Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| functional characterization of domains found within a lytic enzyme produced by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | zoocin a is a lysostaphin-like streptococcolytic enzyme produced by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus 4881 that specifically targets the cell walls of some closely related species. on the basis of sequence homology it was suggested that zoocin a was a domain-structured enzyme with the n-terminal domain responsible for catalysis (cat) and the c-terminal domain for target recognition (sbd). polypeptides corresponding to zoocin a (rzooa) and each of the putative domains (rcat and rsbd) were p ... | 2002 | 12393213 |
| amplifying the cellular reduction potential of streptococcus zooepidemicus. | the valuable pharmaceutical polymer, hyaluronic acid, is produced industrially using the gram-positive bacterium streptococcus zooepidemicus. synthesis of this polymer is a significant energetic burden upon the microorganism hence the native nadh oxidase gene was cloned and overexpressed to increase the energy yield of catabolism during aerobic cultivation on glucose. elevated nadh oxidase levels led to a decline in lactic acid generation and prevented ethanol formation, leaving acetate as the m ... | 2003 | 12413784 |
| occurrence of infectious upper respiratory tract disease and response to vaccination in horses on six sentinel premises in northern colorado. | horses vaccinated against common agents of infectious upper respiratory disease (iurd) may not have detectable serum antibody and may not be protected from clinical disease. | 2003 | 12553466 |
| two novel superantigens found in both group a and group c streptococcus. | two novel streptococcal superantigen genes (spel(se) and spem(se)) were identified from the streptococcus equi genome database at the sanger center. genotyping of 8 s. equi isolates and 40 streptococcus pyogenes isolates resulted in the detection of the orthologous genes spel and spem in a restricted number of s. pyogenes isolates (15 and 5%, respectively). surprisingly, the novel superantigen genes could not be found in any of the analyzed s. equi isolates. the results suggest that both genes a ... | 2003 | 12595453 |
| evaluation of equine breeding farm management and preventative health practices as risk factors for development of rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. | to determine whether foal management practices, environmental management, and preventative health practices are risk factors for development of rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. | 2003 | 12597421 |
| percutaneous puncture technique for treating persistent retropharyngeal lymph node infections in seven horses. | between 1999 and 2001, seven horses with fever, dysphagia and a history of chronic upper respiratory tract infection lasting between three weeks and three months were examined. they had been treated unsuccessfully with a variety of antibiotics for three to four weeks. a deep abscess in a retropharyngeal lymph node was diagnosed in each case by clinical examination, endoscopy and echographic examination of the retropharyngeal region. the infected retropharyngeal lymph node of each horse was punct ... | 2003 | 12622287 |
| the effects of hyaluronan and its fragments on lipid models exposed to uv irradiation. | the effects of hyaluronan and its degradation products on irradiation-induced lipid peroxidation were investigated. liposomal skin lipid models with increasing complexity were used. hyaluronan and its fragments were able to reduce the amount of lipid peroxidation secondary products quantified by the thiobarbituric acid (tba) assay. the qualitative changes were studied by mass spectrometry. to elucidate the nature of free radical involvement electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) studies were carr ... | 2003 | 12623198 |
| strangles, bastard strangles, vives and glanders: archaeological relics in a genomic age. | 2003 | 12638785 | |
| brain abscesses as a metastatic manifestation of strangles: symptomatology and the use of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic aid. | the occurrence of unexpectedly high numbers of horses with neurological signs during two outbreaks of strangles required prompt in-depth researching of these cases, including the exploration of magnetic resonance imaging (mri) as a possible diagnostic technique. | 2003 | 12638790 |
| mutagenesis of streptococcus equi and streptococcus suis by transposon tn917. | genetic tools for studying streptococci are much less sophisticated than those that are available for many other bacterial genera. in this paper, we describe the development of a transposon mutagenesis system that we have used to mutate two important veterinary streptococci, streptococcus equi and streptococcus suis. the system uses a temperature-sensitive suicide vector to deliver tn917 via electroporation, transposing tn917 into the chromosomal dna of the two streptococci. the transposon inser ... | 2003 | 12695044 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus meningitis and bacteraemia. | group c streptococci are common causative agents of epidemic infections in animals and a rare cause of meningitis in humans. the case is reported of a 75-y-old man with meningitis caused by a group c streptococcus (streptococcus zooepidemicus). he had frequent contact with horses, which were a possible source of infection. in spite of treatment with a third generation cephalosporin, the outcome was fatal. | 2003 | 12751721 |
| cne, a collagen-binding protein of streptococcus equi. | streptococcus equi subspecies equi is an important horse pathogenic bacterium causing a serious disease called strangles. using bioinformatics we identified a gene denoted cne (gene encoding collagen-binding protein from s. equi) coding for a novel potential virulence factor of this species called protein cne. the protein is composed of 657 amino acids and has the typical features found in cell surface-anchored proteins in gram-positive bacteria. cne displays amino acid sequence similarities to ... | 2003 | 12757948 |
| the association of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus with canine infectious respiratory disease. | canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) is a multi-factorial infection that affects many kennelled dogs despite the wide use of vaccination. current vaccines aim to protect against viral agents and a single bacterial agent, bordetella bronchiseptica. we sought to examine the role of streptococcal species in cird. the isolation and identification of streptococci in the lower respiratory tract of clinically healthy dogs and those with cird were used to correlate the presence of specific strep ... | 2003 | 12860084 |
