulatory system, c. perfringens orchestrates the expression of a collection of toxins and extracellular enzymes that are crucial for the development of the disease; environmental conditions play an important role in their regulation. in this study, and for the first time, global transcriptomic analysis was performed on ligated intestinal loops in chic ...201627520106
cloning, purification and characterization of the collagenase cola expressed by bacillus cereus atcc 14579.bacterial collagenases differ considerably in their structure and functions. the collagenases colh and colg from clostridium histolyticum and cola expressed by clostridium perfringens are well-characterized collagenases that cleave triple-helical collagen, which were therefore termed as ´true´ collagenases. cola from bacillus cereus (b. cereus) has been added to the collection of true collagenases. however, the molecular characteristics of b. cereus cola are less understood. in this study, we id ...201627588686
cpe1786/iscr of clostridium perfringens represses expression of genes involved in fe-s cluster biogenesis.cpe1786 of clostridium perfringens is an rrf2-type regulator containing the three-cysteine residues coordinating a fe-s in iscr, the repressor controlling fe-s homeostasis in enterobacteria. the cpe1786 gene formed an operon with iscsu involved in fe-s biogenesis and tmru. this operon was transcribed from a σ(a)-dependent promoter. we showed that in the heterologous host bacillus subtilis, cpe1786, renamed iscrcp, negatively controlled its own transcription. we constructed an iscr mutant in c. p ...201627020244
dietary probiotics affect gastrointestinal microbiota, histological structure and shell mineralization in turtles.probiotics are widely used in nutrition, and their mode of action is intensively studied in mammals and birds; however, it is almost unknown in reptiles. in the present study, trachemys scripta scripta and sternotherus odoratus were used to assess the effects of dietary probiotics on chelonian gastrointestinal tract microecology. in the first, 20-week experiment, 40 young t. s. scripta were randomly distributed to four experimental groups: 1st, (con)--with no additives; 2nd, (sspa) with bacillus ...201626828367
effects of bacillus licheniformis on the growth performance and expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis (ne), caused by clostridium perfringens, has cost the poultry industry $2 billion in losses. this study aimed to investigate the effect of bacillus licheniformis as dietary supplement on the growth, serum antioxidant status, and expression of lipid-metabolism genes of broiler chickens with c. perfringens-induced ne.201626957116
a necrotizing enterocolitis-associated gut microbiota is present in the meconium: results of a prospective study.anomalous intestinal microbiota development is supposedly associated with development of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec). our aim in this study was to identify the intestinal microbiota of patients at risk for nec.201626787171
substrate specificity characterization for eight putative nudix hydrolases. evaluation of criteria for substrate identification within the nudix family.the nearly 50,000 known nudix proteins have a diverse array of functions, of which the most extensively studied is the catalyzed hydrolysis of aberrant nucleotide triphosphates. the functions of 171 nudix proteins have been characterized to some degree, although physiological relevance of the assayed activities has not always been conclusively demonstrated. we investigated substrate specificity for eight structurally characterized nudix proteins, whose functions were unknown. these proteins were ...201627618147
efficient and regioselective synthesis of β-galnac/glcnac-lactose by a bifunctional transglycosylating β-n-acetylhexosaminidase from bifidobacterium bifidum.β-n-acetylhexosaminidases have attracted interest particularly for oligosaccharide synthesis, but their use remains limited by the rarity of enzyme sources , low efficiency, and relaxed regioselectivity of transglycosylation. in this work, genes of 13 β-n-acetylhexosaminidases, including 5 from bacteroides fragilis atcc 25285, 5 from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124, and 3 from bifidobacterium bifidum jcm 1254, were cloned and heterogeneously expressed in escherichia coli the resulting recombi ...201627422836
[postoperative necrotizing fasciitis: a rare and fatal complication].postoperative parietal complications can be exceptionally severe and serious threatening vital prognosis. necrotizing fasciitis is a rare infection of the skin and deep subcutaneous tissues, spreading along fascia and adipose tissue. it is mainly caused by group a streptococcus (streptococcus pyogenes) but also by other bacteria such as vibrio vulnificus, clostridium perfringens or bacteroides fragilis. necrotizing fasciitis is a real surgical and medical emergency. we report, in this study, a v ...201627279950
correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children.childhood obesity is an increasing problem at the global level and considered as a risk factor for obesity development and the associated co-morbidities in adult life. in this study, the occurrence of bacteroides fragilis group, clostridium spp., bifidobacterium spp. and escherichia coli in 84 faecal samples from 30 obese, 24 overweight and 30 lean children was verified by culture technique and quantitative determination by quantitative pcr. in addition, lactobacillus spp. and methanobrevibacter ...201626551842
decay rates of zoonotic pathogens and viral surrogates in soils amended with biosolids and manures and comparison of qpcr and culture derived rates.the purpose of this study was to establish inactivation decay constants of foodborne pathogens and coliphage in clay and sandy soils for future "downstream" analyses such as quantitative microbial risk analysis and to compare cultivation-dependent and -independent (e.g. qpcr) methods.201627585434
a modified bioautographic method for antibacterial component screening against anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria.direct bioautography is a useful method to identify antimicrobial compounds with potential therapeutic importance. because of technical limitations till now, it has been applied only for aerobic bacteria. in this work we present the modification of the original method by which antimicrobial screening of bacteria requiring modified atmosphere became feasible by direct bioautography. here we demonstrate its applicability by testing three anaerobic clostridium perfringens and three microaerophilic ...201626853123
