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clostridium perfringens: comparative effects of heat and osmotic stress on non-enterotoxigenic and enterotoxigenic strains.clostridium perfringens isolates associated with food poisoning carries a chromosomal cpe gene, while non-foodborne human gastrointestinal disease isolates carry a plasmid cpe gene. the enterotoxigenic strains tested produced vegetative cells and spores with significantly higher resistance than non-enterotoxigenic strains. these results suggest that the vegetative cells and spores have a competitive advantage over non-enterotoxigenic strains. however, no explanation has been provided for the sig ...201627012900
oral immunization of mice against clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin with a lactobacillus casei vector vaccine expressing epsilon toxoid.clostridium perfringens type d infects ruminants and causes the enterotoxemia disease by ε-toxin. a mutated ε-toxin gene lacking toxicity was designed, synthesized, and cloned into the pt1nx vector and electroporated into lactobacillus casei competent cells to yield lc-pt1nx-ε recombinant strain. balb/c mice, immunized orally with this strain, highly induced mucosal, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses and developed a protection against 200 mld/ml of the activated ε-toxin. this study sho ...201627012151
isolation and genotyping of clostridium perfringens from free-living south american coati (nasua nasua).the importance of clostridium perfringens for most wild animal species remains unclear. this study aimed to isolate and genotype c. perfringens in stool samples from free-living south american coati (nasua nasua) in brazil. forty-six free-living n. nasua were trapped and stool samples were collected. two different protocols for c. perfringens isolation were tested: direct plating onto selective agar and pre-enrichment in broth followed by plating in selective agar. clostridium perfringens type a ...201627010297
transcriptional profile during deoxycholate-induced sporulation in a clostridium perfringens isolate causing foodborne illness.clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of foodborne illness (fbi) in humans. vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and produce the major pathogenic factor c. perfringens enterotoxin. although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of fbi, the mechanisms inducing sporulation remain unclear. bile salts were shown previously to induce sporulation, and we confirmed deoxycholate (dca)-induced sporulation in c. perfringens strain nctc8239 cocultured with hu ...201626969700
effects of heat stress on the formation of splenic germinal centres and immunoglobulins in broilers infected by clostridium perfringens type a.avian necrotic enteritis (ne) induced by clostridium perfringens is a disease that affects mainly the first weeks of poultry's life. the pathogenesis of ne is complex and involves the combination of several factors, such as co-infection with different species of coccidia, immunosuppression and stress. stress is one of the main limiting factors in poultry production. although several studies emphasized the effects of stress on immunity, few works analyzed these effects on immunoglobulins and on g ...201626964716
antibody response to epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens in captive red deer (cervus elaphus) over a 13-month period.deer are sensitive to clostridial diseases, and vaccination with clostridial toxoids is the method of choice to prevent these infections in ruminants. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the serologic responses in red deer (cervus elaphus) over a 13-mo period after vaccination with a multivalent clostridial vaccine, containing an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. antibody production to the clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin component of the vaccine was measured using an indirect enzy ...201627010263
netb and necrotic enteritis: the hole movable story.clostridium perfringens is the primary causative agent of avian necrotic enteritis. our understanding of the pathogenesis of this economically important disease has been enhanced by the discovery of c. perfringens netb toxin, which belongs to the α-haemolysin family of β-pore-forming toxins. in a chicken disease model, the analysis of an isogenic set of strains comprising the wild type, a netb mutant, and its complemented derivative, fulfilled molecular koch's postulates and revealed that netb w ...201627009522
qsar modeling and molecular interaction analysis of natural compounds as potent neuraminidase inhibitors.different qsar models of 40 natural compounds as neuraminidase inhibitors (nis) are developed to comprehend chemical-biological interactions and predict activities against neuraminidase (na) from clostridium perfringens. based on the constitutional, topological and conformational descriptors, r(2) and q(2) values of the obtained sra model are 0.931 and 0.856. the r(2) and q(2) values of the constructed hqsar and almond models are 0.903 and 0.767, 0.904 and 0.511, respectively. based on the pharm ...201627008437
effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens infection leads to serious economic losses in the global poultry production. in the present study, we investigated the protective effects of essential oils (eo, which contained 25 % thymol and 25 % carvacrol as active components) supplementation on growth performance, gut lesions, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of the broiler chickens infected with c. perfringens. a total of 448 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into ei ...201627006768
perfringolysin o theta toxin as a tool to monitor the distribution and inhomogeneity of cholesterol in cellular membranes.cholesterol is an essential structural component of cellular membranes in eukaryotes. cholesterol in the exofacial leaflet of the plasma membrane is thought to form membrane nanodomains with sphingolipids and specific proteins. additionally, cholesterol is found in the intracellular membranes of endosomes and has crucial functions in membrane trafficking. furthermore, cellular cholesterol homeostasis and regulation of de novo synthesis rely on transport via both vesicular and non-vesicular pathw ...201627005662
the gut-brain axis interactions during heat stress and avian necrotic enteritis.the gut-brain axis is known to modulate behavioral and immune responses in animals; evidence supporting this modulation in chickens, however, is elusive. here, we analyzed the effects of heat stress and/orclostridium perfringens (cp) infection on behavior, intestinal morphology, brain activity, and corticosterone serum levels in chickens. broilers were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: a naïve group (n), a thioglycolate group (t), a thioglycolate heat-stressed group (t/hs35), an infected gro ...201626957631
quantitative microbial risk assessment for clostridium perfringens in natural and processed cheeses.this study evaluated the risk of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) foodborne illness from natural and processed cheeses. microbial risk assessment in this study was conducted according to four steps: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. the hazard identification of c. perfringens on cheese was identified through literature, and dose response models were utilized for hazard characterization of the pathogen. for exposure assessment, ...201626954204
microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis.an outbreak of necrotic enteritis (ne) is a complex process requiring one or a number of predisposing factors rather than just the presence of pathogenic clostridium perfringens. examples are dietary influences, such as high levels of non-starch polysaccharides and fishmeal, and factors that evoke epithelial cell damage, such as fusarium mycotoxins in feed and eimeria infections. recent studies have shown that different predisposing factors induce similar shifts in the intestinal microbiota comp ...201626950294
association of beta2-positive clostridium perfringens type a with focal duodenal necrosis in egg-laying chickens in the united states.focal duodenal necrosis (fdn) is a poorly understood intestinal disease of egg layers, and has been associated with drops in egg production and decreased egg weights. the etiology of this disease is still unknown, but the condition has been associated with clostridium colinum and clostridium perfringens. in order to investigate the etiology, duodenal samples were taken from hens with fdn. the hens originated from table egg layer farms in three states. the samples were examined by histopathology, ...201626953942
case-control study of pathogens involved in piglet diarrhea.diarrhea in piglets directly affects commercial swine production. the disease results from the interaction of pathogens with the host immune system and is also affected by management procedures. several pathogenic agents such as campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., group a rotavirus (rv-a), coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus; porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), as well as nematode and protozoan parasites, can be associated with disease cas ...201626754836
multidrug resistance in clostridium perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand.clostridium perfringens causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets, thereby affecting commercial swine farming. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterize antimicrobial resistance in c. perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand. a total of 260 rectal swab samples were collected from 13 farms and were subjected to c. perfringens isolation. a total of 148 samples were pcr-positive for c. perfringens toxin genes, from which 122 were recovered. all i ...201626752714
pathology in practice. clostridium perfringens. 201626953912
molecular characterization of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from diseased turkeys in italy.one hundred and six clostridium perfringens field strains, isolated from diseased turkeys in italy between 2006 and 2015, were toxinotyped by polymerase chain reaction. strains were derived from intestines (87), livers (17) and subcutaneous tissues (2). in addition to the four major toxins, strains were also screened for netb toxin, enterotoxin and beta2 toxin encoding genes. the intestinal gross lesions of turkeys with enteric disorders were statistically studied with respect to the presence of ...201626950690
poultry management: a useful tool for the control of necrotic enteritis in poultry.the intestinal ecosystem of poultry has been inevitably changed as a result of the ban of antimicrobial growth promoters. the re-emergence of necrotic enteritis has been the most significant threat for the poultry industry, which, in clinical form, causes high mortality and in subclinical forms, affects growth and feed conversion. it is one of the most common and economically devastating bacterial diseases in modern broiler flocks in terms of performance, welfare and mortality. necrotic enteriti ...201626950433
generation and characterization of recombinant bivalent fusion protein r-cpib for immunotherapy against clostridium perfringens beta and iota toxemia.clostridium perfringens beta (cpb) and iota (cpi) toxaemias result in some of the most lethal forms of haemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis and sudden death syndrome affecting especially neonates. while cpb enterotoxemia is one of the most common forms of clostridial enterotoxemia, cpi enterotoxemia though putatively considered to be rare is an emerging cause of concern. the similarities in clinical manifestation, gross and histopathology findings of both types of toxaemias coupled to the infrequ ...201626774054
genomic diversity of necrotic enteritis-associated strains of clostridium perfringens: a review.the investigation of genomic variation between clostridium perfringens isolates from poultry has been an important tool to enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of strain pathogenicity and the epidemiology of virulent and avirulent strains within the context of necrotic enteritis (ne). the earliest studies used whole genome profiling techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to differentiate isolates and determine their relative levels of relatedness. dna sequencing has been u ...201626949841
vaginal and rectal clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens presence among women in the united states.to characterize the presence of clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens in the vagina and rectum, identify correlates of presence, and describe strain diversity and presence of key toxins.201626942366
rearing room affects the non-dominant chicken cecum microbiota, while diet affects the dominant microbiota.the combined effect of environment and diet in shaping the gut microbiota remains largely unknown. this knowledge, however, is important for animal welfare and safe food production. for these reasons, we determined the effect of experimental units on the chicken cecum microbiota for a full factorial experiment where we tested the combined effect of room, diet, and antimicrobial treatment. by illumina deep sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, we found that diet mainly affected the dominant microbiota ...201626942187
timing of predisposing factors is important in necrotic enteritis models.since the ban of antimicrobial growth promotors, the importance of necrotic enteritis in broilers increases. reliable and reproducible infection models are required for pathogenesis studies and product screening. two major predisposing factors in necrotic enteritis models are fishmeal supplementation to feed and eimeria infection. however, many unsolved issues regarding these predisposing factors still exist. therefore, the influence of timepoint of fishmeal administration (onset on day 8 or day ...201626927291
presence and characterization of pig group a and c rotaviruses in feces of belgian diarrheic suckling piglets.the importance of group a and c rotaviruses (rva and rvc) in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in belgian suckling pigs is poorly investigated, and it is not known which strains are circulating in the belgian suckling pig population. obtaining better insights in the occurrence of both viral species in the swine population is essential in order to develop accurate diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to protect suckling pigs against diarrhea in a durable manner. in the present study, vi ...201626677793