| clinical efficacy of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine and procaine penicillin g in a streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in ponies. | tissue chambers, implanted subcutaneously on both sides of the neck in eight ponies, were inoculated with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in order to compare the clinical efficacy of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine (tmp/sdz) and penicillin g treatment in a purulent infection. the tmp/sdz treatment consisted of one intravenous (i.v.) injection of 5 mg/kg tmp and 25 mg/kg sdz and the same dose of tmp/sdz per os (p.o.), both given 20 h after inoculation. the oral dose was then repeated every 12 h ... | 2003 | 12887605 |
| production and properties of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances from the swine pathogen streptococcus suis serotype 2. | streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a major pathogen found in the upper respiratory tract of swine. in this study, isolates of this bacterial species were tested for the production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (blis). of the 38 strains tested, four inhibited the growth of other s. suis isolates according to a deferred-antagonism plate assay. interestingly, three of the strains were originally isolated from healthy carrier pigs and were considered nonvirulent. three isolates (94-623, 90 ... | 2003 | 12902232 |
| purpura haemorrhagica in 53 horses. | the medical records of 53 horses with purpura haemorrhagica were reviewed. seventeen of them had been exposed to or infected with streptococcus equi, nine had been infected with corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, five had been vaccinated with s. equi m protein, five had had a respiratory infection of unknown aetiology, and two had open wounds; the other 15 cases had no history of recent viral or bacterial infection. the horses were between six months and 19 years of age (mean 8.4 years). the pr ... | 2003 | 12918829 |
| identification of variations in szp proteins of streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus and the relationship between protein variants and clinical signs of infection in horses. | to determine whether previously unidentified variations of the szp protein of streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus were present in horses with various clinical signs of infection and whether any relationship could be identified between szp protein variants and naturally occurring clinical conditions. | 2003 | 12926588 |
| pneumonia in horses induced by intrapulmonary inoculation of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | to evaluate the possibility that streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s.z) the causative bacterial agent of equine shipping fever pneumonia (esfp), as well as to investigate its pathogenesis, 10 horses (seven thoroughbreds and three anglo-arab species, ranging from 2-4 years in age) were experimentally inoculated, via an endoscope, into bronchus of the lung lobe with a dose of 30 ml of 1-7 x 10(8) cfu/ml of s.z. after inoculation, autopsy and pathological examinations were sequentially condu ... | 2003 | 12939505 |
| antimicrobial resistance patterns of vancomycin-resistant streptococcus equinus isolated from animal foods and epidemiological typing of resistant s. equinus by microbial uniprimer kit. | raw milk samples, and cow and chicken intestines were tested to isolate vancomycin-resistant, gram-positive bacteria. from these samples, we isolated seven vancomycin-resistant streptococcus equinus, two vancomycin-resistant viridans streptococcus and two vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. the mics of several antibiotics, including vancomycin, against these strains were tested. seven isolates of s. equinus showed high level resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin (>100 microg/ml). the c ... | 2003 | 12967199 |
| empyema of the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) in horses: 91 cases (1977-1997). | to identify features of guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) empyema in horses and compare findings of uncomplicated guttural pouch empyema with guttural pouch empyema complicated by chondroids. | 1999 | 14567432 |
| expression of the genes for lysostaphin and lysostaphin resistance in streptococci. | to determine if the genes for lysostaphin endopeptidase (end) and lysostaphin resistance (epr) function in streptococci, we transferred these genes from staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus into two strains of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. the end-containing streptococci were able to produce and process proendopeptidase. strains containing epr were more resistant to lysis by the streptococcolytic enzyme zoocin a and amino acid analysis of the peptidoglycans of the epr-contai ... | 2003 | 14612246 |
| streptococcus equi subspecies equi (lancefield group c) meningitis in a child. | we present a case of streptococcus equi subsp. equi meningitis in a young boy. this case represents the first report in the literature of meningitis caused by this organism, as far as we know. | 2003 | 14616711 |
| changes in antibiotic resistance in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1991-2000): 65 horses. | to document changes in antibiotic resistance of organisms in cases of equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis over a 10-year time period. | 2003 | 14641828 |
| characterization of group c and g streptococcal strains that cause streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. | twelve strains (the largest number ever reported) of group c and g(1) streptococci (gcs and ggs, respectively) that caused streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (stss) were collected and characterized. eleven strains were identified as streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, and one strain was identified as streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. we found that it was the first reported case of stss caused by s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. cluster analysis according to the 16s rrna gene (rdna ... | 2004 | 14715751 |
| aureomycin in the treatment of strangles. | 1951 | 14798785 | |
| sore shins in horses and dormant strangles. | 1951 | 14812146 | |
| [tests for demonstration of antistreptolysin in streptococcus infected horses]. | 1951 | 14854838 | |
| alteration in uterine contractility in mares with experimentally induced placentitis. | an experimental model of ascending placentitis was developed in the mare to characterize the uterine myoelectrical pattern in late gestation and determine how ascending placentitis altered this pattern. in experiment 1, myometrial electrical activity was analyzed during the early morning, late morning and evening hours in four mares in the last 15 days of gestation to identify patterns of activity. in experiment 2, nine mares received intra-cervical inoculations of streptococcus equi subspecies ... | 2004 | 15056770 |