enteropathogen infections in canine puppies: (co-)occurrence, clinical relevance and risk factors.laboratory confirmation of the causative agent(s) of diarrhoea in puppies may allow for appropriate treatment. the presence of potential pathogens however, does not prove a causal relationship with diarrhoea. the aim of this study was to identify specific enteropathogens in ≤12 month old puppies with and without acute diarrhoea and to assess their associations with clinical signs, putative risk factors and pathogen co-occurrence. faecal samples from puppies with (n=113) and without (n=56) acute ...201627771056
assessing methanobrevibacter smithii and clostridium difficile as not conventional faecal indicators in effluents of a wastewater treatment plant integrated with sludge anaerobic digestion.wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) are an important source of surface water contamination by enteric pathogens, affecting the role of environmental water as a microbial reservoir. we describe the release to the environment of certain anaerobes of human and environmental concern. the work was focused on emerging microbial targets. they are tracing, by rt-qpcr, on wwtp effluents, both liquid and solid, when an anaerobic digestion step is included. the focus is placed on clostridium spp. with the s ...201627697372
effects of high-pressure treatment on spores of clostridium species.this work analyzes the high-pressure (hp) germination of spores of the food-borne pathogen clostridium perfringens (with inner membrane [im] germinant receptors [grs]) and the opportunistic pathogen clostridium difficile (with no im grs), which has growing implications as an emerging food safety threat. in contrast to those of spores of bacillus species, mechanisms of hp germination of clostridial spores have not been well studied. hp treatments trigger bacillus spore germination through spores' ...201627316969
a roadmap for gene system development in clostridium.clostridium species are both heroes and villains. some cause serious human and animal diseases, those present in the gut microbiota generally contribute to health and wellbeing, while others represent useful industrial chassis for the production of chemicals and fuels. to understand, counter or exploit, there is a fundamental requirement for effective systems that may be used for directed or random genome modifications. we have formulated a simple roadmap whereby the necessary gene systems maybe ...201627234263
ega protects mammalian cells from clostridium difficile cdt, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin.the pathogenic bacteria clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum produce the binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins cdt, iota and c2, respectively. these toxins are composed of a transport component (b) and a separate enzyme component (a). when both components assemble on the surface of mammalian target cells, the b components mediate the entry of the a components via endosomes into the cytosol. here, the a components adp-ribosylate g-actin, resulting in depolymeriz ...201627043629
non-clostridium perfringens infectious agents producing necrotic enteritis-like lesions in poultry.necrotic enteritis (ne) produced by clostridium perfringens is amongst the most prevalent enteric diseases of chickens and turkeys. however, several other bacterial, parasitic and viral agents can cause clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions in poultry very similar to those of ne and the diseases produced by those agents need to be differentiated from ne. the main differential diagnoses for c. perfringens ne include bacterial (clostridium colinum, clostridium sordellii, clostridium diffic ...201627009483
involvement of bacteria other than clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) is a common and unintended consequence of antibiotic use. clostridium difficile is the most common infectious aetiology of aad; however, only approximately 25% of all aad cases are associated with c. difficile infection, with the aetiology in the majority of cases remaining undetermined. numerous other bacterial infectious agents have been implicated in aad, including clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, and klebsiella oxytoca. aad is a complex di ...201626897710
clostridium perfringens type a netf and nete positive and clostridium difficile co-infection in two adult dogs.the aim of this study was to report two cases of clostridium perfringens type a and clostridium difficile co-infection in adult dogs. both animals were positive for a/b toxin. toxigenic c. difficile and c. perfringens type a positive for nete and netf-encoding genes were isolated. this report reinforces the necessity of studying a possible synergism of c. difficile and c. perfringens in enteric disorders.201626762654
metagenomic approach for identification of the pathogens associated with diarrhea in stool specimens.the potential to rapidly capture the entire microbial community structure and/or gene content makes metagenomic sequencing an attractive tool for pathogen identification and the detection of resistance/virulence genes in clinical settings. here, we assessed the consistency between pcr from a diagnostic laboratory, quantitative pcr (qpcr) from a research laboratory, 16s rrna gene sequencing, and metagenomic shotgun sequencing (mss) for clostridium difficile identification in diarrhea stool sample ...201626637379
receptor-binding and uptake of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins.binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins (e.g., clostridium botulinum c2 toxin or clostridium perfringens iota toxin ) consist of two separate proteins: an adp-ribosyltransferase, which modifies actin thereby inhibiting actin polymerization, and a binding component that forms heptamers after proteolytic activation. while c2 toxin interacts with carbohydrate structures on host cells, the group of iota-like toxins binds to lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (lsr). here, we review lsr and discus ...201627817176
detection of toxigenic clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum from food sold in lagos, nigeria.food-borne diseases contribute to the huge burden of sickness and death globally and in the last decade, have become more frequently reported in africa. in line with this, food safety is becoming a significant and growing public health problem in nigeria. diarrhoea is a common problem in nigeria and has been reported but there has been little data on the possibility of clostridia as aetiological agents. clostridium species are ubiquitous in the environment and in the gastrointestinal tract of ma ...201627789246
chloroquine analog interaction with c2- and iota-toxin in vitro and in living cells.c2-toxin from clostridium botulinum and iota-toxin from clostridium perfringens belong both to the binary a-b-type of toxins consisting of two separately secreted components, an enzymatic subunit a and a binding component b that facilitates the entry of the corresponding enzymatic subunit into the target cells. the enzymatic subunits are in both cases actin adp-ribosyltransferases that modify r177 of globular actin finally leading to cell death. following their binding to host cells' receptors a ...201627517960
toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review.toxins are hazardous biochemical compounds derived from bacteria, fungi, or plants. some have mechanisms of action and physical properties that make them amenable for use as potential warfare agents. currently, some toxins are classified as potential biological weapons, although they have several differences from classic living bio-terror pathogens and some similarities to manmade chemical warfare agents. this review focuses on category a and b bio-terror toxins recognized by the centers for dis ...201628265441
cloning and expression of clostridium perfringens type d vaccine strain epsilon toxin gene in e. coli as a recombinant vaccine candidate.clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive obligate anaerobic bacterium, is able to form resistant spores which are widely distributed in the environment. c. perfringens is subdivided into five types a to e based on its four major alpha, beta, epsilon and iota toxins. the aim of the present study was cloning and expression of c. perfringens type d vaccine strain epsilon toxin gene.201628210460
bacterial toxins for oncoleaking suicidal cancer gene therapy.for suicide gene therapy, initially prodrug-converting enzymes (gene-directed enzyme-producing therapy, gdept) were employed to intracellularly metabolize non-toxic prodrugs into toxic compounds, leading to the effective suicidal killing of the transfected tumor cells. in this regard, the suicide gene therapy has demonstrated its potential for efficient tumor eradication. numerous suicide genes of viral or bacterial origin were isolated, characterized, and extensively tested in vitro and in vivo ...201628101690
microbiological characterization of vegetables and their rhizosphere soil in eastern poland.the aim of this study was to investigate the bacteriological quality of 5 kinds of vegetables (lettuce, dill, radish, beetroot, carrot) and their rhizosphere soil, originating from conventional farms located in the lublin province of eastern poland. a total number of 35 samples of fresh vegetables (fv) taken immediately from soil, 35 samples of soil from rhizosphere of these vegetables (sr) and 35 samples of vegetables sold at retail in the markets in lublin (vr) were examined. the samples were ...201628030923
effect of trehalose and trehalose transport on the tolerance of clostridium perfringens to environmental stress in a wild type strain and its fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant.trehalose has been shown to protect bacterial cells from environmental stress. its uptake and osmoprotective effect in clostridium perfringens were investigated by comparing wild type c. perfringens atcc 13124 with a fluoroquinolone- (gatifloxacin-) resistant mutant. in a chemically defined medium, trehalose and sucrose supported the growth of the wild type but not that of the mutant. microarray data and qrt-pcr showed that putative genes for the phosphorylation and transport of sucrose and treh ...201628058047
mechanical stability of a high-affinity toxin anchor from the pathogen clostridium perfringens.the opportunistic pathogen clostridium perfringens assembles its toxins and carbohydrate-active enzymes by the high-affinity cohesin-dockerin (coh-doc) interaction. coh-doc interactions characterized previously have shown considerable resilience toward mechanical stress. here, we aimed to determine the mechanics of this interaction from c. perfringens in the context of a pathogen. using atomic force microscopy based single-molecule force spectroscopy (afm-smfs) we probed the mechanical propertie ...201627991799
clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of spondylodiscitis case report and review of the literature.presented is a case of a 64-year old male with a unique and yet unreported case of a spondylodiscitis caused by clostridium perfringens. becoming symptomatic with massive neurological deficits. computed tomography (ct) revealed typical signs of spondylodiscitis involving the vertebral body l5 with extensive vacuum phenomenon.201627967243
bystander host cell killing effects of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) binds to claudin receptors, e.g., claudin-4, and then forms a pore that triggers cell death. pure cultures of host cells that do not express claudin receptors, e.g., fibroblasts, are unaffected by pathophysiologically relevant cpe concentrations in vitro however, both cpe-insensitive and cpe-sensitive host cells are present in vivo therefore, this study tested whether cpe treatment might affect fibroblasts when cocultured with cpe-sensitive claudin-4 fib ...201627965452
structure and inhibition of n-acetylneuraminate lyase from methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.n-acetylneuraminate lyase is the first committed enzyme in the degradation of sialic acid by bacterial pathogens. in this study, we analyzed the kinetic parameters of n-acetylneuraminate lyase from methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). we determined that the enzyme has a relatively high km of 3.2 mm, suggesting that flux through the catabolic pathway is likely to be controlled by this enzyme. our data indicate that sialic acid alditol, a known inhibitor of n-acetylneuraminate lyase ...201627943302
distinct presence of the tight junction protein claudin-3 in olfactory bulb and fila olfactoria of the mouse.the tight junction protein claudin-3 is overexpressed in diverse epithelial tumours and is associated with increased survival, progression and motility of tumour cells. claudin-3 expression profiles are being increasingly used for diagnostic and prognostic tumour classification. claudin-3 has been identified as a receptor for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, which is under consideration for selective lysis of claudin-3-expressing tumours, particularly brain metastases, and other translationa ...201627943232
the adherent abilities of clostridium perfringens strains are critical for the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis of poultry is an emerging disease of substantial economic importance, but aspects of the pathogenesis of this multi-factorial disease are still unclear. we recently demonstrated that the ability of avian strains of the causative bacterium, clostridium perfringens, to bind to specific collagen types correlated strongly with their virulence and we postulated that binding of the pathogen to collagen types iv and v and gelatin may involve the putative adhesin-encoding gene cnaa, w ...201627938683