cloning, characterization, and production of three α-l-fucosidases from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124.α-l-fucosidases are key enzymes for the degradation of intestinal glycans by gut microbes. in this work, three putative α-l-fucosidases (afc1, afc2, and afc3) genes from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124 were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. afc1 had the α-l-fucosidase domain of glycoside hydrolase (gh) 29 family but showed no enzyme activity toward all the substrates examined. the putative acid/base residue of afc1, ser205, was replaced by a glutamic acid which is conserved in gh29-b ...201626663202
necrotic enteritis predisposing factors in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis in chickens develops as a result of infection with pathogenic strains of clostridium perfringens and the presence of predisposing factors. predisposing factors include elements that directly change the physical properties of the gut, either damaging the epithelial surface, inducing mucus production, or changing gut transit times; factors that disrupt the gut microbiota; and factors that alter the immune status of birds. in the past research into necrotic enteritis predisposing ...201626926926
mechanism of action of a novel recombinant peptide, mp1102, against clostridium perfringens type c.this work is the first to report the antibacterial characteristics and antibacterial mechanisms of mp1102, which is a variant of nz2114, against pathogenic clostridium perfringens. mp1102 exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against c. perfringens strains cvcc 61, cvcc 1163, and cvcc 2032 at a low minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of 0.91 μm. mp1102 showed anti-c. perfringens activity over a wide ph range of 2.0 and 10.0, high thermal stability from 20 to 80 °c, and remarkable resistance ...201626921181
clostridium perfringens and its arsenal of toxins. 201626917838
beta lactamase producing clostridium perfringens bacteremia in an elderly man with acute pancreatitis.clostridium perfringens bacteremia is associated with adverse outcomes. known risk factors include chronic kidney disease, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and gastrointestinal disease. we present a 74-year-old man admitted with confusion, vomiting, and abdominal pain. exam revealed tachycardia, hypotension, lethargy, distended abdomen, and cold extremities. he required intubation and aggressive resuscitation for septic shock. laboratory data showed leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis, acute kidney i ...201626904307
diets enriched with cranberry beans alter the microbiota and mitigate colitis severity and associated inflammation.common beans are rich in phenolic compounds and nondigestible fermentable components, which may help alleviate intestinal diseases. we assessed the gut health priming effect of a 20% cranberry bean flour diet from two bean varieties with differing profiles of phenolic compounds [darkening (dc) and nondarkening (ndc) cranberry beans vs. basal diet control (bd)] on critical aspects of gut health in unchallenged mice, and during dextran sodium sulfate (dss)-induced colitis (2% dss wt/vol, 7 days). ...201626878790
an 86-year-old man with acute abdominal pain.an 86-year-old man presented with severe pain in the upper abdomen along with fever. on physical examination, we found an arterial blood pressure of 84/43 mm hg, a heart rate of 80 bpm and a temperature of 38.3°c. the abdomen was painful and peristalsis was absent. empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis was started with amoxicillin/clavulanate and gentamicin. ct scan of the abdomen revealed an emphysematous cholecystitis. percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystostomy was applied. bile cultures r ...201626869625
plasmid characterization and chromosome analysis of two netf+ clostridium perfringens isolates associated with foal and canine necrotizing enteritis.the recent discovery of a novel beta-pore-forming toxin, netf, which is strongly associated with canine and foal necrotizing enteritis should improve our understanding of the role of type a clostridium perfringens associated disease in these animals. the current study presents the complete genome sequence of two netf-positive strains, jfp55 and jfp838, which were recovered from cases of foal necrotizing enteritis and canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, respectively. genome sequencing was done us ...201626859667
a novel hsp70 inhibitor prevents cell intoxication with the actin adp-ribosylating clostridium perfringens iota toxin.hsp70 family proteins are folding helper proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular pathways. members of this family interact with key factors in signal transduction, transcription, cell-cycle control, and stress response. here, we developed the first hsp70 low molecular weight inhibitor specifically targeting the peptide binding site of human hsp70. after demonstrating that the inhibitor modulates the hsp70 function in the cell, we used the inhibitor to show for the first time that the str ...201626839186
netf-positive clostridium perfringens in neonatal foal necrotising enteritis in kentucky. 201626829965
hepatic abscess-associated clostridial bacteraemia presenting with intravascular haemolysis and severe hypertension.clostridium perfringens bacteraemia is a potentially fatal condition, and its early identification is paramount to maximise chances of survival. prompt recognition of intravascular haemolysis, a known complication of c. perfringens bacteraemia, can help guide clinical decision-making before microbiology data becomes available. we present a novel finding of severe hypertension in a fatal case of clostridial bacteraemia with massive haemolysis. a 58-year-old man with no known medical history prese ...201626823354
experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review.this review discusses key factors important in successful experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis (ne) in chickens, and how these factors can be adjusted to affect the severity of the lesions induced. the critical bacterial factor is the need to use virulent, netb-positive, strains of clostridium perfringens; disease severity can be enhanced by using netb-positive c. perfringens strains that are also tpel-positive, by the use of young rather than old broth cultures, and by the number of ...201626813025
the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens: what we know and what we need to know: a review.this review summarizes advances in understanding the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis of chickens caused by netb-positive clostridium perfringens. the discovery of netb as the essential toxin trigger for the disease was followed by recognition that it forms part of a large plasmid-encoded 42 kb pathogenicity locus (neloc-1). while the locus is critical for toxin production, it likely has additional functions related to colonization and degradation of the mucus barrier, which are essential both ...201626813023