| severe streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a gardener. | 2004 | 15059061 | |
| nmr evidence for independent domain structures in zoocin a, an antibacterial exoenzyme. | nmr was used to obtain spectroscopic evidence supporting a two domain model for zoocin a in which an n-terminal catalytic domain is linked by a threonine-proline rich linker to a target recognition domain responsible for recognizing the cell wall of bacteria susceptible to the bacteriolytic action of the enzyme. when cloned and separately expressed, each domain retains the folding found in the whole enzyme. additionally, spectroscopy suggests that the target recognition domain has a conformation ... | 2004 | 15063789 |
| what is your diagnosis? guttural pouch empyema. | 2004 | 15070053 | |
| recombinant streptococcus equi proteins protect mice in challenge experiments and induce immune response in horses. | horses that have undergone infection caused by streptococcus equi subspecies equi (strangles) were found to have significantly increased serum antibody titers against three previously characterized proteins, fnz (cell surface-bound fibronectin binding protein), sfs (secreted fibronectin binding protein), and eag (alpha2-macroglobulin, albumin, and immunoglobulin g [igg] binding protein) from s. equi. to assess the protective efficacy of vaccination with these three proteins, a mouse model of equ ... | 2004 | 15155624 |
| fatal case of toxic shock-like syndrome due to group c streptococcus associated with superantigen exotoxin. | group c streptococci have been reported to cause invasive disease similar to that classically associated with group a streptococcus (gas). we describe a fatal case of toxic shock-like syndrome due to streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. the causative organism did not possess any known gas superantigen exotoxin genes but did show evidence of superantigen production. | 2004 | 15184494 |
| magnetic resonance imaging of a brain abscess in a 10-month-old filly. | the purpose of this paper was to correlate the magnetic resonance imaging (mri) characteristics of a mature brain abscess in a horse with histopathologic alterations of brain tissue. eight months after the onset of clinical signs, mri of the brain of a 10-month-old filly was performed. a large space-occupying lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere was identified. this space-occupying lesion was delineated by a thick and well-defined capsule that was isointense to brain parenchyma on the t1-weig ... | 2004 | 15200257 |
| identification & characterisation of the two novel streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins spe-l & spe-m. | the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (spes) are produced by streptococcus pyogenes and belong to the family of bacterial superantigens, a group of highly mitogenic proteins. the aim of this study was to search unfinished streptococcal genomes for novel superantigens, to generate recombinant proteins from potential open reading frames (orfs) and to analyse them for superantigen activity. | 2004 | 15232160 |
| the pathogenic equine streptococci. | streptococci pathogenic for the horse include s. equi (s. equi subsp. equi), s. zooepidemicus (s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus), s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and s. pneumoniae capsule type iii. s. equi is a clonal descendent or biovar of an ancestral s. zooepidemicus strain with which it shares greater than 98% dna homology and therefore expresses many of the same proteins and virulence factors. rapid progress has been made in identification of virulence factors and proteins uniquely expresse ... | 2004 | 15236673 |
| characterization of the purified hyaluronan synthase from streptococcus equisimilis. | hyaluronan synthase (has) utilizes udp-glcua and udp-glcnac in the presence of mg(2+) to form the gag hyaluronan (ha). the purified has from streptococcus equisimilis (sehas) shows high fidelity in that it only polymerizes the native substrates, udp-glcnac and udp-glcua. however, other uridinyl nucleotides and udp-sugars inhibited enzyme activity, including udp-galnac, udp-glc, udp-gal, udp-galua, ump, udp, and utp. purified sehas was approximately 40% more active in 25 mm, compared to 50 mm, po ... | 2004 | 15248781 |
| the streptococcolytic enzyme zoocin a is a penicillin-binding protein. | zoocin a is a streptococcolytic enzyme produced by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus 4881 that has an unknown site of action on the peptidoglycans of susceptible organisms. analysis of a mutant strain in which the genes for zoocin a and resistance to zoocin a were inactivated revealed that this strain was more susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics than the parental organism. purified zoocin a had weak beta-lactamase activity, bound radioactive penicillin covalently, and its streptococcoly ... | 2004 | 15251198 |
| development of an in vivo himar1 transposon mutagenesis system for use in streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | streptococcus equi subsp. equi is the causative agent of the equine disease strangles. in this study we describe the development of an in vivo himar1 transposon system for the random mutagenesis of s. equi and, potentially, other gram-positive bacteria. we demonstrate efficient and random transposition of a modified mini-transposon onto the chromosome by southern blot analysis and insertion site sequencing. non-haemolytic mutants were isolated at a frequency of 0.2%, and acapsular mutants at a f ... | 2004 | 15358426 |
| persistent occurrence of a single streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus clone in the pig and monkey population in indonesia. | in the present study 41 mucoid growing streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains (37 strains isolated from healthy two from diseased pigs, two strains isolated from healthy monkeys) appeared to be phenotypically and genotypically identical to mucoid growing s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from a previously described outbreak among the pig and monkey population on the island of bali, indonesia. these findings indicate that the mucoid growing s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus clone ... | 2004 | 15365243 |
| amplifying the manganese scavenging potential of streptococcus zooepidemicus to reactive oxygen species during production of hyaluronic acid. | streptococcus zooepidemicus (sz) is an aerotolerant bacteria and its ability to survive under reactive oxidant challenge raises the question of the existence of a defense system. thus growth, hyaluronic acid (ha) and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) production by sz in the presence of increasing concentration of mn2+ were studied. the results suggested that the tested strain supported growth and ha production in cultures treated with 1 and 10 mm of mn2+ regardless of h2o2 presence in the medium. this sh ... | 2004 | 15468818 |