a canine-specific probiotic product in treating acute or intermittent diarrhea in dogs: a double-blind placebo-controlled efficacy study.a double-blind placebo-controlled intervention study on 60 dogs recruited from a pool of canine patients visiting a veterinary practice and diagnosed with acute diarrhea was conducted. the dogs received in randomized manner either a sour-milk product containing three canine-derived lactobacillus sp. probiotics in combination of lactobacillus fermentum vet 9a, l. rhamnosus vet 16a, and l. plantarum vet 14a (2×10(9)cfu/ml), or placebo. stool consistency, general well-being, and the numbers of spec ...201627938673
in vitro selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline on clostridium perfringens versus bifidobacteria in a medium containing chicken ileal digesta.clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis is generally controlled by antibiotics. however, because of increasing antibiotic resistance, other antibacterial agents are required, preferably ones that do not affect the beneficial intestinal microbiota of the host. this study evaluated the in vitro selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq) on c. perfringens vs. bifidobacteria in a medium containing chicken ileal digesta. prior to the experiments, the minimum inhibitory ...201627936245
fulminant clostridium perfringens sepsis in kidney transplant: a case report.infections, particularly urinary tract infections, and cardiovascular accidents are the main causes of morbidity and mortality during the 1st year after kidney transplantation (kt). bacteria and viruses, such as escherichia coli, enteroccoci, and polyoma bk virus are common in the 1st 6 months, so they are controlled routinely. on the other hand, clostridium perfringens infection is a rare life-threatening condition, associated with a high mortality rate especially in the transplant population, ...201627932159
the optimisation of pseudotyped viruses for the characterisation of immune responses to equine influenza virus.pseudotyped viruses (pvs) produced by co-transfecting cells with plasmids expressing lentiviral core proteins and viral envelope proteins are potentially powerful tools for studying various aspects of equine influenza virus (eiv) biology. the aim of this study was to optimise production of equine influenza pvs. co-transfection of the hat protease to activate the haemagglutinin (ha) yielded a higher titre pv than tmprss2 with the ha from a/equine/richmond/1/2007 (h3n8), whereas for a/equine/newma ...201627983716
massive haemolysis, gas-forming liver abscess and sepsis due to clostridium perfringens bacteraemia.clostridial soft tissue infections are infrequent, but can be life-threatening when associated with certain underlying conditions, such as immunosuppression or malignancy. when bacteraemia occurs, it can be accompanied by haemolysis. only surgical removal of the focus of infection and early onset of antibiotic therapy can prevent a very poor outcome. we describe the case of a man aged 65 years who presented with sepsis, haemolysis and rapid worsening. the identification of a gas-forming liver ab ...201627888224
clostridium perfringens sialidases: potential contributors to intestinal pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.clostridium perfringens is a major cause of histotoxic and intestinal infections of humans and other animals. this gram-positive anaerobic bacterium can produce up to three sialidases named nanh, nani, and nanj. the role of sialidases in histotoxic infections, such as gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), remains equivocal. however, recent in vitro studies suggest that nani may contribute to intestinal virulence by upregulating production of some toxins associated with intestinal infection, in ...201627869757
notes from the field: clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis outbreak associated with a catered lunch - north carolina, november 2015.during november 2015, the north carolina division of public health was notified by the pitt county health department (pchd) that approximately 40 persons who attended a catered company thanksgiving lunch the previous day were ill with diarrhea and abdominal pain. the north carolina division of public health and pchd worked together to investigate the source of illness and implement control measures. within hours of notification, investigators developed and distributed an online survey to all lun ...201627880750
recombinant alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins of clostridium perfringens: production strategies and applications as veterinary vaccines.clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, commensal, ubiquitous bacterium that is present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. this bacterium produces up to 18 toxins. the species is classified into five toxinotypes (a-e) according to the toxins that the bacterium produces: alpha, beta, epsilon, or iota. each of these toxinotypes is associated with myriad different, frequently fatal, illnesses that affect a range of farm animals and humans. alpha, beta, and epsilon toxi ...201627879630
fecal microbiota in pouchitis and ulcerative colitis.to investigate the changes in microbiota in feces of patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) and pouchitis using genomic technology.201627833384
genomic diversity of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from food and human sources.clostridium perfringens is a serious pathogen which causes enteric diseases in domestic animals and food poisoning in humans. spores can survive cooking processes and play an important role in the possible onset of disease. in this study, rapd-pcr and rep-pcr were used to examine the genetic diversity of 49 isolates of c. perfringens type a from three different sources. the results of rapd-pcr revealed the most genetic diversity among poultry isolates, while human isolates showed the least genet ...201627822244
plasma membrane origin of the steroidogenic pool of cholesterol used in hormone-induced acute steroid formation in leydig cells.hormone-sensitive acute steroid biosynthesis requires trafficking of cholesterol from intracellular sources to the inner mitochondrial membrane. the precise location of the intracellular cholesterol and its transport mechanism are uncertain. perfringolysin o, produced by clostridium perfringens, binds cholesterol. its fourth domain (d4) retains cholesterol-binding properties but not cytotoxicity. we transfected steroidogenic ma-10 cells of mouse leydig cell tumors with the mcherry-d4 plasmid. ta ...201627815506
non-toxic perfringolysin o and α-toxin derivatives as potential vaccine candidates against bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis is a fatal clostridium perfringens type a-induced disease that is characterised by sudden death. recently the involvement of perfringolysin o and α-toxin in the development of necrohaemorrhagic lesions in the gut of calves was suggested, and thus derivatives of these toxins are potentially suitable as vaccine antigens. in the current study, the perfringolysin o derivative pfo(l491d), alone or in combination with α-toxin derivative gst-cpa247-370, was evaluated ...201627810219
