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characterization of clostridium perfringens in the feces of adult horses and foals with acute enterocolitis.up to 60% of cases of equine colitis have no known cause. to improve understanding of the causes of acute colitis in horses, we hypothesized that clostridium perfringens producing enterotoxin (cpe) and/or beta2 toxin (cpb2) are common and important causes of severe colitis in horses and/or that c. perfringens producing an as-yet-undescribed cytotoxin may also cause colitis in horses. fecal samples from 55 horses (43 adults, 12 foals) with clinical evidence of colitis were evaluated by culture fo ...201424396174
diarylacylhydrazones: clostridium-selective antibacterials with activity against stationary-phase cells.current antibiotics for treating clostridium difficile infections (cdi), that is, metronidazole, vancomycin and more recently fidaxomicin, are mostly effective but treatment failure and disease relapse remain as significant clinical problems. the shortcomings of these agents are attributed to their low selectivity for c. difficile over normal gut microflora and their ineffectiveness against c. difficile spores. this letter reports that certain diarylacylhydrazones identified during a high-throug ...201424360560
clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from wild carnivore species in brazil.despite some case reports, the importance of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile for wild carnivores remains unclear. thus, the objective of this study was to identify c. perfringens and c. difficile strains in stool samples from wild carnivore species in brazil. a total of 34 stool samples were collected and subjected to c. perfringens and c. difficile isolation. suggestive colonies of c. perfringens were then analyzed for genes encoding the major c. perfringens toxins (alpha, bet ...201424979683
clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility.the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in cooked beef sold in the streets in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 395 kidney and flesh samples of cooked beef were collected from vendors at abidjan and subjected to c. difficile and c. perfringens isolation and identification by using biochemical tests, api 20a system and pcr detection. subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed fo ...201424944124
infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study.diarrhoea caused by infectious agents is common in foals but there is no comprehensive molecular work-up of the relative prevalence of common agents and appearance of coinfections.201423773143
utility of the clostridial site-specific recombinase tnpx to clone toxic-product-encoding genes and selectively remove genomic dna fragments.tnpx is a site-specific recombinase responsible for the excision and insertion of the transposons tn4451 and tn4453 in clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile, respectively. here, we exploit phenotypic features of tnpx to facilitate genetic mutagenesis and complementation studies. genetic manipulation of bacteria often relies on the use of antibiotic resistance genes; however, a limited number are available for use in the clostridia. the ability of tnpx to recognize and excise specific ...201424682304
cystathionine β-synthase (cbs) domains confer multiple forms of mg2+-dependent cooperativity to family ii pyrophosphatases.regulated family ii pyrophosphatases (cbs-ppases) contain a nucleotide-binding insert comprising a pair of cystathionine β-synthase (cbs) domains, termed a bateman module. by binding with high affinity to the cbs domains, amp and adp usually inhibit the enzyme, whereas atp activates it. here, we demonstrate that amp, adp, and atp bind in a positively cooperative manner to cbs-ppases from four bacteria: desulfitobacterium hafniense, clostridium novyi, clostridium perfringens, and eggerthella lent ...201424986864
haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins.large clostridial glucosylating toxins (lcgts) are produced by toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium novyi and clostridium sordellii. while most c. sordellii strains solely produce lethal toxin (tcsl), c. sordellii strain vpi9048 co-produces both hemorrhagic toxin (tcsh) and tcsl. here, the sequences of tcsh-9048 and tcsl-9048 are provided, showing that both toxins retain conserved lcgt features and that tcsl and tcsh are highly related to toxin a (tcda ...201424905543
view from the front lines: an emergency medicine perspective on clostridial infections in injection drug users.injection drug use (idu), specifically non-intravenous "skin-popping" of heroin, seems to provide optimal conditions for clostridial infection and toxin production. idu is therefore a major risk factor for wound botulism and clostridial necrotizing soft tissue infections (nsti) and continues to be linked to cases of tetanus. case clusters of all 3 diseases have occurred among idus in western u.s. and europe. medical personnel who care for the idu population must be thoroughly familiar with the c ...201425230330
relationship between gastrointestinal dysbiosis and clostridium botulinum in dairy cows.the gastrointestinal tract is a balanced ecosystem that can get out of balance and predisposed to clostridial diseases or other pathological conditions. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the gut microbiota in dairy cows suffering from chronic botulism. cows were investigated for clostridium (c.) botulinum in faeces and rumen fluids. in order to study the relationship between botulism and gastrointestinal microbiota, faeces and rumen fluid were tested for bacterial composition us ...201424747040
antibacterial activity against clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin.in the present study, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities of 15 essential oils were investigated. the antimicrobial activities were determined by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against clostridium genus and antioxidant properties of essential oils by testing their scavenging effect on dpph radicals activities. we determined the antibacterial activity of clostridium butyricum, clostridium hystoliticum, clostridium intestinale, clostridium perfringens and clostr ...201424813985
effects of clostridium butyricum on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88.this study was conducted to investigate the effects of clostridium butyricumon growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88. three hundred sixty 1-d-old broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments: negative control (nc) birds were fed a basal diet and not challenged with e. coli k88; positive control (pc) birds were fed a basal diet and challenged with e. coli k88; c. butyricum treatment (cb) birds were fed a diet ...201424570422
eutrophication and bacterial pathogens as risk factors for avian botulism outbreaks in wetlands receiving effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants.due to the scarcity of water resources in the "mancha húmeda" biosphere reserve, the use of treated wastewater has been proposed as a solution for the conservation of natural threatened floodplain wetlands. in addition, wastewater treatment plants of many villages pour their effluent into nearby natural lakes. we hypothesized that certain avian pathogens present in wastewater may cause avian mortalities which would trigger avian botulism outbreaks. with the aim of testing our hypothesis, 24 loca ...201424795377