| diagnosis and treatment of presumptive pyelonephritis in an asian elephant (elephas maximus). | a 37-yr-old female asian elephant (elephas maximus) presented with anorexia, restlessness, and dark-colored urine. urinalyses showed hematuria, leukocyturia, isosthenuria, proteinuria, granular casts, and no calcium oxalate crystals. bloodwork revealed azotemia. urine culture revealed a pure growth of streptococcus zooepidemicus resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim but susceptible to cephalosporins. a presumptive diagnosis of pyelonephritis was made based on bloodwork, urinalysis, and urin ... | 2004 | 15526898 |
| evaluation of hyaluronan from different sources: streptococcus zooepidemicus, rooster comb, bovine vitreous, and human umbilical cord. | sodium hyaluronate (ha) is widely distributed in extracellular matrixes and can play a role in orchestrating cell function. consequently, many investigators have looked at the effect of exogenous ha on cell behavior in vitro. ha can be isolated from several sources (e.g., bacterial, rooster comb, umbilical cord) and therefore can possess diverse impurities. this current study compares the measured impurities and the differences in biological activity between ha preparations from these sources. i ... | 2004 | 15530025 |
| streptococcus equi subsp. ruminatorum subsp. nov., isolated from mastitis in small ruminants. | six isolates of an unknown gram-positive, catalase-negative, chain-forming, coccus-shaped organism isolated from ovine and caprine mastitis were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. on the basis of cellular morphology and the results of biochemical tests, the organism was tentatively identified as a streptococcal species. comparative 16s rrna gene sequencing studies confirmed that the organism is a member of the genus streptococcus, with streptococcus equi as its closest ... | 2004 | 15545473 |
| identification of a novel collagen-like protein, sclc, in streptococcus equi using signal sequence phage display. | strangles is a serious disease in horses caused by streptococcus equi subspecies equi. in this study, genes encoding putative extracellular proteins in this subspecies have been identified using signal sequence phage display. among these, one showed similarities to the sclb protein, a member of the collagen-like proteins of streptococcus pyogenes. the novel gene denoted sclc encodes a protein, sclc, of 302 amino acids, containing typical features found in cell wall-anchored proteins in gram-posi ... | 2004 | 15564026 |
| microbial hyaluronic acid production. | hyaluronic acid (ha) is a commercially valuable medical biopolymer increasingly produced through microbial fermentation. viscosity limits product yield and the focus of research and development has been on improving the key quality parameters, purity and molecular weight. traditional strain and process optimisation has yielded significant improvements, but appears to have reached a limit. metabolic engineering is providing new opportunities and ha produced in a heterologous host is about to ente ... | 2004 | 15599518 |
| multiplex polymerase chain reaction for identification and differentiation of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | the closely related streptococcal species streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and s. equi subsp. equi were identified by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers designed according to species-specific parts of the superoxide dismutase a encoding gene soda. a further differentiation of both subspecies could be performed by amplification of the genes seeh and seei encoding the exotoxins seeh and seei, respectively, which could be detected for s. equi subsp. equi but not for s. e ... | 2004 | 15606870 |
| primary purulent pericarditis due to group c streptococcus. | in the antibiotic era, purulent pericarditis, an infection associated with high mortality, is uncommon. the causative organism is generally staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pneumoniae arising from contiguous spread or hematogenous dissemination of an underlying infection elsewhere in the body. the present report describes a previously healthy individual who presented with acute infectious pericarditis with the offending organism identified as lancefield group c streptococcus equi. after an ... | 2004 | 15614344 |
| identification of a membrane-localized cysteine cluster near the substrate-binding sites of the streptococcus equisimilis hyaluronan synthase. | the membrane-bound hyaluronan synthase (has) from streptococcus equisimilis (sehas), which is the smallest class i has, has four cysteine residues (positions 226, 262, 281, and 367) that are generally conserved within this family. although cys-null sehas is still active, chemical modification of cysteine residues causes inhibition of wild-type enzyme. here we studied the effects of n-ethylmaleimide (nem) treatment on a panel of sehas cys-mutants to examine the structural and functional roles of ... | 2004 | 15616126 |
| cowpox virus infection associated with a streptococcal septicaemia in a foal. | cowpox virus infection associated with a streptococcal septicaemia was diagnosed in a weak german warmblood filly, born 29 days prematurely, and humanely destroyed on the sixth day of life. at necropsy, ulcerative lesions in the alimentary tract, colitis, polyarthritis and nephritis were observed. transmission electron microscopical examination of specimens from ulcerative lesions revealed typical orthopox virions. cowpox virus was unequivocally identified by virological and molecular-biological ... | 2005 | 15629485 |
| analysis of the interaction between hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins by capillary affinity electrophoresis: significance of hyaluronan molecular size on binding reaction. | we developed a method for the analysis of the interaction between hyaluronan (ha) oligosaccharides and hyaluronan-binding proteins (habps) using capillary affinity electrophoresis (cae). the method is based on high-resolution separation of fluorescent-labeled ha molecules in the presence of hyaluronan-binding proteins at different concentrations by capillary electrophoresis (ce) with laser-induced fluorescent detection. hyaluronan-binding protein from bovine nasal cartilage interacts strongly wi ... | 2005 | 15664361 |