role of pannexin 1 in clostridium perfringens beta-toxin-caused cell death.beta-toxin produced by clostridium perfringens is a key virulence factor of fatal hemorrhagic enterocolitis and enterotoxemia. this toxin belongs to a family of β-pore-forming toxins (pfts). we reported recently that the atp-gated p2x7 receptor interacts with beta-toxin. the atp-release channel pannexin 1 (panx1) is an important contributor to p2x7 receptor signaling. hence, we investigated the involvement of panx1 in beta-toxin-caused cell death.201627720686
adult necrotising enterocolitis-pig-bel disease: a pacific disease in london.adult necrotising enterocolitis secondary clostridium perfringens type c-pig-bel disease-is rarely seen outside of pacific populations, with the highest incidence being in papau new guinea. we present the first reported case of pig-bel disease in a previously well patient without diabetes following food poisoning since 1996. in this case, the enterotoxin-induced disease necessitated emergency laparotomy and bowel resection following the failure of medical treatment and worsening septic shock. we ...201627793875
crystal structure of the adp-ribosylating component of bec, the binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens.binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens (bec), consisting of the components beca and becb, was recently identified as a novel enterotoxin produced by c. perfringens that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. although the detailed mechanism of cell intoxication by bec remains to be defined, beca shows both nad(+)-glycohydrolase and actin adp-ribosyltransferase activities in the presence of nad(+). in this study, we determined the first crystal structure of beca in its apo-state and in com ...201627751850
nitrate salts suppress sporulation and production of enterotoxin in clostridium perfringens strain nctc8239.clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of food-borne illness in humans. ingested vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and in the process produce c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of food-borne illness, the molecules triggering/inhibiting sporulation are still largely unknown. it has previously been reported by our group that sporulation is induced in c. perfringens strain nctc8239 co-cultured with caco- ...201627594514
enforcement of science-using a clostridium perfringens outbreak investigation to take legal action.we report an outbreak of clostridium perfringens in a care home in north east england.201625972386
ensuring safe reuse of residential wastewater: reduction of microbes and genes using peat biofilter and batch chlorination in an on-site treatment system.a batch chlorination system was optimized for on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system (owrs) and its efficiency was evaluated for reducing viruses, protozoa, bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in cold and warm seasons.201627588570
acute hemolysis with renal failure due to clostridium bacteremia in a patient with aml.we present a case of acute hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and clostridium perfringens bacteremia in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. the high fatality of c. perfringens bacteremia requires that clinicians recognize and rapidly treat patients at risk for this infection. although other hemolytic processes are in the differential diagnosis of these events, the presence of high fever, chills, and rapidly positive blood cultures may help narrow the diagnosis. most cases of c. perfringens ...201627774325
fulminant sepsis caused by clostridium perfringens. 201627765298
antimicrobial activity of lactobacillus strains of chicken origin against bacterial pathogenss.this study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some lactobacillus isolates of chicken origin. among 90 isolates 14 lactobacillus species were distinguished using maldi-tof mass spectrometry and 16s-ardra. the dominant species was l. salivarius (34.4%), followed by l. johnsonii (23.3%), l. crispatus (13.3%) and l. reuteri (11.1%). all lactobacilli were screened for antimicrobial activity against wild-type strains of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli, and clost ...201627762430
the crystal structure of clostridium perfringens slem, a muramidase involved in cortical hydrolysis during spore germination.clostridium perfringens spores employ two peptidoglycan lysins to degrade the spore cortex during germination. slec initiates cortex hydrolysis to generate cortical fragments that are degraded further by the muramidase slem. here, we present the crystal structure of the c. perfringens s40 slem protein at 1.8 å. slem comprises an n-terminal catalytic domain that adopts an irregular α/β-barrel fold that is common to gh25 family lysozymes, plus a c-terminal fibronectin type iii domain. the latter i ...201627488615
new insights into clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin activation and action on the brain during enterotoxemia.epsilon toxin (etx), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, is responsible for diseases that occur mostly in ruminants. etx is produced in the form of an inactive prototoxin that becomes proteolytically-activated by several proteases. a recent ex vivo study using caprine intestinal contents demonstrated that etx prototoxin is processed in a step-wise fashion into a stable, active ∼27 kda band on sds-page. when characterized further by mass spectrometry, the stable ∼27 kda band was sh ...201627321761
incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility to clostridium perfringens in premarket broilers in taiwan.clostridium perfringens infection causes subclinical and clinical necrotic enteritis in poultry flocks, and it is estimated to result in us$2 billion of losses worldwide every year. the aims of this study were to determine the incidence, toxin types, and antimicrobial resistance levels to c. perfringens isolated from premarket, 5-wk-old, clinically healthy broiler chickens in taiwan, and to examine the relationships between intestinal lesions and the numbers of c. perfringens in intestinal conte ...201627309285
clostridium perfringens α-toxin impairs innate immunity via inhibition of neutrophil differentiation.although granulopoiesis is accelerated to suppress bacteria during infection, some bacteria can still cause life-threatening infections, but the mechanism behind this remains unclear. in this study, we found that mature neutrophils in bone marrow cells (bmcs) were decreased in c. perfringens-infected mice and also after injection of virulence factor α-toxin. c. perfringens infection interfered with the replenishment of mature neutrophils in the peripheral circulation and the accumulation of neut ...201627306065