erratum for maheux et al., abilities of the mcp agar method and crename alpha toxin-specific real-time pcr assay to detect clostridium perfringens spores in drinking water. 201426058088
clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in blue and yellow macaw (ara ararauna).this study describes an outbreak of necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens type a in captive macaws (ara ararauna). two psittacine birds presented a history of prostration and died 18 hr after manifestation of clinical signs. the necropsy findings and histopathologic lesions were indicative of necrotic enteritis. microbiologic assays resulted in the growth of large gram-positive bacilli that were identified as c. perfringens. pcr was used to identify clostridium toxinotypes and con ...201425619013
global phenotypic characterization of effects of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on the metabolic activities and drug susceptibilities of clostridium perfringens strains.fluoroquinolone resistance affects toxin production of clostridium perfringens strains differently. to investigate the effect of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on global changes in metabolic activities and drug susceptibilities, four c. perfringens strains and their norfloxacin-, ciprofloxacin-, and gatifloxacin-resistant mutants were compared in nearly 2000 assays, using phenotype microarray plates. variations among mutant strains resulting from resistance selection were observed in all a ...201425587280
in vitro effect of dietary protein level and nondigestible oligosaccharides on feline fecal microbiota.the aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of some prebiotic substances and 2 dietary protein levels on the composition and activity of feline fecal microbiota. two in vitro studies were conducted. first, 6 nondigestible oligosaccharides were studied; treatments were control diet (ctrl), gluconic acid (ga), carrot fiber (cf), fructooligosaccharides (fos), galactooligosaccharides (gos), lactitol (lac), and pectins from citrus fruit (pec). substrates were added to feline feca ...201425367521
effects of dexamethasone immunosuppression on turkey clostridial dermatitis.clostridia represents a group of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria ubiquitous in the poultry environment. they are widely distributed in soil and survive for many years as highly resistant, inactive spores. they enter the body through wounds and contaminated feed as active bacteria or spores. multiplication of clostridial bacteria occurs only in the absence of oxygen or in environments with very low concentrations of oxygen. during active multiplication, the clostridial organisms produce several ...201425518439
mucin gene mrna levels in broilers challenged with eimeria and/or clostridium perfringens.the effects of eimeria (em) and clostridium perfringens (cp) challenges on the mrna levels of genes involved in mucin (muc) synthesis (muc2, muc5ac, muc13, and trefoil family factor-2 [tff2]), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha [tnf-alpha] and interleukin-18 [il-18]), and metabolic processes (cluster of differentiation [cd]36) in the jejunum of broilers were investigated. two parallel experiments involving 1) em challenge and 2) em and cp challenges were conducted. the first experiment wa ...201425518436
transcriptional profiles of host-pathogen responses to necrotic enteritis and differential regulation of immune genes in two inbreed chicken lines showing disparate disease susceptibility.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important intestinal infectious disease of commercial poultry flocks caused by clostridium perfringens. using an experimental model of ne involving co-infection with c. perfringens and eimeria maxima, transcriptome profiling and functional genomics approaches were applied to identify the genetic mechanisms that might regulate the host response to this disease. microarray hybridization identified 1,049 transcripts whose levels were altered (601 increased, 448 decreas ...201425504150
structure of a bacterial microcompartment shell protein bound to a cobalamin cofactor.the eutl shell protein is a key component of the ethanolamine-utilization microcompartment, which serves to compartmentalize ethanolamine degradation in diverse bacteria. the apparent function of this shell protein is to facilitate the selective diffusion of large cofactor molecules between the cytoplasm and the lumen of the microcompartment. while eutl is implicated in molecular-transport phenomena, the details of its function, including the identity of its transport substrate, remain unknown. ...201425484204
splenic abscess after splenic blunt injury angioembolization.splenic angioembolization (sae), during nonoperative management (nom) of blunt splenic injury (bsi), is an effective therapy for hemodynamically stable patients with grade iii, iv, and v ois splenic injuries. we report a case of a patient with a blunt abdominal trauma due to an accidental fall, who presented splenic abscess a week after sae and a review of the literature.201425362884
high incidence of staphylococcus aureus and norovirus gastroenteritis in infancy: a single-center, 1-year experience.the etiology of acute gastroenteritis (age) has changed since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccination. the aim of this study was to clarify which common pathogens, both bacterial and viral, are currently causing age in infants.201425349829
immune and anti-oxidant effects of in ovo selenium proteinate on post-hatch experimental avian necrotic enteritis.this study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo administration of selenium (se) incorporated into hydrolyzed soybean protein (b-taxim [bt]) on protection against experimental avian necrotic enteritis (ne). broiler eggs were injected with either 100 μl of pbs alone (bt0), or 20 or 40 μg/egg of bt in pbs (bt20, bt40) at 18 days of embryogenesis. on day 14 post-hatch, the chickens were uninfected or orally infected with 1.0 × 10(4) oocysts of eimeria maxima (e. maxima). on day 18 post ...201425468015
prevalence of clostridium perfringens, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and dysbiosis in fecal samples of dogs with diarrhea.clostridium perfringens has been suspected as an enteropathogen in dogs. however, its exact role in gastrointestinal (gi) disorders in dogs remains unknown. recent studies suggest the importance of an altered intestinal microbiota in the activation of virulence factors of enteropathogens. the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between diarrhea, dysbiosis, and the presence of c. perfringens and its enterotoxin (cpe). fecal samples were collected prospectively from 95 healthy contr ...201425458422
modulation of small intestinal homeostasis along with its microflora during acclimatization at simulated hypobaric hypoxia.at high altitude (ha) hypobaric hypoxic environment manifested several pathophysiological consequences of which gastrointestinal (gi) disorder are very common phenomena. to explore the most possible clue behind this disorder intestinal flora, the major player of the gi functions, were subjected following simulated hypobaric hypoxic treatment in model animal. for this, male albino rats were exposed to 55 kpa (approximately 4872.9 m) air pressure consecutively for 30 days for 8 h/day and its small ...201425434105