| hyaluronan biosynthesis by class i streptococcal hyaluronan synthases occurs at the reducing end. | previous studies reached different conclusions about whether class i hyaluronan synthases (hass) elongate hyaluronic acid (ha) by addition to the reducing or the nonreducing end. here we used two strategies to determine the direction of ha synthesis by purified class i hass from streptococcus equisimilis and streptococcus pyogenes. in the first strategy we used each of the two udp-sugar substrates separately to pulse label either the beginning or the end of ha chains. we then quantified the rela ... | 2005 | 15668242 |
| streptococcus equi infections in horses: guidelines for treatment, control, and prevention of strangles. | 2005 | 15715061 | |
| clinical efficacy of prophylactic administration of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine in a streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in ponies. | tissue chambers, implanted subcutaneously in the neck in six ponies, were inoculated with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in order to determine the clinical efficacy of prophylactic administration of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine (tmp/sdz) against this infection. the tmp/sdz treatment consisted of one intravenous (i.v.) injection of 5 mg/kg tmp and 25 mg/kg sdz and the same dose of tmp/sdz per os (p.o.), both given 3 h before inoculation. the oral dose was then repeated every 12 h for 5 days ... | 2005 | 15720514 |
| arthroscopic treatment of temporomandibular joint sepsis in a horse. | to report arthroscopic debridement and lavage of a septic temporomandibular joint (tmj) in a horse. | 2005 | 15720597 |
| investigation of suspected adverse reactions following strangles vaccination in horses. | 2005 | 15765905 | |
| stable production of hyaluronic acid in streptococcus zooepidemicus chemostats operated at high dilution rate. | hyaluronic acid is routinely produced through fermentation of both group a and c streptococci. despite significant production costs associated with short fermentations and removal of contaminating proteins released during entry into stationary phase, hyaluronic acid is typically produced in batch rather than continuous culture. the main reason is that hyaluronic acid synthesis has been found to be unstable in continuous culture except at very low dilution rates. here, we investigated the mechani ... | 2005 | 15803469 |
| neurological syndromes among horses in the netherlands. a 5 year retrospective survey (1999-2004). | the presence of toxins or infectious agents combined with environmental factors in combination with a susceptible host can be the cause for neurological disease in groups of horses. during a 5 year observational period outbreaks of neurological diseases among horses were evaluated. causes of occurring neurological diseases were equine botulism, lolitrem intoxications, equine herpesvirus type 1-associated myelo(encephalo)pathy, and encephalitis caused by (disseminated) streptococcus equi subspeci ... | 2005 | 15835280 |
| identification and molecular characterization of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolated from camels (camelus dromedarius) and camel milk in kenya and somalia. | seventeen streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from camels and camel milk in kenya and somalia were identified by their cultural characteristics, by biochemical and serological reactions with the help of commercial identification systems and by molecular studies using a multiplex pcr. the isolates were further characterized by a pcr-mediated detection of size polymorphisms in the 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer region and the virulence gene szp and by amplification of the viru ... | 2005 | 15876228 |
| bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibilities in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1993--2004). | bacterial ulcerative keratitis is a common and often vision-threatening problem in horses. emerging bacterial resistance to commonly used topical antibiotics has been demonstrated. previous antibiotic use may alter the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. | 2005 | 15892227 |
| group c streptococcal bacteremia: a case report from india. | group c streptococci are a common cause of infection in animals and a rare cause of bacteremia in human beings. the entity is often seen in elderly people with a severe underlying illness. we report here the only case of group c streptococcal bacteremia reported in our hospital, caused by streptococcus equisimilis, a beta-hemolytic group c streptococcus. the patient was a 10-year old male with a known history of aplastic anemia. in spite of specific therapy with penicillin, the outcome was fatal ... | 2004 | 15916084 |
| production of hyaluronic acid by streptococcus: the effects of the addition of lysozyme and aeration on the formation and the rheological properties of the product. | the effects of the addition of lysozyme and forced aeration on the rheological properties and production of hyaluronic acid by streptococcus zooepidemicus were investigated. lysozyme was added to the culture broth in two pulses during the exponential and stationary phases of a fermentation carried out in a rotary shaker (150 rpm), using 200 ml erlenmeyer flasks. the effect of aeration was evaluated by feeding air into a 2.5 l fermentor at a 2 vvm rate. the effects were analyzed in terms of conce ... | 2005 | 15920278 |
| infarctive purpura hemorrhagica in five horses. | five horses were examined because of signs of muscle stiffness, colic, or both. all 5 had been exposed to streptococcus equi within 3 weeks prior to examination or had high serum titers of antibodies against the m protein of s equi. horses had signs of unrelenting colic-like pain and focal areas of muscle swelling. four horses were euthanatized. the fifth responded to treatment with penicillin and dexamethasone; after 3 weeks of treatment with dexamethasone, prednisolone was administered for an ... | 2005 | 15934258 |
| identification and characterization of a novel fibronectin-binding protein gene from streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus strain vtu211. | this work describes the cloning and sequencing of genes encoding fibronectin-binding proteins from streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus strain vtu211. a gene encoding a cell-wall protein fnz was amplified and sequenced. in the same bacterial strain, a second gene termed fnz2 was now discovered, encoding another fibronectin-binding protein (fnz2). the complete amino acid sequence encoded by fnz2 was deduced and compared to that deduced from fnz. the sequence comparison of the fnz and fnz2 ... | 2005 | 15949927 |