real-time dna amplification and detection system based on a cmos image sensor.in the present study, we developed a polypropylene well-integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor (cmos) platform to perform the loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique for real-time dna amplification and detection simultaneously. an amplification-coupled detection system directly measures the photon number changes based on the generation of magnesium pyrophosphate and color changes. the photon number decreases during the amplification process. the cmos image sensor obse ...201627302586
toxin-neutralizing antibodies protect against clostridium perfringens-induced necrosis in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is caused by clostridium perfringens type a. due to the rapid progress and fatal outcome of the disease, vaccination would be of high value. in this study, c. perfringens toxins, either as native toxins or after formaldehyde inactivation, were evaluated as possible vaccine antigens. we determined whether antisera raised in calves against these toxins were able to protect against c. perfringens challenge in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic ent ...201627297520
gene regulation by the virs/virr system in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming rod, clostridium perfringens, is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. c. perfringens produces many secreted toxins and enzymes that are involved in the pathogenesis of gas gangrane and gastrointestinal disease. one of the most important systems regulating the production of these proteins in c. perfringens is the virs/virr-vr-rna signal transduction cascade. the agr system also important fo ...201627296833
occurrence of clostridium perfringens types a, e, and c in fresh fish and its public health significance.fish remains among the most traded of food commodities, and egypt is one of the emerging countries being recognized as an important world fish exporter. clostridium perfringens is an important foodborne pathogen to consider in fish trade, as it has been implicated as the causative organism of two fish outbreaks. the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and toxin diversity of c. perfringens associated with fresh and canned fish and to examine the public health significance o ...201627296604
behavior and inactivation of enterotoxin-positive clostridium perfringens in pork picadillo and tamales filled with pork picadillo under different cooking, storage, and reheating conditions.this study analyzed the behavior of clostridium perfringens in individual ingredients and tamales containing different pathogen concentrations upon exposure to different temperatures and methods of cooking, storage, and reheating. in ground pork, c. perfringens cells were inactivated when exposed to 95°c for 30 min. three lots of picadillo inoculated with 0, 3, and 5 log cfu/g c. perfringens cells, respectively, were exposed to different storage temperatures. at 20°c, cell counts increased 1 log ...201627296420
development and application of a multiplex pcr assay for detection of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-encoding genes cpe and becab.clostridium perfringens causes food-borne gastroenteritis following the consumption of contaminated food by producing c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) in the intestines. recently, we reported a novel enterotoxin, binary enterotoxin of c. perfringens (bec) in c. perfringens isolates, which caused two disease outbreaks in japan. consequently, in the event of food poisoning outbreaks caused by c. perfringens, it is now necessary to screen for both the cpe and becab genes by diagnostic pcr. here, we ...201627291714
the efficacy of na-butyrate encapsulated in palm fat on performance of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis with gene expression analysis.to study the efficacy of na-butyrate encapsulated in palm fat on performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with necrotic enteritis (ne) with the determination of its protective effect against the changes in the gene expression profiles and deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) fragmentation.201627284219
spleen and portal pneumatosis secondary to clostridium perfringens septicemia. 201627276089
uterine perforation with intra-abdominal clostridium perfringens gas gangrene: a rare and fatal infection.background:clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is an extremely rare and fatal infection. necrosis of the myometrium is rarely seen and has only been recorded in 18 cases to date. of these 18 reported cases, only 5 have occurred in nonpregnant women. this article presents the 6th case of myometrium necrosis from c. perfringens.case: a 72-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, presented with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. after examinations, laboratory testing, and several surgical intervention ...201627274183
analysis of the virulence-associated revsr two-component signal transduction system of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes human gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) and food poisoning. early studies showed that virulence was regulated by the virsr two-component signal transduction system. however, our identification of the revr orphan response regulator indicated that more than one system was involved in controlling virulence. to further characterize this virulence-associated regulator, gel mobility shift experiments, coupl ...201627267179
evaluating the performance of a new model for predicting the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked, uncured meat and poultry products under isothermal, heating, and dynamically cooling conditions.clostridium perfringens type a is a significant public health threat and its spores may germinate, outgrow, and multiply during cooling of cooked meats. this study applies a new c. perfringens growth model in the usda integrated pathogen modeling program-dynamic prediction (ipmp dynamic prediction) dynamic prediction to predict the growth from spores of c. perfringens in cooked uncured meat and poultry products using isothermal, dynamic heating, and cooling data reported in the literature. the r ...201627259065
red cell damps and inflammation.intravascular hemolysis, or the destruction of red blood cells in the circulation, can occur in numerous diseases, including the acquired hemolytic anemias, sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia, as well as during some transfusion reactions, preeclampsia and infections, such as those caused by malaria or clostridium perfringens. hemolysis results in the release of large quantities of red cell damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) into the circulation, which, if not neutralized by innate p ...201627251171