successional changes in the chicken cecal microbiome during 42 days of growth are independent of organic acid feed additives.poultry remains a major source of foodborne bacterial infections. a variety of additives with presumed anti-microbial and/or growth-promoting effects are commonly added to poultry feed during commercial grow-out, yet the effects of these additives on the gastrointestinal microbial community (the gi microbiome) as the bird matures remain largely unknown. here we compared temporal changes in the cecal microbiome to the effects of formic acid, propionic acid, and medium-chain fatty acids (mcfa) add ...201425427406
[focal meningitis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus)--diagnostic procedure and pathology].a 15-year-old female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) with progressive lameness of the hindlimbs and a chronic skin lesion was presented for clinical examination. the clinical neurological examination, showing a paraparesis, was completed by magnetic resonance imaging. mr images of the cervical and thoracic spine showed a well-defined muscle infiltrating lesion between the seventh cervical vertebra (c7) and the second thoracic vertebra (t2), which extended through the intervertebral ...201425406071
effect of rooibos (aspalathus linearis) on growth control of clostridium perfringens and lipid oxidation of ready-to-eat jokbal (pig's trotters).this study investigated the antimicrobial effects of rooibos (tea extract), potassium lactate (pl) and sodium diacetate (sda) mixture alone or in combinations on the growth of clostridium perfringens vegetative cell and spore in ready-to-eat (rte) jokbal (pig's trotters). addition of a combination of 10% rooibos and 4% pl + sda inhibit growth of c. perfringens vegetative cell in jokbal at 24 °c and 36 °c. the significant inhibition on germination and growth of c. perfringens spores was also obse ...201425394229
neuraminidase inhibitory activities of quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes food poisoning. the neuraminidase (na) protein of c. perfringens plays a pivotal role in bacterial proliferation and is considered a novel antibacterial drug target. based on screens for novel na inhibitors, a 95% etoh extract of corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome showed na inhibitory activity (68% at 30 μg/ml), which resulted in the isolation of 10 isoquinoline alkaloids; namely, palmatine (1), berberine (2), coptisin ...201425277281
the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol predisposes for the development of clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.both mycotoxin contamination of feed and clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis have an increasing global economic impact on poultry production. especially the fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) is a common feed contaminant. this study aimed at examining the predisposing effect of don on the development of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. an experimental clostridium perfringens infection study revealed that don, at a contamination level of 3,000 to 4,000 µg/kg feed, incre ...201425268498
intestinal events and nutritional dynamics predispose clostridium perfringens virulence in broilers.clostridium perfringensa (cpa) entering the gastrointestinal system depends on favorable conditions to develop and subsequently extend pathogenicity. reduction in digestive dynamics progressing from the duodenum decreases lumen oxygen, leading to anaerobic conditions in the distal lumen that favor cpa. when nutritional support is concurrently provided, an expanding population threatens the mucosa. dietary nonstarch polysaccharides that increase viscosity further impair oxygen transfer from the m ...201425260526
a synthetic peptide corresponding to the extracellular loop 2 region of claudin-4 protects against clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in vitro and in vivo.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) action starts when the toxin binds to claudin receptors. claudins contain two extracellular loop domains, with the second loop (ecl-2) being slightly smaller than the first. cpe has been shown to bind to ecl-2 in receptor claudins. we recently demonstrated that caco-2 cells (a naturally cpe-sensitive enterocyte-like cell line) can be protected from cpe-induced cytotoxicity by preincubating the enterotoxin with soluble full-length recombinant claudin-4 (r ...201425156725
[alpha and theta toxin clostridium perfringens infection complicated by septic shock and hemolysis]. 201425154792
targeting tight junctions during epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human pancreatic cancer.pancreatic cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to reduce the mortality of patients with this disease. in pancreatic cancer, some tight junction proteins, including claudins, are abnormally regulated and therefore are promising molecular targets for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. claudin-4 and -18 are overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions. claudin ...201425152584
identification of a two-component signal transduction system that regulates maltose genes in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive rod that is widely distributed in nature and is the etiological agent of several human and animal diseases. the complete genome sequence of c. perfringens strain 13 has been determined and multiple two-component signal transduction systems identified. one of these systems, designated here as the malno system, was analyzed in this study. microarray analysis was used to carry out functional analysis of a malo mutant. the results, which were confirmed by q ...201425152227
differential responses of cecal microbiota to fishmeal, eimeria and clostridium perfringens in a necrotic enteritis challenge model in chickens.clostridium perfringens causes enteric diseases in animals and humans. in poultry, avian-specific c. perfringens strains cause necrotic enteritis, an economically significant poultry disease that costs the global industry over $2 billion annually in losses and control measures. with removal of antibiotic growth promoters in some countries this disease appears to be on the rise. in experimental conditions used to study disease pathogenesis and potential control measures, reproduction of the disea ...201425167074
dietary calcium, phosphorus, and phytase effects on bird performance, intestinal morphology, mineral digestibility, and bone ash during a natural necrotic enteritis episode.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary ca, p, and phytase on performance, intestinal morphology, bone ash, and ca and p digestibility during a necrotic enteritis (ne) outbreak. the 35-d trial was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, which included 2 ca levels (0.6 and 0.9%), 2 p levels (0.3 and 0.45%), and 2 levels of phytase [0 and 1,000 phytase units (ftu)/kg]. birds were placed on litter from a previous flock that exhibited clinical signs of ne. birds and feed were w ...201425143591
proteolytic processing and activation of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin by caprine small intestinal contents.epsilon toxin (etx), a pore-forming toxin produced by type b and d strains of clostridium perfringens, mediates severe enterotoxemia in livestock and possibly plays a role in human disease. during enterotoxemia, the nearly inactive etx prototoxin is produced in the intestines but then must be activated by proteolytic processing. the current study sought to examine etx prototoxin processing and activation ex vivo using the intestinal contents of a goat, a natural host species for etx-mediated dis ...201425336460