| the equine immune response to streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus during uterine infection. | the purpose of this study was to describe strain-specific immune responses to streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) during uterine infection in horses. five isolates of s. zooepidemicus were differentiated into four strains antigenically by bactericidal testing in blood of 12 horses, and genetically by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. eight healthy mares were then divided into two groups, each inoculated with one strain intrauterinely on three successive oestrous cycles ... | 2006 | 15950504 |
| dissemination of the superantigen encoding genes seel, seem, szel and szem in streptococcus equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | bacterial superantigens are one of the major virulence factors produced by streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus. the two novel superantigen encoding genes seem and seel were described for s. equi subsp. equi which is known as the causative agent of strangles in equids. in the present study previously characterized s. equi subsp. equi strains and strains of various other animal pathogenic streptococcal species and subspecies were investigated for the presence of the superantigen encod ... | 2005 | 15953700 |
| treatment strategies for mares with placentitis. | equine placentitis, and resultant preterm labor, are important sources of fetal and neonatal loss. the primary cause of equine placentitis is infection of the placenta with streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, which ascends through the caudal reproductive tract. current treatment protocols for mares affected with placentitis are empirical. this paper reviews treatment approaches for resolving placentitis and preterm labor in both equine and non-equine species. specific therapies reviewed ... | 2005 | 15985288 |
| epidemic glomerulonephritis due to streptococcus zooepidemicus in nova serrana, brazil. | in 1998, there was a large outbreak of acute glomerulonephritis in nova serrana, brazil, caused by group c streptococcus zooepidemicus. this article reviews the characteristics of the outbreak and some aspects of the patients' follow-up. | 2005 | 16014091 |
| phenotypic and genotypic properties of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolated from harbor seals (phoca vitulina) from the german north sea during the phocine distemper outbreak in 2002. | the present study was designed to identify and compare 32 beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from 28 different harbor seals of the german north sea during the phocine distemper outbreak in 2002. the bacteria were identified as streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus based on cultural, biochemical, serological and molecular studies. epidemiological investigations by pcr restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer region and gene szp and by macrorestri ... | 2005 | 16084036 |
| preparation of the methyl ester of hyaluronan and its enzymatic degradation. | a methyl ester of hyaluronan in which the carboxyl groups were fully esterified was prepared using trimethylsilyl diazomethane. this derivative, while not depolymerized by hyaluronan lyases or hyaluronan hydrolases, was a substrate for both chondroitin aci lyase (ec 4.2.2.5) from flavobacterium heparinum and chondroitin acii lyase (ec 4.2.2.5) from arthrobacter aurescens. the major product isolated in these depolymerization reactions was methyl alpha-l-threo-hex-4-enepyranosyluronate-(1-->3)-2-a ... | 2005 | 16098492 |
| detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. | equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) is a major disease of equids worldwide causing considerable losses to the horse industry. a variety of techniques, including pcr have been used to diagnose ehv1. some of these pcrs were used in combination with other techniques such as restriction enzyme analysis (rea) or hybridisation, making them cumbersome for routine diagnostic testing and increasing the chances of cross-contamination. furthermore, they involve the use of suspected carcinogens such as ethidium brom ... | 2006 | 16137772 |
| studies of fibronectin-binding proteins of streptococcus equi. | streptococcus equi subsp. equi is the causative agent of strangles, a disease of the upper respiratory tract in horses. the initiation of s. equi subsp. equi infection is likely to involve cell surface-anchored molecules mediating bacterial adhesion to the epithelium of the host. the present study describes the cloning and characterization of fneb, a fibronectin-binding protein with cell wall-anchoring motifs. fneb can thus be predicted as cell surface located, contrary to the two previously cha ... | 2005 | 16239519 |
| increase in hyaluronic acid production by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strain deficient in beta-glucuronidase in laboratory conditions. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is known to produce a hyaluronic acid capsule to resist the host immune defense. as the structure of the polysaccharide is identical to the one produced by humans, the bacteria s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus is used in biotechnological production of hyaluronic acid. in our laboratory we prepared mutated strains that are beta-glucuronidase deficient. comparing the wild-type strain, which is positive in beta-glucuronidase activity, with the mutated strains nam ... | 2006 | 16292534 |
| effect of expressing polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis genes (phbcab) in streptococcus zooepidemicus on production of lactic acid and hyaluronic acid. | hyaluronic acid (ha) has been industrially produced using the gram-positive bacterium streptococcus zooepidemicus. large amount of lactic acid formation was one of the important factors that restricted cell growth and ha productivity and lowered the substrate to ha conversion efficiency in a fermentor. in this study, polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) synthesis genes (phbcab) of ralstonia eutropha were cloned from the plasmid pbhr68 and were inserted into the plasmid peu308, an expression vector for gram ... | 2006 | 16292535 |
| [aspergillus fumigatus in nasopharyngeal cavity of horses]. | aspergillus fumigatus is a cosmopolitan opportunistic fungal associated to rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis and guttural pouches infection with nasal discharges. all them are similar with strangle's sign, the infectious disease produced by streptococcus equi spp. the aim of this work was to detect a. fumigatus in healthy horses living in boxes and field. 226 nasopharyngeal swabbing samples were obtained by mycological routine. a. fumigatus was isolated in 26 (11.5%) horses. | 2005 | 16309352 |