occurrence of human-associated bacteroidetes genetic source tracking markers in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin and comparison to standard and alternative indicators of faecal pollution.this was a detailed investigation of the seasonal occurrence, dynamics, removal and resistance of human-associated genetic bacteroidetes faecal markers (gebam) compared with iso-based standard faecal indicator bacteria (sfib), human-specific viral faecal markers and one human-associated bacteroidetes phage in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin. characteristics of the selected activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) from austria and germany were studied in de ...201626745175
variable protection against experimental broiler necrotic enteritis after immunization with the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and a non-toxic netb variant.necrotic enteritis toxin b (netb) is a pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been shown to play a key role in avian necrotic enteritis, a disease causing significant costs to the poultry production industry worldwide. the aim of this work was to determine whether immunization with a non-toxic variant of netb (netb w262a) and the c-terminal fragment of c. perfringens alpha-toxin (cpa247-370) would provide protection against experimental necrotic enteritis. immunized birds ...201626743457
bacterial quality and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in edible offal from slaughterhouses in korea.edible offal meats have recently received significant attention worldwide. however, studies evaluating the microbial quality of diverse edible offal and specifically investigating contamination by pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses are rare. our study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality of six kinds of edible offal produced from 11 pigs and 8 cattle slaughterhouses in the republic of korea and the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms such as salmonella, clostridium ...201626735045
implications of decreased nitrite concentrations on clostridium perfringens outgrowth during cooling of ready-to-eat meats.increased popularity of natural and organic processed meats can be attributed to the growing consumer demand for preservative-free foods, including processed meats. to meet this consumer demand, meat processors have begun using celery juice concentrate in place of sodium nitrite to create products labeled as no-nitrate or no-nitrite-added meat products while maintaining the characteristics unique to conventionally cured processed meats. because of flavor limitations, natural cures with celery co ...201626735043
clostridium perfringens delta-toxin induces rapid cell necrosis.clostridium perfringens delta-toxin is a β-pore-forming toxin and a putative pathogenic agent of c. perfringens types b and c. however, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of delta-toxin remains unclear. here, we investigated the mechanisms of cell death induced by delta-toxin in five cell lines (a549, a431, mdck, vero, and caco-2). all cell lines were susceptible to delta-toxin. the toxin caused rapid atp depletion and swelling of the cells. delta-toxin bound and formed oligomers predominantly in pla ...201626807591
the role of host genetic factors and host immunity in necrotic enteritis.the increasing number of legislative restrictions and the voluntary withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters worldwide will continue to impact poultry health and production. the rising incidence of clostridium infections and development of necrotic enteritis (ne) in commercial chickens has been associated with the withdrawal of antibiotics. high-throughput genomic analysis of intestinal tissues from ne-afflicted chickens showed alterations in the local immunity and gut microbiota. therefore, a ...201626957203
effect of yeast-derived products and distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) on growth performance and local innate immune response of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.this study evaluated the effect of yeast-derived products on growth performance, gut lesion score, intestinal population of clostridium perfringens, and local innate immunity of broiler chickens challenged with c. perfringens. one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments providing six replicate pens of 55 birds each per treatment. dietary treatments consisted of control diets without and with c. perfringens challenge, and diets containing bacitracin methylene d ...201626956683
direct dynamic kinetic analysis and computer simulation of growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey during cooling.this research applied a new 1-step methodology to directly construct a tertiary model that describes the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey meat under dynamically cooling conditions. the kinetic parameters of the growth models were determined by numerical analysis and optimization using multiple dynamic growth curves. the models and kinetic parameters were validated using independent growth curves obtained under various cooling conditions. the results showed that the residual err ...201626801359
predictive model for growth of staphylococcus aureus on raw pork, ham, and sausage.recent staphylococcus aureus outbreaks linked to meat and poultry products underscore the importance of understanding the growth kinetics of s. aureus in these products at different temperatures. raw pork, ham, and sausage (each 10 ± 0.3 g) were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of s. aureus, resulting in an initial level of ca. 3 log cfu/g. samples were stored isothermally at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°c, and s. aureus was enumerated at appropriate time intervals. the square root mode ...201626735039
behavior and inactivation of enterotoxin-positive clostridium perfringens in pork picadillo and tamales filled with pork picadillo under different cooking, storage, and reheating conditions.this study analyzed the behavior of clostridium perfringens in individual ingredients and tamales containing different pathogen concentrations upon exposure to different temperatures and methods of cooking, storage, and reheating. in ground pork, c. perfringens cells were inactivated when exposed to 95°c for 30 min. three lots of picadillo inoculated with 0, 3, and 5 log cfu/g c. perfringens cells, respectively, were exposed to different storage temperatures. at 20°c, cell counts increased 1 log ...201627296420
development and application of a multiplex pcr assay for detection of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-encoding genes cpe and becab.clostridium perfringens causes food-borne gastroenteritis following the consumption of contaminated food by producing c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) in the intestines. recently, we reported a novel enterotoxin, binary enterotoxin of c. perfringens (bec) in c. perfringens isolates, which caused two disease outbreaks in japan. consequently, in the event of food poisoning outbreaks caused by c. perfringens, it is now necessary to screen for both the cpe and becab genes by diagnostic pcr. here, we ...201627291714
the efficacy of na-butyrate encapsulated in palm fat on performance of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis with gene expression analysis.to study the efficacy of na-butyrate encapsulated in palm fat on performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with necrotic enteritis (ne) with the determination of its protective effect against the changes in the gene expression profiles and deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) fragmentation.201627284219