enumeration of clostridia in goat milk using an optimized membrane filtration technique.a membrane filtration technique developed for counting butyric acid bacteria in cow milk was further developed for analysis of goat milk. reduction of the sample volume, prolongation of incubation time after addition of proteolytic enzyme and detergent, and a novel step of ultrasonic treatment during incubation allowed filtration of goat milk even in the case of somatic cell counts (scc) exceeding 10(6)/ml. however, filterability was impaired in milk from goats in late lactation. in total, spore ...201425129496
contributions of nani sialidase to caco-2 cell adherence by clostridium perfringens type a and c strains causing human intestinal disease.previous studies showed that clostridium perfringens type d animal disease strain cn3718 uses nani sialidase for adhering to enterocyte-like caco-2 cells. the current study analyzed whether nani is similarly important when type a and c human intestinal disease strains attach to caco-2 cells. a pcr survey determined that the nani gene was absent from typical type a food poisoning (fp) strains carrying a chromosomal enterotoxin (cpe) gene or the genetically related type c darmbrand (db) strains. h ...201425135687
in vitro fermentation of lactulose by human gut bacteria.lactulose has been known as a prebiotic that can selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. recent studies have indicated that streptococcus mutans, clostridium perfringens, and faecalibacterium prausnitzii are also able to utilize lactulose. however, the previous studies mainly focused on the utilization of lactulose by individual strains, and few studies were designed to identify the species that could utilize lactulose among gut microbiota. this study aime ...201425340538
crystal structure of the phosphate-binding protein (pbp-1) of an abc-type phosphate transporter from clostridium perfringens.phosphate limitation is an important environmental stress that affects the metabolism of various organisms and, in particular, can trigger the virulence of numerous bacterial pathogens. clostridium perfringens, a human pathogen, is one of the most common causes of enteritis necroticans, gas gangrene and food poisoning. here, we focused on the high affinity phosphate-binding protein (pbp-1) of an abc-type transporter, responsible for cellular phosphate uptake. we report the crystal structure (1.6 ...201425338617
comparing the identification of clostridium spp. by two matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry platforms to 16s rrna pcr sequencing as a reference standard: a detailed analysis of age of culture and sample preparation.we compared the identification of clostridium species using mass spectrometry by two different matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) platforms (bruker ms and vitek ms) against 16s rrna sequencing as the reference standard. we then examined the impact of different sample preparations and (on one of those platforms) age of bacterial colonial growth on the performance of the maldi-tof ms systems. we identified 10 different species amongst the 52 ...201425230331
induction of potential protective immunity against enterotoxemia in calves by single or multiple recombinant clostridium perfringens toxoids.cattle enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens toxins is a noncontagious, sporadic, and fatal disease characterized by sudden death. strategies for controlling and preventing cattle enterotoxemia are based on systematic vaccination of herds with toxoids. because the process of producing conventional clostridial vaccines is dangerous, expensive, and time-consuming, the prospect of recombinant toxoid vaccines against diseases caused by c. perfringens toxins is promising. in this study, non ...201425197030
efficacy of an anticoccidial live vaccine in prevention of necrotic enteritis in chickens.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important disease in poultry caused by clostridium perfringens combined with predisposing factors, mainly eimeriosis. in the present study, we investigated the protective effect of a commercial attenuated anticoccidial live vaccine against ne in a clinical infection model using 60 day-old chicks. vaccination was performed on study day (sd) 1 with natural booster-infections for 4 weeks from eimeria spp. oocysts present in litter. on sd 28, five groups were formed (n= ...201425131774
toxinotyping of clostridium perfringens fecal isolates of reintroduced père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) in china.clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen causing sudden death syndrome, necrotic enteritis, and gas gangrene in ruminants, especially some deer species. père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) is one of the world's rare species and is an endangered and protected species in china. some père david's deer in the chinese shishou père david's deer preserve died due to c. perfringens infection. we investigated the toxin types and c. perfringens enterotoxin-positive (cpe(+)) strains of isolate ...201425050802
[complex surgical management of hemodialysis vascular access infection caused by clostridium perfringens].infection of prosthetic hemodialysis (hd) shunts is one of the most common complications of vascular access in hemodialysis patients. the incidence of anaerobic infection is very rare. in such a case, management of treatment represents a great challenge for the surgeon. we report a complicated case of autologous hemodialysis shunt infected by clostridium perfringens on the right forearm in a polymorbid female patient with chronic renal failure and myelodysplastic syndrome. the patient has underg ...201425047973
applicability of universal bacteroidales genetic marker for microbial monitoring of drinking water sources in comparison to conventional indicators.water quality monitoring is essential for the provision of safe drinking water. in this study, we compared a selection of fecal indicators with universal bacteroidales genetic marker to identify fecal pollution of a variety of drinking water sources. a total of 60 samples were collected from water sources. the microbiological parameters included total coliforms, fecal coliforms, escherichia coli and fecal streptococci as the fecal indicator bacteria (fib), clostridium perfringens and h2s bacteri ...201425023746
structure of a c. perfringens enterotoxin mutant in complex with a modified claudin-2 extracellular loop 2.cpe (clostridium perfringens enterotoxin) is the major virulence determinant for c. perfringens type-a food poisoning, the second most common bacterial food-borne illness in the uk and usa. after binding to its receptors, which include particular human claudins, the toxin forms pores in the cell membrane. the mature pore apparently contains a hexamer of cpe, claudin and, possibly, occludin. the combination of high binding specificity with cytotoxicity has resulted in cpe being investigated, with ...201425020226