| investigation of falsely reported resistance of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates from horses to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. | the objective of this study was to investigate the perceived increase in resistance of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) isolated from the lower respiratory tract of horses to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (sxt). the recorded sxt-susceptibility results of 50 s. zooepidemicus isolates from the tracheal wash fluid of equine patients examined at colorado state university veterinary teaching hospital from each of 2 time periods (1987-1990 and 1997-2001) were compared and sta ... | 2005 | 16312244 |
| 4-methylumbelliferone, a hyaluronan synthase suppressor, enhances the anticancer activity of gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer cells. | hyaluronan (ha) is a ubiquitous, major component of the pericellular matrix and is necessary for various physiological processes. it plays a very important role in biological barriers. we previously reported that 4-methylumbelliferone (mu) inhibits ha synthesis and pericellular ha matrix formation in cultured human skin fibroblasts, streptococcus equi fm100, and b16f10 melanoma cells. we hypothesized that mu-mediated inhibition of ha synthesis and pericellular ha matrix formation would increase ... | 2006 | 16341905 |
| severe acute rhabdomyolysis associated with streptococcus equi infection in four horses. | four quarter horses (9 months to 7 years of age) with submandibular lymphadenopathy and firm muscles (palpation of which elicited signs of pain) were evaluated; in general, the horses had a stiff gait, and 3 horses became recumbent. streptococcus equi was cultured from aspirates of lymph nodes or samples of purulent material collected from the auditory tube diverticula. once the horses were recumbent, their condition deteriorated rapidly despite aggressive antimicrobial and antiinflammatory trea ... | 2005 | 16342530 |
| a serum-free medium for colony growth and hyaluronic acid production by streptococcus zooepidemicus njust01. | a hyaluronic acid (ha)-producing strain, streptococcus zooepidemicus njust01, can grow in a serum-free agar medium, with starch as exclusive carbon source, but not glucose, sucrose, dextrine, xylose, or lactose. in this starch medium, the strain njust01 reproduced successively at 37 degrees c for 60 generations, with no obvious variation on morphology and physiology, but colonies of the strain after 60th generation could not produce a clear hemolytic zone on sheep blood agar plates. hyaluronic a ... | 2006 | 16344931 |
| a fibronectin-binding protein from streptococcus equi binds collagen and modulates cell-mediated collagen gel contraction. | the n-terminal fragment (fnzn) of the fibronectin-binding protein fnz from streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus was investigated as to effects on murine cell interactions with extracellular matrix proteins. fnzn bound to immobilized fibronectin (fn) and native, but not denatured, collagen type i. fnzn had no effect on primary adhesion of cells from the murine myoblastic c2c12 cell line to immobilized fibronectin. c2c12 cells adhered to immobilized fnzn, a process that was not inhibited by ... | 2006 | 16376297 |
| variation in the n-terminal region of an m-like protein of streptococcus equi and evaluation of its potential as a tool in epidemiologic studies. | to develop a method for typing streptococcus equi on the basis of the dna sequence of the genes that produce an m-like protein and to compare isolates among the united states, japan, and other countries. | 2005 | 16379663 |
| sclc is a member of a novel family of collagen-like proteins in streptococcus equi subspecies equi that are recognised by antibodies against sclc. | previously we have reported on a cell surface collagen-like protein, called sclc, from streptococcus equi subspecies equi. in the present study we show that this protein is a member of a family of seven collagen-like proteins, called sclc-scli in this subspecies. all proteins contain an n-terminal signal sequence, followed by a unique non-repetitive region called a, a highly repetitive collagen-like region (cl) consisting of glycine-xaa-yaa-triplet repeats. following the cl-region a c-terminal p ... | 2006 | 16384667 |
| evaluation of a nested pcr test and bacterial culture of swabs from the nasal passages and from abscesses in relation to diagnosis of streptococcus equi infection (strangles). | streptococcus equi is the cause of strangles in horses. to improve diagnostic sensitivity, development and evaluation of dna-based methods are necessary. | 2006 | 16411588 |
| sequence variation of the sem gene of streptococcus equi allows discrimination of the source of strangles outbreaks. | improved understanding of the epidemiology of streptococcus equi transmission requires sensitive and portable subtyping methods that can rationally discriminate between strains. s. equi is highly homogeneous and cannot be distinguished by multilocus enzyme electrophoretic or multilocus sequence-typing methods that utilize housekeeping genes. however, on sequence analysis of the n-terminal region of the sem genes of 60 s. equi isolates from 27 strangles outbreaks, we identified 21 dna codon chang ... | 2006 | 16455902 |
| severe streptococcus infection in spotted hyenas in the ngorongoro crater, tanzania. | in a population of spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) monitored between 1996 and 2005 in the ngorongoro crater, tanzania, 16 individuals from five of eight social groups displayed clinical signs of an infection, including severe unilateral swelling of the head followed by abscess formation at the mandibular angle, respiratory distress, mild ataxia, and lethargy. two (12.5%) of these 16 individuals died within days of developing signs. clinical signs in hyenas were first noted in 2001, and most cas ... | 2006 | 16460891 |
| use of leukocytes as treatment for endometritis in mares experimentally infected with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | this study compared four treatments for bacterial endometritis in mares experimentally infected with streptococcus zooepidemicus. twenty-five mares were used, 20 resistant and five susceptible to endometritis. mares would be in estrus when infected. twenty-four hours after inoculation, clinical, bacteriological and cytological examinations were performed and repeated until the first occurrence: negative cytology and no streptococcus growth or the seventh day post-infection. all mares showed clin ... | 2007 | 16488562 |
| an outbreak of streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus associated with consumption of fresh goat cheese. | streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus is a rare infection in humans associated with contact with horses or consumption of unpasteurized milk products. on october 23, 2003, the national public health institute was alerted that within one week three persons had been admitted to tampere university central hospital (tays) because of s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus septicaemia. all had consumed fresh goat cheese produced in a small-scale dairy located on a farm. we conducted an investigation to de ... | 2006 | 16504158 |