evaluating the performance of a new model for predicting the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked, uncured meat and poultry products under isothermal, heating, and dynamically cooling conditions.clostridium perfringens type a is a significant public health threat and its spores may germinate, outgrow, and multiply during cooling of cooked meats. this study applies a new c. perfringens growth model in the usda integrated pathogen modeling program-dynamic prediction (ipmp dynamic prediction) dynamic prediction to predict the growth from spores of c. perfringens in cooked uncured meat and poultry products using isothermal, dynamic heating, and cooling data reported in the literature. the r ...201627259065
red cell damps and inflammation.intravascular hemolysis, or the destruction of red blood cells in the circulation, can occur in numerous diseases, including the acquired hemolytic anemias, sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia, as well as during some transfusion reactions, preeclampsia and infections, such as those caused by malaria or clostridium perfringens. hemolysis results in the release of large quantities of red cell damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) into the circulation, which, if not neutralized by innate p ...201627251171
functional analysis of an feob mutant in clostridium perfringens strain 13.bacterial pathogens have adopted numerous mechanisms for acquiring iron from host proteins during an infection, including the direct acquisition of ferric iron from heme-associated proteins or from iron-scavenging siderophores. ferric iron then is transported into the cytosol, where it can be utilized by the bacterial pathogen. under anaerobic conditions bacteria can also transport ferrous iron using the transmembrane complex feoab, but little is known about iron transport systems in anaerobic b ...201627178230
crystal structure of bile salt hydrolase from lactobacillus salivarius.bile salt hydrolase (bsh) is a gut-bacterial enzyme that negatively influences host fat digestion and energy harvesting. the bsh enzyme activity functions as a gateway reaction in the small intestine by the deconjugation of glycine-conjugated or taurine-conjugated bile acids. extensive gut-microbiota studies have suggested that bsh is a key mechanistic microbiome target for the development of novel non-antibiotic food additives to improve animal feed production and for the design of new measures ...201627139829
bench-scale analysis of surrogates for anaerobic digestion processes.frequent monitoring of anaerobic digestion processes for pathogen destruction is both cost and time prohibitive. the use of surrogates to supplement regulatory monitoring may be one solution. to evaluate surrogates, a semi-batch bench-scale anaerobic digester design was tested. bench-scale reactors were operated under mesophilic (36 °c) and thermophilic (53-55 °c) conditions, with a 15 day solids retention time. biosolids from different facilities and during different seasons were examined. usep ...201627131309
predicting outgrowth and inactivation of clostridium perfringens in meat products during low temperature long time heat treatment.with low temperature long time (ltlt) cooking it can take hours for meat to reach a final core temperature above 53°c and germination followed by growth of clostridium perfringens is a concern. available and new growth data in meats including 154 lag times (tlag), 224 maximum specific growth rates (μmax) and 25 maximum population densities (nmax) were used to developed a model to predict growth of c. perfringens during the coming-up time of ltlt cooking. new data were generate in 26 challenge te ...201627127839
immunogenicity of a trivalent recombinant vaccine against clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins in farm ruminants.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium that produces several toxins. of these, the alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are responsible for causing the most severe c. perfringens-related diseases in farm animals. the best way to control these diseases is through vaccination. however, commercially available vaccines are based on inactivated toxins and have many production drawbacks, which can be overcome through the use of recombinant antigens. in this study, we produced recombinant alpha, ...201627004612
recent breakthroughs have unveiled the many knowledge gaps in clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in chickens: the first international conference on necrotic enteritis in poultry. 201627003036
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin: action, genetics, and translational applications.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is responsible for causing the gastrointestinal symptoms of several c. perfringens food- and nonfood-borne human gastrointestinal diseases. the enterotoxin gene (cpe) is located on either the chromosome (for most c. perfringens type a food poisoning strains) or large conjugative plasmids (for the remaining type a food poisoning and most, if not all, other cpe-producing strains). in all cpe-positive strains, the cpe gene is strongly associated with insert ...201626999202
severe sepsis due to clostridium perfringens bacteremia of urinary origin: a case report and systematic review.clostridium perfringens bacteremia is an uncommon yet serious clinical syndrome that typically arises from a gastrointestinal source. however, clinicians should consider nongastrointestinal sources as well. we present a rare case of c. perfringens bacteremia of urinary origin that required surgical intervention for definitive treatment. a 61-year-old male presented with acute nausea and vomiting, altered mental status, and chronic diarrhea. his physical exam revealed right costovertebral tendern ...201626998370
heat production and energy efficiency of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry is the most important bacterial disease in terms of economic losses. the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an experimental challenge with necrotic enteritis on respiration and heat production in birds pretreated with dietary acylated starch or antibiotics (ab) zinc bacitracin (50 mg/kg) plus salinomycin (60 mg/kg). in total, 48 1-day-old ross 308 male broilers were assigned to floor pens until day 10. on day 11, birds were randomly placed in ...201626953943
matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of clostridium species isolated from saudi arabia.the aim of this study was to identify different clostridium spp. isolated from currency notes from the ha'il region of saudi arabia in september 2014 using maldi-tof-ms. clostridium spp. were identified by bruker maldi-tof-ms and compared with vitek 2. the confirmation of the presence of different clostridium spp. was performed by determining the sequence of the 16s ribosomal rna gene. in this study, 144 clostridium spp. were isolated. among these specimens, maldi-tof-ms could identify 88.8% (12 ...201626991272
efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis caused by a pathogenic strain of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.the efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis (ne) was investigated in a 35-day floor pen study of 2200 broiler cockerels using a clostridium perfringens (cp) feed inoculum challenge model. treatments consisted of (1) nonmedicated, nonchallenged; (2) nonmedicated, challenged; (3) avilamycin at 15 ppm, challenged; (4) avilamycin at 30 ppm, challenged. avilamycin was administered in the feed from day 7 to day 30 of the study. challenge inoculum was administered on day 14 and ...201626981841
pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut?the ability to correctly recognize the disease necrotic enteritis (ne) is important not only to those involved in control and treatment of the disease at farm level, but it is also critically important to the search for virulence factors, since a fundamental part of that process is the correct assignation of strains of clostridium perfringens with respect to virulence. thus, diagnosticians and investigators need to be able to correctly recognize the lesions of ne. to do this, they must be able t ...201626981703
total combining power: technique for the evaluation of the quality control process of clostridiosis vaccines.an efficient technique for evaluation of the quality control of vaccines against clostridiosis is described in this study. this technique is capable of quantifying the toxoid of the bacterium clostridium perfringens type d, which is commonly found within these vaccines. the described method is performed in vivo to quantify the toxoid, replacing the current predominant approaches that use the titration of toxins before the inactivation process. this method is based on the partial neutralization o ...201627569385
enhanced expression of recombinant beta toxin of <i>clostridium perfringens</i> type b using a commercially available <i>escherichia coli</i> strain.clostridium perfringens beta toxin is only produced by types b and c and plays an important role in many human and animal diseases, causing fatal conditions that originate in the intestines. we compared the expression of c. perfringens type b vaccine strain recombinant beta toxin gene in the escherichia coli strains rosettatm(de3) and bl21(de3). the beta toxin gene was extracted from pjetβ and ligated with pet22b(+). pet22β was transformed into e. coli strains bl21(de3) and rosettatm(de3). recom ...201627543150
microwave ablation of liver metastasis complicated by clostridium perfringens gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess (gpla) in a patient with past gastrectomy.gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess (gpla) caused by c. perfringens is rare but fatal. patients with past gastrectomy may be prone to such infection post-ablation.201627529833
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin as a potential drug for intravesical treatment of bladder cancer.the current intravesical treatment of bladder cancer (bc) is limited to a few chemotherapeutics that show imperfect effectiveness and are associated with some serious complications. thus, there is an urgent need for alternative therapies, especially for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive (nmibc). clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), cytolytic protein binds to its receptors: claudin 3 and 4 that are expressed in epithelial cells. this binding is followed by rapid cell death. claudi ...201627520378
gram staining of blood cultures for clostridium perfringens. 201627516231
acute necrotizing colitis with pneumatosis intestinalis in an amazonian manatee calf.on 25 january 2014, a 1 mo old female amazonian manatee trichechus inunguis calf weighing 12 kg was rescued by air transport in guajará, brazil, and transferred to mamirauá institute's community-based amazonian manatee rehabilitation center. the calf presented piercing/cutting lesions on the back, neck, and head, in addition to dehydration and intermittent involuntary buoyancy. x-ray analysis revealed a large amount of gases in the gastrointestinal tract. daily procedures included wound cleaning ...201627503914
the river ruhr - an urban river under particular interest for recreational use and as a raw water source for drinking water: the collaborative research project "safe ruhr" - microbiological aspects.along the intense industrialization of the ruhr valley (germany), the river ruhr became increasingly polluted. over time, using it for recreational purposes became a serious health hazard and bathing was banned due to chemical and microbiological risks. the purpose of the collaborative project "safe ruhr" was to verify the current status and to provide a scientific basis for lifting the bathing ban. as the river also provides a raw water source for drinking water production, it was investigated ...201627495908
a case of acute onset postoperative gas gangrene caused by clostridium perfringens.gas gangrene is a necrotic infection of soft tissue associated with high mortality rates. we report a case of postoperative gas gangrene with very acute onset and rapid progression of symptoms. to our knowledge, this case is the most acute onset of postoperative gas gangrene ever reported.201627488346
effects of live yeast dietary supplementation on nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in beagle dogs.the effects of live yeast (strain cncm i-4407; actisaf sc 47; phileo lesaffre animal care, marcq-en-baroeul, france) administration on nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in dogs were investigated. the study included 24 young beagle dogs. they were allocated in control and live yeast (ly) groups (6 males and 6 females in each). during the adaptation (d 1 to 28) and trial (d 29 to 70) periods, the dogs received a standard dry pelleted diet. in the trial period, the ly dogs were given caps ...201627482677
a chimeric protein composed of the binding domains of clostridium perfringens phospholipase c and trueperella pyogenes pyolysin induces partial immunoprotection in a mouse model.trueperella pyogenes and clostridium perfringens are two kinds of conditional pathogens frequently associated with wound infections and succeeding lethal complications in various economic livestock. pyolysin (plo) and phospholipase c (plc) are the key virulence factors of these two pathogens, respectively. in our study, a chimeric protein called rpc-pd4, which is composed of the binding regions of plo and plc, was synthesized. the toxicity of rpc-pd4 was evaluated. results revealed that rpc-pd4 ...201627473983
oligomer formation of clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin is induced by activation of neutral sphingomyelinase.clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin is responsible for fatal enterotoxemia in ungulates. the toxin forms a heptamer in the lipid rafts of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, leading to cell death. here, we showed that epsilon-toxin requires neutral sphingomyelinase (nsmase) activity during oligomerization.201627453200
modeling and kinetic characterization of wastewater disinfection using chlorine and uv irradiation.sewage disinfection has the primary objective of inactivating pathogenic organisms to prevent the dissemination of waterborne diseases. this study analyzed individual disinfection, with chlorine alone, ultraviolet radiation alone, and a combined disinfection process (chlorine-uv radiation). pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 15442, escherichia coli atcc 11229, salmonella typhi atcc 14028, and clostridium perfringens were selected to evaluate the efficiency of different disinfection processes. the aim o ...201627421857
outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis in a senior high school in south-eastern ghana: a retrospective cohort study.on 4th february 2015, a group of senior high school students from fanteakwa district presented to the emergency unit of the district hospital with complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. all the students had eaten from a specific food vendor and had neither eaten any other common meal that day nor the previous day. a foodborne disease outbreak was suspected. we investigated to verify the outbreak, determine its magnitude, identify the source and implement control measures.201627411682
prevalence of netf-positive clostridium perfringens in foals in southwestern ontario.netf-producing clostridium perfringens have recently been identified as a cause of necrotizing enteritis in neonatal foals, but little is known about its prevalence in clinically normal foals. foals (n = 88) ranging in age from < 1 wk to 2 to 4 mo (median age 2 to 4 wk) on 8 horse-breeding farms in ontario were examined on 1 or 2 occasions for the presence of c. perfringens. of the foals that tested positive, 5 isolates (n = 675) were examined for the netf and enterotoxin (cpe) genes. colonizati ...201627408339
regulation of toxin production in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. c. perfringens causes gas gangrene and food poisoning, and it produces extracellular enzymes and toxins that are thought to act synergistically and contribute to its pathogenesis. a complicated regulatory network of toxin genes has been reported that includes a two-component system for regulatory rna and cell-cell communication. ...201627399773
putative function of hypothetical proteins expressed by clostridium perfringens type a strains and their protective efficacy in mouse model.the whole genome sequencing and annotation of clostridium perfringens strains revealed several genes coding for proteins of unknown function with no significant similarities to genes in other organisms. our previous studies clearly demonstrated that hypothetical proteins cpf_2500, cpf_1441, cpf_0876, cpf_0093, cpf_2002, cpf_2314, cpf_1179, cpf_1132, cpf_2853, cpf_0552, cpf_2032, cpf_0438, cpf_1440, cpf_2918, cpf_0656, and cpf_2364 are genuine proteins of c. perfringens expressed in high abundanc ...201627353489
clostridium perfringens sporulation and sporulation-associated toxin production.the ability of clostridium perfringens to form spores plays a key role during the transmission of this gram-positive bacterium to cause disease. of particular note, the spores produced by food poisoning strains are often exceptionally resistant to food environment stresses such as heat, cold, and preservatives, which likely facilitates their survival in temperature-abused foods. the exceptional resistance properties of spores made by most type a food poisoning strains and some type c foodborne d ...201627337447
bioassay-guided chromatographic isolation and identification of antibacterial compounds from artemisia annua l. that inhibit clostridium perfringens growth.clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of necrotic enteritis leading to significant losses in the poultry industry. dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts of aerial parts of artemisia annua (asteraceae) exhibited activity against c. perfringens with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of 185 and 270 μg/ml, respectively. bioassay-guided fractionation of the extracts gave several active fractions (mic between 75 and 600 μg/ml). investigations of the most active fractions resulted in the ...201625902977
isolation and characterization of a new [fefe]-hydrogenase from clostridium perfringens.this paper reports the first characterization of an [fefe]-hydrogenase from a clostridium perfringens strain previously isolated in our laboratory from a pilot-scale bio-hydrogen plant that efficiently produces h2 from waste biomasses. on the basis of sequence analysis, the enzyme is a monomer formed by four domains hosting various iron-sulfur centres involved in electron transfer and the catalytic center h-cluster. after recombinant expression in escherichia coli, the purified protein catalyzes ...201625851509
a case of nontraumatic gas gangrene in a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset is widely used in neuroscience and regenerative medicine research. however, information concerning common marmoset disorders, particularly infectious diseases, is scarce. here, we report a case of a female common marmoset that died suddenly due to gas gangrene. the animal presented with gaseous abdominal distention at postmortem, and clostridium perfringens type a was isolated from several tissues. vacuoles, a gram-positive bacteremia and intravascular hemolysis were observed ...201626156080
evaluation of three full-scale stormwater treatment systems with respect to water yield, pathogen removal efficacy and human health risk from faecal pathogens.in this study, three full-scale, operational stormwater harvesting systems located in melbourne, australia were evaluated with respect to water yields; pathogen removal performance by analysis of native surrogate data (escherichiacoli, somatic coliphages and clostridium perfringens); and potential human health risk associated with exposures to faecal pathogens using quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra). the water yield assessment confirmed variation between design and measured yields. f ...201626615487
claudin-binder c-cpe mutants enhance permeability of insulin across human nasal epithelial cells.intranasal insulin administration has therapeutic potential for alzheimer's disease and in intranasal administration across the nasal mucosa, the paracellular pathway regulated by tight junctions is important. the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) binds the tight junction protein claudin and disrupts the tight junctional barrier without a cytotoxic effect. the c-cpe mutant called c-cpe 194 binds only to claudin-4, whereas the c-cpe 194 mutant called c-cpe m19 bin ...201626036653
properties of reformulated hot dog sausage without added nitrites during chilled storage.the aim of this study was to assess the effect of a complete nitrite replacement strategy using celery, carmine, sodium lactate and orange dietary fibre combined with vitamins c and e, on the quality characteristics (technological, sensorial and safety properties) of hot dog sausages (five samples) during chilled storage (2 ± 1℃ 60 days). nitrite replacers (combined with vitamins c and e) presented antioxidant activity, reducing lipid oxidation in reformulated samples. at the end of storage redn ...201625480689
bacterial contamination of fabric and metal-bead identity card lanyards: a cross-sectional study.in healthcare, fabric or metal-bead lanyards are universally used for carrying identity cards. however there is little information on microbial contamination with potential pathogens that may readily re-contaminate disinfected hands. we examined 108 lanyards from hospital staff. most grew skin flora but 7/108 (6%) had potentially pathogenic bacteria: four grew methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, and four grew probable fecal flora: 3 clostridium perfringens and 1 clostridium bifermenta ...201625151656