necrotizing myositis in a neutropenic patient: the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of atypical presentations.we report a case of fatal necrotizing soft tissue infection (nsti) due to clostridium perfringens (cp) in a neutropenic patient with diabetes mellitus. as in many cases, by the time a diagnosis was made, the condition had rapidly progressed to its late stages, resulting in a fatal outcome. the emergency physician should be aware of nsti as a complication when patients present with pain out of proportion to physical findings and/or signs of soft tissue compromise. negative prognostic factors for ...201425013733
[a patient with sepsis and a gas-forming liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens treated with continuous perfusion drainage].a 64-year-old man presented with diarrhea, fever, and disturbance of consciousness; he was subsequently diagnosed with acute renal and hepatic disorder. abdominal computed tomography identified a gas-forming liver abscess, and the patient underwent emergency drainage. however, his condition did not improve, and clostridium perfringens was observed in his blood culture. continuous perfusion drainage was performed by placing an additional drainage tube, which resulted in abscess shrinkage and impr ...201424998733
effects of melatonin on oxidative stress, and resistance to bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections: a review.melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, works directly and indirectly as a free radical scavenger. its other physiological or pharmacological activities could be dependent or independent of receptors located in different cells, organs, and tissues. in addition to its role in promoting sleep and circadian rhythms regulation, it has important immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects suggesting that this indole must be considered as a therapeutic alternative against inf ...201424811367
perfringolysin o structure and mechanism of pore formation as a paradigm for cholesterol-dependent cytolysins.cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) constitute a family of pore forming toxins secreted by gram-positive bacteria. these toxins form transmembrane pores by inserting a large β-barrel into cholesterol-containing membrane bilayers. binding of water-soluble cdcs to the membrane triggers the formation of oligomers containing 35-50 monomers. the coordinated insertion of more than seventy β-hairpins into the membrane requires multiple structural conformational changes. perfringolysin o (pfo), secr ...201424798008
correlation between in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo lethal activity in mice of epsilon toxin mutants from clostridium perfringens.epsilon toxin (etx) from clostridium perfringens is a pore-forming protein with a lethal effect on livestock, producing severe enterotoxemia characterized by general edema and neurological alterations. site-specific mutations of the toxin are valuable tools to study the cellular and molecular mechanism of the toxin activity. in particular, mutants with paired cysteine substitutions that affect the membrane insertion domain behaved as dominant-negative inhibitors of toxin activity in mdck cells. ...201425013927
structural basis of sialidase in complex with geranylated flavonoids as potent natural inhibitors.sialidase catalyzes the removal of a terminal sialic acid from glycoconjugates and plays a pivotal role in nutrition, cellular interactions and pathogenesis mediating various infectious diseases including cholera, influenza and sepsis. an array of antiviral sialidase agents have been developed and are commercially available, such as zanamivir and oseltamivir for treating influenza. however, the development of bacterial sialidase inhibitors has been much less successful. here, natural polyphenoli ...201424816104
effects of in ovo injection with selenium on immune and antioxidant responses during experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.this study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of se on modulating the immune system and antioxidant responses in broiler chickens with experimental necrotic enteritis. broiler eggs were injected at 18 d of embryo age with either 100 μl of pbs alone or sodium selenite (na2seo3) in pbs, providing 0 (ss0), 10 (ss10), or 20 (ss20) μg of se/egg. at 14 d posthatch, pbs-treated and uninfected chickens were kept as the control group, whereas the remaining chickens were orally i ...201424795303
b-cell epitope of beta toxin of clostridium perfringens genetically conjugated to a carrier protein: expression, purification and characterization of the chimeric protein.beta toxin (btx) is the prime virulence factor for the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type c strain, known to cause necrotic enteritis and enterotoxaemia in mammalian species. the existing vaccines targeting btx are formaldehyde inactivated culture filtrates of clostridium. these filtrates raise antigenic load in the host leading to nonspecific and poor responses. the present study aimed to overcome these drawbacks and generate a chimeric protein carrying in silico identified b-cell epi ...201424996028
challenging the roles of cd44 and lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor in conveying clostridium perfringens iota toxin cytotoxicity in breast cancer.translational exploration of bacterial toxins has come to the forefront of research given their potential as a chemotherapeutic tool. studies in select tissues have demonstrated that clostridium perfringens iota toxin binds to cd44 and lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor (lsr) cell-surface proteins. we recently demonstrated that lsr expression correlates with estrogen receptor positive breast cancers and that lsr signaling directs aggressive, tumor-initiating cell behaviors. herein, we ide ...201424990559
public health campaign to promote hand hygiene before meals in a college of veterinary medicine.veterinary students can be exposed to environmental infectious agents in school that may include zoonotic pathogens. encouraging effective hand hygiene can minimize the spread of zoonoses and promote public health and the one health concept among veterinary students. the purpose of this study was to determine if a campaign could improve hand hygiene among veterinary students at extracurricular meetings serving meals. nine kansas state university college of veterinary medicine (ksu-cvm) extracurr ...201424981423
progress and problems in vaccination against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis in broilers is caused by clostridium perfringens type a strains that produce the netb toxin. necrotic enteritis is one of the gastrointestinal diseases in poultry that has gained worldwide importance during the last decade due to efforts to improve broiler performance. prevention strategies include avoiding predisposing factors, such as coccidiosis, and in-feed supplementation with a variety of feed additives. however, vaccination with modified toxin or other secreted immunoge ...201424980518
cryptosporidium and giardia in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: estimation of bathing-associated disease risks.sewage is a major contributor to pollution problems involving human pathogens in tropical coastal areas. this study investigated the occurrence of intestinal protozoan parasites (giardia and cryptosporidium) in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with sewage. the potential risks of cryptosporidium and giardia infection from recreational water exposure were estimated from the levels of viable (oo) cysts (dic+, dapi+, pi-) found in near-shore swimming areas using an exponential dose r ...201424975093