| mutation of two intramembrane polar residues conserved within the hyaluronan synthase family alters hyaluronan product size. | we identified two conserved polar amino acids within different membrane domains (md) of streptococcus equisimilis hyaluronan synthase (sehas), lys48 in md2 and glu327 in md4. in eukaryotic hass, the position of the glu is very similar and the lys is replaced by a conserved polar gln. to assess whether lys48 and glu327 interact or influence sehas activity, we investigated the effects of changing lys48 to arg or glu and glu327 to lys, asp, or gln. mutants, including a double switch variant with ly ... | 2006 | 16505475 |
| meningitis due to an unusual human pathogen: streptococcus equi subspecies equi. | streptococcus equi subspecies equi is involved in human infection. we present a case of meningitis in a 75-year-old patient with a favorable outcome after ceftriaxone and dexamethasone therapy. to our knowledge, it is the first case reported in an adult. | 2006 | 16509563 |
| outbreak of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections on the island of gran canaria associated with the consumption of inadequately pasteurized cheese. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections are infrequent in humans. a clinical and epidemiological study of a milk-borne outbreak caused by this organism is described. fifteen patients (5 females, 10 males) with a median age of 70 years (range 47-86) were infected. twelve (80%) had underlying diseases. infection with s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus presented as primary bacteremia in six cases, as bacteremia associated with aortic aneurism in four cases, as septic arthritis in two cases, as ... | 2006 | 16550347 |
| studies on hemolytic streptococci: iii. streptococcus equi and related strains. | 1936 | 16559972 | |
| protective effect of vaccination with recombinant proteins from streptococcus equi subspecies equi in a strangles model in the mouse. | a mouse model resembling streptococcus equi subspecies equi infection in the horse, strangles, was used to assess the protective effect of vaccination with selected recombinant proteins from s. equi subsp. equi. after challenge the infection was monitored by weight loss and by nasal colonisation with s. equi subsp. equi. vaccination with a collagen-binding protein (cne) and a collagen-like protein (sclc) resulted in protective antibodies, whereas a novel fibronectin-binding protein (fneb) did no ... | 2006 | 16580099 |
| pneumonia and pleuritis in a mare. | 2006 | 16627121 | |
| infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids. | reproductive losses in camelids are due to infertility, pregnancy loss, udder diseases and neonatal mortality caused by a variety of infectious diseases. uterine infection and abortion represent the major complaint in camelid veterinary practice. the major infectious organisms in endometritis and metritis are e. coli and streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. abortion rates due to infectious diseases vary from 10% to more than 70% in some areas. leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and chlamydiosi ... | 2006 | 16697037 |
| agdbnet - antigen sequence database software for bacterial typing. | bacterial typing schemes based on the sequences of genes encoding surface antigens require databases that provide a uniform, curated, and widely accepted nomenclature of the variants identified. due to the differences in typing schemes, imposed by the diversity of genes targeted, creating these databases has typically required the writing of one-off code to link the database to a web interface. here we describe agdbnet, widely applicable web database software that facilitates simultaneous blast ... | 2006 | 16790057 |
| getting a grip on strangles: recent progress towards improved diagnostics and vaccines. | 'strangles', caused by infection with the bacterium streptococcus equi, remains one of the most commonly diagnosed and important infectious diseases of horses world-wide. this review discusses the diagnosis and pathogenesis of strangles with particular attention to the significance of persistent infections in disease transmission and the rapid progress now being made towards the development of effective preventative vaccines. it is now possible combine recent sequence data from the n-terminal re ... | 2007 | 16820310 |
| canine strangles case reveals a new host susceptible to infection with streptococcus equi. | we report the first documented case of canine strangles due to infection with streptococcus equi in a dog with enlarged lymph nodes. genetic typing, via sequencing of 12 housekeeping genes and the sem gene, demonstrated the isolate to be a member of a common equine strain type circulating in the united kingdom. | 2006 | 16825410 |
| disease transmission in horses. | bacterial, viral and protozoal infections may cause severe reproductive losses. the present paper reviews the risk factors, clinical signs and preventive measures for the most important venereal or potential sexually transmitted diseases in horses. the stallion and use of semen for artificial insemination represent major risk factors for the transmission of bacterial contaminants of the penis, including streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoniae ... | 2006 | 16837034 |
| microencapsulation of streptococcus equi antigens in biodegradable microspheres and preliminary immunisation studies. | streptococcus equi subspecies equi is the causative agent of strangles, a bacterial infection of the respiratory tract of equidae. current strategies to prevent strangles rely on antimicrobial therapy or immunisation with inactivated bacteria, s. equi bacterin, or m-like protein (sem) extract. the aim of this work was to investigate whether immunisation with whole killed s. equi or a bacterial lysate entrapped in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) microspheres might induce protective immunity to ... | 2006 | 16846728 |
| potential pathogens carried by spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica hispanica) in southern spain. | the spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica hispanica) population of southern spain was surveyed for potential pathogens associated with the conjunctiva, external ear canal, as well as reproductive and upper respiratory tracts. we sampled 321 ibex (131 adult males, 100 adult females, and 90 yearlings); these included 271 apparently healthy animals and 50 that were naturally infected with sarcoptes scabiei. a total of 688 bacterial isolates were identified (377 gram-negatives, 225 gram-positives, and 86 my ... | 2006 | 16870855 |