cloning, purification and characterization of the collagenase cola expressed by bacillus cereus atcc 14579.bacterial collagenases differ considerably in their structure and functions. the collagenases colh and colg from clostridium histolyticum and cola expressed by clostridium perfringens are well-characterized collagenases that cleave triple-helical collagen, which were therefore termed as ´true´ collagenases. cola from bacillus cereus (b. cereus) has been added to the collection of true collagenases. however, the molecular characteristics of b. cereus cola are less understood. in this study, we id ...201627588686
in vitro activity of gepotidacin, a novel triazaacenaphthylene bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor, against a broad spectrum of bacterial pathogens.gepotidacin inhibits bacterial dna replication through a mode different from that of fluoroquinolones. gepotidacin and comparators were tested by broth and agar dilution against clinical isolates. the in vitro activities of gepotidacin were comparable against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus (mssa and mrsa, respectively) isolates (mic90, 0.5 μg/ml). the gepotidacin mic90s were as follows (in micrograms per milliliter) for the indicated bacteria: streptococcus pyogenes ...201626729499
detection of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene in lambs by loop mediated isothermal amplification.the loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) was standardized for rapid detection of clostridium perfringens.201627051186
use of plant extracts as an effective manner to control clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis in poultry.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. for decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (agps) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens including clostridium perfringens (cp), the causative agent of ne. however, the use of agps in animal diet has been linked to the emergence and transmission of a ...201627747227
the probiotic butyricicoccus pullicaecorum reduces feed conversion and protects from potentially harmful intestinal microorganisms and necrotic enteritis in broilers.probiotics which do not result in the development and spread of microbial resistance are among the candidate replacements for antibiotics previously used as growth promotors. in this study the effect of in-feed supplementation of the butyrate producing butyricicoccus pullicaecorum strain 25-3(t) on performance, intestinal microbiota and prevention of necrotic enteritis (ne), a disease caused by clostridium perfringens was evaluated in broilers. for the performance study, day old ross 308 chicks ...201627708624
comparative transcriptome analysis by rnaseq of necrotic enteritis clostridium perfringens during in vivo colonization and in vitro conditions.necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by netb-positive type a clostridium perfringens is an important bacterial disease of poultry. through its complex regulatory system, c. perfringens orchestrates the expression of a collection of toxins and extracellular enzymes that are crucial for the development of the disease; environmental conditions play an important role in their regulation. in this study, and for the first time, global transcriptomic analysis was performed on ligated intestinal loops in chic ...201627520106
mechanisms of antibacterial action of quinoxaline 1,4-di-n-oxides against clostridium perfringens and brachyspira hyodysenteriae.quinoxaline 1,4-di-n-oxides (qdnos) are a class of bioreductive compounds, however, their antibacterial mechanisms are still unclarified. the aim of this study was to assess the ability of two representative qdno drugs, cyadox (cya) and olaquindox (ola), to produce reactive oxide species (ros) in gram-positive anaerobe clostridium perfringens cvcc1125 and gram-negative anaerobe brachyspira hyodysenteriae b204. in addition, the effects of qdnos on the integrity of bacterial cell walls and membran ...201628018297
substrate specificity characterization for eight putative nudix hydrolases. evaluation of criteria for substrate identification within the nudix family.the nearly 50,000 known nudix proteins have a diverse array of functions, of which the most extensively studied is the catalyzed hydrolysis of aberrant nucleotide triphosphates. the functions of 171 nudix proteins have been characterized to some degree, although physiological relevance of the assayed activities has not always been conclusively demonstrated. we investigated substrate specificity for eight structurally characterized nudix proteins, whose functions were unknown. these proteins were ...201627618147
assessment of the microbiological quality of meat pies from retail sale in england 2013.outbreaks of foodborne illness caused by bacillus cereus and listeria monocytogenes in england associated with meat pie consumption were detected in 2012. to obtain baseline data for pies unrelated to outbreaks, 862 samples of ready-to-eat meat pies were collected at retail or from catering facilities in england in 2013 and examined to enumerate food-poisoning bacteria and indicator organisms using organization for standardization (iso) methods for listeria spp. including l. monocytogenes (iso 1 ...201627296425
epidemiology of bacterial toxin-mediated foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks in australia, 2001 to 2013.bacterial toxin-mediated foodborne outbreaks, such as those caused by clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus, are an important and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. due to the short incubation period and duration of illness, these outbreaks are often under-reported. this is the first study to describe the epidemiology of bacterial toxin-mediated outbreaks in australia. using data collected between 2001 and 2013, we identify high risk groups and risk factor ...201628043220
innovative bionanocomposite films of edible proteins containing liposome-encapsulated nisin and halloysite nanoclay.films and coatings based on natural polymers have gained increased interest for food packaging applications. in this work, halloysite and phosphatidylcholine liposomes encapsulating nisin were used to develop nanocomposite films of gelatin and casein. liposomes prepared with either soybean lecithin or phospholipon(®) showed particle size ranging from 124 to 178nm and high entrapment efficiency (94-100%). considering their stability, phospholipon(®) liposomes with 1.0mg/ml nisin were selected for ...201627289315
vegetative bacillus amyloliquefaciens cells do not confer protection against necrotic enteritis in broilers despite high antibacterial activity of its supernatant against clostridium perfringens in vitro.in this study, the effect of bacillus amyloliquefaciens on clostridium perfringens was tested in vitro and in vivo. using an agar well diffusion assay, the inhibitory activity of b. amyloliquefaciens supernatant was analysed against a large collection of netb-positive and netb-negative c. perfringens strains. although strong growth inhibiting activity was detected against all c. perfringens isolates, it was significantly higher against virulent netb-positive c. perfringens strains compared with ...201627122203
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