dna sequence signatures for rapid detection of six target bacterial pathogens using pcr assays.using streptococcus pyogenes as a model, we previously established a stepwise computational workflow to effectively identify species-specific dna signatures that could be used as pcr primer sets to detect target bacteria with high specificity and sensitivity. in this study, we extended the workflow for the rapid development of pcr assays targeting enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, clostridium tetani, and staphylococcus aureus, which are ...201526279626
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin binds to membrane lipids and its cytotoxic action depends on sulfatide.epsilon toxin (etx) is one of the major lethal toxins produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, being the causal agent of fatal enterotoxemia in animals, mainly sheep and goats. etx is synthesized as a non-active prototoxin form (proetx) that becomes active upon proteolytic activation. etx exhibits a cytotoxic effect through the formation of a pore in the plasma membrane of selected cell targets where etx specifically binds due to the presence of specific receptors. however, the identit ...201526452234
blurred lines: pathogens, commensals, and the healthy gut. 201526664968
a novel cofactor-binding mode in bacterial imp dehydrogenases explains inhibitor selectivity.the steadily rising frequency of emerging diseases and antibiotic resistance creates an urgent need for new drugs and targets. inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (imp dehydrogenase or impdh) is a promising target for the development of new antimicrobial agents. impdh catalyzes the oxidation of imp to xmp with the concomitant reduction of nad(+), which is the pivotal step in the biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides. potent inhibitors of bacterial impdhs have been identified that bind in a stru ...201525572472
multiplex detection of nine food-borne pathogens by mpcr and capillary electrophoresis after using a universal pre-enrichment medium.routine microbiological quality analyses in food samples require, in some cases, an initial incubation in pre-enrichment medium. this is necessary in order to ensure that small amounts of pathogenic strains are going to be detected. in this work, a universal pre-enrichment medium has been developed for the simultaneous growth of bacillus cereus, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium perfringens, cronobacter sakazakii, escherichia coli, enterobacteriaceae family (38 species, 27 genera), listeria mono ...201526579100
characterization of the spore-forming bacillus cereus sensu lato group and clostridium perfringens bacteria isolated from the australian dairy farm environment.the bacillus cereus sensu lato group and clostridium perfringens are spore-forming bacteria often associated with food spoilage and which can cause emetic and diarrheal syndromes in humans and ruminants. this study characterised the phenotypes and genotypes of 50 bacillus cereus s. l. isolates and 26 clostridium perfringens isolates from dairy farms environments in victoria, australia.201525881096
expert elicitation as a means to attribute 28 enteric pathogens to foodborne, waterborne, animal contact, and person-to-person transmission routes in canada.enteric illness contributes to a significant burden of illness in canada and globally. understanding its sources is a critical step in identifying and preventing health risks. expert elicitation is a powerful tool, used previously, to obtain information about enteric illness source attribution where information is difficult or expensive to obtain. thirty-one experts estimated transmission of 28 pathogens via major transmission routes (foodborne, waterborne, animal contact, person-to-person, and ...201525835810
enteric bacteria isolated from diarrheal patients in korea in 2014.the aim of this study was to characterize the pathogens responsible for causing diarrhea according to season, region of isolation, patient age, and sex as well as to provide useful data for the prevention of diarrheal disease.201526473090
a study on characterization of new bacteriocin produced from a novel strain of lactobacillus spicheri g2 isolated from gundruk- a fermented vegetable product of north east india: a novel bacteriocin production from lactobacillus spicheri g2.bacteriocin producing lactobacillus spicheri g2, isolated from gundruk - a traditional fermented vegetable product of north east india. l. spicheri g2 identified by morphological, biochemical techniques followed by 16s rrna gene technique. the 16sr rna sequence of bacteriocin producer is registered in ncbi under accession no. jx481912. the bacteriocin producing potential of l. spicheri is being reported for the first time in the present investigation. bacteriocin of l. spicheri g2 showed strong ...201526344995
effect of packaging technology on microbiological and sensory quality of a cooked blood sausage, morcela de arroz, from monchique region of portugal.morcela de arroz (ma), a popular portuguese blood sausage, with high ph and water activity (aw), is traditionally commercialized without preservatives and unpacked. this study evaluated the best packaging solution to extend ma shelf life stored at 4±1°c for 44days: without packaging (wp), vacuum (vp) and modified atmosphere packaging (map) (80% co2; 20% n2). mesophilic (mtvc), psychrotrophic (ptvc), lactic acid bacteria (lab), pseudomonads, molds and yeasts, enterobacteriaceae, listeria monocyto ...201525462380
characterization of deep sea fish gut bacteria with antagonistic potential, from centroscyllium fabricii (deep sea shark).the bacterial isolates from centroscyllium fabricii (deep sea shark) gut were screened for antagonistic activity by cross-streak method and disc diffusion assay. this study focuses on strain btss-3, which showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria including salmonella typhimurium, proteus vulgaris, clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, bacillus circulans, bacillus macerans and bacillus pumilus. btss3 was subjected to phenotypic characterization using bio ...201525740801
in vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.in the post-antibiotic era, essential oils (eo) are promising alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics. the aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of an eo product and its components thymol and carvacrol in vitro, and the efficacy of eo to control clostridium perfringens challenge in broiler chickens.201526705471
epidemiological and pathobiological profiles of clostridium perfringens infections: review of consecutive series of 33 cases over a 13-year period.although clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is well known as the causative agent of several forms of enteric disease, precise epidemiological and pathobiological aspects are still unknown.201525755747
antibiotic-resistant bacteria: prevalence in food and inactivation by food-compatible compounds and plant extracts.foodborne antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria such as campylobacter jejuni, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, salmonella enterica, staphylococcus aureus, vibrio cholerae, and vibrio parahemolyticus can adversely affect animal and human health, but a better understanding of the factors involved in their pathogenesis is needed. to help meet this need, this overview surveys and interprets much of our current knowledge of antibiotic (multidrug)-resistant bacteria in th ...201525856120