effect of encapsulated carvacrol on the incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.there is an urgent need to control necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by clostridium perfringens in chickens when antibiotics are withdrawn from feed. carvacrol has strong antimicrobial activity and its delivery to the animal intestine can be significantly enhanced after encapsulation. the present study has investigated the potential of encapsulated carvacrol in controlling ne. in general, micro-encapsulation of carvacrol in an alginate-whey protein matrix showed no adverse effect on its antimicrobi ...201627245304
dynamics of intestinal metabolites and morphology in response to necrotic enteritis challenge in broiler chickens.despite the relatively small contribution to metabolizable energy that volatile fatty acids (vfas) provide in chickens, these organic acids have been reported to play beneficial roles in the gastrointestinal tract (git) of birds, for example, inhibition of the growth of some pathogenic bacteria. however, information regarding the dynamics of these metabolites in the git of chickens is still scarce, especially under disease conditions such as necrotic enteritis (ne). here, we investigated the dyn ...201627245303
adhesive and hydrophobic properties of the selected lab isolated from gastrointestinal tract of farming animals.the aim of this study was to determine the degree of adhesion and hydrophobicity of some strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab) with proven antagonistic properties against pathogenic bacteria. studies were performed using-lab strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of calves and piglets. these strains exhibited an antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of clostridium perfringens and escherichia coli. cell adhesiveness was examined in relation to the porcine and bovine mucin. o ...201627231726
rna-seq analysis of virr and revr mutants of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens causes toxin-mediated diseases, including gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) and food poisoning in humans. the production of the toxins implicated in gas gangrene, α-toxin and perfringolysin o, is regulated by the virsr two-component regulatory system. in addition, revr, an orphan response regulator, has been shown to affect virulence in the mouse myonecrosis model. revr positively regulates the expression of genes that encode hydrolytic enzymes, including hyaluronida ...201627216822
complement system activation contributes to the ependymal damage induced by microbial neuraminidase.in the rat brain, a single intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase from clostridium perfringens induces ependymal detachment and death. this injury occurs before the infiltration of inflammatory blood cells; some reports implicate the complement system as a cause of these injuries. here, we set out to test the role of complement.201627209022
characterization of a high-affinity sialic acid-specific cbm40 from clostridium perfringens and engineering of a divalent form.cbms (carbohydrate-binding modules) are a class of polypeptides usually associated with carbohydrate-active enzymatic sites. we have characterized a new member of the cbm40 family, coded from a section of the gene nani from clostridium perfringens glycan arrays revealed its preference towards α(2,3)-linked sialosides, which was confirmed and quantified by calorimetric studies. the cbm40 binds to α(2,3)-sialyl-lactose with a kd of ∼30 μm, the highest affinity value for this class of proteins. ins ...201627208171
comparative transcriptomic analysis of clostridium perfringens biofilms and planktonic cells.clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans and various enterotoxaemias in animal species. recently, c. perfringens was shown to form biofilms, a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix. however, very little is known on the subject and no information is available on gene expression in c. perfringens biofilms. to gain insights into the differences between free-living c. perfringens cells and those in ...201627207477
conjunctival flora of healthy and diseased eyes of grey seals (halichoerus grypus): implications for treatment.ocular pathology is relatively common in stranded seals admitted to wildlife rehabilitation hospitals. some have pre-existing problems, while others develop eye problems in captivity, and in particular ulcerative keratitis, due to factors such as large prominent eyes, suboptimal water quality, trauma and infighting. despite treatment, corneal ulcerations can rapidly progress to 'melting' ulcers with subsequent rupture of the globe. in this case series, 32 grey seals (halichoerus grypus) had conj ...201627188623
functional analysis of an feob mutant in clostridium perfringens strain 13.bacterial pathogens have adopted numerous mechanisms for acquiring iron from host proteins during an infection, including the direct acquisition of ferric iron from heme-associated proteins or from iron-scavenging siderophores. ferric iron then is transported into the cytosol, where it can be utilized by the bacterial pathogen. under anaerobic conditions bacteria can also transport ferrous iron using the transmembrane complex feoab, but little is known about iron transport systems in anaerobic b ...201627178230
crystal structure of bile salt hydrolase from lactobacillus salivarius.bile salt hydrolase (bsh) is a gut-bacterial enzyme that negatively influences host fat digestion and energy harvesting. the bsh enzyme activity functions as a gateway reaction in the small intestine by the deconjugation of glycine-conjugated or taurine-conjugated bile acids. extensive gut-microbiota studies have suggested that bsh is a key mechanistic microbiome target for the development of novel non-antibiotic food additives to improve animal feed production and for the design of new measures ...201627139829
bench-scale analysis of surrogates for anaerobic digestion processes.frequent monitoring of anaerobic digestion processes for pathogen destruction is both cost and time prohibitive. the use of surrogates to supplement regulatory monitoring may be one solution. to evaluate surrogates, a semi-batch bench-scale anaerobic digester design was tested. bench-scale reactors were operated under mesophilic (36 °c) and thermophilic (53-55 °c) conditions, with a 15 day solids retention time. biosolids from different facilities and during different seasons were examined. usep ...201627131309
predicting outgrowth and inactivation of clostridium perfringens in meat products during low temperature long time heat treatment.with low temperature long time (ltlt) cooking it can take hours for meat to reach a final core temperature above 53°c and germination followed by growth of clostridium perfringens is a concern. available and new growth data in meats including 154 lag times (tlag), 224 maximum specific growth rates (μmax) and 25 maximum population densities (nmax) were used to developed a model to predict growth of c. perfringens during the coming-up time of ltlt cooking. new data were generate in 26 challenge te ...201627127839