microbiological diversity and prevalence of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in commercial fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, fruit wine, refined rice wine, and yakju).the present study examined 469 commercially available fermented alcoholic beverages (fabs), including beer (draft, microbrewed, and pasteurized), fruit wine (grape and others), refined rice wine, and yakju (raw and pasteurized). samples were screened for escherichia coli and eight foodborne pathogens (bacillus cereus, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella spp., staphylococcus aureus, and yersinia enterocolitica), and the aerob ...201525836410
characterization of clostridium perfringens tpel toxin gene carriage, production, cytotoxic contributions, and trypsin sensitivity.large clostridial toxins (lcts) are produced by at least four pathogenic clostridial species, and several lcts are proven pivotal virulence factors for both human and veterinary diseases. tpel is a recently identified lct produced by clostridium perfringens that has received relatively limited study. in response, the current study surveyed carriage of the tpel gene among different c. perfringens strains, detecting this toxin gene in some type a, b, and c strains but not in any type d or e strain ...201525824828
improvement of immunity and disease resistance in the nile tilapia, oreochromis niloticus, by dietary supplementation with bacillus amyloliquefaciens.probiotics can be used as immunostimulants in aquaculture. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immune responses of nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus following feeding with bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores at concentrations of 1 × 10(6) (g3) and 1 × 10(4) (g2) colony-forming units per gram (cfu/g) of feed compared with a basal diet with no probiotics (g1). a total of 180 fingerlings (27.7 ± 0.22 g) were divided into three groups (g1-g3 of 20 fish per group) in triplicate. innate immunitie ...201525783002
diet is a major factor governing the fecal butyrate-producing community structure across mammalia, aves and reptilia.butyrate-producing bacteria have an important role in maintaining host health. they are well studied in human and medically associated animal models; however, much less is known for other vertebrata. we investigated the butyrate-producing community in hindgut-fermenting mammalia (n = 38), aves (n = 8) and reptilia (n = 8) using a gene-targeted pyrosequencing approach of the terminal genes of the main butyrate-synthesis pathways, namely butyryl-coa:acetate coa-transferase (but) and butyrate kinas ...201525343515
hygienisation and nutrient conservation of sewage sludge or cattle manure by lactic acid fermentation.manure from animal farms and sewage sludge contain pathogens and opportunistic organisms in various concentrations depending on the health of the herds and human sources. other than for the presence of pathogens, these waste substances are excellent nutrient sources and constitute a preferred organic fertilizer. however, because of the pathogens, the risks of infection of animals or humans increase with the indiscriminate use of manure, especially liquid manure or sludge, for agriculture. this p ...201525786255
selection of bacillus spp. for cellulase and xylanase production as direct-fed microbials to reduce digesta viscosity and clostridium perfringens proliferation using an in vitro digestive model in different poultry diets.previously, our laboratory has screened and identified bacillus spp. isolates as direct-fed microbials (dfm). the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the cellulase and xylanase production of these isolates and select the most appropriate bacillus spp. candidates for dfm. furthermore, an in vitro digestive model, simulating different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract, was used to determine the effect of these selected candidates on digesta viscosity and clostridium perfringens p ...201526664954
functional analysis of a bacitracin resistance determinant located on icecp1, a novel tn916-like element from a conjugative plasmid in clostridium perfringens.bacitracins are mixtures of structurally related cyclic polypeptides with antibiotic properties. they act by interfering with the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. in this study, we analyzed an avian necrotic enteritis strain of clostridium perfringens that was resistant to bacitracin and produced netb toxin. we identified a bacitracin resistance locus that resembled a bacitracin resistance determinant from enterococcus faecalis. it contained the structural genes bcrabd and a putative reg ...201526282424
effects of co-fermented pleurotus eryngii stalk residues and soybean hulls by aureobasidium pullulans on performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens.soybean hulls are a by-product of soybean processing for oil and meal production; pleurotus eryngii stalk residues (pesr) are by-products of the edible portion of the fruiting body enriched in bioactive metabolites. this study evaluated the effects of co-fermented pesr and soybean hulls with aureobasidium pullulans on performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. the in vitro experimental results showed that xylananse and mannanase activity of solid-state fermented soybean hulls (10 ...201526467005
residues involved in the pore-forming activity of the clostridium perfringens iota toxin.clostridium perfringens iota toxin is a binary toxin that is organized into enzyme (ia) and binding (ib) components. ib forms channels in lipid bilayers and mediates the transport of ia into the target cells. here we show that ib residues 334-359 contain a conserved pattern of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues forming two amphipathic β-strands involved in membrane insertion and channel formation. this stretch of amino acids shows remarkable structural and functional analogies with ...201525266274
loss of endothelial barrier antigen immunoreactivity as a marker of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin-induced microvascular damage in rat brain.the epsilon toxin elaborated by clostridium perfringens type d in the intestine of domestic livestock is principally responsible for the neurological disease produced after its absorption in excessive quantities into the systemic circulation. the fundamental basis of the cerebral damage induced by epsilon toxin appears to be microvascular injury with ensuing severe, diffuse vasogenic oedema. endothelial barrier antigen (eba), which is normally expressed by virtually all capillaries and venules i ...201524973988
comparative neuropathology of ovine enterotoxemia produced by clostridium perfringens type d wild-type strain cn1020 and its genetically modified derivatives.clostridium perfringens type d causes enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. the disease is mediated by epsilon toxin (etx), which affects the cerebrovascular endothelium, increasing vascular permeability and leading to cerebral edema. in the present study, we compared the distribution and severity of the cerebrovascular changes induced in lambs by c. perfringens type d strain cn1020, its isogenic etx null mutant, and the etx-producing complemented mutant. we also applied histochemical and immunohist ...201524964921
erythrophagocytosis by neutrophils associated with clostridium perfringens-induced hemolytic anemia. 201525109599
epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens acts on oligodendrocytes without forming pores, and causes demyelination.epsilon toxin (et) is produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d and causes severe neurological disorders in animals. et has been observed binding to white matter, suggesting that it may target oligodendrocytes. in primary cultures containing oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, we found that et (10(-9) m and 10(-7) m) binds to oligodendrocytes, but not to astrocytes. et induces an increase in extracellular glutamate, and produces oscillations of intracellular ca(2+) concentration in oligoden ...201525287162
clostridium perfringens type a-e toxin plasmids.clostridium perfringens relies upon plasmid-encoded toxin genes to cause intestinal infections. these toxin genes are associated with insertion sequences that may facilitate their mobilization and transfer, giving rise to new toxin plasmids with common backbones. most toxin plasmids carry a transfer of clostridial plasmids locus mediating conjugation, which likely explains the presence of similar toxin plasmids in otherwise unrelated c. perfringens strains. the association of many toxin genes wi ...201525283728
clostridium perfringens endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty with contaminated corneal allografts: a case series.to report the postoperative clinical course of 3 patients who underwent corneal transplantation with corneal allografts contaminated with clostridium perfringens and to evaluate the risk factors for anaerobic contamination in 2 donors.201525393093
a combination of targeted toxin technology and the piggybac-mediated gene transfer system enables efficient isolation of stable transfectants in nonhuman mammalian cells.isolation of cells harboring exogenous dna is typically achieved by the introduction of plasmids, but its efficiency remains still low. in this study, we developed a novel strategy to obtain stable transfectants efficiently. porcine embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with two plasmids: (i) ptransiend, which comprises the ubiquitous promoter, the piggybac (pb) transposase gene, an internal ribosomal entry site, the clostridium perfringens-derived endo-β-galactosidase c (endogalc) gene, and a ...201525345906
directed structural modification of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin to enhance binding to claudin-5.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) binds to distinct claudins (clds), which regulate paracellular barrier functions in endo- and epithelia. the c-terminal domain (ccpe) has the potential for selective claudin modulation, since it only binds to a subset of claudins, e.g., cld3 and cld4 (ccpe receptors). cld5 (non-cpe receptor) is a main constituent in tight junctions (tj) of the blood-brain barrier. we aimed to reveal claudin recognition mechanisms of ccpe and to create a basis for a cld5- ...201525342221
determination of the clostridium perfringens-binding site on fibronectin.the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (fn) is known to bind to the surface of clostridium perfringens cells. fn is a disulfide-linked homodimer protein, with each fn polypeptide consisting of three types of repeating modules: 12 type i, 2 type ii, and 15-17 type iii modules. to determine the epitope on fn recognized by c. perfringens cells, anti-fn monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and various fn fragments (iii2-10, riii2-4, riii5-7, riii8, riii9, riii10) were employed. although two c. perfrin ...201525433150
one-carbon metabolic pathway rewiring in escherichia coli reveals an evolutionary advantage of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fhs) in survival under hypoxia.in cells, n(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate (n(10)-fthf) is required for formylation of eubacterial/organellar initiator trna and purine nucleotide biosynthesis. biosynthesis of n(10)-fthf is catalyzed by 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase (fold) and/or 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fhs). all eubacteria possess fold, but some possess both fold and fhs. however, the reasons for possessing fhs in addition to fold have remained unclear. we used escherichia coli, which n ...201525448816
genomic analyses of clostridium perfringens isolates from five toxinotypes.clostridium perfringens can be isolated from a range of environments, including soil, marine and fresh water sediments, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. some c. perfringens strains have attractive industrial applications, e.g., in the degradation of waste products or the production of useful chemicals. however, c. perfringens has been most studied as the causative agent of a range of enteric and soft tissue infections of varying severities in humans and animals. host prefer ...201525445567
differential outgrowth potential of clostridium perfringens food-borne isolates with various cpe-genotypes in vacuum-packed ground beef during storage at 12°c.in the current study, the outgrowth of spores of 15 different food isolates of clostridium perfringens was evaluated in vacuum-packed ground beef during storage at 12°c and 25°c. this included enterotoxic strains carrying the gene encoding the cpe enterotoxin on the chromosome (c-cpe), on a plasmid (p-cpe) and cpe-negative strains. the 15 strains were selected from a larger group of strains that were first evaluated for their ability to sporulate in modified duncan-strong sporulating medium. spo ...201525461607
detection and molecular typing of clostridium perfringens isolates from beef, chicken and turkey meats.here we describe a study investigating the presence of clostridium perfringens strains in meat samples and the toxin genes in the isolates by pcr. this study, for the first time, demonstrated the presence of c. perfringens type e in turkey meats, while c. perfringens type c strains isolated from chicken meats.201525460196
dynamic determination of kinetic parameters, computer simulation, and probabilistic analysis of growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked beef during cooling.the objective of this research was to develop a new one-step methodology that uses a dynamic approach to directly construct a tertiary model for prediction of the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked beef. this methodology was based on simultaneous numerical analysis and optimization of both primary and secondary models using multiple dynamic growth curves obtained under different conditions. once the models were constructed, the bootstrap method was used to calculate the 95% confidence i ...201525500276
two novel membrane proteins, tcpd and tcpe, are essential for conjugative transfer of pcw3 in clostridium perfringens.the anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens encodes either toxin genes or antibiotic resistance determinants on a unique family of conjugative plasmids that have a novel conjugation region, the tcp locus. studies of the paradigm conjugative plasmid from c. perfringens, the 47-kb tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3, have identified several tcp-encoded proteins that are involved in conjugative transfer and form part of the transfer apparatus. in this study, the role of the conserved hypothetic ...201525488300
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