the c-terminal domain of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin as a vaccine candidate against bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is caused by clostridium perfringens and leads to sudden death. alpha toxin, together with perfringolysin o, has been identified as the principal toxin involved in the pathogenesis. we assessed the potential of alpha toxin as a vaccine antigen. using an intestinal loop model in calves, we investigated the protection afforded by antisera raised against native alpha toxin or its non-toxic c-terminal fragment against c. perfringens-induced intestinal necrosis. immu ...201627121298
a novel drug delivery system for the human nasal epithelium.the epithelium of upper respiratory tissues such as the human nasal mucosa forms a continuous barrier via tight junctions (tjs). the development of a drug delivery system for use across the nasal mucosa is being reconsidered. in intranasal administration across the nasal mucosa, the paracellular pathway regulated by tjs is extremely important. it is known that the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) binds the tj protein claudin and disrupts the tight junctional bar ...201627116461
specific binding of a mutated fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin to endothelial claudin-5 and its modulation of cerebral vascular permeability.the vertebrate blood-brain barrier (bbb) creates an obstacle for central nervous system-related drug delivery. claudin-5 (cldn5), expressed in large quantities in bbb, plays a vital role in restricting bbb permeability. the c-terminal domain of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (ccpe) has been verified as binding to a subset of claudins (cldns). the cldn5-binding ccpe194-319 variant ccpey306w/s313h was applied in this study to investigate its ability to modulate the permeability of zebrafish l ...201627095710
the interaction of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with receptor claudins.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has significant medical importance due to its involvement in several common human gastrointestinal diseases. this 35 kda single polypeptide toxin consists of two domains: a c-terminal domain involved in receptor binding and an n-terminal domain involved in oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation. the action of cpe starts with its binding to receptors, which include certain members of the claudin tight junction protein family; bound cpe the ...201627090847
analysis of the spore membrane proteome in clostridium perfringens implicates cyanophycin in spore assembly.heat-resistant endospore formation plays an important role in clostridium perfringens-associated foodborne illnesses. the spores allow the bacterium to survive heating during normal cooking processes, followed by germination and outgrowth of the bacterium in contaminated foods. to identify proteins associated with germination and other spore functions, a comparative spore membrane proteome analysis of dormant and germinated spores of c. perfringens strain sm101 was performed by using gel-based p ...201627068591
the cpal system regulates changes of the trans-epithelial resistance of human enterocytes during clostridium perfringens type c infection.clostridium perfringens type c strains produce severe disease in humans and animals including enterotoxaemia and hemorrhagic diarrhea. type c disease is mediated by production of toxins that damage the site of infection inducing loss of bloody fluids. production of type c toxins, such as cpa, pfo, and, cpb is regulated by the c. perfringens agr-like (cpal) quorum sensing (qs) system. the cpal system is also required to recapitulate, in vivo, intestinal signs of c. perfringens type c-induced dise ...201627063897
ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of valnemulin against clostridium perfringens in plasma, the small intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits.the pharmacokinetic (pk) and ex vivo pharmacodynamic (pd) of valnemulin against clostridium perfringens were investigated in plasma, the small intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits following intravenous (iv) or oral administration at 3 mg/kg bodyweight (bw). the postantibiotic effect (pae) and postantibiotic sub-mic effect (pa-sme) of valnemulin against c. perfringens atcc13124 were also determined. the time-kill curves were established in vitro and ex vivo to evaluate the antibacterial acti ...201627060276
clostridium perfringens infection in a febrile patient with severe hemolytic anemia.clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) can cause various infections, including gas gangrene, crepitant cellulitis, and fasciitis. while c. perfringens sepsis is uncommon, it is often rapidly fatal because the alpha toxin of this bacterium induces massive intravascular hemolysis by disrupting red blood cell membranes.201627049736
immunization with a novel clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin mutant retx(y196e)-c confers strong protection in mice.epsilon toxin (etx) is produced by toxinotypes b and d of clostridium perfringens. it can induce lethal enterotoxemia in domestic animals, mainly in sheep, goats and cattle, causing serious economic losses to global animal husbandry. in this study, a novel and stable epsilon toxin mutant retx(y196e)-c, obtained by substituting the 196th tyrosine (y196) with glutamic acid (e) and introducing of 23 amino acids long c-terminal peptide, was determined as a promising recombinant vaccine candidate aga ...201627048879
the details of glycolipid glycan hydrolysis by the structural analysis of a family 123 glycoside hydrolase from clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals whose genome encodes a wide variety of putative carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes that are increasingly being shown to be directed toward the cleavage of host glycans. among these putative enzymes is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 123. here we show that the recombinant enzyme (referred to as cpnga123) encoded by the gene cloned from c. perfringens strain atcc 13124 (locus tag cpf_1473) is a β-n-acetylgalactosaminid ...201627038508
fatal clostridium perfringens sepsis due to emphysematous gastritis and literature review.a 76-year-old female patient was admitted to the level i emergency department of university of szeged with severe abdominal pain and vomiting. the clinical assessment with laboratory tests and radiological investigations confirmed severe sepsis associated with intravascular hemolysis and multiorgan failure and acute pancreatitis. on the abdominal ct, besides of other abnormalities, the presence of gas bubbles in the stomach, small intestines and liver were seen. the gastric alterations pointed t ...201627036998
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